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Zhou L, Liu T, Yan T, Yang M, Wang P, Shi L. 'Nine Steaming Nine Sun-drying' processing enhanced properties of Polygonatum kingianum against inflammation, oxidative stress and hyperglycemia. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024; 104:3123-3138. [PMID: 38072675 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polygonatum kingianum Coll. & Hemsl (PK), a prominent medicine and food homology plant, has been consumed as a decoction from boiling water for thousands of years. 'Nine Steaming Nine Sun-drying' processing has been considered an effective method for enriching tonic properties, but studies investigating such impacts on PK and underlying mechanisms are extremely rare. RESULTS We first demonstrated substantial improvements in the anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory and anti-hyperglycemia effects of the Nine Steaming Nine Sun-drying processed PK water extracts compared with crude PK in cell models (i.e., HepG2 and Raw 264.7 cells). We then integrated foodomics and network pharmacology analysis to uncover the key compounds responsible for the improved benefits. A total of 551 metabolites of PK extracts were identified, including polyphenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, and organic acids. During processing, 204 metabolites were enhanced, and 32 metabolites were recognized as key constituents of processed PK responsible for the improved health-promoting activities, which may affect PI3K-Akt-, MAPK-, and HIF-1 pathways. We further confirmed the high affinity between identified key constituents of processed PK and their predicted acting targets using molecular docking. CONCLUSION Our results provide novel insights into bioactive compounds of processed PK, elaborating the rationality of processing from the perspective of tonic effects. Consuming processed PK could be an efficacious strategy to combat the high prevalence of metabolic diseases that currently affect millions of people worldwide. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanqi Zhou
- School of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tianqi Liu
- School of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tao Yan
- School of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Minmin Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Peng Wang
- School of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lin Shi
- School of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
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2
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Liu Y, Yang M, Wang H, Chen Y, Gao Y. Urinary protein changes during the short-term growth and development of rats. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24555. [PMID: 38317946 PMCID: PMC10839868 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Can the urine proteome reflect short-term changes in the growth and development of animals? Do short-term developmental effects on urinary protein need to be considered when performing urine marker studies using model animals with faster growing periods? In this study, urine samples were collected from 10 Wistar rats aged 6-8 weeks 3 and 6 days apart. The results showed that the urine proteome could sensitively reflect short-term growth and development in rats. For example, comparing the urine proteome of Day 0 and Day 6, 195 differential proteins were identified after screening (FC ≥ 1.5 or ≤ 0.67, P < 0.05), and verified by randomization, the average number of randomly generated differential proteins was 17.99. At least 90.77 % of the differential proteins were not randomly generated. This finding demonstrates that the differential proteins identified in the samples collected at different time points were not randomly generated. A large number of biological processes and pathways related to growth and development were enriched, which shows that the urine proteome reflects the short-term growth and development of rats, and provides a means for in-depth and meticulous study of growth and development. Moreover, an interfering factor in animal experiments using 6- to 8-week-old rats to construct models was identified. The results of this study demonstrated that there were differences in the urinary proteome in rats aged 6-8 weeks only 3-6 days apart, which suggests that the sensitivity of urinary proteomics is high and shows the sensitive and precise response of the urinary proteome to body changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Liu
- Gene Engineering Drug and Biotechnology Beijing Key Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Minhui Yang
- Gene Engineering Drug and Biotechnology Beijing Key Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Haitong Wang
- Gene Engineering Drug and Biotechnology Beijing Key Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Yuzhen Chen
- Gene Engineering Drug and Biotechnology Beijing Key Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Youhe Gao
- Gene Engineering Drug and Biotechnology Beijing Key Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
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3
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Yamamoto K, Watanabe-Takano H, Oguri-Nakamura E, Matsuno H, Horikami D, Ishii T, Ohashi R, Kubota Y, Nishiyama K, Murata T, Mochizuki N, Fukuhara S. Rap1 small GTPase is essential for maintaining pulmonary endothelial barrier function in mice. FASEB J 2023; 37:e23310. [PMID: 38010922 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202300830rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Vascular permeability is dynamically but tightly controlled by vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin-mediated endothelial cell-cell junctions to maintain homeostasis. Thus, impairments of VE-cadherin-mediated cell adhesions lead to hyperpermeability, promoting the development and progression of various disease processes. Notably, the lungs are a highly vulnerable organ wherein pulmonary inflammation and infection result in vascular leakage. Herein, we showed that Rap1, a small GTPase, plays an essential role for maintaining pulmonary endothelial barrier function in mice. Endothelial cell-specific Rap1a/Rap1b double knockout mice exhibited severe pulmonary edema. They also showed vascular leakage in the hearts, but not in the brains. En face analyses of the pulmonary arteries and 3D-immunofluorescence analyses of the lungs revealed that Rap1 potentiates VE-cadherin-mediated endothelial cell-cell junctions through dynamic actin cytoskeleton reorganization. Rap1 inhibits formation of cytoplasmic actin bundles perpendicularly binding VE-cadherin adhesions through inhibition of a Rho-ROCK pathway-induced activation of cytoplasmic nonmuscle myosin II (NM-II). Simultaneously, Rap1 induces junctional NM-II activation to create circumferential actin bundles, which anchor and stabilize VE-cadherin at cell-cell junctions. We also showed that the mice carrying only one allele of either Rap1a or Rap1b out of the two Rap1 genes are more vulnerable to lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced pulmonary vascular leakage than wild-type mice, while activation of Rap1 by administration of 007, an activator for Epac, attenuates LPS-induced increase in pulmonary endothelial permeability in wild-type mice. Thus, we demonstrate that Rap1 plays an essential role for maintaining pulmonary endothelial barrier functions under physiological conditions and provides protection against inflammation-induced pulmonary vascular leakage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyotake Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Information Science, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
- Laboratory of Vascular and Cellular Dynamics, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Haruko Watanabe-Takano
- Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eri Oguri-Nakamura
- Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hitomi Matsuno
- Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daiki Horikami
- Department of Animal Radiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Ishii
- Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryuji Ohashi
- Department of Integrated Diagnostic Pathology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Kubota
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Nishiyama
- Laboratory of Vascular and Cellular Dynamics, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Takahisa Murata
- Department of Animal Radiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Mochizuki
- Department of Cell Biology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shigetomo Fukuhara
- Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
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4
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Hiremath C, Gao L, Geshow K, Patterson Q, Barlow H, Cleaver O, Marciano DK. Rap1 regulates lumen continuity via Afadin in renal epithelia. Dev Biol 2023; 501:20-27. [PMID: 37276970 PMCID: PMC10460627 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2023.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The continuity of a lumen within an epithelial tubule is critical for its function. We previously found that the F-actin binding protein Afadin is required for timely lumen formation and continuity in renal tubules formed from the nephrogenic mesenchyme in mice. Afadin is a known effector and interactor of the small GTPase Rap1, and in the current study, we examine the role of Rap1 in nephron tubulogenesis. Here, we demonstrate that Rap1 is required for nascent lumen formation and continuity in cultured 3D epithelial spheroids and in vivo in murine renal epithelial tubules derived from the nephrogenic mesenchyme, where its absence ultimately leads to severe morphogenetic defects in the tubules. By contrast, Rap1 is not required for lumen continuity or morphogenesis in renal tubules derived from the ureteric epithelium, which differ in that they form by extension from a pre-existing tubule. We further demonstrate that Rap1 is required for correct localization of Afadin to adherens junctions both in vitro and in vivo. Together, these results suggest a model in which Rap1 localizes Afadin to junctional complexes, which in turn regulates nascent lumen formation and positioning to ensure continuous tubulogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chitkale Hiremath
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75235, USA; Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75235, USA
| | - Lei Gao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75235, USA
| | - Kenya Geshow
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75235, USA; Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75235, USA
| | - Quinten Patterson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75235, USA; Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75235, USA
| | - Haley Barlow
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75235, USA
| | - Ondine Cleaver
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75235, USA
| | - Denise K Marciano
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75235, USA; Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75235, USA.
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5
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Rap1 controls epiblast morphogenesis in sync with the pluripotency states transition. Dev Cell 2022; 57:1937-1956.e8. [PMID: 35998584 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2022.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The complex architecture of the murine fetus originates from a simple ball of pluripotent epiblast cells, which initiate morphogenesis upon implantation. In turn, this establishes an intermediate state of tissue-scale organization of the embryonic lineage in the form of an epithelial monolayer, where patterning signals delineate the body plan. However, how this major morphogenetic process is orchestrated on a cellular level and synchronized with the developmental progression of the epiblast is still obscure. Here, we identified that the small GTPase Rap1 plays a critical role in reshaping the pluripotent lineage. We found that Rap1 activity is controlled via Oct4/Esrrb input and is required for the transmission of polarization cues, which enables the de novo epithelialization and formation of tricellular junctions in the epiblast. Thus, Rap1 acts as a molecular switch that coordinates the morphogenetic program in the embryonic lineage, in sync with the cellular states of pluripotency.
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6
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Liu X, Wu J, Nie H, Zhu X, Song G, Han L, Qin W. Comprehensive Analysis of circRNAs, miRNAs, and mRNAs Expression Profiles and ceRNA Networks in Decidua of Unexplained Recurrent Spontaneous Abortion. Front Genet 2022; 13:858641. [PMID: 35711933 PMCID: PMC9194479 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.858641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The diagnosis and treatment of unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion (URSA) are subject to debate, because the exact underlying mechanisms remain unclear. To address this issue, we elucidated the expression profiles of dysregulated circRNAs, miRNAs, and mRNAs and constructed circRNA-associated competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) networks by comparing the decidua of URSA with that of normal early pregnancy (NEP) using RNA-sequencing. In total, 550 mRNAs, 88 miRNAs, and 139 circRNAs were differentially expressed (DE) in decidua of URSA. Functional annotation revealed that DE mRNAs as well as potential target genes of DE miRNAs and DE circRNAs are mainly involved in immunologic function, such as antigen processing and presentation, allograft rejection, and T cell receptor signaling pathway. In addition, the top hub genes, including CCL4, DDX58, CXCL10, CXCL9, MX1, CD44, RPS2, SOCS3, RPS3A, and CXCL11, were identified. The mRNAs involved in ceRNA network were enriched in complement and coagulation cascades and protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum. We found that circRNAs in the ceRNA network, which acted as decoys for hsa-miR-204-5p, were positively correlated with MFGE8 expression. Collectively, the results demonstrated that circRNAs, miRNAs, and mRNAs were aberrantly expressed in the decidua of patients with URSA and played a potential role in the development of URSA. Thus, the establishment of the ceRNA network may profoundly affect the diagnosis and therapy of URSA in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Male Reproduction and Genetics, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Center Laboratory, Guangdong Provincial Reproductive Science Institute (Guangdong Provincial Fertility Hospital), Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiabao Wu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Male Reproduction and Genetics, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Center Laboratory, Guangdong Provincial Reproductive Science Institute (Guangdong Provincial Fertility Hospital), Guangzhou, China
| | - Hua Nie
- NHC Key Laboratory of Male Reproduction and Genetics, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Center Laboratory, Guangdong Provincial Reproductive Science Institute (Guangdong Provincial Fertility Hospital), Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Male Reproduction and Genetics, Guangzhou, China.,Reproductive Medicine Center, Guangdong Provincial Reproductive Science Institute (Guangdong Provincial Fertility Hospital), Guangzhou, China
| | - Ge Song
- NHC Key Laboratory of Male Reproduction and Genetics, Guangzhou, China.,Reproductive Medicine Center, Guangdong Provincial Reproductive Science Institute (Guangdong Provincial Fertility Hospital), Guangzhou, China
| | - Lu Han
- NHC Key Laboratory of Male Reproduction and Genetics, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Center Laboratory, Guangdong Provincial Reproductive Science Institute (Guangdong Provincial Fertility Hospital), Guangzhou, China
| | - Weibing Qin
- NHC Key Laboratory of Male Reproduction and Genetics, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Center Laboratory, Guangdong Provincial Reproductive Science Institute (Guangdong Provincial Fertility Hospital), Guangzhou, China
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7
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Chen NP, Aretz J, Fässler R. CDK1-cyclin-B1-induced kindlin degradation drives focal adhesion disassembly at mitotic entry. Nat Cell Biol 2022; 24:723-736. [PMID: 35469017 PMCID: PMC9106588 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-022-00886-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The disassembly of integrin-containing focal adhesions (FAs) at mitotic entry is essential for cell rounding, mitotic retraction fibre formation, bipolar spindle positioning and chromosome segregation. The mechanism that drives FA disassembly at mitotic entry is unknown. Here, we show that the CDK1–cyclin B1 complex phosphorylates the integrin activator kindlin, which results in the recruitment of the cullin 9–FBXL10 ubiquitin ligase complex that mediates kindlin ubiquitination and degradation. This molecular pathway is essential for FA disassembly and cell rounding, as phospho-inhibitory mutations of the CDK1 motif prevent kindlin degradation, FA disassembly and mitotic cell rounding. Conversely, phospho-mimetic mutations promote kindlin degradation in interphase, accelerate mitotic cell rounding and impair mitotic retraction fibre formation. Despite the opposing effects on kindlin stability, both types of mutations cause severe mitotic spindle defects, apoptosis and aneuploidy. Thus, the exquisite regulation of kindlin levels at mitotic entry is essential for cells to progress accurately through mitosis. Chen et al. report that at mitotic entry, cyclin B1–CDK1 phosphorylates the focal adhesion protein kindlin to induce its proteasomal degradation and promote focal adhesion disassembly and mitotic rounding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan-Peng Chen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany.
| | - Jonas Aretz
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Reinhard Fässler
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany.
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8
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Khan A, Ni W, Baltazar T, Lopez-Giraldez F, Pober JS, Pierce RW. ArhGEF12 activates Rap1A and not RhoA in human dermal microvascular endothelial cells to reduce tumor necrosis factor-induced leak. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22254. [PMID: 35294066 PMCID: PMC9103844 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101873rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Overwhelming inflammation in the setting of acute critical illness induces capillary leak resulting in hypovolemia, edema, tissue dysoxia, organ failure and even death. The tight junction (TJ)-dependent capillary barrier is regulated by small GTPases, but the specific regulatory molecules most active in this vascular segment under such circumstances are not well described. We set out to identify GTPase regulatory molecules specific to endothelial cells (EC) that form TJs. Transcriptional profiling of confluent monolayers of TJ-forming human dermal microvascular ECs (HDMECs) and adherens junction only forming-human umbilical vein EC (HUVECs) demonstrate ARHGEF12 is basally expressed at higher levels and is only downregulated in HDMECs by junction-disrupting tumor necrosis factor (TNF). HDMECs depleted of ArhGEF12 by siRNA demonstrate a significantly exacerbated TNF-induced decrease in trans-endothelial electrical resistance and disruption of TJ continuous staining. ArhGEF12 is established as a RhoA-GEF in HUVECs and its knock down would be expected to reduce RhoA activity and barrier disruption. Pulldown of active GEFs from HDMECs depleted of ArhGEF12 and treated with TNF show decreased GTP-bound Rap1A after four hours but increased GTP-bound RhoA after 12 h. In cell-free assays, ArhGEF12 immunoprecipitated from HDMECs is able to activate both Rap1A and RhoA, but not act on Rap2A-C, RhoB-C, or even Rap1B which shares 95% sequence identity with Rap1A. We conclude that in TJ-forming HDMECs, ArhGEF12 selectively activates Rap1A to limit capillary barrier disruption in a mechanism independent of cAMP-mediated Epac1 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alamzeb Khan
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University
| | - Weiming Ni
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University
| | - Tania Baltazar
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University
| | | | - Jordan S. Pober
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University
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Mierke CT. Editorial: Editor’s Pick 2021: Highlights in Cell Adhesion and Migration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:852781. [PMID: 35321244 PMCID: PMC8934779 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.852781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Yamamoto K, Takagi Y, Ando K, Fukuhara S. Rap1 Small GTPase Regulates Vascular Endothelial-Cadherin-Mediated Endothelial Cell-Cell Junctions and Vascular Permeability. Biol Pharm Bull 2021; 44:1371-1379. [PMID: 34602545 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b21-00504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The vascular permeability of the endothelium is finely controlled by vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin-mediated endothelial cell-cell junctions. In the majority of normal adult tissues, endothelial cells in blood vessels maintain vascular permeability at a relatively low level, while in response to inflammation, they limit vascular barrier function to induce plasma leakage and extravasation of immune cells as a defense mechanism. Thus, the dynamic but also simultaneously tight regulation of vascular permeability by endothelial cells is responsible for maintaining homeostasis and, as such, impairments of its underlying mechanisms result in hyperpermeability, leading to the development and progression of various diseases including coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a newly emerging infectious disease. Recently, increasing numbers of studies have been unveiling the important role of Rap1, a small guanosine 5'-triphosphatase (GTPase) belonging to the Ras superfamily, in the regulation of vascular permeability. Rap1 enhances VE-cadherin-mediated endothelial cell-cell junctions to potentiate vascular barrier functions via dynamic reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton. Importantly, Rap1 signaling activation reportedly improves vascular barrier function in animal models of various diseases associated with vascular hyperpermeability, suggesting that Rap1 might be an ideal target for drugs intended to prevent vascular barrier dysfunction. Here, we describe recent progress in understanding the mechanisms by which Rap1 potentiates VE-cadherin-mediated endothelial cell-cell adhesions and vascular barrier function. We also discuss how alterations in Rap1 signaling are related to vascular barrier dysfunction in diseases such as acute pulmonary injury and malignancies. In addition, we examine the possibility of Rap1 signaling as a target of drugs for treating diseases associated with vascular hyperpermeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyotake Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Nippon Medical School
| | - Yuki Takagi
- Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Nippon Medical School
| | - Koji Ando
- Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Nippon Medical School
| | - Shigetomo Fukuhara
- Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Nippon Medical School
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Nashine S. Potential Therapeutic Candidates for Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD). Cells 2021; 10:cells10092483. [PMID: 34572131 PMCID: PMC8464988 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging contributes to the risk of development of ocular diseases including, but not limited to, Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) that is a leading cause of blindness in the United States as well as worldwide. Retinal aging, that contributes to AMD pathogenesis, is characterized by accumulation of drusen deposits, alteration in the composition of Bruch’s membrane and extracellular matrix, vascular inflammation and dysregulation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and subsequent retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cell senescence. Since there are limited options available for the prophylaxis and treatment of AMD, new therapeutic interventions are constantly being looked into to identify new therapeutic targets for AMD. This review article discusses the potential candidates for AMD therapy and their known mechanisms of cytoprotection in AMD. These target therapeutic candidates include APE/REF-1, MRZ-99030, Ciliary NeuroTrophic Factor (CNTF), RAP1 GTPase, Celecoxib, and SS-31/Elamipretide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali Nashine
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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12
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Sigdel A, Bisinotto RS, Peñagaricano F. Genes and pathways associated with pregnancy loss in dairy cattle. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13329. [PMID: 34172762 PMCID: PMC8233422 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92525-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy loss directly impairs reproductive performance in dairy cattle. Here, we investigated genetic factors associated with pregnancy loss following detection of a viable embryo around 42 days of gestation. The objectives of this study were to perform whole-genome scans and subsequent gene-set analyses for identifying candidate genes, functional gene-sets and gene signaling pathways implicated in pregnancy loss in US Holstein cows. Data consisted of about 58,000 pregnancy/abortion records distributed over nulliparous, primiparous, and multiparous cows. Threshold models were used to assess the binary response of pregnancy loss. Whole‐genome scans identified at least seven genomic regions on BTA2, BTA10, BTA14, BTA16, BTA21, BTA24 and BTA29 associated with pregnancy loss in heifers and lactating cows. These regions harbor several candidate genes that are directly implicated in pregnancy maintenance and fetal growth, such as CHST14, IGF1R, IGF2, PSEN2, SLC2A5 and WNT4. Moreover, the enrichment analysis revealed at least seven significantly enriched processes, containing genes associated with pregnancy loss, including calcium signaling, cell–cell attachment, cellular proliferation, fetal development, immunity, membrane permeability, and steroid metabolism. Additionally, the pathway analysis revealed a number of significant gene signaling pathways that regulate placental development and fetal growth, including Wnt, Hedgehog, Notch, MAPK, Hippo, mTOR and TGFβ pathways. Overall, our findings contribute to a better understanding of the genetic and biological basis of pregnancy loss in dairy cattle and points out novel strategies for improving pregnancy maintenance via marker‐assisted breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Sigdel
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Rafael S Bisinotto
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Francisco Peñagaricano
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
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13
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Kosuru R, Singh B, Lakshmikanthan S, Nishijima Y, Vasquez-Vivar J, Zhang DX, Chrzanowska M. Distinct Signaling Functions of Rap1 Isoforms in NO Release From Endothelium. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:687598. [PMID: 34222255 PMCID: PMC8247587 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.687598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Small GTPase Rap1 plays a prominent role in endothelial cell (EC) homeostasis by promoting NO release. Endothelial deletion of the two highly homologous Rap1 isoforms, Rap1A and Rap1B, leads to endothelial dysfunction ex vivo and hypertension in vivo. Mechanistically, we showed that Rap1B promotes NO release in response to shear flow by promoting mechanosensing complex formation involving VEGFR2 and Akt activation. However, the specific contribution of the Rap1A isoform to NO release and the underlying molecular mechanisms through which the two Rap1 isoforms control endothelial function are unknown. Here, we demonstrate that endothelial dysfunction resulting from knockout of both Rap1A and Rap1B isoforms is ameliorated by exogenous L-Arg administration to rescue NO-dependent vasorelaxation and blood pressure. We confirmed that Rap1B is rapidly activated in response to agonists that trigger eNOS activation, and its deletion in ECs attenuates eNOS activation, as detected by decreased Ser1177 phosphorylation. Somewhat surprising was the finding that EC deletion of Rap1A does not lead to impaired agonist-induced vasorelaxation ex vivo. Mechanistically, the deletion of Rap1A led to elevated eNOS phosphorylation both at the inhibitory, T495, and the activating Ser1177 residues. These findings indicate that the two Rap1 isoforms act via distinct signaling pathways: while Rap1B directly positively regulates eNOS activation, Rap1A prevents negative regulation of eNOS. Notably, the combined deficiency of Rap1A and Rap1B has a severe effect on eNOS activity and NO release with an in vivo impact on endothelial function and vascular homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramoji Kosuru
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Bandana Singh
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | | | - Yoshinori Nishijima
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Jeannette Vasquez-Vivar
- Department of Biophysics and Redox Biology Program, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - David X Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Magdalena Chrzanowska
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
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Dahiya N, Atreya CD. MiR-181a Reduces Platelet Activation via the Inhibition of Endogenous RAP1B. Microrna 2021; 9:240-246. [PMID: 31738148 PMCID: PMC7366005 DOI: 10.2174/2211536608666191026120515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Aim Since RAP1B is critical for platelet functions, including hemostasis, this study was conducted to identify RAP1B regulating microRNAs (miRNAs) in ex vivo stored platelets. Background Previous studies with platelets identified factors affecting RAP1B activity but regulatory miRNAs that affect RAP1B protein expression have not been reported. Objective To understand the functional significance of miRNA mediated regulation of RAP1B in stored platelets, using microRNA, miR-181a as an example. Methods A Tagged RNA Affinity approach (MS2-TRAP) was employed to identify miRNAs that bound to the 3` untranslated region (3`UTR) of the RAP1B mRNA in HeLa cells as an assay system. And subsequently, the mRNA 3’UTR:miRNA interactions were verified in platelets through the ectopic expression of miR-181a mimic and appropriate controls. The interaction of such miRNAs with RAP1B mRNA was also validated by qRT-PCR and Western analysis. Results Sixty-two miRNAs from MS2 assay were then compared with already known 171 platelet abundant miRNAs to identify a common set of miRNAs. This analysis yielded six miRNAs (miR-30e, miR-155, miR-181a, miR-206, miR-208a and miR-454), which are also predicted to target RAP1B mRNA. From this pool, miR-181a was selected for further study since RAP1B harbors two binding sites for miR-181a in its 3′UTR. Ectopic expression of miR-181a mimic in platelets resulted in lowering the endogenous RAP1B at both mRNA and protein levels. Further, miR-181a ectopic expression reduced the surface expression of the platelet activation marker, P-selectin. Conclusion MicroRNA-181a can target RAP1B and this interaction has the potential to regulate platelet activation during storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neetu Dahiya
- Laboratory of Cellular Hematology, Division of Blood Components and Devices, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, United States
| | - Chintamani D Atreya
- Laboratory of Cellular Hematology, Division of Blood Components and Devices, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, United States
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Singh B, Kosuru R, Lakshmikanthan S, Sorci-Thomas M, Zhang D, Sparapani R, Vasquez-Vivar J, Chrzanowska M. Endothelial Rap1 (Ras-Association Proximate 1) Restricts Inflammatory Signaling to Protect From the Progression of Atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2021; 41:638-650. [PMID: 33267664 PMCID: PMC8105264 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.315401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Small GTPase Rap1 (Ras-association proximate 1) is a novel, positive regulator of NO release and endothelial function with a potentially key role in mechanosensing of atheroprotective, laminar flow. Our objective was to delineate the role of Rap1 in the progression of atherosclerosis and its specific functions in the presence and absence of laminar flow, to better define its role in endothelial mechanisms contributing to plaque formation and atherogenesis. Approach and Results: In a mouse atherosclerosis model, endothelial Rap1B deletion exacerbates atherosclerotic plaque formation. In the thoracic aorta, where laminar shear stress-induced NO is otherwise atheroprotective, plaque area is increased in Athero-Rap1BiΔEC (atherogenic endothelial cell-specific, tamoxifen-inducible Rap1A+Rap1B knockout) mice. Endothelial Rap1 deficiency also leads to increased plaque size, leukocyte accumulation, and increased CAM (cell adhesion molecule) expression in atheroprone areas, whereas vascular permeability is unchanged. In endothelial cells, in the absence of protective laminar flow, Rap1 deficiency leads to an increased proinflammatory TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor alpha) signaling and increased NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) activation and elevated inflammatory receptor expression. Interestingly, this increased signaling to NF-κB activation is corrected by AKTVIII-an inhibitor of Akt (protein kinase B) translocation to the membrane. Together, these data implicate Rap1 in restricting Akt-dependent signaling, preventing excessive cytokine receptor signaling and proinflammatory NF-κB activation. CONCLUSIONS Via 2 distinct mechanisms, endothelial Rap1 protects from the atherosclerosis progression in the presence and absence of laminar flow; Rap1-stimulated NO release predominates in laminar flow, and restriction of proinflammatory signaling predominates in the absence of laminar flow. Our studies provide novel insights into the mechanisms underlying endothelial homeostasis and reveal the importance of Rap1 signaling in cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bandana Singh
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Ramoji Kosuru
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | | | - Mary Sorci-Thomas
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- Division of Endocrinology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - David Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Rodney Sparapani
- Division of Biostatistics, Institute for Health and Equity, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Jeannette Vasquez-Vivar
- Department of Biophysics and Redox Biology Program, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Magdalena Chrzanowska
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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16
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Thomas K, Ayse C, Natalia K, Peter B, Bedriye SH, Praveen G, Hakan A, Markus S, Wolfgang S, Yeong-Hoon C, Miroslav B, Manfred R. The MEK/ERK Module Is Reprogrammed in Remodeling Adult Cardiomyocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176348. [PMID: 32882982 PMCID: PMC7503571 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fetal and hypertrophic remodeling are hallmarks of cardiac restructuring leading chronically to heart failure. Since the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK cascade (MAPK) is involved in the development of heart failure, we hypothesized, first, that fetal remodeling is different from hypertrophy and, second, that remodeling of the MAPK occurs. To test our hypothesis, we analyzed models of cultured adult rat cardiomyocytes as well as investigated myocytes in the failing human myocardium by western blot and confocal microscopy. Fetal remodeling was induced through endothelial morphogens and monitored by the reexpression of Acta2, Actn1, and Actb. Serum-induced hypertrophy was determined by increased surface size and protein content of cardiomyocytes. Serum and morphogens caused reprogramming of Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK. In both models H-Ras, N-Ras, Rap2, B- and C-Raf, MEK1/2 as well as ERK1/2 increased while K-Ras was downregulated. Atrophy, MAPK-dependent ischemic resistance, loss of A-Raf, and reexpression of Rap1 and Erk3 highlighted fetal remodeling, while A-Raf accumulation marked hypertrophy. The knock-down of B-Raf by siRNA reduced MAPK activation and fetal reprogramming. In conclusion, we demonstrate that fetal and hypertrophic remodeling are independent processes and involve reprogramming of the MAPK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kubin Thomas
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Kerckhoff Heart Center, Benekestrasse 2-8, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany; (C.A.); (K.N.); (G.P.); (S.M.); (C.Y.-H.)
- Campus Kerckhoff, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
- Correspondence: (K.T.); (B.M.); (R.M.)
| | - Cetinkaya Ayse
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Kerckhoff Heart Center, Benekestrasse 2-8, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany; (C.A.); (K.N.); (G.P.); (S.M.); (C.Y.-H.)
- Campus Kerckhoff, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Kubin Natalia
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Kerckhoff Heart Center, Benekestrasse 2-8, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany; (C.A.); (K.N.); (G.P.); (S.M.); (C.Y.-H.)
- Campus Kerckhoff, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Bramlage Peter
- Institute for Pharmacology and Preventive Medicine, Bahnhofstraße 20, 49661 Cloppenburg, Germany;
| | - Sen-Hild Bedriye
- Pediatric Heart Center, Justus Liebig University, Feulgenstrasse 10-12, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (S.-H.B.); (A.H.)
| | - Gajawada Praveen
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Kerckhoff Heart Center, Benekestrasse 2-8, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany; (C.A.); (K.N.); (G.P.); (S.M.); (C.Y.-H.)
- Campus Kerckhoff, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Akintürk Hakan
- Pediatric Heart Center, Justus Liebig University, Feulgenstrasse 10-12, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (S.-H.B.); (A.H.)
| | - Schönburg Markus
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Kerckhoff Heart Center, Benekestrasse 2-8, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany; (C.A.); (K.N.); (G.P.); (S.M.); (C.Y.-H.)
- Campus Kerckhoff, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Schaper Wolfgang
- Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany;
| | - Choi Yeong-Hoon
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Kerckhoff Heart Center, Benekestrasse 2-8, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany; (C.A.); (K.N.); (G.P.); (S.M.); (C.Y.-H.)
- Campus Kerckhoff, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site RhineMain, 60590 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Barancik Miroslav
- Centre of Experimental Medicine, Institute for Heart Research, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 84104 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Correspondence: (K.T.); (B.M.); (R.M.)
| | - Richter Manfred
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Kerckhoff Heart Center, Benekestrasse 2-8, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany; (C.A.); (K.N.); (G.P.); (S.M.); (C.Y.-H.)
- Campus Kerckhoff, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
- Correspondence: (K.T.); (B.M.); (R.M.)
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17
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Integration of Rap1 and Calcium Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051616. [PMID: 32120817 PMCID: PMC7084553 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ca2+ is a universal intracellular signal. The modulation of cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration regulates a plethora of cellular processes, such as: synaptic plasticity, neuronal survival, chemotaxis of immune cells, platelet aggregation, vasodilation, and cardiac excitation–contraction coupling. Rap1 GTPases are ubiquitously expressed binary switches that alternate between active and inactive states and are regulated by diverse families of guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) and GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs). Active Rap1 couples extracellular stimulation with intracellular signaling through secondary messengers—cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), Ca2+, and diacylglycerol (DAG). Much evidence indicates that Rap1 signaling intersects with Ca2+ signaling pathways to control the important cellular functions of platelet activation or neuronal plasticity. Rap1 acts as an effector of Ca2+ signaling when activated by mechanisms involving Ca2+ and DAG-activated (CalDAG-) GEFs. Conversely, activated by other GEFs, such as cAMP-dependent GEF Epac, Rap1 controls cytoplasmic Ca2+ levels. It does so by regulating the activity of Ca2+ signaling proteins such as sarcoendoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA). In this review, we focus on the physiological significance of the links between Rap1 and Ca2+ signaling and emphasize the molecular interactions that may offer new targets for the therapy of Alzheimer’s disease, hypertension, and atherosclerosis, among other diseases.
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18
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Zhou B, Xu J, Chen Y, Gao S, Feng X, Lu X. miR-200b/c-RAP1B axis represses tumorigenesis and malignant progression of papillary thyroid carcinoma through inhibiting the NF-κB/Twist1 pathway. Exp Cell Res 2019; 387:111785. [PMID: 31877303 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.111785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is a common endocrine malignancy with an increasing occurrence and recurrence. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been widely acknowledged to be participated in human cancers. However, how these miRNAs exert roles and potential mechanisms in PTC regulatory networks is still lacking. The purpose of our study lies in discovering the regulatory basis of miR-200b/c and Rap1b for PTC tumorigenesis and malignant progression, as well as the underlying molecular mechanisms. Herein, miR-200b/c expression was sharply dropped and Rap1b expression was up-regulated in PTC cells and tissues samples when compared to normal thyroid epithelial cells and normal tissues. miR-200b/c targeted Rap1 directly and negatively regulated its expression. miR-200b/c overexpression suppressed proliferative, colony forming, migratory and invasive capabilities and EMT as well as elevated apoptosis of PTC cells through inhibiting Rap1b. Furthermore, xenograft experiments showed miR-200b/c overexpression constrained growth of PTC xenograft and EMT. miR-200b/c inhibited NF-κB/Twist1 signals via regulating the Rap1b expression in cells and animal models. Taken together, our study suggested that upregulation of miR-200b/c-RAP1B axis constrained PTC cell proliferation, invasion, migration and EMT. Also, the upregulation of miR-200b/c-RAP1B leaded to elevated apoptosis through inhibiting the NF-κB/Twist1 pathway, thus inhibiting PTC tumorigenesis and malignant progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, PR China; Department of Oncology Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471003, Henan, PR China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471003, Henan, PR China
| | - Ye Chen
- Department of Oncology Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471003, Henan, PR China
| | - Shegan Gao
- Department of Oncology Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471003, Henan, PR China
| | - Xiaoshan Feng
- Department of Oncology Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471003, Henan, PR China
| | - Xiubo Lu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, PR China.
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19
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Xu W, Wittchen ES, Hoopes SL, Stefanini L, Burridge K, Caron KM. Small GTPase Rap1A/B Is Required for Lymphatic Development and Adrenomedullin-Induced Stabilization of Lymphatic Endothelial Junctions. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 38:2410-2422. [PMID: 30354217 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.311645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Objective- Maintenance of lymphatic permeability is essential for normal lymphatic function during adulthood, but the precise signaling pathways that control lymphatic junctions during development are not fully elucidated. The Gs-coupled AM (adrenomedullin) signaling pathway is required for embryonic lymphangiogenesis and the maintenance of lymphatic junctions during adulthood. Thus, we sought to elucidate the downstream effectors mediating junctional stabilization in lymphatic endothelial cells. Approach and Results- We knocked-down both Rap1A and Rap1B isoforms in human neonatal dermal lymphatic cells (human lymphatic endothelial cells) and genetically deleted the mRap1 gene in lymphatic endothelial cells by producing 2 independent, conditional Rap1a/b knockout mouse lines. Rap1A/B knockdown caused disrupted junctional formation with hyperpermeability and impaired AM-induced lymphatic junctional tightening, as well as rescue of histamine-induced junctional disruption. Less than 60% of lymphatic- Rap1a/b knockout embryos survived to E13.5 exhibiting interstitial edema, blood-filled lymphatics, disrupted lymphovenous valves, and defective lymphangiogenesis. Consistently, inducible lymphatic- Rap1a/b deletion in adult animals prevented AM-rescue of histamine-induced lymphatic leakage and dilation. Conclusions- Rap1 (Ras-related protein) serves as the dominant effector downstream of AM to stabilize lymphatic junctions. Rap1 is required for maintaining lymphatic permeability and driving normal lymphatic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Xu
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology (W.X., E.S.W., S.L.H., K.B., K.M.C.), The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - Erika S Wittchen
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology (W.X., E.S.W., S.L.H., K.B., K.M.C.), The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - Samantha L Hoopes
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology (W.X., E.S.W., S.L.H., K.B., K.M.C.), The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - Lucia Stefanini
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy (L.S.)
| | - Keith Burridge
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology (W.X., E.S.W., S.L.H., K.B., K.M.C.), The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.,McAllister Heart Institute (K.B.), The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, NC (K.B.)
| | - Kathleen M Caron
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology (W.X., E.S.W., S.L.H., K.B., K.M.C.), The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.,Department of Genetics (K.M.C.), The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
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20
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Zhao XF, Kohen R, Parent R, Duan Y, Fisher GL, Korn MJ, Ji L, Wan G, Jin J, Püschel AW, Dolan DF, Parent JM, Corfas G, Murphy GG, Giger RJ. PlexinA2 Forward Signaling through Rap1 GTPases Regulates Dentate Gyrus Development and Schizophrenia-like Behaviors. Cell Rep 2019; 22:456-470. [PMID: 29320740 PMCID: PMC5788190 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Dentate gyrus (DG) development requires specification of granule cell (GC) progenitors in the hippocampal neuroepithelium, as well as their proliferation and migration into the primordial DG. We identify the Plexin family members Plxna2 and Plxna4 as important regulators of DG development. Distribution of immature GCs is regulated by Sema5A signaling through PlxnA2 and requires a functional PlxnA2 GTPase-activating protein (GAP) domain and Rap1 small GTPases. In adult Plxna2−/− but not Plxna2-GAP-deficient mice, the dentate GC layer is severely malformed, neurogenesis is compromised, and mossy fibers form aberrant synaptic boutons within CA3. Behavioral studies with Plxna2−/− mice revealed deficits in associative learning, sociability, and sensorimotor gating—traits commonly observed in neuropsychiatric disorder. Remarkably, while morphological defects are minimal in Plxna2-GAP-deficient brains, defects in fear memory and sensorimotor gating persist. Since allelic variants of human PLXNA2 and RAP1 associate with schizophrenia, our studies identify a biochemical pathway important for brain development and mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Feng Zhao
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Rafi Kohen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Rachel Parent
- Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yuntao Duan
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Grace L Fisher
- Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Matthew J Korn
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Lingchao Ji
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Guoqiang Wan
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jing Jin
- Institut für Molekulare Zellbiologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, 48149 Münster, Germany; Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Andreas W Püschel
- Institut für Molekulare Zellbiologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, 48149 Münster, Germany; Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - David F Dolan
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jack M Parent
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Gabriel Corfas
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Geoffrey G Murphy
- Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Roman J Giger
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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21
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Rho SS, Kobayashi I, Oguri-Nakamura E, Ando K, Fujiwara M, Kamimura N, Hirata H, Iida A, Iwai Y, Mochizuki N, Fukuhara S. Rap1b Promotes Notch-Signal-Mediated Hematopoietic Stem Cell Development by Enhancing Integrin-Mediated Cell Adhesion. Dev Cell 2019; 49:681-696.e6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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22
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23
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Lampugnani MG, Dejana E, Giampietro C. Vascular Endothelial (VE)-Cadherin, Endothelial Adherens Junctions, and Vascular Disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018; 10:cshperspect.a029322. [PMID: 28851747 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a029322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial cell-cell adherens junctions (AJs) supervise fundamental vascular functions, such as the control of permeability and transmigration of circulating leukocytes, and the maintenance of existing vessels and formation of new ones. These processes are often dysregulated in pathologies. However, the evidence that links dysfunction of endothelial AJs to human pathologies is mostly correlative. In this review, we present an update of the molecular organization of AJ complexes in endothelial cells (ECs) that is mainly based on observations from experimental models. Furthermore, we report in detail on a human pathology, cerebral cavernous malformation (CCM), which is initiated by loss-of-function mutations in the genes that encode the three cytoplasmic components of AJs (CCM1, CCM2, and CCM3). At present, these represent a unique example of mutations in components of endothelial AJs that cause human disease. We describe also how studies into the defects of AJs in CCM are shedding light on the crucial regulatory mechanisms and signaling activities of these endothelial structures. Although these observations are specific for CCM, they support the concept that dysfunction of endothelial AJs can directly contribute to human pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Grazia Lampugnani
- Fondazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro (FIRC) Institute of Molecular Oncology, 20139 Milan, Italy.,Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Dejana
- Fondazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro (FIRC) Institute of Molecular Oncology, 20139 Milan, Italy.,Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Costanza Giampietro
- Fondazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro (FIRC) Institute of Molecular Oncology, 20139 Milan, Italy
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24
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Abstract
Cerebral cavernous malformations (CCM) are manifested by microvascular lesions characterized by leaky endothelial cells with minimal intervening parenchyma predominantly in the central nervous system predisposed to hemorrhagic stroke, resulting in focal neurological defects. Till date, three proteins are implicated in this condition: CCM1 (KRIT1), CCM2 (MGC4607), and CCM3 (PDCD10). These multi-domain proteins form a protein complex via CCM2 that function as a docking site for the CCM signaling complex, which modulates many signaling pathways. Defects in the formation of this signaling complex have been shown to affect a wide range of cellular processes including cell-cell contact stability, vascular angiogenesis, oxidative damage protection and multiple biogenic events. In this review we provide an update on recent advances in structure and function of these CCM proteins, especially focusing on the signaling cascades involved in CCM pathogenesis and the resultant CCM cellular phenotypes in the past decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhil Padarti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Science Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Science Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
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25
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Functional redundancy between RAP1 isoforms in murine platelet production and function. Blood 2018; 132:1951-1962. [PMID: 30131434 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2018-03-838714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
RAP GTPases, important regulators of cellular adhesion, are abundant signaling molecules in the platelet/megakaryocytic lineage. However, mice lacking the predominant isoform, RAP1B, display a partial platelet integrin activation defect and have a normal platelet count, suggesting the existence of a RAP1-independent pathway to integrin activation in platelets and a negligible role for RAP GTPases in megakaryocyte biology. To determine the importance of individual RAP isoforms on platelet production and on platelet activation at sites of mechanical injury or vascular leakage, we generated mice with megakaryocyte-specific deletion (mKO) of Rap1a and/or Rap1b Interestingly, Rap1a/b-mKO mice displayed a marked macrothrombocytopenia due to impaired proplatelet formation by megakaryocytes. In platelets, RAP isoforms had redundant and isoform-specific functions. Deletion of RAP1B, but not RAP1A, significantly reduced α-granule secretion and activation of the cytoskeleton regulator RAC1. Both isoforms significantly contributed to thromboxane A2 generation and the inside-out activation of platelet integrins. Combined deficiency of RAP1A and RAP1B markedly impaired platelet aggregation, spreading, and clot retraction. Consistently, thrombus formation in physiological flow conditions was abolished in Rap1a/b-mKO, but not Rap1a-mKO or Rap1b-mKO, platelets. Rap1a/b-mKO mice were strongly protected from experimental thrombosis and exhibited a severe defect in hemostasis after mechanical injury. Surprisingly, Rap1a/b-mKO platelets were indistinguishable from controls in their ability to prevent blood-lymphatic mixing during development and hemorrhage at sites of inflammation. In summary, our studies demonstrate an essential role for RAP1 signaling in platelet integrin activation and a critical role in platelet production. Although important for hemostatic/thrombotic plug formation, platelet RAP1 signaling is dispensable for vascular integrity during development and inflammation.
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Stefanini L, Bergmeier W. RAP GTPases and platelet integrin signaling. Platelets 2018; 30:41-47. [PMID: 29863951 PMCID: PMC6312509 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2018.1476681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Platelets are highly specialized cells that continuously patrol the vasculature to ensure its integrity (hemostasis). At sites of vascular injury, they are able to respond to trace amounts of agonists and to rapidly transition from an anti-adhesive/patrolling to an adhesive state (integrin inside-out activation) required for hemostatic plug formation. Pathological conditions that disturb the balance in the underlying signaling processes can lead to unwanted platelet activation (thrombosis) or to an increased bleeding risk. The small GTPases of the RAP subfamily, highly expressed in platelets, are critical regulators of cell adhesion, cytoskeleton remodeling, and MAP kinase signaling. Studies by our group and others demonstrate that RAP GTPases, in particular RAP1A and RAP1B, are the key molecular switches that turn on platelet activation/adhesiveness at sites of injury. In this review, we will summarize major findings on the role of RAP GTPases in platelet biology with a focus on the signaling pathways leading to the conversion of integrins to a high-affinity state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Stefanini
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Wolfgang Bergmeier
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (NC), USA
- McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (NC), USA
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Molina-Ortiz P, Orban T, Martin M, Habets A, Dequiedt F, Schurmans S. Rasa3 controls turnover of endothelial cell adhesion and vascular lumen integrity by a Rap1-dependent mechanism. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007195. [PMID: 29381707 PMCID: PMC5806903 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rasa3 is a GTPase activating protein of the GAP1 family which targets R-Ras and Rap1. Although catalytic inactivation or deletion of Rasa3 in mice leads to severe hemorrhages and embryonic lethality, the biological function and cellular location of Rasa3 underlying these defects remains unknown. Here, using a combination of loss of function studies in mouse and zebrafish as well as in vitro cell biology approaches, we identify a key role for Rasa3 in endothelial cells and vascular lumen integrity. Specific ablation of Rasa3 in the mouse endothelium, but not in megakaryocytes and platelets, lead to embryonic bleeding and death at mid-gestation, recapitulating the phenotype observed in full Rasa3 knock-out mice. Reduced plexus/sprouts formation and vascular lumenization defects were observed when Rasa3 was specifically inactivated in mouse endothelial cells at the postnatal or adult stages. Similar results were obtained in zebrafish after decreasing Rasa3 expression. In vitro, depletion of Rasa3 in cultured endothelial cells increased β1 integrin activation and cell adhesion to extracellular matrix components, decreased cell migration and blocked tubulogenesis. During migration, these Rasa3-depleted cells exhibited larger and more mature adhesions resulting from a perturbed dynamics of adhesion assembly and disassembly which significantly increased their life time. These defects were due to a hyperactivation of the Rap1 GTPase and blockade of FAK/Src signaling. Finally, Rasa3-depleted cells showed reduced turnover of VE-cadherin-based adhesions resulting in more stable endothelial cell-cell adhesion and decreased endothelial permeability. Altogether, our results indicate that Rasa3 is a critical regulator of Rap1 in endothelial cells which controls adhesions properties and vascular lumen integrity; its specific endothelial cell inactivation results in occluded blood vessels, hemorrhages and early embryonic death in mouse, mimicking thus the Rasa3-/- mouse phenotype. Because it delivers oxygen and nutriments to every tissue in the body, the vascular system is essential to vertebrate life. Blood vessels consist of a layer of interconnected endothelial cells delineating a luminal space through which blood flows. Formation of vascular lumens is a critical step in vascular development, as vessels should allow unrestricted blood flow while absorbing the pressure from cardiac activity yet retaining flexibility to adapt to homeostatic needs. Our current knowledge of how lumens are established and maintained is still modest and has come essentially from in vitro systems. Here, using a combination of loss of function studies in mouse and zebrafish and in vitro cell biology approaches, we show that Rasa3, a GTPase activating protein of the GAP1 family, controls Rap1 activation, endothelial cell adhesion and migration as well as formation of vascular lumens. We also found that inactivation of Rasa3 specifically in mouse endothelial cells lead to embryonic bleeding and death at mid-gestation, recapitulating the phenotype observed in full Rasa3 knock-out mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Molina-Ortiz
- Laboratory of Functional Genetics, GIGA-Molecular Biology of Disease, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Tanguy Orban
- Laboratory of Protein signaling and Interactions Signalisation, GIGA-Molecular Biology of Diseases, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Maud Martin
- Laboratory of Functional Genetics, GIGA-Molecular Biology of Disease, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Laboratory of Protein signaling and Interactions Signalisation, GIGA-Molecular Biology of Diseases, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Audrey Habets
- Laboratory of Protein signaling and Interactions Signalisation, GIGA-Molecular Biology of Diseases, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Franck Dequiedt
- Laboratory of Protein signaling and Interactions Signalisation, GIGA-Molecular Biology of Diseases, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Stéphane Schurmans
- Laboratory of Functional Genetics, GIGA-Molecular Biology of Disease, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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28
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Lakshmikanthan S, Sobczak M, Li Calzi S, Shaw L, Grant MB, Chrzanowska-Wodnicka M. Rap1B promotes VEGF-induced endothelial permeability and is required for dynamic regulation of the endothelial barrier. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.207605. [PMID: 29222111 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.207605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a key angiogenic and permeability factor, plays an important role in new blood vessel formation. However, abnormal VEGF-induced VEGFR2 signaling leads to hyperpermeability. We have shown previously that Rap1, best known for promoting cell adhesion and vessel stability, is a critical regulator of VEGFR2-mediated angiogenic and shear-stress EC responses. To determine the role of Rap1 role in endothelial barrier dynamics, we examined vascular permeability in EC-specific Rap1A- and Rap1B-knockout mice, cell-cell junction remodeling and EC monolayer resistivity in Rap1-deficient ECs under basal, inflammatory or elevated VEGF conditions. Deletion of either Rap1 isoform impaired de novo adherens junction (AJ) formation and recovery from LPS-induced barrier disruption in vivo However, only Rap1A deficiency increased permeability in ECs and lung vessels. Interestingly, Rap1B deficiency attenuated VEGF-induced permeability in vivo and AJ remodeling in vitro Therefore, only Rap1A is required for the maintenance of normal vascular integrity. Importantly, Rap1B is the primary isoform essential for normal VEGF-induced EC barrier dissolution. Deletion of either Rap1 isoform protected against hyper permeability in the STZ-induced diabetes model, suggesting clinical implications for targeting Rap1 in pathologies with VEGF-induced hyperpermeability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Magdalena Sobczak
- Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Sergio Li Calzi
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Lynn Shaw
- Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Maria B Grant
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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29
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Zhao XF, Kohen R, Parent R, Duan Y, Fisher GL, Korn MJ, Ji L, Wan G, Jin J, Püschel AW, Dolan DF, Parent JM, Corfas G, Murphy GG, Giger RJ. PlexinA2 Forward Signaling through Rap1 GTPases Regulates Dentate Gyrus Development and Schizophrenia-like Behaviors. Cell Rep 2018. [PMID: 29320740 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.12.044.plexina2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Dentate gyrus (DG) development requires specification of granule cell (GC) progenitors in the hippocampal neuroepithelium, as well as their proliferation and migration into the primordial DG. We identify the Plexin family members Plxna2 and Plxna4 as important regulators of DG development. Distribution of immature GCs is regulated by Sema5A signaling through PlxnA2 and requires a functional PlxnA2 GTPase-activating protein (GAP) domain and Rap1 small GTPases. In adult Plxna2-/- but not Plxna2-GAP-deficient mice, the dentate GC layer is severely malformed, neurogenesis is compromised, and mossy fibers form aberrant synaptic boutons within CA3. Behavioral studies with Plxna2-/- mice revealed deficits in associative learning, sociability, and sensorimotor gating-traits commonly observed in neuropsychiatric disorder. Remarkably, while morphological defects are minimal in Plxna2-GAP-deficient brains, defects in fear memory and sensorimotor gating persist. Since allelic variants of human PLXNA2 and RAP1 associate with schizophrenia, our studies identify a biochemical pathway important for brain development and mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Feng Zhao
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Rafi Kohen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Rachel Parent
- Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yuntao Duan
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Grace L Fisher
- Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Matthew J Korn
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Lingchao Ji
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Guoqiang Wan
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jing Jin
- Institut für Molekulare Zellbiologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, 48149 Münster, Germany; Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Andreas W Püschel
- Institut für Molekulare Zellbiologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, 48149 Münster, Germany; Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - David F Dolan
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jack M Parent
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Gabriel Corfas
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Geoffrey G Murphy
- Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Roman J Giger
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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30
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Ramos CJ, Lin C, Liu X, Antonetti DA. The EPAC-Rap1 pathway prevents and reverses cytokine-induced retinal vascular permeability. J Biol Chem 2017; 293:717-730. [PMID: 29158262 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.815381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased retinal vascular permeability contributes to macular edema, a leading cause of vision loss in eye pathologies such as diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, and central retinal vein occlusions. Pathological changes in vascular permeability are driven by growth factors such as VEGF and pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α. Identifying the pro-barrier mechanisms that block vascular permeability and restore the blood-retinal barrier (BRB) may lead to new therapies. The cAMP-dependent guanine nucleotide exchange factor (EPAC) exchange-protein directly activated by cAMP promotes exchange of GTP in the small GTPase Rap1. Rap1 enhances barrier properties in human umbilical endothelial cells by promoting adherens junction assembly. We hypothesized that the EPAC-Rap1 signaling pathway may regulate the tight junction complex of the BRB and may restore barrier properties after cytokine-induced permeability. Here, we show that stimulating EPAC or Rap1 activation can prevent or reverse VEGF- or TNF-α-induced permeability in cell culture and in vivo Moreover, EPAC activation inhibited VEGF receptor (VEGFR) signaling through the Ras/MEK/ERK pathway. We also found that Rap1B knockdown or an EPAC antagonist increases endothelial permeability and that VEGF has no additive effect, suggesting a common pathway. Furthermore, GTP-bound Rap1 promoted tight junction assembly, and loss of Rap1B led to loss of junctional border organization. Collectively, our results indicate that the EPAC-Rap1 pathway helps maintain basal barrier properties in the retinal vascular endothelium and activation of the EPAC-Rap1 pathway may therefore represent a potential therapeutic strategy to restore the BRB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla J Ramos
- From the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
| | - Chengmao Lin
- From the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
| | - Xuwen Liu
- From the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
| | - David A Antonetti
- From the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
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31
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Endothelial cells dysfunctions are crucial determinants of several human diseases. We review here the most recent reports on endothelial cell defects in cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs), particularly focusing on adherens junctions. CCM is a vascular disease that affects specifically the venous microvessels of the central nervous system and which is caused by loss-of-function mutation in any one of the three CCM genes (CCM1, 2 or 3) in endothelial cells. The phenotypic result of these mutations are focal vascular malformations that are permeable and fragile causing neurological symptoms and occasionally haemorrhagic stroke. RECENT FINDINGS CCM is still an incurable disease, as no pharmacological treatment is available, besides surgery. The definition of the molecular alterations ensuing loss of function mutation of CCM genes is contributing to orientate the testing of targeted pharmacological tools.Several signalling pathways are altered in the three genotypes in a similar way and concur in the acquisition of mesenchymal markers in endothelial cells. However, also genotype-specific defects are reported, in particular for the CCM1 and CCM3 mutation. SUMMARY Besides the specific CCM disease, the characterization of endothelial alterations in CCM has the potentiality to shed light on basic molecular regulations as the acquisition and maintenance of organ and vascular site specificity of endothelial cells.
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32
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Ubiquitously-expressed small GTPase Rap1 is a key modulator of integrin- and cadherin-regulated processes. In endothelium, Rap1 promotes angiogenesis and endothelial barrier function, acting downstream from cAMP-activated Rap1GEF, Epac. Recent in-vivo studies in mouse models have provided more information about the physiological role of Rap1 in vessel development and after birth under normal and pathologic conditions. Important molecular details of dynamic regulation of endothelial barrier are uncovered. RECENT FINDINGS Rap1 is not essential for initial vessel formation but is critical for vessel stabilization, as double knockout of the two Rap1 isoforms leads to hemorrhage and embryonic lethality. After development, Rap1 is not required for endothelial barrier maintenance but is critical for nitric oxide production and endothelial function. Radil and Afadin mediate Rap1 effects on endothelial barrier function by regulating connection with Rho GTPases, actomyosin cytoskeleton, and cell-cell adhesion receptors. SUMMARY Rap1 is critically required for nitric oxide release and normal endothelial function in vivo. Mechanistic studies lead to a novel paradigm of Rap1 as a critical regulator of endothelial cell shear stress responses and endothelial homeostasis. Increased understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying endothelial barrier regulation may identify novel pharmacological targets for retinopathies and conditions with altered endothelial barrier function or when increased endothelial barrier is desired.
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33
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Shah B, Püschel AW. Regulation of Rap GTPases in mammalian neurons. Biol Chem 2017; 397:1055-69. [PMID: 27186679 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2016-0165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Small GTPases are central regulators of many cellular processes. The highly conserved Rap GTPases perform essential functions in the mammalian nervous system during development and in mature neurons. During neocortical development, Rap1 is required to regulate cadherin- and integrin-mediated adhesion. In the adult nervous system Rap1 and Rap2 regulate the maturation and plasticity of dendritic spine and synapses. Although genetic studies have revealed important roles of Rap GTPases in neurons, their regulation by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) that activate them and GTPase activating proteins (GAPs) that inactivate them by stimulating their intrinsic GTPase activity is just beginning to be explored in vivo. Here we review how GEFs and GAPs regulate Rap GTPases in the nervous system with a focus on their in vivo function.
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34
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Ramos CJ, Antonetti DA. The role of small GTPases and EPAC-Rap signaling in the regulation of the blood-brain and blood-retinal barriers. Tissue Barriers 2017. [PMID: 28632993 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2017.1339768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintenance and regulation of the vascular endothelial cell junctional complex is critical for proper barrier function of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the highly related blood-retinal barrier (BRB) that help maintain proper neuronal environment. Recent research has demonstrated that the junctional complex is actively maintained and can be dynamically regulated. Studies focusing on the mechanisms of barrier formation, maintenance, and barrier disruption have been of interest to understanding development of the BBB and BRB and identifying a means for therapeutic intervention for diseases ranging from brain tumors and dementia to blinding eye diseases. Research has increasingly revealed that small GTPases play a critical role in both barrier formation and disruption mechanisms. This review will summarize the current data on small GTPases in barrier regulation with an emphasis on the EPAC-Rap1 signaling pathway to Rho in endothelial barriers, as well as explore its potential involvement in paracellular flux and transcytosis regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla J Ramos
- a Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI USA
| | - David A Antonetti
- a Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI USA
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35
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Stott JB, Barrese V, Greenwood IA. Kv7 Channel Activation Underpins EPAC-Dependent Relaxations of Rat Arteries. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016; 36:2404-2411. [PMID: 27789473 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.116.308517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To establish the role of Kv7 channels in EPAC (exchange protein directly activated by cAMP)-dependent relaxations of the rat vasculature and to investigate whether this contributes to β-adrenoceptor-mediated vasorelaxations. APPROACH AND RESULTS Isolated rat renal and mesenteric arteries (RA and MA, respectively) were used for isometric tension recording to study the relaxant effects of a specific EPAC activator and the β-adrenoceptor agonist isoproterenol in the presence of potassium channel inhibitors and cell signaling modulators. Isolated myocytes were used in proximity ligation assay studies to detect localization of signaling intermediaries with Kv7.4 before and after cell stimulation. Our studies showed that the EPAC activator (8-pCPT-2Me-cAMP-AM) produced relaxations and enhanced currents of MA and RA that were sensitive to linopirdine (Kv7 inhibitor). Linopirdine also inhibited isoproterenol-mediated relaxations in both RA and MA. In the MA, isoproterenol relaxations were sensitive to EPAC inhibition, but not protein kinase A inhibition. In contrast, isoproterenol relaxations in RA were attenuated by protein kinase A but not by EPAC inhibition. Proximity ligation assay showed a localization of Kv7.4 with A-kinase anchoring protein in both vessels in the basal state, which increased only in the RA with isoproterenol stimulation. In the MA, but not the RA, a localization of Kv7.4 with both Rap1a and Rap2 (downstream of EPAC) increased with isoproterenol stimulation. CONCLUSIONS EPAC-dependent vasorelaxations occur in part via activation of Kv7 channels. This contributes to the isoproterenol-mediated relaxation in mesenteric, but not renal, arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer B Stott
- From the Vascular Biology Research Group, Institute for Cardiovascular and Cell Sciences, St George's University of London, UK
| | - Vincenzo Barrese
- From the Vascular Biology Research Group, Institute for Cardiovascular and Cell Sciences, St George's University of London, UK
| | - Iain A Greenwood
- From the Vascular Biology Research Group, Institute for Cardiovascular and Cell Sciences, St George's University of London, UK.
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36
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DiStefano PV, Smrcka AV, Glading AJ. Phospholipase Cε Modulates Rap1 Activity and the Endothelial Barrier. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162338. [PMID: 27612188 PMCID: PMC5017709 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C, PLCε, is a unique signaling protein with known roles in regulating cardiac myocyte growth, astrocyte inflammatory signaling, and tumor formation. PLCε is also expressed in endothelial cells, however its role in endothelial regulation is not fully established. We show that endothelial cells of multiple origins, including human pulmonary artery (HPAEC), human umbilical vein (HUVEC), and immortalized brain microvascular (hCMEC/D3) endothelial cells, express PLCε. Knockdown of PLCε in arterial endothelial monolayers decreased the effectiveness of the endothelial barrier. Concomitantly, RhoA activity and stress fiber formation were increased. PLCε-deficient arterial endothelial cells also exhibited decreased Rap1-GTP levels, which could be restored by activation of the Rap1 GEF, Epac, to rescue the increase in monolayer leak. Reintroduction of PLCε rescued monolayer leak with both the CDC25 GEF domain and the lipase domain of PLCε required to fully activate Rap1 and to rescue endothelial barrier function. Finally, we demonstrate that the barrier promoting effects PLCε are dependent on Rap1 signaling through the Rap1 effector, KRIT1, which we have previously shown is vital for maintaining endothelial barrier stability. Thus we have described a novel role for PLCε PIP2 hydrolytic and Rap GEF activities in arterial endothelial cells, where PLCε-dependent activation of Rap1/KRIT1 signaling promotes endothelial barrier stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter V. DiStefano
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, 14642, United States of America
| | - Alan V. Smrcka
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, 14642, United States of America
| | - Angela J. Glading
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, 14642, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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