1
|
Selcuk E, Dokuz S, Ozbek T. Evaluating the Stability of Lytic and Lysogenic Bacteriophages in Various Protectants. J Pharm Sci 2024; 113:1488-1497. [PMID: 38280723 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2024.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
Phage therapy has regained value as a potential alternative and a complementary anti-infective approach to antibiotics in the fight against bacterial pathogens. Due to their host specificity, non-pathogenic nature for humans, and low production cost, phages offer an effective opportunity for utilization in healthcare, agriculture, and food preservation. Well-defined storage conditions are essential for commercialization and dissemination of phage usage. For this purpose, in our study, after the isolation and characterization of two different phages, one lytic and the other lysogenic; storage and shelf-life studies of phages were evaluated in a presence of various protectants (glycerol, sodium azide, DMSO with chloroform) and without any protectant during 8-month period at four different temperatures. The short-time stability of the lytic P. syringae phage and lysogenic MRSA phage, which were determined by STEM analysis to belong to the Straboviridae and Siphoviridae families, respectively were also examined for the different temperatures and the pH levels ranging from 1.0 to 14.0. This study revealed the storage-model of phages that exhibit distinct lifecycles, for the first time and provided a theoretical basis for development and application of phages, has yielded valuable findings contributing to understanding of phage biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emine Selcuk
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Senanur Dokuz
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tulin Ozbek
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pinto AM, Pereira R, Martins AJ, Pastrana LM, Cerqueira MA, Sillankorva S. Designing an antimicrobial film for wound applications incorporating bacteriophages and ε-poly-l-lysine. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 268:131963. [PMID: 38688343 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Alginate-based dressings have been shown to promote wound healing, leveraging the unique properties of alginate. This work aimed to develop and characterize flexible individual and bilayered films to deliver bacteriophages (phages) and ε-Poly-l-lysine (ε-PLL). Films varied in different properties. The moisture content, swelling and solubility increased with higher alginate concentrations. The water vapour permeability, crucial in biomedical films to balance moisture levels for effective wound healing, reached optimal levels in bilayer films, indicating these will be able to sustain an ideal moist environment. The bilayer films showed improved ductility (lower tensile strength and increased elongation at break) compared to individual films. The incorporated phages maintained viability for 12 weeks under vacuum and refrigerated conditions, and their release was sustained and gradual. Antibacterial immersion tests showed that films with phages and ε-PLL significantly inhibited Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 growth (>3.1 Log CFU/cm2). Particle release was influenced by the swelling degree and diffusional processes within the polymer network, providing insights into controlled release mechanisms for particles of varying size (50 nm to 6 μm) and charge. The films developed, demonstrated modulated release capabilities for active agents, and may show potential as controlled delivery systems for phages and wound healing adjuvants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Pinto
- INL - International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Av. Mestre José Veiga, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal; CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, LIBRO - Laboratório de Investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Raquel Pereira
- INL - International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Av. Mestre José Veiga, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
| | - Artur J Martins
- INL - International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Av. Mestre José Veiga, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
| | - Lorenzo M Pastrana
- INL - International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Av. Mestre José Veiga, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
| | - Miguel A Cerqueira
- INL - International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Av. Mestre José Veiga, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
| | - Sanna Sillankorva
- INL - International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Av. Mestre José Veiga, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Dzuvor CKO. Toward Clinical Applications: Transforming Nonantibiotic Antibacterials into Effective Next-Generation Supramolecular Therapeutics. ACS NANO 2024; 18:2564-2577. [PMID: 38227832 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c11045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a major driver of morbidity and mortality worldwide, necessitating alternatives. Due to their mechanism of action, bacteriophages, endolysins, and antimicrobial peptides (coined herein as nonantibiotic antibacterials, NAA) have risen to tackle this problem and led to paradigms in treating antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections. However, their clinical applications remain challenging and have been seriously hampered by cytotoxicity, instability, weak bioactivity, low on-target bioavailability, high pro-inflammatory responses, shorter half-life, and circulatory properties. Hence, to transit preclinical phases and beyond, it has become imperative to radically engineer these alternatives into innovative and revolutionary therapeutics to overcome recalcitrant infections. This perspective highlights the promise of these agents, their limitations, promising designs, nanotechnology, and delivery approaches that can be harnessed to transform these agents. Finally, I provide an outlook on the remaining challenges that need to be tackled for their widespread clinical administration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian K O Dzuvor
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sezer B, Boyaci IH. Evaluation of long- and short-term storage conditions and efficiency of a novel microencapsulated Salmonella phage cocktail for controlling Salmonella in chicken meat. Food Sci Biotechnol 2024; 33:475-483. [PMID: 38222913 PMCID: PMC10786753 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-023-01374-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aims to assess the stability and activity of using a lyophilization, formulation design and to evaluate their efficiency for controlling Salmonella in chicken meat. The phage-loaded 0.3 M sucrose gelatin mixture at 4 and 25 °C displayed significantly less phage titer loss (p < 0.05) than the other excipients and liquid phage cocktail in 12 months. The results showed that there were significant reductions of Salmonella at the end of the storage in chicken meat for newly prepared phage powder (1.86 log CFU/cm2 and 2.18 log CFU/cm2), lyophilized phage powders stored at 4 °C (1.08 log CFU/cm2 and 1.26 log CFU/cm2) and stored at 25 °C (0.66 log CFU/cm2 and 1.00 log CFU/cm2) for 10 months at MOI 100 and 1000, respectively. The results demonstrated that lyophilized phages in a simple food grade formulation can be successfully stored and might be used in biocontrol of Salmonella in meat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Banu Sezer
- Department of Food Engineering, Hacettepe University, Beytepe, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ismail Hakki Boyaci
- Department of Food Engineering, Hacettepe University, Beytepe, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Dharmaraj T, Kratochvil MJ, Pourtois JD, Chen Q, Hajfathalian M, Hargil A, Lin YH, Evans Z, Oromí-Bosch A, Berry JD, McBride R, Haddock NL, Holman DR, van Belleghem JD, Chang TH, Barr JJ, Lavigne R, Heilshorn SC, Blankenberg FG, Bollyky PL. Rapid assessment of changes in phage bioactivity using dynamic light scattering. PNAS NEXUS 2023; 2:pgad406. [PMID: 38111822 PMCID: PMC10726995 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Extensive efforts are underway to develop bacteriophages as therapies against antibiotic-resistant bacteria. However, these efforts are confounded by the instability of phage preparations and a lack of suitable tools to assess active phage concentrations over time. In this study, we use dynamic light scattering (DLS) to measure changes in phage physical state in response to environmental factors and time, finding that phages tend to decay and form aggregates and that the degree of aggregation can be used to predict phage bioactivity. We then use DLS to optimize phage storage conditions for phages from human clinical trials, predict bioactivity in 50-y-old archival stocks, and evaluate phage samples for use in a phage therapy/wound infection model. We also provide a web application (Phage-Estimator of Lytic Function) to facilitate DLS studies of phages. We conclude that DLS provides a rapid, convenient, and nondestructive tool for quality control of phage preparations in academic and commercial settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tejas Dharmaraj
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Beckman Center for Molecular and Genetic Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michael J Kratochvil
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Julie D Pourtois
- Department of Biology, Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA
| | - Qingquan Chen
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Beckman Center for Molecular and Genetic Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Maryam Hajfathalian
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Beckman Center for Molecular and Genetic Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Aviv Hargil
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Beckman Center for Molecular and Genetic Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yung-Hao Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Zoe Evans
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Beckman Center for Molecular and Genetic Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Joel D Berry
- Felix Biotechnology, South SanFrancisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | - Naomi L Haddock
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Beckman Center for Molecular and Genetic Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Derek R Holman
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jonas D van Belleghem
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Beckman Center for Molecular and Genetic Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tony H Chang
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Beckman Center for Molecular and Genetic Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jeremy J Barr
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Rob Lavigne
- Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven 3001, Belgium
| | - Sarah C Heilshorn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Francis G Blankenberg
- Division of Pediatric Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Paul L Bollyky
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Beckman Center for Molecular and Genetic Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Imm S, Chang Y. Evaluation of the biocontrol potential of a collagen peptide/trehalose-based Cronobacter sakazakii phage powder in rehydrated powdered infant formula. Food Res Int 2023; 173:113257. [PMID: 37803569 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Cronobacter sakazakii is a major foodborne pathogen that is mainly transmitted through powdered infant formula (PIF) and has a high mortality rate of up to 80%, particularly in fetuses and neonates. Bacteriophages have emerged as an effective biocontrol agent for antibiotic-resistant bacteria. In this study, lytic phage SG01 was newly characterized and loaded into collagen peptide/trehalose-based powders to develop an antibacterial agent against C. sakazakii contamination in PIF. The phage belongs to the Siphoviridae family, has an icosahedral head and a flexible tail, and showed rapid and persistent antibacterial activity up to 17 h. It was specifically active against C. sakazakii and also exhibited effective anti-biofilm properties. The phage was freeze-dried to a collagen peptide/trehalose-based powder and the phage was tested for viability, storage stability, and antibacterial activity. The optimal composition was 5% (w/v) collagen peptides and 1% (w/v) trehalose, which demonstrated the highest phage viability after freeze-drying. The phage remained stable in the collagen peptide/trehalose-based powder for up to four weeks at 4 °C and 25 °C, indicating that this is a desirable formulation for phage protection. Furthermore, the phage powder showed significant antibacterial efficacy in PIF, with a 4-log CFU/mL reduction within 6 h. Overall, the tested phage powder has the potential to be used as an antimicrobial agent in the food industry, particularly in powdered foods such as PIF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seulgi Imm
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Science and Technology, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yoonjee Chang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Science and Technology, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhao J, Lin Y, Wang C, Zayda M, Maung AT, Mohammadi TN, Duc HM, Yu P, Ma M, Gong D, Sato J, Masuda Y, Honjoh KI, Miyamoto T, Zeng Z. Biocontrol of Salmonella Typhimurium in milk, lettuce, raw pork meat and ready-to-eat steamed-chicken breast by using a novel bacteriophage with broad host range. Int J Food Microbiol 2023; 402:110295. [PMID: 37352774 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella spp., one of the most frequently reported bacteria, causes foodborne illness and economic losses. Due to the threat of increasing antibiotic resistant foodborne pathogens, application of bacteriophages as novel antibacterial agents in food matrices has become an emerging strategy. In this study, a novel Salmonella phage PS3-1 with high lytic activity against Salmonella Typhimurium was identified from previously isolated phages. PS3-1 belonged to the class Caudoviricetes with a broad host range, and had relatively short latent period (15 min), large burst size (92 PFU/cell), high pH stability (pH 3.0-11.0) and thermal tolerance (4-60 °C). Genome sequencing analysis showed that PS3-1 genome consisted of 107,110 bp DNA, without antibiotic resistance and virulence related genes. The results of growth curve and time-kill assay showed that PS3-1 not only inhibited the growth of S. Typhimurium, but also effectively decreased the viable cell counts (0.30-4.72 log) after 24-h incubation at 7, 25 and 37 °C (P < 0.05). Moreover, >1.28 log of established biofilm cells were effectively removed after 24-h treatment with PS3-1. Besides, PS3-1 significantly reduced the viability of S. Typhimurium in milk, lettuce, raw pork meat and ready-to-eat steamed-chicken breast at different temperatures (P < 0.05). These results demonstrated that PS3-1 may be an excellent antibacterial agent for controlling S. Typhimurium in food industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China; Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yunzhi Lin
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Mahmoud Zayda
- Department of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, 32897 Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Aye Thida Maung
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Tahir Noor Mohammadi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Hoang Minh Duc
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Ping Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Maomao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Deming Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Jun Sato
- Safety Science Research, R&D, Kao Corporation, 2606 Akabane, Ichikai-Machi, Haga-Gun, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan
| | - Yoshimitsu Masuda
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Honjoh
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Takahisa Miyamoto
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
| | - Zheling Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Muthuvelu KS, Ethiraj B, Pramnik S, Raj NK, Venkataraman S, Rajendran DS, Bharathi P, Palanisamy E, Narayanan AS, Vaidyanathan VK, Muthusamy S. Biopreservative technologies of food: an alternative to chemical preservation and recent developments. Food Sci Biotechnol 2023; 32:1337-1350. [PMID: 37457405 PMCID: PMC10348988 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-023-01336-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite centuries of developing strategies to prevent food-associated illnesses, food safety remains a significant concern, even with multiple technological advancements. Consumers increasingly seek less processed and naturally preserved food options. One promising approach is food biopreservation, which uses natural antimicrobials found in food with a long history of safe consumption and can help reduce the reliance on chemically synthesized food preservatives. The hurdle technology method that combines multiple antimicrobial strategies is often used to improve the effectiveness of food biopreservation. This review attempts to provide a research summary on the utilization of lactic acid bacteria, bacteriocins, endolysins, bacteriophages, and biopolymers helps in the improvement of the shelf-life of food and lower the risk of food-borne pathogens throughout the food supply chain. This review also aims to evaluate current technologies that successfully employ the aforementioned preservatives to address obstacles in food biopreservation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kirupa Sankar Muthuvelu
- Bioprocess and Bioproducts Special Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathyamangalam, Erode, Tamil Nadu 638 401 India
| | - Baranitharan Ethiraj
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600077 India
| | - Shreyasi Pramnik
- Integrated Bioprocessing Laboratory, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology (SRM IST), Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu 603203 India
| | - N. Keerthish Raj
- Integrated Bioprocessing Laboratory, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology (SRM IST), Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu 603203 India
| | - Swethaa Venkataraman
- Integrated Bioprocessing Laboratory, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology (SRM IST), Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu 603203 India
| | - Devi Sri Rajendran
- Integrated Bioprocessing Laboratory, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology (SRM IST), Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu 603203 India
| | - Priyadharshini Bharathi
- Integrated Bioprocessing Laboratory, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology (SRM IST), Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu 603203 India
| | - Elakiya Palanisamy
- Bioprocess and Bioproducts Special Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathyamangalam, Erode, Tamil Nadu 638 401 India
| | - Anusri Sathiya Narayanan
- Bioprocess and Bioproducts Special Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathyamangalam, Erode, Tamil Nadu 638 401 India
| | - Vinoth Kumar Vaidyanathan
- Integrated Bioprocessing Laboratory, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology (SRM IST), Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu 603203 India
| | - Shanmugaprakash Muthusamy
- Downstream Processing Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Kumaraguru College of Technology, Coimbatore, India
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Flint R, Laucirica DR, Chan HK, Chang BJ, Stick SM, Kicic A. Stability Considerations for Bacteriophages in Liquid Formulations Designed for Nebulization. Cells 2023; 12:2057. [PMID: 37626867 PMCID: PMC10453214 DOI: 10.3390/cells12162057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary bacterial infections present a significant health risk to those with chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs) including cystic fibrosis (CF) and chronic-obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). With the emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), novel therapeutics are desperately needed to combat the emergence of resistant superbugs. Phage therapy is one possible alternative or adjunct to current antibiotics with activity against antimicrobial-resistant pathogens. How phages are administered will depend on the site of infection. For respiratory infections, a number of factors must be considered to deliver active phages to sites deep within the lung. The inhalation of phages via nebulization is a promising method of delivery to distal lung sites; however, it has been shown to result in a loss of phage viability. Although preliminary studies have assessed the use of nebulization for phage therapy both in vitro and in vivo, the factors that determine phage stability during nebulized delivery have yet to be characterized. This review summarizes current findings on the formulation and stability of liquid phage formulations designed for nebulization, providing insights to maximize phage stability and bactericidal activity via this delivery method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Flint
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia;
- Wal-yan Respiratory Research Center, Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; (D.R.L.); (S.M.S.)
| | - Daniel R. Laucirica
- Wal-yan Respiratory Research Center, Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; (D.R.L.); (S.M.S.)
| | - Hak-Kim Chan
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group, School of Pharmacy, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia;
| | - Barbara J. Chang
- The Marshall Center for Infectious Diseases Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia;
| | - Stephen M. Stick
- Wal-yan Respiratory Research Center, Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; (D.R.L.); (S.M.S.)
- Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Perth Children’s Hospital, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Anthony Kicic
- Wal-yan Respiratory Research Center, Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; (D.R.L.); (S.M.S.)
- Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Perth Children’s Hospital, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Dharmaraj T, Kratochvil MJ, Pourtois JD, Chen Q, Hajfathalian M, Hargil A, Lin YH, Evans Z, Oromí-Bosch A, Berry JD, McBride R, Haddock NL, Holman DR, van Belleghem JD, Chang TH, Barr JJ, Lavigne R, Heilshorn SC, Blankenberg FG, Bollyky PL. Rapid assessment of changes in phage bioactivity using dynamic light scattering. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.02.547396. [PMID: 37425882 PMCID: PMC10327207 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.02.547396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Extensive efforts are underway to develop bacteriophages as therapies against antibiotic-resistant bacteria. However, these efforts are confounded by the instability of phage preparations and a lack of suitable tools to assess active phage concentrations over time. Here, we use Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) to measure changes in phage physical state in response to environmental factors and time, finding that phages tend to decay and form aggregates and that the degree of aggregation can be used to predict phage bioactivity. We then use DLS to optimize phage storage conditions for phages from human clinical trials, predict bioactivity in 50-year-old archival stocks, and evaluate phage samples for use in a phage therapy/wound infection model. We also provide a web-application (Phage-ELF) to facilitate DLS studies of phages. We conclude that DLS provides a rapid, convenient, and non-destructive tool for quality control of phage preparations in academic and commercial settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tejas Dharmaraj
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michael J. Kratochvil
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Julie D. Pourtois
- Hopkins Marine Station, Department of Biology, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA
| | - Qingquan Chen
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Maryam Hajfathalian
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Aviv Hargil
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yung-Hao Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Zoe Evans
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | | | | | - Naomi L. Haddock
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Derek R. Holman
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jonas D. van Belleghem
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tony H. Chang
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jeremy J. Barr
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, VIC, Australia
| | - Rob Lavigne
- Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - Sarah C. Heilshorn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Francis G. Blankenberg
- Division of Pediatric Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Paul L. Bollyky
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Costa MJ, Pastrana LM, Teixeira JA, Sillankorva SM, Cerqueira MA. Bacteriophage Delivery Systems for Food Applications: Opportunities and Perspectives. Viruses 2023; 15:1271. [PMID: 37376571 DOI: 10.3390/v15061271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, one-third of all food produced worldwide is wasted or lost, and bacterial contamination is one of the main reasons. Moreover, foodborne diseases are a severe problem, causing more than 420,000 deaths and nearly 600 million illnesses yearly, demanding more attention to food safety. Thus, new solutions need to be explored to tackle these problems. A possible solution for bacterial contamination is using bacteriophages (phages), which are harmless to humans; these natural viruses can be used to prevent or reduce food contamination by foodborne pathogens. In this regard, several studies showed the effectiveness of phages against bacteria. However, when used in their free form, phages can lose infectivity, decreasing the application in foods. To overcome this problem, new delivery systems are being studied to incorporate phages and ensure prolonged activity and controlled release in food systems. This review focuses on the existent and new phage delivery systems applied in the food industry to promote food safety. Initially, an overview of phages, their main advantages, and challenges is presented, followed by the different delivery systems, focused in methodologies, and biomaterials that can be used. In the end, examples of phage applications in foods are disclosed and future perspectives are approached.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Costa
- Centre of Biological Engineering, Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS-Associate Laboratory, Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Av. Mestre José Veiga, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
| | - Lorenzo M Pastrana
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Av. Mestre José Veiga, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
| | - José A Teixeira
- Centre of Biological Engineering, Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS-Associate Laboratory, Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Sanna M Sillankorva
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Av. Mestre José Veiga, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
| | - Miguel A Cerqueira
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Av. Mestre José Veiga, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Elois MA, da Silva R, Pilati GVT, Rodríguez-Lázaro D, Fongaro G. Bacteriophages as Biotechnological Tools. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020349. [PMID: 36851563 PMCID: PMC9963553 DOI: 10.3390/v15020349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophages are ubiquitous organisms that can be specific to one or multiple strains of hosts, in addition to being the most abundant entities on the planet. It is estimated that they exceed ten times the total number of bacteria. They are classified as temperate, which means that phages can integrate their genome into the host genome, originating a prophage that replicates with the host cell and may confer immunity against infection by the same type of phage; and lytics, those with greater biotechnological interest and are viruses that lyse the host cell at the end of its reproductive cycle. When lysogenic, they are capable of disseminating bacterial antibiotic resistance genes through horizontal gene transfer. When professionally lytic-that is, obligately lytic and not recently descended from a temperate ancestor-they become allies in bacterial control in ecological imbalance scenarios; these viruses have a biofilm-reducing capacity. Phage therapy has also been advocated by the scientific community, given the uniqueness of issues related to the control of microorganisms and biofilm production when compared to other commonly used techniques. The advantages of using bacteriophages appear as a viable and promising alternative. This review will provide updates on the landscape of phage applications for the biocontrol of pathogens in industrial settings and healthcare.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Alves Elois
- Laboratory of Applied Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Raphael da Silva
- Laboratory of Applied Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Giulia Von Tönnemann Pilati
- Laboratory of Applied Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil
| | - David Rodríguez-Lázaro
- Microbiology Division, Faculty of Sciences, University of Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain
- Research Centre for Emerging Pathogens and Global Health, University of Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - Gislaine Fongaro
- Laboratory of Applied Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Baqer AA, Fang K, Mohd-Assaad N, Adnan SNA, Md Nor NS. In Vitro Activity, Stability and Molecular Characterization of Eight Potent Bacteriophages Infecting Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae. Viruses 2022; 15:117. [PMID: 36680156 PMCID: PMC9860934 DOI: 10.3390/v15010117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Members of the genus Klebsiella are among the leading microbial pathogens associated with nosocomial infection. The increased incidence of antimicrobial resistance in these species has propelled the need for alternate/combination therapeutic regimens to aid clinical treatment, including bacteriophage therapy. Bacteriophages are considered very safe and effective in treating bacterial infections. In this study, we characterize eight lytic bacteriophages that were previously isolated by our team against carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae. METHODS The one-step-growth curves, stability and lytic ability of eight bacteriophages were characterized. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) typing analysis and protein profiling were used to characterize the microbes at the molecular level. Phylogenetic trees of four important proteins were constructed for the two selected bacteriophages. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS All eight bacteriophages showed high efficiency for reducing bacterial concentration with high stability under different physical and chemical conditions. We found four major protein bands out of at least ten 15-190 KDa bands that were clearly separated by SDS-PAGE, which were assumed to be the major head and tail proteins. The genomes were found to be dsDNA, with sizes of approximately 36-87 Kb. All bacteriophages reduced the optical density of the planktonic K. pneumoniae abruptly, indicating great potential to reduce K. pneumoniae infection. In this study, we have found that tail fiber protein can further distinguished closely related bacteriophages. The characterised bacteriophages showed promising potential as candidates against carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae via bacteriophage therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abeer Ameen Baqer
- Medical Laboratory Techniques Department, Dijlah University College, Baghdad 10021, Iraq;
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science & Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, SGR, Malaysia;
| | - Kokxin Fang
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science & Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, SGR, Malaysia;
| | - Norfarhan Mohd-Assaad
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science & Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, SGR, Malaysia;
- Institute for Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, SGR, Malaysia
| | - Siti Noor Adnalizawati Adnan
- Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Level 15, Tower B, Persiaran MPAJ, Jalan Pandan Utama, Kuala Lumpur 55100, SGR, Malaysia;
| | - Norefrina Shafinaz Md Nor
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science & Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, SGR, Malaysia;
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Biological properties of Staphylococcus virus ΦSA012 for phage therapy. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21297. [PMID: 36494564 PMCID: PMC9734660 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25352-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus virus ΦSA012 has a wide host range and efficient lytic activity. Here, we assessed the biological stability of ΦSA012 against temperature, freeze-thawing, and pH to clinically apply the phage. In addition, inoculation of ΦSA012 through i.p. and i.v. injections into mice revealed that phages were reached the limit of detection in serum and accumulated notably spleens without inflammation at 48 h post-inoculation. Furthermore, inoculation of ΦSA012 through s.c. injections in mice significantly induced IgG, which possesses neutralizing activity against ΦSA012 and other Staphylococcus viruses, ΦSA039 and ΦMR003, but not Pseudomonas viruses ΦS12-3 and ΦR18 or Escherichia viruses T1, T4, and T7 in vitro. Immunoelectron microscopic analysis showed that purified anti-phage IgG recognizes the long-tail fiber of staphylococcus viruses. Although S. aureus inoculation resulted in a 25% survival rate in a mouse i.p. model, ΦSA012 inoculation (i.p.) improved the survival rate to 75%; however, the survival rate of ΦSA012-immunized mice decreased to less than non-immunized mice with phage i.v. injection at a MOI of 100. These results indicated that ΦSA012 possesses promise for use against staphylococcal infections but we should carefully address the appropriate dose and periods of phage administration. Our findings facilitate understandings of staphylococcus viruses for phage therapy.
Collapse
|
15
|
Kim S, Chang Y. Anti-Salmonella polyvinyl alcohol coating containing a virulent phage PBSE191 and its application on chicken eggshell. Food Res Int 2022; 162:111971. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
16
|
Alexyuk P, Bogoyavlenskiy A, Alexyuk M, Akanova K, Moldakhanov Y, Berezin V. Isolation and Characterization of Lytic Bacteriophages Active against Clinical Strains of E. coli and Development of a Phage Antimicrobial Cocktail. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112381. [PMID: 36366479 PMCID: PMC9697832 DOI: 10.3390/v14112381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic E. coli cause urinary tract, soft tissue and central nervous system infections, sepsis, etc. Lytic bacteriophages can be used to combat such infections. We investigated six lytic E. coli bacteriophages isolated from wastewater. Transmission electron microscopy and whole genome sequencing showed that the isolated bacteriophages are tailed phages of the Caudoviricetes class. One-step growth curves revealed that their latent period of reproduction is 20-30 min, and the average value of the burst size is 117-155. During co-cultivation with various E. coli strains, the phages completely suppressed bacterial host culture growth within the first 4 h at MOIs 10-7 to 10-3. The host range lysed by each bacteriophage varied from six to two bacterial strains out of nine used in the study. The cocktail formed from the isolated bacteriophages possessed the ability to completely suppress the growth of all the E. coli strains used in the study within 6 h and maintain its lytic activity for 8 months of storage. All the isolated bacteriophages may be useful in fighting pathogenic E. coli strains and in the development of phage cocktails with a long storage period and high efficiency in the treatment of bacterial infections.
Collapse
|
17
|
Lu YT, Ma Y, Wong CW, Wang S. Characterization and application of bacteriophages for the biocontrol of Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli in Romaine lettuce. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
|
18
|
Wdowiak M, Paczesny J, Raza S. Enhancing the Stability of Bacteriophages Using Physical, Chemical, and Nano-Based Approaches: A Review. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14091936. [PMID: 36145682 PMCID: PMC9502844 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14091936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Phages are efficient in diagnosing, treating, and preventing various diseases, and as sensing elements in biosensors. Phage display alone has gained attention over the past decade, especially in pharmaceuticals. Bacteriophages have also found importance in research aiming to fight viruses and in the consequent formulation of antiviral agents and vaccines. All these applications require control over the stability of virions. Phages are considered resistant to various harsh conditions. However, stability-determining parameters are usually the only additional factors in phage-related applications. Phages face instability and activity loss when preserved for extended periods. Sudden environmental changes, including exposure to UV light, temperature, pH, and salt concentration, also lead to a phage titer fall. This review describes various formulations that impart stability to phage stocks, mainly focusing on polymer-based stabilization, encapsulation, lyophilization, and nano-assisted solutions.
Collapse
|
19
|
Xiao Y, Huang P, Huang Z, Yu K, Song Y, Guo N, Dai H, Jiang M, Xu Y, Wang D, Wei Q. Influencing factors on the preservation of lytic bacteriophage VP3. BIOSAFETY AND HEALTH 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bsheal.2022.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
|
20
|
Thanki AM, Mignard G, Atterbury RJ, Barrow P, Millard AD, Clokie MRJ. Prophylactic Delivery of a Bacteriophage Cocktail in Feed Significantly Reduces Salmonella Colonization in Pigs. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0042222. [PMID: 35579475 PMCID: PMC9241700 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00422-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Nontyphoidal Salmonella spp. are a leading cause of human food poisoning and can be transmitted to humans via consuming contaminated pork. To reduce Salmonella spread to the human food chain, bacteriophage (phage) therapy could be used to reduce bacteria from animals' preslaughter. We aimed to determine if adding a two-phage cocktail to feed reduces Salmonella colonization in piglets. This first required spray drying phages to allow them to be added as a powder to feed, and phages were spray dried in different excipients to establish maximum recovery. Although laboratory phage yields were not maintained during scale up in a commercial spray dryer (titers fell from 3 × 108 to 2.4 × 106 PFU/g respectively), the phage titers were high enough to progress. Spray dried phages survived mixing and pelleting in a commercial feed mill, and sustained no further loss in titer when stored at 4°C or barn conditions over 6 months. Salmonella-challenged piglets that were prophylactically fed the phage-feed diet had significantly reduced Salmonella colonization in different gut compartments (P < 0.01). 16S rRNA gene sequencing of fecal and gut samples showed phages did not negatively impact microbial communities as they were similar between healthy control piglets and those treated with phage. Our study shows delivering dried phages via feed effectively reduces Salmonella colonization in pigs. IMPORTANCE Infections caused by Salmonella spp. cause 93.8 million cases of human food poisoning worldwide, each year of which 11.7% are due to consumption of contaminated pork products. An increasing number of swine infections are caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella strains, many of which have entered, and continue to enter the human food chain. Antibiotics are losing their efficacy against these MDR strains, and thus antimicrobial alternatives are needed. Phages could be developed as an alternative approach, but research is required to determine the optimal method to deliver phages to pigs and to determine if phage treatment is effective at reducing Salmonella colonization in pigs. The results presented in this study address these two aspects of phage development and show that phages delivered via feed prophylactically to pigs reduces Salmonella colonization in challenged pigs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anisha M. Thanki
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Guillaume Mignard
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J. Atterbury
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Barrow
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Daphne Jackson Road, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D. Millard
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Martha R. J. Clokie
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Briot T, Kolenda C, Ferry T, Medina M, Laurent F, Leboucher G, Pirot F. Paving the way for phage therapy using novel drug delivery approaches. J Control Release 2022; 347:414-424. [PMID: 35569589 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial resistance against antibiotics is an emergent medical issue. The development of novel therapeutic approaches is urgently needed and, in this context, bacteriophages represent a promising strategy to fight multi resistant bacteria. However, for some applications, bacteriophages cannot be used without an appropriate drug delivery system which increases their stability or provides an adequate targeting to the site of infection. This review summarizes the main application routes for bacteriophages and presents the new delivery approaches designed to increase phage's activity. Clinical successes of these formulations are also highlighted. Globally, this work paves the way for the design and optimization of nano and micro delivery systems for phage therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Briot
- Pharmacy department, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Groupement Hospitalier Nord, Lyon, France.
| | - Camille Kolenda
- Laboratory of bacteriology, French National Reference Centre for Staphylococci, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France; Reference Center for Complex Bone and Joint Infection (CRIOAc), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France; International Centre for Research in Infectiology, INSERM U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Tristan Ferry
- Reference Center for Complex Bone and Joint Infection (CRIOAc), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France; International Centre for Research in Infectiology, INSERM U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France; Infectious and Tropical Diseases unit, Croix-Rousse Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Mathieu Medina
- Laboratory of bacteriology, French National Reference Centre for Staphylococci, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France; Reference Center for Complex Bone and Joint Infection (CRIOAc), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France; International Centre for Research in Infectiology, INSERM U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Frederic Laurent
- Laboratory of bacteriology, French National Reference Centre for Staphylococci, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France; Reference Center for Complex Bone and Joint Infection (CRIOAc), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France; International Centre for Research in Infectiology, INSERM U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Gilles Leboucher
- Pharmacy department, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Groupement Hospitalier Nord, Lyon, France
| | - Fabrice Pirot
- Plateforme FRIPHARM, Service pharmaceutique, Groupement Hospitalier Edouard Herriot, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France; Laboratoire de Recherche et Développement de Pharmacie Galénique Industrielle, Plateforme FRIPHARM, Faculté de Pharmacie, Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et Ingénierie Thérapeutique - UMR 5305, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Sillankorva S, Pires L, Pastrana LM, Bañobre-López M. Antibiofilm Efficacy of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa Pbunavirus vB_PaeM-SMS29 Loaded onto Dissolving Polyvinyl Alcohol Microneedles. Viruses 2022; 14:v14050964. [PMID: 35632706 PMCID: PMC9143888 DOI: 10.3390/v14050964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistant bacteria prevail in most chronic skin wounds and other biofilm-related topical skin infections. Bacteriophages (phages) have proven their antimicrobial effectiveness for treating different antibiotic-resistant and multidrug-resistant bacterial infections, but not all phages are effective against biofilms. Phages possessing depolymerases can reach different biofilm layers; however, those that do not have depolymerase activity struggle to penetrate and navigate in the intricate 3D biofilm structure and mainly infect bacteria lodged in the outer biofilm layers. To address this, Pseudomonas aeruginosa phage vB_PaeM-SMS29, a phage with poor antibiofilm properties, was incorporated into polyvinyl alcohol (PVA, Mowiol 4:88) supplemented with 0.1% (v/v) of glycerol, and cast onto two different microneedle arrays varying in geometry. The dissolving microneedles were thoroughly characterized by microscopy, force-displacement, swelling, phage release and stability. Furthermore, 48 h-old biofilms were formed using the colony biofilm procedure (absence of broth), and the antibiofilm efficacy of the phage-loaded microneedles was evaluated by viable cell counts and microscopy and compared to free phages. The phages in microneedles were fairly stable for six months when stored at 4 °C, with minor decreases in phage titers observed. The geometry of the microneedles influenced the penetration and force-displacement characteristics but not the antimicrobial efficacy against biofilms. The two PVA microneedles loaded with phages reduced P. aeruginosa PAO1 biofilms by 2.44 to 2.76 log10 CFU·cm-2 at 24 h. These values are significantly higher than the result obtained after the treatment with the free phage (1.09 log10 CFU·cm-2). Overall, this study shows that the distribution of phages caused by the mechanical disruption of biofilms using dissolving microneedles can be an effective delivery method against topical biofilm-related skin infections.
Collapse
|
23
|
Ergin F. Effect of freeze drying, spray drying and electrospraying on the morphological, thermal, and structural properties of powders containing phage Felix O1 and activity of phage Felix O1 during storage. POWDER TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2022.117516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
24
|
Bacteriophage therapy in aquaculture: current status and future challenges. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2022; 67:573-590. [PMID: 35305247 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-022-00965-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The escalation of antibiotic resistance has revitalized bacteriophage (phage) therapy. Recently, phage therapy has been gradually applied in medicine, agriculture, food, and environmental fields due to its distinctive features of high efficiency, specificity, and environmental friendliness compared to antibiotics. Likewise, phage therapy also holds great promise in controlling pathogenic bacteria in aquaculture. The application of phage therapy instead of antibiotics to eliminate pathogenic bacteria such as Vibrio, Pseudomonas, Aeromonas, and Flavobacterium and to reduce fish mortality in aquaculture has been frequently reported. In this context, the present review summarizes and analyzes the current status of phage therapy in aquaculture, focusing on the key parameters of phage application, such as phage isolation, selection, dosage, and administration modes, and introducing the strategies and methods to boost efficacy and restrain the emergence of resistance. In addition, we discussed the human safety, environmental friendliness, and techno-economic practicability of phage therapy in aquaculture. Finally, this review outlines the current challenges of phage therapy application in aquaculture from the perspectives of phage resistance, phage-mediated resistance gene transfer, and effects on the host immune system.
Collapse
|
25
|
Khullar L, Harjai K, Chhibber S. Exploring the therapeutic potential of staphylococcal phage formulations: Current challenges and applications in phage therapy. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 132:3515-3532. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.15462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lavanya Khullar
- Department of Microbiology Panjab University Chandigarh India
| | - Kusum Harjai
- Department of Microbiology Panjab University Chandigarh India
| | - Sanjay Chhibber
- Department of Microbiology Panjab University Chandigarh India
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
«Development of an anti- Acinetobacter baumannii biofilm phage cocktail: Genomic Adaptation to the Host». Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2022; 66:e0192321. [PMID: 35041503 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01923-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The need for alternatives to antibiotic therapy due to the emergence of multidrug resistant bacteria (MDR), such as the nosocomial pathogen Acinetobacter baumannii, has led to the recovery of phage therapy. In addition, phages can be combined in cocktails to increase the host range. In this study, the evolutionary mechanism of adaptation was utilized in order to develop a phage adapted to A. baumannii, named phage Ab105-2phiΔCI404ad, from a mutant lytic phage, Ab105-2phiΔCI, previously developed by our group. The whole genome sequence of phage Ab105-2phiΔCI404ad was determined, showing that four genomic rearrangements events occurred in the tail morphogenesis module affecting the ORFs encoding the host receptor binding sites. As a consequence of the genomic rearrangements, 10 ORFs were lost and four new ORFs were obtained, all encoding tail proteins; two inverted regions were also derived from these events. The adaptation process increased the host range of the adapted phage by almost three folds. In addition, a depolymerase-expressing phenotype, indicated by formation of a halo, which was not observed in the ancestral phage, was obtained in 81% of the infected strains. A phage cocktail was formed by combining this phage with the A. baumannii phage vB_AbaP_B3, known to express a depolymerase. Both the individual phages and the phage cocktail showed strong antimicrobial activity against 5 clinical strains and 1 reference strain of A. baumannii tested. However, in all cases resistance to the bacterial strains was also observed. The antibiofilm activity of the individual phages and the cocktail was assayed. The phage cocktail displayed strong antibiofilm activity.
Collapse
|
27
|
Ngu NT, Phuong LNN, Anh LH, Loc HT, Tam NT, Huan PKN, Diep TH, Kamei K. The Efficiency of Bacteriophages Against Salmonella Typhimurium Infection in Native Noi Broilers. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-9061-2021-1561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- NT Ngu
- Can Tho University, Vietnam
| | - LNN Phuong
- Can Tho University, Vietnam; Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, Vietnam
| | - LH Anh
- Can Tho University, Vietnam
| | - HT Loc
- Can Tho University, Vietnam
| | - NT Tam
- Can Tho University, Vietnam
| | | | - TH Diep
- Tien Giang University, Vietnam
| | - K Kamei
- Kyoto Institute of Technology, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Junghans S, Rojas SV, Skusa R, Püschel A, Grambow E, Kohlen J, Warnke P, Gummert J, Gross J. Bacteriophages for the Treatment of Graft Infections in Cardiovascular Medicine. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10121446. [PMID: 34943658 PMCID: PMC8698116 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10121446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial infections of vascular grafts represent a major burden in cardiovascular medicine, which is related to an increase in morbidity and mortality. Different factors that are associated with this medical field such as patient frailty, biofilm formation, or immunosuppression negatively influence antibiotic treatment, inhibiting therapy success. Thus, further treatment strategies are required. Bacteriophage antibacterial properties were discovered 100 years ago, but the focus on antibiotics in Western medicine since the mid-20th century slowed the further development of bacteriophage therapy. Therefore, the experience and knowledge gained until then in bacteriophage mechanisms of action, handling, clinical uses, and limitations were largely lost. However, the parallel emergence of antimicrobial resistance and individualized medicine has provoked a radical reassessment of this approach and cardiovascular surgery is one area in which phages may play an important role to cope with this new scenario. In this context, bacteriophages might be applicable for both prophylactic and therapeutic use, serving as a stand-alone therapy or in combination with antibiotics. From another perspective, standardization of phage application is also required. The ideal surgical bacteriophage application method should be less invasive, enabling highly localized concentrations, and limiting bacteriophage distribution to the infection site during a prolonged time lapse. This review describes the latest reports of phage therapy in cardiovascular surgery and discusses options for their use in implant and vascular graft infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Junghans
- G. Pohl-Boskamp GmbH & Co. KG, 25551 Hohenlockstedt, Germany;
| | - Sebastian V. Rojas
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Heart and Diabetes Centre NRW, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, 32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany; (S.V.R.); (J.G.)
| | - Romy Skusa
- Department for General, Visceral, Thoracic, Vascular and Transplantation Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (R.S.); (A.P.); (E.G.); (J.K.)
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medicine Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany;
| | - Anja Püschel
- Department for General, Visceral, Thoracic, Vascular and Transplantation Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (R.S.); (A.P.); (E.G.); (J.K.)
| | - Eberhard Grambow
- Department for General, Visceral, Thoracic, Vascular and Transplantation Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (R.S.); (A.P.); (E.G.); (J.K.)
| | - Juliane Kohlen
- Department for General, Visceral, Thoracic, Vascular and Transplantation Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (R.S.); (A.P.); (E.G.); (J.K.)
| | - Philipp Warnke
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medicine Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany;
| | - Jan Gummert
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Heart and Diabetes Centre NRW, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, 32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany; (S.V.R.); (J.G.)
| | - Justus Gross
- Department for General, Visceral, Thoracic, Vascular and Transplantation Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (R.S.); (A.P.); (E.G.); (J.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.:+49-381-494-146007
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Deka D, Annapure US, Shirkole SS, Thorat BN. Bacteriophages: An organic approach to food decontamination. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.16101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Darshana Deka
- Department of Food Engineering and Technology Institute of Chemical Technology Mumbai, ICT – IOC Campus Bhubaneswar India
| | - U. S. Annapure
- Department of Food Engineering and Technology Institute of Chemical Technology Mumbai India
| | - S. S. Shirkole
- Department of Food Engineering and Technology Institute of Chemical Technology Mumbai, ICT – IOC Campus Bhubaneswar India
| | - B. N. Thorat
- Department of Food Engineering and Technology Institute of Chemical Technology Mumbai, ICT – IOC Campus Bhubaneswar India
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Chakraborty S, Dutta H. Use of nature‐derived antimicrobial substances as safe disinfectants and preservatives in food processing industries: A review. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.15999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Himjyoti Dutta
- Department of Food Technology Mizoram University Aizawl India
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Antoine C, Laforêt F, Blasdel B, Fall A, Duprez JN, Mainil J, Delcenserie V, Thiry D. In Vitro Characterization and In Vivo Efficacy Assessment in Galleria mellonella Larvae of Newly Isolated Bacteriophages against Escherichia coli K1. Viruses 2021; 13:2005. [PMID: 34696434 PMCID: PMC8541614 DOI: 10.3390/v13102005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Extra-intestinal Escherichia coli express several virulence factors that increase their ability to colonize and survive in different localizations. The K1 capsular type is involved in several infections, including meningitis, urinary tract, and bloodstream infections. The aims of this work were to isolate, characterize, and assess the in vivo efficacy of phages targeting avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC) O18:K1, which shares many similarities with the human strains responsible for neonatal meningitis. Eleven phages were isolated against APEC O18:K1, and four of them presenting a narrow spectrum targeting E. coli K1 strains were further studied. The newly isolated phages vB_EcoS_K1-ULINTec2 were similar to the Siphoviridae family, and vB_EcoP_K1-ULINTec4, vB_EcoP_K1-ULINTec6, and vB_EcoP_K1-ULINTec7 to the Autographiviridae family. They are capsular type (K1) dependent and present several advantages characteristic of lytic phages, such as a short adsorption time and latent period. vB_EcoP_K1-ULINTec7 is able to target both K1 and K5 strains. This study shows that these phages replicate efficiently, both in vitro and in vivo in the Galleria mellonella model. Phage treatment increases the larvae survival rates, even though none of the phages were able to eliminate the bacterial load.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Céline Antoine
- Bacteriology Laboratory, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, FARAH and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (C.A.); (F.L.); (J.-N.D.); (J.M.)
- Food Science Department, FARAH and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, ULiège, 4000 Liège, Belgium;
| | - Fanny Laforêt
- Bacteriology Laboratory, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, FARAH and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (C.A.); (F.L.); (J.-N.D.); (J.M.)
- Food Science Department, FARAH and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, ULiège, 4000 Liège, Belgium;
| | - Bob Blasdel
- Vésale Bioscience, Vésale Pharmaceutica, 5310 Noville-sur-Mehaigne, Belgium;
| | - Abdoulaye Fall
- Genalyse Partner SA, En Hayeneux 62, 4040 Herstal, Belgium;
| | - Jean-Noël Duprez
- Bacteriology Laboratory, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, FARAH and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (C.A.); (F.L.); (J.-N.D.); (J.M.)
| | - Jacques Mainil
- Bacteriology Laboratory, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, FARAH and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (C.A.); (F.L.); (J.-N.D.); (J.M.)
| | - Véronique Delcenserie
- Food Science Department, FARAH and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, ULiège, 4000 Liège, Belgium;
| | - Damien Thiry
- Bacteriology Laboratory, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, FARAH and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (C.A.); (F.L.); (J.-N.D.); (J.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Islam MR, Martinez-Soto CE, Lin JT, Khursigara CM, Barbut S, Anany H. A systematic review from basics to omics on bacteriophage applications in poultry production and processing. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021:1-33. [PMID: 34609270 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1984200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The growing human population is currently facing an unprecedented challenge on global food production and sustainability. Despite recognizing poultry as one of the most successful and rapidly growing food industries to address this challenge; poultry health and safety remain major issues that entail immediate attention. Bacterial diseases including colibacillosis, salmonellosis, and necrotic enteritis have become increasingly prevalent during poultry production. Likewise, outbreaks caused by consumption of undercooked poultry products contaminated with zoonotic bacterial pathogens such as Salmonella, Campylobacter and Listeria, are a serious public health concern. With antimicrobial resistance problem and restricted use of antibiotics in food producing animals, bacteriophages are increasingly recognized as an attractive natural antibacterial alternative. Bacteriophages have recently shown promising results to treat diseases in poultry, reduce contamination of carcasses, and enhance the safety of poultry products. Omics technologies have been successfully employed to accurately characterize bacteriophages and their genes/proteins important for interaction with bacterial hosts. In this review, the potential of using lytic bacteriophages to mitigate the risk of major poultry-associated bacterial pathogens are explored. This study also explores challenges associated with the adoption of this technology by industries. Furthermore, the impact of omics approaches on studying bacteriophages, their host interaction and applications is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md Rashedul Islam
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carlos E Martinez-Soto
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Janet T Lin
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cezar M Khursigara
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shai Barbut
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hany Anany
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Sharma S, Datta S, Chatterjee S, Dutta M, Samanta J, Vairale MG, Gupta R, Veer V, Dwivedi SK. Isolation and characterization of a lytic bacteriophage against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19393. [PMID: 34588479 PMCID: PMC8481504 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98457-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the use of bacteriophages (or 'phages') against multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria including Pseudomonas aeruginosa has drawn considerable attention, globally. In this work, we report the isolation and detailed characterization of a highly lytic Pseudomonasphage DRL-P1 isolated from wastewater. Under TEM, DRL-P1 appeared as a member of the phage family Myoviridae. DRL-P1 featured rapid adsorption (~ 5 min), short-latency (~ 30 min), and large burst size (~ 100 PFU per infected cell). DRL-P1 can withstand a wide temperature range (4 °C to 40 °C) and pH (5.0 to 10.0) conditions. The 66,243 bp DRL-P1 genome (MN564818) encodes at least 93 ORFs, of which 36 were functionally annotated based on homology with similar phage proteins available in the databases. Comparative analyses of related genomes suggest an independent evolutionary history and discrete taxonomic position of DRL-P1 within genus Pbunavirus. No toxin or antibiotic resistance genes was identified. DRL-P1 is tolerant to lyophilization and encapsulation techniques and retained lytic activity even after 18 months of storage. We also demonstrated decontaminating potentials of DRL-P1 in vitro, on an artificially contaminated cover-slip model. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first Pbunavirus to be reported from India. Our study suggests DRL-P1 as a potential candidate for various applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonika Sharma
- grid.418942.20000 0004 1763 8350Defence Research Laboratory (DRL-DRDO), Tezpur, Assam India
| | - Sibnarayan Datta
- grid.418942.20000 0004 1763 8350Defence Research Laboratory (DRL-DRDO), Tezpur, Assam India
| | - Soumya Chatterjee
- grid.418942.20000 0004 1763 8350Defence Research Laboratory (DRL-DRDO), Tezpur, Assam India
| | - Moumita Dutta
- grid.419566.90000 0004 0507 4551National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (ICMR-NICED), Kolkata, West Bengal India
| | - Jhuma Samanta
- grid.418942.20000 0004 1763 8350Defence Research Laboratory (DRL-DRDO), Tezpur, Assam India
| | - Mohan G. Vairale
- grid.418942.20000 0004 1763 8350Defence Research Laboratory (DRL-DRDO), Tezpur, Assam India
| | - Rajeev Gupta
- grid.418942.20000 0004 1763 8350Defence Research Laboratory (DRL-DRDO), Tezpur, Assam India
| | - Vijay Veer
- grid.418942.20000 0004 1763 8350Defence Research Laboratory (DRL-DRDO), Tezpur, Assam India
| | - Sanjai K. Dwivedi
- grid.418942.20000 0004 1763 8350Defence Research Laboratory (DRL-DRDO), Tezpur, Assam India
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Iszatt JJ, Larcombe AN, Chan HK, Stick SM, Garratt LW, Kicic A. Phage Therapy for Multi-Drug Resistant Respiratory Tract Infections. Viruses 2021; 13:v13091809. [PMID: 34578390 PMCID: PMC8472870 DOI: 10.3390/v13091809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacteria is recognised today as one of the greatest challenges to public health. As traditional antimicrobials are becoming ineffective and research into new antibiotics is diminishing, a number of alternative treatments for MDR bacteria have been receiving greater attention. Bacteriophage therapies are being revisited and present a promising opportunity to reduce the burden of bacterial infection in this post-antibiotic era. This review focuses on the current evidence supporting bacteriophage therapy against prevalent or emerging multi-drug resistant bacterial pathogens in respiratory medicine and the challenges ahead in preclinical data generation. Starting with efforts to improve delivery of bacteriophages to the lung surface, the current developments in animal models for relevant efficacy data on respiratory infections are discussed before finishing with a summary of findings from the select human trials performed to date.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J. Iszatt
- Occupation, Environment and Safety, School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth 6845, Australia; (J.J.I.); (A.N.L.)
- Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth 6009, Australia; (S.M.S.); (L.W.G.)
| | - Alexander N. Larcombe
- Occupation, Environment and Safety, School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth 6845, Australia; (J.J.I.); (A.N.L.)
- Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth 6009, Australia; (S.M.S.); (L.W.G.)
| | - Hak-Kim Chan
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group, Sydney Pharmacy School, University of Sydney, Camperdown 2006, Australia;
| | - Stephen M. Stick
- Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth 6009, Australia; (S.M.S.); (L.W.G.)
- Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Perth Children’s Hospital, Perth 6009, Australia
- Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands 6009, Australia
| | - Luke W. Garratt
- Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth 6009, Australia; (S.M.S.); (L.W.G.)
| | - Anthony Kicic
- Occupation, Environment and Safety, School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth 6845, Australia; (J.J.I.); (A.N.L.)
- Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth 6009, Australia; (S.M.S.); (L.W.G.)
- Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Perth Children’s Hospital, Perth 6009, Australia
- Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands 6009, Australia
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Manufacturing Bacteriophages (Part 2 of 2): Formulation, Analytics and Quality Control Considerations. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14090895. [PMID: 34577595 PMCID: PMC8467454 DOI: 10.3390/ph14090895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Within this second piece of the two-part series of phage manufacturing considerations, we are examining the creation of a drug product from a drug substance in the form of formulation, through to fill-finish. Formulation of a drug product, in the case of bacteriophage products, is often considered only after many choices have been made in the development and manufacture of a drug substance, increasing the final product development timeline and difficulty of achieving necessary performance parameters. As with the preceding review in this sequence, we aim to provide the reader with a framework to be able to consider pharmaceutical development choices for the formulation of a bacteriophage-based drug product. The intent is to sensitize and highlight the tradeoffs that are necessary in the development of a finished drug product, and to be able to take the entire spectrum of tradeoffs into account, starting with early-stage R&D efforts. Furthermore, we are arming the reader with an overview of historical and current analytical methods with a special emphasis on most relevant and most widely available methods. Bacteriophages pose some challenges that are related to but also separate from eukaryotic viruses. Last, but not least, we close this two-part series by briefly discussing quality control (QC) aspects of a bacteriophage-based product, taking into consideration the opportunities and challenges that engineered bacteriophages uniquely present and offer.
Collapse
|
36
|
Wolfoviz-Zilberman A, Kraitman R, Hazan R, Friedman M, Houri-Haddad Y, Beyth N. Phage Targeting Streptococcus mutans In Vitro and In Vivo as a Caries-Preventive Modality. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10081015. [PMID: 34439064 PMCID: PMC8389033 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10081015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dental caries is a common infectious disease worldwide. Current conventional therapies lack specific antimicrobial effects against Streptococcus mutans, a key bacterium that induces caries. A promising alternative approach is bacteriophage (phage) therapy. Recently, SMHBZ8 phage targeting S. mutans was isolated and characterized. The aim of this study was to evaluate the caries-prevention efficacy of SMHBZ8 using in vitro and in vivo caries models. Hemi-mandibles dissected from euthanized healthy mice were subjected to caries-promoting conditions in vitro. Jaws treated with phage therapy in suspension and in formulation with a sustained-release delivery system showed no carious lesions, similar to control and chlorhexidine-treated jaws. Subsequently, SMHBZ8 phage suspension also prevented carious lesion development in a murine caries model in vivo. In both models, caries lesions were analyzed clinically and radiographically by µCT scans. This study shows how SMHBZ8 phage therapy targeting S. mutans can serve as an efficient caries-prevention modality, in suspension or with a sustained-release delivery system, by in vitro and in vivo mouse models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amit Wolfoviz-Zilberman
- Department of Prosthodontics, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel; (A.W.-Z.); (R.K.); (Y.H.-H.)
- Institute of Biomedical and Oral Research (IBOR), Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel;
| | - Reut Kraitman
- Department of Prosthodontics, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel; (A.W.-Z.); (R.K.); (Y.H.-H.)
- Institute of Biomedical and Oral Research (IBOR), Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel;
| | - Ronen Hazan
- Institute of Biomedical and Oral Research (IBOR), Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel;
| | - Michael Friedman
- Department of Pharmaceutics, The Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91120, Israel;
| | - Yael Houri-Haddad
- Department of Prosthodontics, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel; (A.W.-Z.); (R.K.); (Y.H.-H.)
| | - Nurit Beyth
- Department of Prosthodontics, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel; (A.W.-Z.); (R.K.); (Y.H.-H.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Duyvejonck H, Merabishvili M, Vaneechoutte M, de Soir S, Wright R, Friman VP, Verbeken G, De Vos D, Pirnay JP, Van Mechelen E, Vermeulen SJT. Evaluation of the Stability of Bacteriophages in Different Solutions Suitable for the Production of Magistral Preparations in Belgium. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050865. [PMID: 34066841 PMCID: PMC8151234 DOI: 10.3390/v13050865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In Belgium, the incorporation of phages into magistral preparations for human application has been permitted since 2018. The stability of such preparations is of high importance to guarantee quality and efficacy throughout treatments. We evaluated the ability to preserve infectivity of four different phages active against three different bacterial species in five different buffer and infusion solutions commonly used in medicine and biotechnological manufacturing processes, at two different concentrations (9 and 7 log pfu/mL), stored at 4 °C. DPBS without Ca2+ and Mg2+ was found to be the best option, compared to the other solutions. Suspensions with phage concentrations of 7 log pfu/mL were unsuited as their activity dropped below the effective therapeutic dose (6–9 log pfu/mL), even after one week of storage at 4 °C. Strong variability between phages was observed, with Acinetobacter baumannii phage Acibel004 being stable in four out of five different solutions. We also studied the long term storage of lyophilized staphylococcal phage ISP, and found that the titer could be preserved during a period of almost 8 years when sucrose and trehalose were used as stabilizers. After rehydration of the lyophilized ISP phage in saline, the phage solutions remained stable at 4 °C during a period of 126 days.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hans Duyvejonck
- Research Center Health & Water Technology, University College Ghent, Keramiekstraat 80, B-9000 Gent, Belgium; (H.D.); (E.V.M.)
- Laboratory Bacteriology Research, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Ghent University, C. Heymanslaan 10, B-9000 Gent, Belgium; (M.M.); (M.V.)
| | - Maya Merabishvili
- Laboratory Bacteriology Research, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Ghent University, C. Heymanslaan 10, B-9000 Gent, Belgium; (M.M.); (M.V.)
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Technology, Queen Astrid Military Hospital, Bruynstraat 1, 1120 Brussel, Belgium; (S.d.S.); (G.V.); (D.D.V.); (J.-P.P.)
| | - Mario Vaneechoutte
- Laboratory Bacteriology Research, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Ghent University, C. Heymanslaan 10, B-9000 Gent, Belgium; (M.M.); (M.V.)
| | - Steven de Soir
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Technology, Queen Astrid Military Hospital, Bruynstraat 1, 1120 Brussel, Belgium; (S.d.S.); (G.V.); (D.D.V.); (J.-P.P.)
| | - Rosanna Wright
- Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, York YO10 5DD, UK; (R.W.); (V.-P.F.)
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, University of Manchester, Dover Street, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Ville-Petri Friman
- Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, York YO10 5DD, UK; (R.W.); (V.-P.F.)
| | - Gilbert Verbeken
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Technology, Queen Astrid Military Hospital, Bruynstraat 1, 1120 Brussel, Belgium; (S.d.S.); (G.V.); (D.D.V.); (J.-P.P.)
| | - Daniel De Vos
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Technology, Queen Astrid Military Hospital, Bruynstraat 1, 1120 Brussel, Belgium; (S.d.S.); (G.V.); (D.D.V.); (J.-P.P.)
| | - Jean-Paul Pirnay
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Technology, Queen Astrid Military Hospital, Bruynstraat 1, 1120 Brussel, Belgium; (S.d.S.); (G.V.); (D.D.V.); (J.-P.P.)
| | - Els Van Mechelen
- Research Center Health & Water Technology, University College Ghent, Keramiekstraat 80, B-9000 Gent, Belgium; (H.D.); (E.V.M.)
| | - Stefan J. T. Vermeulen
- Research Center Health & Water Technology, University College Ghent, Keramiekstraat 80, B-9000 Gent, Belgium; (H.D.); (E.V.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-498-496-997
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Formulations for Bacteriophage Therapy and the Potential Uses of Immobilization. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14040359. [PMID: 33924739 PMCID: PMC8069877 DOI: 10.3390/ph14040359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens is becoming increasingly problematic in the treatment of bacterial diseases. This has led to bacteriophages receiving increased attention as an alternative form of treatment. Phages are effective at targeting and killing bacterial strains of interest and have yielded encouraging results when administered as part of a tailored treatment to severely ill patients as a last resort. Despite this, success in clinical trials has not always been as forthcoming, with several high-profile trials failing to demonstrate the efficacy of phage preparations in curing diseases of interest. Whilst this may be in part due to reasons surrounding poor phage selection and a lack of understanding of the underlying disease, there is growing consensus that future success in clinical trials will depend on effective delivery of phage therapeutics to the area of infection. This can be achieved using bacteriophage formulations instead of purely liquid preparations. Several encapsulation-based strategies can be applied to produce phage formulations and encouraging results have been observed with respect to efficacy as well as long term phage stability. Immobilization-based approaches have generally been neglected for the production of phage therapeutics but could also offer a viable alternative.
Collapse
|
39
|
Pires DP, Costa AR, Pinto G, Meneses L, Azeredo J. Current challenges and future opportunities of phage therapy. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2021; 44:684-700. [PMID: 32472938 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuaa017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a major public health challenge worldwide, whose implications for global health might be devastating if novel antibacterial strategies are not quickly developed. As natural predators of bacteria, (bacterio)phages may play an essential role in escaping such a dreadful future. The rising problem of antibiotic resistance has revived the interest in phage therapy and important developments have been achieved over the last years. But where do we stand today and what can we expect from phage therapy in the future? This is the question we set to answer in this review. Here, we scour the outcomes of human phage therapy clinical trials and case reports, and address the major barriers that stand in the way of using phages in clinical settings. We particularly address the potential of phage resistance to hinder phage therapy and discuss future avenues to explore the full capacity of phage therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana P Pires
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Ana Rita Costa
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft, Netherlands
| | - Graça Pinto
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Luciana Meneses
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Joana Azeredo
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Brooks SM, Alper HS. Applications, challenges, and needs for employing synthetic biology beyond the lab. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1390. [PMID: 33654085 PMCID: PMC7925609 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21740-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Synthetic biology holds great promise for addressing global needs. However, most current developments are not immediately translatable to 'outside-the-lab' scenarios that differ from controlled laboratory settings. Challenges include enabling long-term storage stability as well as operating in resource-limited and off-the-grid scenarios using autonomous function. Here we analyze recent advances in developing synthetic biological platforms for outside-the-lab scenarios with a focus on three major application spaces: bioproduction, biosensing, and closed-loop therapeutic and probiotic delivery. Across the Perspective, we highlight recent advances, areas for further development, possibilities for future applications, and the needs for innovation at the interface of other disciplines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sierra M Brooks
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Hal S Alper
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Standard Bacteriophage Purification Procedures Cause Loss in Numbers and Activity. Viruses 2021; 13:v13020328. [PMID: 33672780 PMCID: PMC7924620 DOI: 10.3390/v13020328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
For decades, bacteriophage purification has followed structured protocols focused on generating high concentrations of phage in manageable volumes. As research moves toward understanding complex phage populations, purification needs have shifted to maximize the amount of phage while maintaining diversity and activity. The effects of standard phage purification procedures such as polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation and cesium chloride (CsCl) density gradients on both diversity and activity of a phage population are not known. We have examined the effects of PEG precipitation and CsCl density gradients on a number of known phage (M13, T4, and ΦX 174) of varying structure and size, individually and as mixed sample. Measurement of phage numbers and activity throughout the purification process was performed. We demonstrate that these methods, used routinely to generate "pure" phage samples, are in fact detrimental to retention of phage number and activity; even more so in mixed phage samples. As such, minimal amounts of processing are recommended to introduce less bias and maintain more of a phage population.
Collapse
|
42
|
Düzgüneş N, Sessevmez M, Yildirim M. Bacteriophage Therapy of Bacterial Infections: The Rediscovered Frontier. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:34. [PMID: 33466546 PMCID: PMC7824886 DOI: 10.3390/ph14010034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic-resistant infections present a serious health concern worldwide. It is estimated that there are 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections and 35,000 deaths in the United States every year. Such microorganisms include Acinetobacter, Enterobacterioceae, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus and Mycobacterium. Alternative treatment methods are, thus, necessary to treat such infections. Bacteriophages are viruses of bacteria. In a lytic infection, the newly formed phage particles lyse the bacterium and continue to infect other bacteria. In the early 20th century, d'Herelle, Bruynoghe and Maisin used bacterium-specific phages to treat bacterial infections. Bacteriophages are being identified, purified and developed as pharmaceutically acceptable macromolecular "drugs," undergoing strict quality control. Phages can be applied topically or delivered by inhalation, orally or parenterally. Some of the major drug-resistant infections that are potential targets of pharmaceutically prepared phages are Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Acinetobacter baumannii.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nejat Düzgüneş
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry, University of the Pacific, San Francisco, CA 94103, USA
| | - Melike Sessevmez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Istanbul 34116, Turkey;
| | - Metin Yildirim
- Department of Pharmacy Services, Vocational School of Health Services, Tarsus University, Mersin 33400, Turkey;
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Santiago-Rodriguez TM, Hollister EB. Potential Applications of Human Viral Metagenomics and Reference Materials: Considerations for Current and Future Viruses. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:e01794-20. [PMID: 32917759 PMCID: PMC7642086 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01794-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses are ubiquitous particles comprising genetic material that can infect bacteria, archaea, and fungi, as well as human and other animal cells. Given that determining virus composition and function in association with states of human health and disease is of increasing interest, we anticipate that the field of viral metagenomics will continue to expand and be applied in a variety of areas ranging from surveillance to discovery and will rely heavily upon the continued development of reference materials and databases. Information regarding viral composition and function readily translates into biological and clinical applications, including the rapid sequence identification of pathogenic viruses in various sample types. However, viral metagenomic approaches often lack appropriate standards and reference materials to enable cross-study comparisons and assess potential biases which can be introduced at the various stages of collection, storage, processing, and sequence analysis. In addition, implementation of appropriate viral reference materials can aid in the benchmarking of current and development of novel assays for virus identification, discovery, and surveillance. As the field of viral metagenomics expands and standardizes, results will continue to translate into diverse applications.
Collapse
|
44
|
Paczesny J, Bielec K. Application of Bacteriophages in Nanotechnology. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E1944. [PMID: 33003494 PMCID: PMC7601235 DOI: 10.3390/nano10101944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bacteriophages (phages for short) are viruses, which have bacteria as hosts. The single phage body virion, is a colloidal particle, often possessing a dipole moment. As such, phages were used as perfectly monodisperse systems to study various physicochemical phenomena (e.g., transport or sedimentation in complex fluids), or in the material science (e.g., as scaffolds). Nevertheless, phages also execute the life cycle to multiply and produce progeny virions. Upon completion of the life cycle of phages, the host cells are usually destroyed. Natural abilities to bind to and kill bacteria were a starting point for utilizing phages in phage therapies (i.e., medical treatments that use phages to fight bacterial infections) and for bacteria detection. Numerous applications of phages became possible thanks to phage display-a method connecting the phenotype and genotype, which allows for selecting specific peptides or proteins with affinity to a given target. Here, we review the application of bacteriophages in nanoscience, emphasizing bio-related applications, material science, soft matter research, and physical chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Paczesny
- Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland;
| | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Luong T, Salabarria AC, Roach DR. Phage Therapy in the Resistance Era: Where Do We Stand and Where Are We Going? Clin Ther 2020; 42:1659-1680. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2020.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
46
|
Lavenburg VM, Liao YT, Salvador A, Hsu AL, Harden LA, Wu VCH. Effects of lyophilization on the stability of bacteriophages against different serogroups of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli. Cryobiology 2020; 96:85-91. [PMID: 32750360 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2020.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Lyophilization is commonly used to effectively preserve the stability of bacteriophages (phages) in long-term storage. However, information regarding the lyophilization of phages specific to Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains is scarce. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of lyophilization with different cryoprotectants (sucrose and trehalose) and concentrations (0.1 M and 0.5 M) on the stability of seven lytic phages specific to STEC O157 and top 6 non-O157 strains during 6-month storage at -80 °C. The titers of lyophilized phages specific to STEC O26 (S1 O26) and STEC O121 (Pr121lvw) did not exhibit significant reduction after 6-month storage regardless of the use of cryoprotectants. Phages lytic against STEC O103 (Ro103C3lw) and STEC O145 (Ro145clw) with 0.1 M sucrose retained similar titers after lyophilization and frozen storage for 6 months (P > 0.05). Despite subtle differences, these results indicated that most of the selected phages had similar titer retention with the same cryoprotectants. Additionally, lytic activities of the phages against their primary hosts were not affected after lyophilization and 6-month frozen storage. Moreover, no detectable damage was observed on the lyophilized phage structures. These findings provide valuable insight into the use of lyophilization to preserve phages lytic against STEC strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valerie M Lavenburg
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Regional Research Center, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA, 94710, USA
| | - Yen-Te Liao
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Regional Research Center, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA, 94710, USA
| | - Alexandra Salvador
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Regional Research Center, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA, 94710, USA
| | - Angeline L Hsu
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Regional Research Center, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA, 94710, USA
| | - Leslie A Harden
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Regional Research Center, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA, 94710, USA
| | - Vivian C H Wu
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Regional Research Center, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA, 94710, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Application of Adaptive Evolution to Improve the Stability of Bacteriophages during Storage. Viruses 2020; 12:v12040423. [PMID: 32283683 PMCID: PMC7232334 DOI: 10.3390/v12040423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Phage stability is important for the successful application of bacteriophages as alternative antibacterial agents. Considering that temperature is a critical factor in phage stability, this study aimed to explore the possibility of improving long-term phage stability through adaptive evolution to elevated temperature. Evolution of three wild-type ancestral phages (Myoviridae phage Wc4 and Podoviridae phages CX5 and P-PSG-11) was induced by subjecting the phages to heat treatment at 60 °C for five cycles. The adapted phages showed better stability than the wild-type ancestral phages when subjected to heat treatment at 60 °C for 1 h and after 60 days of storage at 37 °C. However, the adapted phages could not withstand thermal treatment at 70 °C for 1 h. The infectivity and the lytic properties of the phages were not changed by the evolution process. Whole-genome sequencing revealed that single substitutions in the tail tubular proteins were the only changes observed in the genomes of the adapted phages. This study demonstrates that adaptive evolution could be used as a general method for enhancing the thermal stability of phages without affecting their lytic activity. Sequencing results showed that bacteriophages may exist as a population with minor heterogeneous mutants, which might be important to understand the ecology of phages in different environments.
Collapse
|
48
|
Liu A, Liu Y, Peng L, Cai X, Shen L, Duan M, Ning Y, Liu S, Li C, Liu Y, Chen H, Wu W, Wang X, Hu B, Li C. Characterization of the narrow-spectrum bacteriophage LSE7621 towards Salmonella Enteritidis and its biocontrol potential on lettuce and tofu. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2019.108791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
49
|
Kimmelshue C, Goggi AS, Cademartiri R. The use of biological seed coatings based on bacteriophages and polymers against Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. nebraskensis in maize seeds. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17950. [PMID: 31784552 PMCID: PMC6884569 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54068-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological control of bacteria with bacteriophages is a viable alternative to antibiotics. To be successful, biological control bacteriophages must be stable when exposed to the environment. Stabilization can be achieved through incorporation of bacteriophages into polymers and stabilizers that will be coated onto the seed. For this study, bacteriophages against Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. nebraskensis (Cmn), the causal agent of Goss's wilt, were incorporated into polyvinyl polymers with alcohol, ether and pyrrolidone functional groups and coated onto maize (Zea mays L.) seeds. The objectives of this study were to evaluate polymers and stabilizers that can protect Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. nebraskensis (CN8) bacteriophages against dehydration during storage. Bacteriophages stability when coated on seed depended on the glass transition temperature (Tg), functional groups of the polymer, and the presence of stabilizers such as sugars and proteins. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) provided the greatest stability for CN8 bacteriophages on seed when coatings did not contain a stabilizer. A possible reason for the greater stability of this coating is having a glass transition temperature (Tg) very close to ambient temperature. PVOH combined with whey protein isolate (WPI) maintained CN8 bacteriophage activity in storage for four months at 26 °C and seven months at 10 °C. This coating also significantly reduced bacterial loads in seedlings grown from contaminated seeds, without affecting seed germination. Bacteriophage-polymer coatings which are stable during drying and storage, and are compatible with biological systems, not only provide an alternative to traditional antibiotics in agriculture, but also provide options for food, environmental and medical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chad Kimmelshue
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
- Seed Science Center, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - A Susana Goggi
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America.
- Seed Science Center, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America.
| | - Rebecca Cademartiri
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America.
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Abstract
Clinical trial results of phage treatment of bacterial infections show a low to moderate efficacy, and the variation in infection clearance between subjects within studies is often large. Phage therapy is complicated and introduces many additional components of variance as compared to antibiotic treatment. A large part of the variation is due to in vivo pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics being virtually unknown, but also to a lack of standardisation. This is a consequence of the great variation of phages, bacteria, and infections, which results in different experiments or trials being impossible to compare, and difficulties in estimating important parameter values in a quantitative and reproducible way. The limitations of phage therapy will have to be recognised and future research focussed on optimising infection clearance rates by e.g. selecting phages, bacteria, and target bacterial infections where the prospects of high efficacy can be anticipated, and by combining information from new mathematical modelling of in vivo pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes and quantitatively assessed experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anders S. Nilsson
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|