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Dimopoulou D, Berikopoulou MM, Tsoliakos I, Michos A. Impact of COVID-19 on the epidemiology of severe sinogenic and otogenic infections and their intracranial complications. Eur J Pediatr 2025; 184:359. [PMID: 40410442 PMCID: PMC12101995 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-025-06188-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2025] [Revised: 05/03/2025] [Accepted: 05/12/2025] [Indexed: 05/25/2025]
Abstract
This study aims to evaluate the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the incidence, microbiological characteristics, management, and outcomes of mastoiditis and orbital cellulitis and their intracranial complications in pediatric patients. A retrospective observational study was conducted at the major pediatric hospital of Athens from 1/2018 to 12/2023. Pediatric patients (0-16 years) diagnosed with mastoiditis, orbital cellulitis, and related complications were included. Data were collected across three periods: pre-pandemic (1/2018-3/2020), during the pandemic (4/2020-6/2021), and post-pandemic (7/2021-12/2023). Statistical analyses compared demographic, clinical, and microbiological characteristics between the periods. A total of 176 cases were included (76 mastoiditis and 100 orbital cellulitis cases). The in-hospital incidence of both infections increased significantly post-pandemic compared to the period before the pandemic (mastoiditis: 5.5 vs.13.6 per 1000 admissions; orbital cellulitis: 4.8 vs. 21.8 per 1000 admissions, P < 0.001). Streptococcus and Staphylococcus species predominated across the three periods. Median (IQR) age was not significantly different between the two periods among patients with mastoiditis (pre-pandemic: 5.6 (3.5) years vs. post-pandemic: 3.3 (3.4) years, P = 0.12) and among patients with orbital cellulitis (pre-pandemic: 9.2 (6.6) years vs. post-pandemic: 8 (9.2) years, P = 0.50). Regarding the complications, the rate of intracranial empyema/abscess development among patients with orbital cellulitis, but not mastoiditis, was lower post-pandemic compared to pre-pandemic (30% vs. 10.1%, P = 0.03). CONCLUSION The study findings demonstrate a significant rise in the post-COVID-19 in-hospital incidence of mastoiditis and orbital cellulitis in children. Future epidemiological surveillance of these complications and pathogen-specific dynamics, are important to develop prevention strategies for these severe pediatric infections. WHAT IS KNOWN • The COVID-19 pandemic shifted the epidemiology of severe upper respiratory tract infections. • Data on the epidemiology of severe sinogenic and otogenic infections and their intracranial complications during and after the acute phase of the COVID-19 pandemic are limited in Europe. WHAT IS NEW • This study highlights a notable increase in the in-hospital incidence of mastoiditis and orbital cellulitis during the post-COVID-19 pandemic era, likely associated with immunity debt and alterations in respiratory microbiota. • Despite the increase in pediatric mastoiditis and orbital cellulitis cases, the rates of complications and surgical management remained stable throughout the study period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra Dimopoulou
- 2nd Department of Pediatrics, "Aghia Sofia" Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Ioannis Tsoliakos
- 2nd Department of Pediatrics, "Aghia Sofia" Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios Michos
- Division of Infectious Diseases, 1st Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Thivon and Papadiamantopoulou, 11527, Athens, Greece.
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Fujii Y, Takita A, Hashimoto S, Amagai K. Estimation of Respiratory States Based on a Measurement Model of Airflow Characteristics in Powered Air-Purifying Respirators Using Differential Pressure and Pulse Width Modulation Control Signals-In the Development of a Public-Oriented Powered Air-Purifying Respirator as an Alternative to Lockdown Measures. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2025; 25:2939. [PMID: 40363375 PMCID: PMC12074313 DOI: 10.3390/s25092939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2025] [Revised: 05/01/2025] [Accepted: 05/05/2025] [Indexed: 05/15/2025]
Abstract
Fluid dynamics modeling was conducted for the supply unit of a Powered Air-Purifying Respirator (PAPR) consisting of a nonwoven fabric filter and a pump, as well as for the exhaust filter (nonwoven fabric). The supply flow rate Q1 was modeled as a function of the differential pressure ΔP and the duty value d of the PWM control under a constant pump voltage of V = 12.0 [V]. In contrast, the exhaust flow rate Q2 was modeled solely as a function of ΔP. To simulate the pressurized hood compartment of the PAPR, a pressure buffer and a connected "respiratory airflow simulator" (a piston-cylinder mechanism) were developed. The supply unit and exhaust filter were connected to this pressure buffer, and simulated respiratory flow was introduced as an external disturbance flow. Under these conditions, it was demonstrated that the respiratory state-i.e., the expiratory state (flow from the simulator to the pressure buffer) and the inspiratory state (flow from the pressure buffer to the simulator)-can be estimated from the differential pressure ΔP, the pump voltage V, and the PWM duty value d, with respect to the disturbance flow generated by the respiratory airflow simulator. It was also confirmed that such respiratory state estimation remains valid even when the duty value d of the pump is being actively modulated to control the internal pressure of the PAPR hood. Furthermore, based on the estimated respiratory states, a theoretical investigation was conducted on constant pressure control inside the PAPR and on the inverse pressure control aimed at supporting respiratory activity-namely, pressure control that assists breathing by depressurizing when expiratory motion is detected and pressurizing when inspiratory motion is detected. This study was conducted as part of a research and development project on public-oriented PAPR systems, which are being explored as alternatives to lockdown measures in response to airborne infectious diseases such as COVID-19. The present work specifically focused on improving the wearing comfort of the PAPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusaku Fujii
- School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, Kiryu 376-8515, Gunma, Japan; (A.T.); (S.H.); (K.A.)
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Ocagli H, Brigiari G, Marcolin E, Mongillo M, Tonon M, Da Re F, Gentili D, Michieletto F, Russo F, Gregori D. Mathematical Contact Tracing Models for the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Healthcare (Basel) 2025; 13:935. [PMID: 40281884 PMCID: PMC12026787 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare13080935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2025] [Revised: 04/16/2025] [Accepted: 04/17/2025] [Indexed: 04/29/2025] Open
Abstract
Background: Contact tracing (CT) is a primary means of controlling infectious diseases, such as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), especially in the early months of the pandemic. Objectives: This work is a systematic review of mathematical models used during the COVID-19 pandemic that explicitly parameterise CT as a potential mitigator of the effects of the pandemic. Methods: This review is registered in PROSPERO. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using the PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, and Scopus databases. Two reviewers independently selected the title/abstract, full text, data extraction, and risk of bias. Disagreements were resolved through discussion. The characteristics of the studies and mathematical models were collected from each study. Results: A total of 53 articles out of 2101 were included. The modelling of the COVID-19 pandemic was the main objective of 23 studies, while the remaining articles evaluated the forecast transmission of COVID-19. Most studies used compartmental models to simulate COVID-19 transmission (26, 49.1%), while others used agent-based (16, 34%), branching processes (5, 9.4%), or other mathematical models (6). Most studies applying compartmental models consider CT in a separate compartment. Quarantine and basic reproduction numbers were also considered in the models. The quality assessment scores ranged from 13 to 26 of 28. Conclusions: Despite the significant heterogeneity in the models and the assumptions on the relevant model parameters, this systematic review provides a comprehensive overview of the models proposed to evaluate the COVID-19 pandemic, including non-pharmaceutical public health interventions such as CT. Prospero Registration: CRD42022359060.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honoria Ocagli
- Unit of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences, and Public Health, University of Padova, Via Loredan 18, 35122 Padova, Italy; (H.O.)
| | - Gloria Brigiari
- Directorate of Prevention, Food Safety, Veterinary Public Health, Veneto Region, 30123 Venice, Italy; (G.B.); (M.M.); (M.T.); (F.D.R.); (D.G.); (F.M.); (F.R.)
| | - Erica Marcolin
- Unit of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences, and Public Health, University of Padova, Via Loredan 18, 35122 Padova, Italy; (H.O.)
| | - Michele Mongillo
- Directorate of Prevention, Food Safety, Veterinary Public Health, Veneto Region, 30123 Venice, Italy; (G.B.); (M.M.); (M.T.); (F.D.R.); (D.G.); (F.M.); (F.R.)
| | - Michele Tonon
- Directorate of Prevention, Food Safety, Veterinary Public Health, Veneto Region, 30123 Venice, Italy; (G.B.); (M.M.); (M.T.); (F.D.R.); (D.G.); (F.M.); (F.R.)
| | - Filippo Da Re
- Directorate of Prevention, Food Safety, Veterinary Public Health, Veneto Region, 30123 Venice, Italy; (G.B.); (M.M.); (M.T.); (F.D.R.); (D.G.); (F.M.); (F.R.)
| | - Davide Gentili
- Directorate of Prevention, Food Safety, Veterinary Public Health, Veneto Region, 30123 Venice, Italy; (G.B.); (M.M.); (M.T.); (F.D.R.); (D.G.); (F.M.); (F.R.)
| | - Federica Michieletto
- Directorate of Prevention, Food Safety, Veterinary Public Health, Veneto Region, 30123 Venice, Italy; (G.B.); (M.M.); (M.T.); (F.D.R.); (D.G.); (F.M.); (F.R.)
| | - Francesca Russo
- Directorate of Prevention, Food Safety, Veterinary Public Health, Veneto Region, 30123 Venice, Italy; (G.B.); (M.M.); (M.T.); (F.D.R.); (D.G.); (F.M.); (F.R.)
| | - Dario Gregori
- Directorate of Prevention, Food Safety, Veterinary Public Health, Veneto Region, 30123 Venice, Italy; (G.B.); (M.M.); (M.T.); (F.D.R.); (D.G.); (F.M.); (F.R.)
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Estadilla CDS, Cicolani C, Blasco-Aguado R, Saldaña F, Borri A, Mar J, Van-Dierdonck JB, Ibarrondo O, Stollenwerk N, Aguiar M. The impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions on COVID-19 transmission and its effect on life expectancy in two European regions. BMC Public Health 2025; 25:1004. [PMID: 40087626 PMCID: PMC11907853 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-025-22239-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2025] [Indexed: 03/17/2025] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In response to the rapid global transmission of COVID-19, governments worldwide enacted lockdowns and other non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPI) to control the disease. In this study, we aim to quantify the influence of NPIs on the transmission of COVID-19 within selected European regions, specifically Spain (including the Basque Country) and Italy (including Tuscany), during the period of February to December 2020, which predates the initiation of COVID-19 vaccinations. We investigate potential correlations and associations between the implementation of NPIs, changes in COVID-19 transmission rates, and alterations in life expectancy across different age and sex categories from the year 2019 to 2020. METHODS We use a Susceptible-Hospitalized-Asymptomatic/Mild-Recovered-Deceased (SHARD) ordinary differential equations model to analyze COVID-19 dynamics in the studied regions. The model calibration process was performed with empirical data on hospitalization and death to estimate the weekly transmission and death rates. To quantify reductions in life expectancy, we used established survival analysis techniques. RESULTS The SHARD model effectively captures multiple waves of COVID-19, accurately representing peaks and aligning with the instantaneous reproduction number. Our analysis reveals a 66-78% reduction in transmission rates during the initial set of NPIs in March 2020, followed by a 34-55% reduction during the subsequent NPIs in October 2020. Additionally, the elderly and individuals with comorbidities experienced the most pronounced reductions in life expectancy. CONCLUSIONS Our model calibration approach provides a valuable tool for evaluating the effectiveness of interventions across multiple waves of an epidemic. By applying this method to COVID-19 dynamics, we have demonstrated the capacity to quantify the impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) on transmission rates. These findings offer practical insights into the effectiveness of NPIs in mitigating COVID-19 spread and contribute to the broader understanding of epidemic control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Delfin S Estadilla
- BCAM-Basque Center for Applied Mathematics, Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain
- Preventive Medicine and Public Health Department, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Chiara Cicolani
- BCAM-Basque Center for Applied Mathematics, Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain
- Università degli studi dell'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | | | - Fernando Saldaña
- BCAM-Basque Center for Applied Mathematics, Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Alessandro Borri
- Università degli studi dell'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
- IASI-Institute for System Analysis and Computer Science, Rome, Italy
| | - Javier Mar
- Osakidetza Basque Health Service, Arrasate-Mondragón, Basque Country, Spain
- Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Donostia-San Sebastián, Basque Country, Spain
| | | | - Oliver Ibarrondo
- Osakidetza Basque Health Service, Arrasate-Mondragón, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Nico Stollenwerk
- BCAM-Basque Center for Applied Mathematics, Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Maíra Aguiar
- BCAM-Basque Center for Applied Mathematics, Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain.
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain.
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Niewiadomski P, Ortega-Ortega M, Łyszczarz B. Productivity Losses due to Health Problems Arising from COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review of Population-Level Studies Worldwide. APPLIED HEALTH ECONOMICS AND HEALTH POLICY 2025; 23:231-251. [PMID: 39832090 DOI: 10.1007/s40258-024-00935-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/27/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2025]
Abstract
AIM To systematically review the evidence on productivity losses due to health problems arising from the COVID-19 pandemic based on evidence from population-level studies. METHODS Following PRISMA statement, we conducted a systematic review using Medline, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, EconLit, WHO COVID-19 Research and EuropePMC databases and a grey literature search. We included population-level studies using secondary data and qualitatively assessed eligible studies. For a quantitative cross-study comparison, we calculated losses in 2020 international dollars and as a share of gross domestic product. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42023478059. RESULTS Thirty-eight studies were eligible for review, most of which reported losses in high-income countries and the European region. COVID-19 was a focus of 33 studies while 3 studies investigated losses from both long COVID and excess mortality. The Human Capital Approach dominated (30 studies) and no study used the Friction Cost Approach. Most studies (84%) reported on premature mortality losses and a quarter provided estimates of losses due to absenteeism. Of the 33 studies eligible for quantitative comparison, we found that the productivity losses ranged from 0 to 2.1% of gross domestic product; the greatest losses were in the high-income countries and for those aged 40-59 years; and losses among men contributed to around 3/4 of the total burden. CONCLUSION The available evidence on the topic is limited, particularly considering the methodological approaches used. Thus, more research is needed to reach a more comprehensive understanding of economy-level productivity losses resulting from the recent COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Niewiadomski
- Doctoral School of Medical and Health Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Marta Ortega-Ortega
- Department of Applied Economics, Public Economics and Political Economy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Błażej Łyszczarz
- Department of Health Economics, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Bydgoszcz, Poland.
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Afshar Hosseinabadi Z, Amini-Rarani M, Amiresmaili M, Shaarbafchizadeh N, Raeisi AR. Strengthening Public Health Systems During an Emerging Respiratory Disease Pandemic: A Realist Review. Arch Med Res 2025; 56:103096. [PMID: 39454275 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2024.103096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 08/25/2024] [Accepted: 09/25/2024] [Indexed: 10/28/2024]
Abstract
The recent outbreak of respiratory diseases such as COVID-19 has highlighted the need to strengthen public health systems to respond effectively to such crises. While previous research has identified various public health interventions for pandemics, there remains a significant gap in understanding which interventions can strengthen public health systems during emerging respiratory pandemics and under what conditions. To address this gap, we conducted a realist review to examine public health interventions during emerging respiratory disease pandemics, focusing on context, mechanisms, and outcomes. We conducted a literature search across PubMed, Scopus, ProQuest, and Web of Science for studies published since 2003. Finally, we analyzed and assessed the quality of 601 articles and analyzed 32 of them. This study emphasizes the importance of understanding the situational, structural, cultural, and environmental contexts that influence public health interventions within the six building blocks of public health systems. We have also identified the mechanisms of these interventions at the individual, organizational, and national levels for successful outcomes, such as improved access to health services, health equity, and effectiveness. This information is important for policymakers and practitioners who can use it to develop evidence-based strategies to strengthen public health systems during emerging respiratory disease pandemics. Our review introduced a new conceptual model to explore the interaction between context, interventions, mechanisms, and outcomes to strengthen public health systems. However, further research is needed to determine the effect of specific contextual factors on public health system interventions during respiratory disease pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Afshar Hosseinabadi
- Student Research Committee, School of Management and Medical Information Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mostafa Amini-Rarani
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Amiresmaili
- Health in Disaster and Emergencies Research Center, Institute for Future Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Nasrin Shaarbafchizadeh
- Health Management and Economics Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Hospital Management Research Center, Health Management Research Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ahmad Reza Raeisi
- Health Management and Economics Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Ocagli H, Marcolin E, Da Re F, Brigiari G, Gentili D, Mongillo M, Tonon M, Michieletto F, Gregori D, Russo F. Contact Tracing During the COVID-19 Epidemic: Insights from the Experience of the Veneto Region in Italy. Healthcare (Basel) 2025; 13:268. [PMID: 39942457 PMCID: PMC11816897 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare13030268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2024] [Revised: 12/27/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2025] [Indexed: 02/16/2025] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonpharmaceutical public health interventions, such as contact tracing (CT), have been widely implemented worldwide to mitigate the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). OBJECTIVES This study investigated the association between CT activity and COVID-19 cases, as well as the impact of timely contact with positive cases on hospitalizations in the Veneto region in northeastern Italy. METHODS Data sources included a CT-focused questionnaire, regional daily CT activity data, and a regional database of daily COVID-19 cases, hospitalizations, and intensive care unit (ICU) admissions. Negative binomial regression models were used to assess associations between CT activity and the number of positive cases, the number of hospitalizations, the time to contact cases, the number of positive cases traced, and the number of CT operators. Different organizational models (OMs) were compared in terms of their effectiveness. RESULTS Hospitalization rates decreased by 54% when index cases were contacted within 0-1 days compared with a five-day delay in the first period. During periods of increasing case numbers, hospitalizations decreased to 8% for contact ranges of 0-1 and 2-4 days. The increase in CT activity showed a 60% increase in daily activity per 100 cases in the third period, excluding external CT activities. CONCLUSIONS These results emphasize the critical role of prompt and effective CT in controlling the spread of infectious diseases and reducing the burden on health care systems. Further research is warranted to explore the potential benefits and limitations of different organizational models in the context of contact tracing and public health management, as well as in a cross-cultural comparison.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honoria Ocagli
- Unit of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Cardio-Thoraco-Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (H.O.)
| | - Erica Marcolin
- Unit of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Cardio-Thoraco-Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (H.O.)
| | - Filippo Da Re
- Unit of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Cardio-Thoraco-Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (H.O.)
- Directorate of Prevention, Food Safety, and Veterinary Public Health-Veneto Region, 30123 Venice, Italy; (D.G.); (F.R.)
| | - Gloria Brigiari
- Unit of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Cardio-Thoraco-Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (H.O.)
| | - Davide Gentili
- Directorate of Prevention, Food Safety, and Veterinary Public Health-Veneto Region, 30123 Venice, Italy; (D.G.); (F.R.)
| | - Michele Mongillo
- Directorate of Prevention, Food Safety, and Veterinary Public Health-Veneto Region, 30123 Venice, Italy; (D.G.); (F.R.)
| | - Michele Tonon
- Directorate of Prevention, Food Safety, and Veterinary Public Health-Veneto Region, 30123 Venice, Italy; (D.G.); (F.R.)
| | - Federica Michieletto
- Directorate of Prevention, Food Safety, and Veterinary Public Health-Veneto Region, 30123 Venice, Italy; (D.G.); (F.R.)
| | - Dario Gregori
- Unit of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Cardio-Thoraco-Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (H.O.)
| | - Francesca Russo
- Directorate of Prevention, Food Safety, and Veterinary Public Health-Veneto Region, 30123 Venice, Italy; (D.G.); (F.R.)
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Nabighadim M, Mirghafourvand M, Maghalian M. Non-Pharmacological Interventions Before Cataract Surgery for Preoperative Anxiety: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nurs Open 2025; 12:e70122. [PMID: 39846083 PMCID: PMC11754963 DOI: 10.1002/nop2.70122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2024] [Accepted: 12/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2025] Open
Abstract
AIM The present study was conducted to determine the effect of non-pharmacological interventions before cataract surgery on preoperative anxiety. DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS Five databases were systematically searched until 9 June, 2024. The risk of bias was evaluated using the ROBIN-I instrument for non-randomised studies and risk of bias 1 (ROB1) for RCTs. For cases with heterogeneity, random effects, rather than fixed effects, were reported, and subgroup analysis was performed based on the type of intervention. The investigation of publication bias was done in the form of a funnel plot, the Egger regression test and the Trim-and-Fill test. Meta-regression analysis was performed to examine the impact of possible confounding factors on the effect size. Sensitivity analysis evaluated the robustness of our findings by excluding quasi-experimental studies and applying the Knapp-Hartung method to assess their influence on the overall results. RESULTS A random-effects meta-analysis of 22 studies and 1998 participants revealed that non-pharmacological interventions (back massage, hand massage, foot massage, music, educational video, patient education, aromatherapy and relaxation techniques) significantly reduced mean preoperative anxiety compared to the control group. The subgroup analysis indicated that all interventions were effective in reducing preoperative anxiety; however, hand and foot massage did not yield significant effects. Meta-regression analysis showed a significant correlation between the percentages of women with effect size. The sensitivity analysis confirmed the robustness of non-pharmacological interventions, while the Knapp-Hartung method maintained the overall effect size but indicated wider confidence intervals. More high-quality research is needed to validate these interventions and establish clearer guidelines. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION No Patient or Public Contribution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mojgan Mirghafourvand
- Social Determinants of Health Research CentreTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
| | - Mahsa Maghalian
- Department of Midwifery, Faculty of Nursing and MidwiferyTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
- Student Research CommitteeTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
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Chiu NC, Huang DTN, Weng SL, Chi H, Tai YL, Huang YN, Huang H, Lei WT, Chang L, Lin CY. Resurgence of influenza and enterovirus infections in Taiwan post-COVID-19: A nationwide surveillance study. J Infect Public Health 2024; 17:102560. [PMID: 39418957 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2024.102560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 09/29/2024] [Accepted: 09/30/2024] [Indexed: 10/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The global impact of COVID-19 has prompted profound shifts in public health policies. The epidemiology of respiratory infectious disease may change in the post-covid era. This study investigates the repercussions of these policies on respiratory infectious diseases, specifically the resurgence of severe influenza and enterovirus infections in the post-COVID-19 era. METHODS Examining the period from January 2020 to December 2023, our nationwide study analyzes data from the Taiwan Centers for Disease Control and Our World in Data. Two distinct phases, containing (Week 1, 2020, to Week 43, 2022) and coexisting (Week 44, 2022, to Week 50, 2023), are scrutinized, emphasizing policy changes and their potential impact on epidemiology. RESULTS Epidemiological trends reveal a decline in COVID-19 and all-cause pneumonia during the co-existing period but a notable rise in severe influenza and enterovirus infections. Interrupted time series analysis confirms the surge in severe influenza and enterovirus cases post-restriction ease. CONCLUSION The post-COVID-19 era introduces challenges with the resurgence of traditional respiratory diseases, necessitating continuous surveillance, timely non-pharmaceutical interventions, and vaccination as crucial strategies. Vigilance and targeted measures by policymakers and healthcare providers are imperative to navigate the evolving landscape of respiratory infectious diseases in the aftermath of the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan-Chang Chiu
- MacKay Children's Hospital, Taipei city, Taiwan; MacKay Medical College, New Taipei city, Taiwan.
| | - Daniel Tsung-Ning Huang
- MacKay Children's Hospital, Taipei city, Taiwan; MacKay Medical College, New Taipei city, Taiwan.
| | - Shun-Long Weng
- MacKay Medical College, New Taipei city, Taiwan; Hsinchu Municipal MacKay Children's Hospital, Hsinchu city, Taiwan; Hsinchu MacKay Memorial Hospital, Hsinchu city, Taiwan.
| | - Hsin Chi
- MacKay Children's Hospital, Taipei city, Taiwan; MacKay Medical College, New Taipei city, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Lin Tai
- Hsinchu Municipal MacKay Children's Hospital, Hsinchu city, Taiwan; Hsinchu MacKay Memorial Hospital, Hsinchu city, Taiwan.
| | - Ya-Ning Huang
- Hsinchu Municipal MacKay Children's Hospital, Hsinchu city, Taiwan; Hsinchu MacKay Memorial Hospital, Hsinchu city, Taiwan.
| | - Hsiang Huang
- Hsinchu Municipal MacKay Children's Hospital, Hsinchu city, Taiwan; Hsinchu MacKay Memorial Hospital, Hsinchu city, Taiwan.
| | - Wei-Te Lei
- Hsinchu Municipal MacKay Children's Hospital, Hsinchu city, Taiwan; Hsinchu MacKay Memorial Hospital, Hsinchu city, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Lung Chang
- MacKay Children's Hospital, Taipei city, Taiwan; MacKay Medical College, New Taipei city, Taiwan.
| | - Chien-Yu Lin
- MacKay Medical College, New Taipei city, Taiwan; Hsinchu Municipal MacKay Children's Hospital, Hsinchu city, Taiwan; Hsinchu MacKay Memorial Hospital, Hsinchu city, Taiwan.
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10
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Faherty LJ, Nascimento de Lima P, Lim JZ, Roberts D, Karr S, Lawson E, Willis HH. Effects of non-pharmaceutical interventions on COVID-19 transmission: rapid review of evidence from Italy, the United States, the United Kingdom, and China. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1426992. [PMID: 39484353 PMCID: PMC11524874 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1426992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 10/01/2024] [Indexed: 11/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Prior to the development of COVID-19 vaccines, policymakers instituted various non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) to limit transmission. Prior studies have attempted to examine the extent to which these NPIs achieved their goals of containment, suppression, or mitigation of disease transmission. Existing evidence syntheses have found that numerous factors limit comparability across studies, and the evidence on NPI effectiveness during COVID-19 pandemic remains sparse and inconsistent. This study documents the magnitude and variation in NPI effectiveness in reducing COVID-19 transmission (i.e., reduction in effective reproduction rate [Reff] and daily contact rate) in Italy, the United States, the United Kingdom, and China. Methods Our rapid review and narrative synthesis of existing research identified 126 studies meeting our screening criteria. We selected four contexts with >5 articles to facilitate a meaningful synthesis. This step yielded an analytic sample of 61 articles that used data from China, Italy, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Results We found wide variation and substantial uncertainty around the effectiveness of NPIs at reducing disease transmission. Studies of a single intervention or NPIs that are the least stringent had estimated Reff reductions in the 10-50% range; those that examined so-called "lockdowns" were associated with greater Reff reductions that ranged from 40 to 90%, with many in the 70-80% range. While many studies reported on multiple NPIs, only six of the 61 studies explicitly used the framing of "stringency" or "mild versus strict" or "tiers" of NPIs, concepts that are highly relevant for decisionmakers. Conclusion Existing evidence suggests that NPIs reduce COVID-19 transmission by 40 to 90 percent. This paper documents the extent of the variation in NPI effectiveness estimates and highlights challenges presented by a lack of standardization in modeling approaches. Further research on NPI effectiveness at different stringency levels is needed to inform policy responses to future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J. Faherty
- RAND Corporation, Boston, MA, United States
- Maine Medical Center, Portland, ME, United States
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | - Jing Zhi Lim
- RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA, United States
| | | | - Sarah Karr
- RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA, United States
| | - Emily Lawson
- RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA, United States
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11
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Abroug H, Bennasrallah C, Ben Fredj M, Kacem M, Ben Belgacem M, Dhouib W, Gara A, Maatouk A, Zemni I, Ben Hassine D, Gallas S, Bouanene I, Sriha Belguith A. Impact of pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical interventions on COVID-19 in Tunisia. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:2803. [PMID: 39396980 PMCID: PMC11472591 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-19236-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 10/15/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In COVID-19 management, a variety of pharmaceutical interventions (PI) and non- pharmaceutical interventions (NPI) were adopted to limit the spread of the disease and its associated deaths. We aimed to evaluate the impact of PI and NPI on risks of COVID-19 transmission and deaths. METHOD We collected aggregate data from March 2nd, 2020, to December 1, 2022 from the Tunisian Ministry of Health's website and OurWorldInData.org site. NPI Periods (NPIP: March 2020 to March 2021) and PI Periods (PIP) were distributed to NPIP1, 2, 3 and 4 and to PIP1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. We calculated the Relative Risks (RR) and 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) by comparing the subsequent period with previous one. RESULTS The risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission increased progressively from the zero cases period (NPIP2) to the mitigate strategy period (NPIP3) (RR = 14.0; 95% CI: 12.4-15.8) and to the stop-and-go epidemic control period (NPIP4) (RR = 23.1 (95% CI: 22.4-23.9). It was stabilized in the targeted vaccination period (PIP1) (RR = 1.08, 95% CI: 1.07-1.08) and reduced during the mass vaccination period (PIP2) (RR: 0.50, 95% CI: 0.50-0.51). SARS-CoV-2 transmission, increased during PIP3 concomitant with the Omicron wave (RR = 2.65, 95% CI: 2.64-2.67). It remained at a low level in PIP4 (RR = 0.18; 95% CI: 0.18-0.18). Compared to NPIP2, NPIP3 and NPIP4 were associated with a higher risk of COVID-19 mortality (RR = 3.337; 95% CI: 1.797-6.195) and (RR = 72.63 (95% CI: 54.01-97.68), respectively. Since the start of the immunization program, the risk of COVID-19 death has consistently decreased. In comparison to each previous period, the risk transitioned in PIP1 to RR = 0.91; 95% CI: 0.88-0.93, then to RR = 0.85; 95% CI: 0.83-0.88 in PIP2, to RR = 0.47; 95% CI: 0.45-0.50 in PIP3, and to RR = 0.19; 95% CI: 0.18-0.24 during PIP4. CONCLUSION In terms of lowering the risk of transmission and mortality, the NP strategy at the beginning of the epidemic outperformed the IP strategy during the outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hela Abroug
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University Hospital Fattouma Bourguiba of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Monastir, Monastir, 5000, Tunisia
- Research LaboratoryTechnology and Medical Imaging- LTIM - LR12ES06, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Cyrine Bennasrallah
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University Hospital Fattouma Bourguiba of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia.
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Monastir, Monastir, 5000, Tunisia.
- Research LaboratoryTechnology and Medical Imaging- LTIM - LR12ES06, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia.
| | - Manel Ben Fredj
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University Hospital Fattouma Bourguiba of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Monastir, Monastir, 5000, Tunisia
- Research LaboratoryTechnology and Medical Imaging- LTIM - LR12ES06, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Meriem Kacem
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University Hospital Fattouma Bourguiba of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Monastir, Monastir, 5000, Tunisia
- Research LaboratoryTechnology and Medical Imaging- LTIM - LR12ES06, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Manel Ben Belgacem
- Department of Pharmacology, University Hospital Fattouma Bourguiba of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Wafa Dhouib
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University Hospital Fattouma Bourguiba of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Monastir, Monastir, 5000, Tunisia
- Research LaboratoryTechnology and Medical Imaging- LTIM - LR12ES06, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Amel Gara
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University Hospital Fattouma Bourguiba of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Amani Maatouk
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University Hospital Fattouma Bourguiba of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Imen Zemni
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University Hospital Fattouma Bourguiba of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Monastir, Monastir, 5000, Tunisia
- Research LaboratoryTechnology and Medical Imaging- LTIM - LR12ES06, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Donia Ben Hassine
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University Hospital Fattouma Bourguiba of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Syrine Gallas
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Medecine of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Ines Bouanene
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University Hospital Fattouma Bourguiba of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Monastir, Monastir, 5000, Tunisia
| | - Asma Sriha Belguith
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University Hospital Fattouma Bourguiba of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Monastir, Monastir, 5000, Tunisia
- Research LaboratoryTechnology and Medical Imaging- LTIM - LR12ES06, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
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12
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Chen Z, Liu X, Guan J, Shi Y, Liu W, Peng Z, Hu J. Impact of COVID-19 Interventions on Respiratory and Intestinal Infectious Disease Notifications - Jiangsu Province, China, 2020-2023. China CDC Wkly 2024; 6:1059-1064. [PMID: 39502400 PMCID: PMC11532534 DOI: 10.46234/ccdcw2024.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 09/19/2024] [Indexed: 11/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Many measures implemented to control the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic have reshaped the epidemic patterns of other infectious diseases. This study estimated the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on respiratory and intestinal infectious diseases and potential changes following reopening. Methods The optimal intervention and counterfactual models were selected from the seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (SARIMA), neural network autoregression (NNAR), and hybrid models based on the minimum mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) in the test set. The relative change rate between the actual notification rate and that predicted by the optimal model was calculated for the entire COVID-19 epidemic prevention period and the "reopening" period. Results Compared with the predicted notification rate based on the counterfactual model, the total relative change rates for the 9 infectious diseases were -44.24%, respiratory infections (-55.41%), and intestinal infections (-26.59%) during 2020-2022. Compared with the predicted notification rate based on the intervention model, the total relative change rates were +247.98%, respiratory infections (+389.59%), and intestinal infections (+50.46%) in 2023. Among them, the relative increases in influenza (+499.98%) and hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD) (+70.97%) were significant. Conclusions Measures taken in Jiangsu Province in response to COVID-19 effectively constrained the spread of respiratory and intestinal infectious diseases. Influenza and HFMD rebounded significantly after the lifting of COVID-19 intervention restrictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziying Chen
- School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xin Liu
- School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jinxing Guan
- School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yingying Shi
- Department of Acute Infectious Diseases Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wendong Liu
- Department of Acute Infectious Diseases Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhihang Peng
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jianli Hu
- School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province, China
- Department of Acute Infectious Diseases Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Health Emergency, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province, China
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Aldaz Herce P, Huarte Labiano I, Gonzalo Herrera N, Oscariz Ojer M, Bartolome Resano J, Lopez Flores J, Zaragüeta Escribano M. [Effect of non-pharmacological preventive measures on the incidence of respiratory and gastrointestinal pathologies]. Rev Esp Salud Publica 2024; 98:e202409050. [PMID: 39263877 PMCID: PMC11575320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The use of non-pharmacological preventive measures during the COVID-19 pandemic has helped to reduce the incidence of multiple airborne or contact diseases. The objective of this paper was to evaluate the impact that all preventive measures have had on the transmission of different microorganisms, both by respiratory and contact transmission. METHODS We compared the incidence of different infectious episodes coded with the CIAP-2 code (International Classification of Primary Care second edition of the WONCA International Classification Committee) collected from the computerized history of primary care, both with respiratory tract and digestive tract involvement, in the period from March 2018 to February 2020 (pre-pandemic period) and from March 2020 to February 2022 (pandemic period). The data corresponded to the entire region, with an estimated average population for the four years of 650,000 people. The statistical treatment of the data consisted of a descriptive analysis with the calculation of absolute values and percentages. Rates were calculated and compared using data provided by the National Institute of Statistics as a denominator. The P was obtained by statistical comparison by the exact method. A comparison of rates was made. RESULTS The incidence in the number of CIAP-2 episodes studied, both corresponding to respiratory and gastrointestinal pathologies, comparing the period March 2018-February 2020 with the period March 2020-February 2022 decreased by 65.81%, from 534,439 cases to 182,707. CONCLUSIONS The preventive measures applied during the pandemic produce a significant decrease in pathology involving the respiratory or the digestive tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Aldaz Herce
- Especialista en medicina familiar y comunitaria. Centro de salud de San Juan. Servicio Navarro de Salud (SNS-O). Pamplona. España
- Grupo de enfermedades infecciosas de la Sociedad Navarra de Medicina Familiar y Comunitaria. Pamplona. España
- Grupo de investigación en Atención Primaria del Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IDISNA). Pamplona. España
| | - Iranzu Huarte Labiano
- Especialista en medicina familiar y comunitaria. Servicio de Urgencias extrahospitalarias. Servicio Navarro de Salud (SNS-O). Pamplona. España
- Grupo de enfermedades infecciosas de la Sociedad Navarra de Medicina Familiar y Comunitaria. Pamplona. España
- Grupo de investigación en Atención Primaria del Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IDISNA). Pamplona. España
| | - Nancy Gonzalo Herrera
- Especialista en medicina familiar y comunitaria. Centro de salud de Burlada. Servicio Navarro de Salud (SNS-O). Pamplona. España
- Grupo de enfermedades infecciosas de la Sociedad Navarra de Medicina Familiar y Comunitaria. Pamplona. España
- Grupo de investigación en Atención Primaria del Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IDISNA). Pamplona. España
| | - Miren Oscariz Ojer
- Especialista en medicina familiar y comunitaria. Centro de salud de Zizur. Servicio Navarro de Salud (SNS-O). Pamplona. España
- Grupo de enfermedades infecciosas de la Sociedad Navarra de Medicina Familiar y Comunitaria. Pamplona. España
- Grupo de investigación en Atención Primaria del Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IDISNA). Pamplona. España
| | - Javier Bartolome Resano
- Especialista en medicina familiar y comunitaria. Centro de salud de Zizur. Servicio Navarro de Salud (SNS-O). Pamplona. España
- Grupo de enfermedades infecciosas de la Sociedad Navarra de Medicina Familiar y Comunitaria. Pamplona. España
- Grupo de investigación en Atención Primaria del Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IDISNA). Pamplona. España
| | - Joyssel Lopez Flores
- Especialista en medicina familiar y comunitaria. Centro de salud de Ultzama. Servicio Navarro de Salud (SNS-O). Pamplona. España
- Grupo de enfermedades infecciosas de la Sociedad Navarra de Medicina Familiar y Comunitaria. Pamplona. España
- Grupo de investigación en Atención Primaria del Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IDISNA). Pamplona. España
| | - Mercedes Zaragüeta Escribano
- Especialista en medicina familiar y comunitaria. Centro de salud de Milagrosa. Servicio Navarro de Salud (SNS-O). Pamplona. España
- Grupo de enfermedades infecciosas de la Sociedad Navarra de Medicina Familiar y Comunitaria. Pamplona. España
- Grupo de investigación en Atención Primaria del Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IDISNA). Pamplona. España
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Zhao Y, Xu Y, Yao D, Wu Q, Chen H, Hu X, Huang Y, Zhang X. Changes in Infectious Disease-Specific Health Literacy in the Post-COVID-19 Pandemic Period: Two-Round Cross-Sectional Survey Study. JMIR Public Health Surveill 2024; 10:e52666. [PMID: 39213137 PMCID: PMC11378864 DOI: 10.2196/52666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Infectious disease-specific health literacy (IDSHL) is a crucial factor in the development of infectious diseases. It plays a significant role not only in mitigating the resurgence of infectious diseases but also in effectively averting the emergence of novel infections such as COVID-19. During the 3 years of the COVID-19 pandemic, China primarily adopted nonpharmaceutical interventions, advocating for people to avoid crowded places and wear masks to prevent the spread of COVID-19. Consequently, there has been a dearth of research concerning IDSHL and its corresponding focal points for health education. Objective This study aimed to (1) evaluate the changes in IDSHL scores between 2019 (before the COVID-19 pandemic) and 2022 (the postepidemic period of COVID-19) and (2) explore the risk factors affecting IDSHL using a multivariate logistic regression analysis. Methods This study used 2-round cross-sectional surveys, conducted in 2019 and 2022, respectively, in 30 counties in Zhejiang Province, China. Multiple-stage stratified random sampling was used to select households, and a Kish grid was used to identify participants. An identical standardized questionnaire consisting of 12 closed-ended questions was used to measure IDSHL scores before and after the COVID-19 pandemic (2019 and 2022). Standard descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, t tests, and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to analyze the data. Results The 2-round cross-sectional surveys conducted in 2019 and 2022 yielded, out of 19,366 and 19,221 total questionnaires, 19,257 (99.44% response rate) and 18,857 (98.11% response rate) valid questionnaires, respectively. The correct response rate for the respiratory infectious diseases question "When coughing or sneezing, which of the following is correct?" increased from 29.10% in 2019 to 37.92% in 2022 (χ²1=332.625; P<.001). The correct response rate for the nonrespiratory infectious diseases question "In which of the following ways can hepatitis B be transmitted to others?" decreased from 64.28% to 59.67% (χ²1=86.059; P<.001). In terms of IDSHL scores, a comparison between 2022 and 2019 revealed notable statistical differences in the overall scores (t1=10.829; P<.001) and across the 3 dimensions of knowledge (t1=8.840; P<.001), behavior (t1=16.170; P<.001), and skills (t1=9.115; P<.001). With regard to the questions, all but 4 exhibited statistical differences (P<.001). Multivariate logistic regression analyses indicated that the 2022 year group had a higher likelihood of possessing acquired IDSHL than the 2019 group (odds ratio 1.323, 95% CI 1.264-1.385; P<.001). Conclusions When conducting health education, it is imperative to enhance efforts in nonrespiratory infectious disease health education, as well as respiratory infectious diseases such as COVID-19. Health education interventions should prioritize ethnic minority populations with a poor self-health status and low education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusui Zhao
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yue Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dingming Yao
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qingqing Wu
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Heni Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiujing Hu
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuehai Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
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Funaki T, Yamada M, Miyake K, Ueno S, Myojin S, Aiba H, Matsui T, Ogimi C, Kato H, Miyairi I, Shoji K. Safety and antibody response of the BNT162b2 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in children aged 5-11 years with underlying diseases: A prospective observational study. J Infect Chemother 2024; 30:773-779. [PMID: 38387787 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2024.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Data on the safety and antibody response of the BNT162b2 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) mRNA vaccine in children aged 5-11 years with underlying diseases are limited. Thus, our study aimed to address this gap. METHODS This prospective observational study investigated the antibody titers for SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor-binding domain (S-IgG) and nucleocapsid protein (N-IgG) in patients aged 5-11 years with chronic underlying diseases following two doses of BNT162b2. Additionally, a questionnaire was used to assess adverse events (AEs) arising within 7 days after each dose. Data on severe AEs arising within 28 days after each dose were extracted from the patients' electronic medical records. RESULTS Among 122 patients, 24.6% (30/122) were immunocompromised. Furthermore, 79 patients experienced at least one AE following vaccination, but all recovered without sequelae, including one severe case after the first dose. The seropositivity rate after the second dose was 99.1% (116/117). Excluding 19 N-IgG-positive patients, the geometric mean antibody titer (GMT) was significantly higher in immunocompetent patients than in immunocompromised patients (1496 U/mL [95% confidence interval 1199-1862] vs. 472 U/mL [200-1119], p = 0.035). Additionally, the GMT of S-IgG was higher in N-IgG-positive patients than in N-IgG-negative patients (8203 [5847-11482] U/mL vs. 1127 [855-1486] U/mL, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS BNT162b2 is acceptably safe and immunogenic for children aged 5-11 years with underlying diseases. Although seroconversion was satisfactory in immunocompromised patients, the titers were lower than in immunocompetent patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Funaki
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Subspecialties, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Masaki Yamada
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Subspecialties, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Advanced Medicine for Viral Infections, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kozue Miyake
- Department of Clinical Research Promotion, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Saki Ueno
- Department of Clinical Research Promotion, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shota Myojin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Subspecialties, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Aiba
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Subspecialties, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Matsui
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Subspecialties, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chikara Ogimi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Subspecialties, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Kato
- National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Isao Miyairi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Subspecialties, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kensuke Shoji
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Subspecialties, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
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Gyasi SF, Kumi W, Kwofie C. Factors influencing individual vaccine preferences for COVID-19 in the Sunyani Municipality, Ghana: An observational study using discrete choice experiment analysis. Health Sci Rep 2024; 7:e2263. [PMID: 39050907 PMCID: PMC11265991 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.2263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims There has been hesitancy among people with regard to accepting vaccines, especially that of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). This hesitancy is aggravated by the different vaccine alternatives available and what one considers before choosing a particular vaccine. The aim of this article was to investigate some driving factors that can influence an individual's COVID-19 vaccine preference in the presence of other alternatives, using some specific vaccine characteristics. Methods Discrete choice questionnaire was designed using the attributes and their corresponding levels to collect data on participants' preference for a COVID vaccine over a period of 12 Weeks in Sunyani, Ghana, with the help of an observational study design. A total of 150 participants receiving Covid-19 vaccines at the University of Energy and Natural Resources Hospital were systematically selected and interviewed. Factors considered included: Efficacy of the vaccine, credibility of the manufacturing company, side effects of the vaccine, and availability of the vaccine. Data was analyzed using the conditional probit of the discrete choice experiment (DCE). Results Results from the study using the conditional probit of the discrete choice experiment (DCE) showed efficacy, side effects, and availability as significant attributes for preference. However, there was no preference with respect to the credibility of the manufacturing company. In addition, vaccine availability was not a dis-utility in comparison to the alternatives that are readily available. This disutility was however higher among males than females. Conclusion From the study, most respondents preferred a COVID-19 vaccine that is highly efficacious or a vaccine with milder side effect or a vaccine that may not necessarily be readily available. It was also observed that dis-utility is higher among males when it comes to vaccine not being readily available than females as the odds of a female choosing a vaccine that is readily available is much higher compared to their males counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Fosu Gyasi
- Department of Biological ScienceUniversity of Energy and Natural ResourcesSunyaniGhana
- Center for Research in Applied Biology (CeRAB)University of Energy of Energy and Natural ResourcesSunyaniGhana
| | - Williams Kumi
- Department of Mathematics and StatisticsUniversity of Energy and Natural ResourcesSunyaniGhana
| | - Charles Kwofie
- Department of Mathematics and StatisticsUniversity of Energy and Natural ResourcesSunyaniGhana
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Hönemann M, Maier M, Frille A, Thiem S, Bergs S, Williams TC, Mas V, Lübbert C, Pietsch C. Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Adult Patients at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Germany: Clinical Features and Molecular Epidemiology of the Fusion Protein in the Severe Respiratory Season of 2022/2023. Viruses 2024; 16:943. [PMID: 38932235 PMCID: PMC11209376 DOI: 10.3390/v16060943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Following an interseasonal rise in mainly pediatric respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) cases in Germany in 2021, an exceptionally high number of adult cases was observed in the subsequent respiratory season of 2022/2023. The aim of this study was to compare the clinical presentation of RSV infections in the pre- and post-SARS-CoV-2 pandemic periods. Additionally, the local epidemiology of the RSV fusion protein was analyzed at a molecular genetic and amino acid level. RSV detections in adults peaked in calendar week 1 of 2023, 8 weeks earlier than the earliest peak observed in the three pre-pandemic seasons. Although the median age of the adult patients was not different (66.5 vs. 65 years), subtle differences between both periods regarding comorbidities and the clinical presentation of RSV cases were noted. High rates of comorbidities prevailed; however, significantly lower numbers of patients with a history of lung transplantation (p = 0.009), chronic kidney disease (p = 0.013), and immunosuppression (p = 0.038) were observed in the 2022/2023 season. In contrast, significantly more lower respiratory tract infections (p < 0.001), in particular in the form of pneumonia (p = 0.015) and exacerbations of obstructive lung diseases (p = 0.008), were detected. An ICU admission was noted for 23.7% of all patients throughout the study period. Sequence analysis of the fusion protein gene revealed a close phylogenetic relatedness, regardless of the season of origin. However, especially for RSV-B, an accumulation of amino acid point substitutions was noted, including in antigenic site Ø. The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic had a tremendous impact on the seasonality of RSV, and the introduction of new vaccination and immunization strategies against RSV warrants further epidemiologic studies of this important pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Hönemann
- Virology Department, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Virology, Leipzig University Hospital, Johannisalle 30, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Infectious Diseases, Leipzig University Hospital, Liebigstrasse 20, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Melanie Maier
- Virology Department, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Virology, Leipzig University Hospital, Johannisalle 30, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Infectious Diseases, Leipzig University Hospital, Liebigstrasse 20, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Armin Frille
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Leipzig University Hospital, Liebigstrasse 20, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stephanie Thiem
- Virology Department, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Virology, Leipzig University Hospital, Johannisalle 30, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sandra Bergs
- Virology Department, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Virology, Leipzig University Hospital, Johannisalle 30, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas C. Williams
- Child Life and Health, University of Edinburgh, Royal Hospital for Children and Young People, 50 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Vicente Mas
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología and CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/ Sinesio Delgado, 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Christoph Lübbert
- Interdisciplinary Center for Infectious Diseases, Leipzig University Hospital, Liebigstrasse 20, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Medicine I, Leipzig University Hospital, Liebigstrasse 20, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Corinna Pietsch
- Virology Department, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Virology, Leipzig University Hospital, Johannisalle 30, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Infectious Diseases, Leipzig University Hospital, Liebigstrasse 20, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Duval D, Evans B, Sanders A, Hill J, Simbo A, Kavoi T, Lyell I, Simmons Z, Qureshi M, Pearce-Smith N, Arevalo CR, Beck CR, Bindra R, Oliver I. Non-pharmaceutical interventions to reduce COVID-19 transmission in the UK: a rapid mapping review and interactive evidence gap map. J Public Health (Oxf) 2024; 46:e279-e293. [PMID: 38426578 PMCID: PMC11141784 DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdae025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) were crucial in the response to the COVID-19 pandemic, although uncertainties about their effectiveness remain. This work aimed to better understand the evidence generated during the pandemic on the effectiveness of NPIs implemented in the UK. METHODS We conducted a rapid mapping review (search date: 1 March 2023) to identify primary studies reporting on the effectiveness of NPIs to reduce COVID-19 transmission. Included studies were displayed in an interactive evidence gap map. RESULTS After removal of duplicates, 11 752 records were screened. Of these, 151 were included, including 100 modelling studies but only 2 randomized controlled trials and 10 longitudinal observational studies.Most studies reported on NPIs to identify and isolate those who are or may become infectious, and on NPIs to reduce the number of contacts. There was an evidence gap for hand and respiratory hygiene, ventilation and cleaning. CONCLUSIONS Our findings show that despite the large number of studies published, there is still a lack of robust evaluations of the NPIs implemented in the UK. There is a need to build evaluation into the design and implementation of public health interventions and policies from the start of any future pandemic or other public health emergency.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Duval
- Research, Evidence and Knowledge Division, UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), London E14 5EA, UK
| | - B Evans
- Research, Evidence and Knowledge Division, UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), London E14 5EA, UK
| | - A Sanders
- Research, Evidence and Knowledge Division, UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), London E14 5EA, UK
| | - J Hill
- Clinical and Public Health Response Division, UKHSA, London E14 5EA, UK
| | - A Simbo
- Evaluation and Epidemiological Science Division, UKHSA, Colindale NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - T Kavoi
- Cheshire and Merseyside Health Protection Team, UKHSA, Liverpool L3 1DS, UK
| | - I Lyell
- Greater Manchester Health Protection Team, UKHSA, Manchester M1 3BN, UK
| | - Z Simmons
- Research, Evidence and Knowledge Division, UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), London E14 5EA, UK
| | - M Qureshi
- Clinical and Public Health Response Division, UKHSA, London E14 5EA, UK
| | - N Pearce-Smith
- Research, Evidence and Knowledge Division, UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), London E14 5EA, UK
| | - C R Arevalo
- Research, Evidence and Knowledge Division, UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), London E14 5EA, UK
| | - C R Beck
- Evaluation and Epidemiological Science Division, UKHSA, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - R Bindra
- Clinical and Public Health Response Division, UKHSA, London E14 5EA, UK
| | - I Oliver
- Director General Science and Research and Chief Scientific Officer, UKHSA, London E14 5EA, UK
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Berikopoulou MM, Dessypris N, Kalogera E, Petridou E, Benetou V, Zahariadou LD, Siahanidou T, Michos A. Epidemiology of respiratory syncytial virus in hospitalized children before, during, and after the COVID-19 lockdown restriction measures in Greece. Epidemiol Infect 2024; 152:e94. [PMID: 38736253 PMCID: PMC11736444 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268824000724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic modified the epidemiology and the transmission of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). We collected data on RSV positivity and incidence from children hospitalized in the largest tertiary paediatric hospital in Greece before (2018-2020, period A), during (2020-2021, period B), and after (2021-2023, period C) the COVID-19 lockdown. A total of 9,508 children were tested for RSV. RSV positivity (%) was 17.6% (552/3,134) for period A, 2.1% (13/629) for period B, and 13.4% (772/5,745) for period C (p < 0.001). The mean age (±SD) of RSV-positive children among the three periods was A: 5.9(±9.3), B: 13.6 (±25.3), and C: 16.7 (±28.6) months (p < 0.001). The peak of RSV epidemiology was shifted from January-March (period A) to October-December (period C). RSV in-hospital incidence per 1,000 hospitalizations in paediatric departments was A:16.7, B:1.0, and C:28.1 (p < 0.001), and the incidence in the intensive care unit was A: 17.3, B: 0.6, and C: 26.6 (p < 0.001). A decrease in RSV incidence was observed during the COVID-19 lockdown period, whereas a significant increase was observed after the lockdown. A change in epidemiological patterns was identified after the end of the lockdown, with an earlier seasonal peak and an age shift of increased RSV incidence in older children.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nick Dessypris
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Elena Kalogera
- Department of Microbiology, “Aghia Sophia” Children’s Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelia Petridou
- Department of Microbiology, “Aghia Sophia” Children’s Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Benetou
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Tania Siahanidou
- Department of Neonatology, First Department of Pediatrics, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios Michos
- Division of Infectious Diseases, First Department of Pediatrics, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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20
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Zozmann H, Schüler L, Fu X, Gawel E. Autonomous and policy-induced behavior change during the COVID-19 pandemic: Towards understanding and modeling the interplay of behavioral adaptation. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0296145. [PMID: 38696526 PMCID: PMC11065316 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0296145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Changes in human behaviors, such as reductions of physical contacts and the adoption of preventive measures, impact the transmission of infectious diseases considerably. Behavioral adaptations may be the result of individuals aiming to protect themselves or mere responses to public containment measures, or a combination of both. What drives autonomous and policy-induced adaptation, how they are related and change over time is insufficiently understood. Here, we develop a framework for more precise analysis of behavioral adaptation, focusing on confluence, interactions and time variance of autonomous and policy-induced adaptation. We carry out an empirical analysis of Germany during the fall of 2020 and beyond. Subsequently, we discuss how behavioral adaptation processes can be better represented in behavioral-epidemiological models. We find that our framework is useful to understand the interplay of autonomous and policy-induced adaptation as a "moving target". Our empirical analysis suggests that mobility patterns in Germany changed significantly due to both autonomous and policy-induced adaption, with potentially weaker effects over time due to decreasing risk signals, diminishing risk perceptions and an erosion of trust in the government. We find that while a number of simulation and prediction models have made great efforts to represent behavioral adaptation, the interplay of autonomous and policy-induced adaption needs to be better understood to construct convincing counterfactual scenarios for policy analysis. The insights presented here are of interest to modelers and policy makers aiming to understand and account for behaviors during a pandemic response more accurately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinrich Zozmann
- Department Economics, UFZ–Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Lennart Schüler
- Center for Advanced Systems Understanding (CASUS), Görlitz, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden, Germany
- Research Data Management—RDM, UFZ–Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
- Department Monitoring and Exploration Technologies, UFZ–Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Xiaoming Fu
- Center for Advanced Systems Understanding (CASUS), Görlitz, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden, Germany
| | - Erik Gawel
- Department Economics, UFZ–Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute for Infrastructure and Resources Management, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
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21
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Adelekan B, Ikuteyijo L, Goldson E, Abubakar Z, Adepoju O, Oyedun O, Adebayo G, Dasogot A, Mueller U, Fatusi AO. When one door closes: a qualitative exploration of women's experiences of access to sexual and reproductive health services during the COVID-19 lockdown in Nigeria. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:1124. [PMID: 38654297 PMCID: PMC11040879 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-15848-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19 pandemic widely disrupted health services provision, especially during the lockdown period, with females disproportionately affected. Very little is known about alternative healthcare sources used by women when access to conventional health services became challenging. This study examined the experiences of women and adolescent girls regarding access to sexual and reproductive health (SRH) services during the COVID-19 lockdown in Nigeria and their choices of alternative healthcare sources. METHODS The study sites were two northern states, two southern states, and the Federal Capital Territory. Qualitative data were obtained through 10 focus group discussion sessions held with married adolescents, unmarried adolescents, and older women of reproductive age. The data were transcribed verbatim and analysed using a thematic approach and with the aid of Atlas ti software. RESULTS Women reported that access to family planning services was the most affected SRH services during the COVID-19 lockdown. Several barriers to accessing SRH services during COVID-19 lockdown were reported, including restriction of vehicular movement, harassment by law enforcement officers, fear of contracting COVID-19 from health facilities, and fear of undergoing compulsory COVID-19 tests when seeking care in health facilities. In the face of constrained access to SRH services in public sector facilities during the COVID-19 lockdown, women sought care from several alternative sources, mostly locally available and informal services, including medicine vendors, traditional birth attendants, and neighbours with some health experience. Women also widely engaged in self-medication, using both orthodox drugs and non-orthodox preparations like herbs. The lockdown negatively impacted on women's SRH, with increased incidence of sexual- and gender-based violence, unplanned pregnancy resulting from lack of access to contraceptives, and early marriage involving adolescents with unplanned pregnancies. CONCLUSION COVID-19 negatively impacted access to SRH services and forced women to utilise mostly informal service outlets and home remedies as alternatives to conventional health services. There is a need to ensure the continuity of essential SRH services during future lockdowns occasioned by disease outbreaks. Also, community systems strengthening that ensures effective community-based health services, empowered community resource persons, and health-literate populations are imperative for overcoming barriers to healthcare access during future lockdowns.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lanre Ikuteyijo
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
| | - Erika Goldson
- United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) Country Office, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Zubaida Abubakar
- United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) Country Office, Abuja, Nigeria
| | | | - Olaitan Oyedun
- Academy for Health Development (AHEAD), Ile-Ife, Nigeria
| | | | - Andat Dasogot
- United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) Country Office, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Ulla Mueller
- United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) Country Office, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Adesegun O Fatusi
- Academy for Health Development (AHEAD), Ile-Ife, Nigeria.
- Centre for Adolescent Health and Development, School of Public Health, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Nigeria.
- Department of Community Health, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.
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22
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Marini M, Demichelis A, Menicagli D, Mancini G, Panizza F, Bilancini E, Cevolani G. I want to be safe: understanding the main drivers behind vaccination choice throughout the pandemic. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:1111. [PMID: 38649925 PMCID: PMC11036553 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-18511-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite being a major advancement in modern medicine, vaccines face widespread hesitancy and refusal, posing challenges to immunization campaigns. The COVID-19 pandemic accentuated vaccine hesitancy, emphasizing the pivotal role of beliefs in efficacy and safety on vaccine acceptance rates. This study explores the influence of efficacy and safety perceptions on vaccine uptake in Italy during the pandemic. METHODS We administered a 70-item questionnaire to a representative sample of 600 Italian speakers. Participants were tasked with assessing the perceived effectiveness and safety of each vaccine dose, along with providing reasons influencing their vaccination choices. Additionally, we conducted an experimental manipulation, exploring the effects of four framing messages that emphasized safety and/or efficacy on participants' willingness to receive a hypothetical fourth vaccine dose. Furthermore, participants were asked about their level of trust in the scientific community and public authorities, as well as their use of different information channels for obtaining COVID-19-related information. RESULTS Our study reveals a dynamic shift in vaccine efficacy and safety perceptions throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, potentially influencing vaccination compliance. Initially perceived as more effective than safe, this assessment reversed by the time of the third dose. Beliefs regarding safety, rather than efficacy, played a significant role in anticipating future vaccinations (e.g., the booster dose). Safety-focused messages positively affected vaccination intent, while efficacy-focused messages showed limited impact. We also observed a changing trend in reasons for vaccination, with a decline in infection-related reasons and an increase in social related ones. Furthermore, trust dynamics evolved differently for public authorities and the scientific community. CONCLUSIONS Vaccine perception is a dynamic process shaped by evolving factors like efficacy and safety perceptions, trust levels, and individual motivations. Our study sheds light on the complex dynamics that underlie the perception of vaccine safety and efficacy, and their impact on willingness to vaccinate. We discuss these results in light of bounded rationality, loss aversion and classic utility theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Marini
- IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca, Lucca, Italy.
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23
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Fitri NK, Meliani M, Marpaung K, Cahyadi RAD, Permatasari R, Zainumi CM, Lubis IND. Community Actions and Insights in the Battle against COVID-19 at the Start of the Pandemic: A District Study Observation from Medan, Indonesia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 21:444. [PMID: 38673355 PMCID: PMC11050628 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph21040444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As of 17 June 2020, the WHO confirmed 8,061,550 COVID-19 cases globally, with Indonesia reporting 40,400 cases and North Sumatra over 932 cases. The rising infection rates have led to increased deaths, highlighting the urgency for public understanding of virus transmission. Despite information dissemination efforts, North Sumatra has not seen a reduction in cases, emphasizing the need for a unified approach to combat the pandemic. OBJECTIVE This study aims to investigate the relationship between public perception and practices regarding COVID-19 prevention in Medan, North Sumatra. METHODS A cross-sectional study will be conducted using a combined questionnaire from two previous studies conducted at the start of the pandemic. RESULTS Among 200 participants, social media was the favored source for prevention information. Participants exhibited above-average knowledge (67.5%) but predominantly below-average attitudes toward prevention (64.5%). However, most residents practiced correct prevention measures (75.5%). CONCLUSIONS Despite possessing adequate knowledge, negative attitudes toward prevention suggest a need for educational interventions to address misconceptions and promote positive behaviors. Such interventions could enhance the community's response to COVID-19 transmission during the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadya Keumala Fitri
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan 20155, Indonesia; (N.K.F.); (R.A.D.C.)
| | - Meliani Meliani
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan 20155, Indonesia; (M.M.); (R.P.)
| | - Kartini Marpaung
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan 20155, Indonesia;
| | | | - Ranti Permatasari
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan 20155, Indonesia; (M.M.); (R.P.)
| | - Cut Meliza Zainumi
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan 20155, Indonesia;
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24
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Ahmed F, Shafer L, Malla P, Hopkins R, Moreland S, Zviedrite N, Uzicanin A. Systematic review of empiric studies on lockdowns, workplace closures, and other non-pharmaceutical interventions in non-healthcare workplaces during the initial year of the COVID-19 pandemic: benefits and selected unintended consequences. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:884. [PMID: 38519891 PMCID: PMC10960383 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-18377-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We conducted a systematic review aimed to evaluate the effects of non-pharmaceutical interventions within non-healthcare workplaces and community-level workplace closures and lockdowns on COVID-19 morbidity and mortality, selected mental disorders, and employment outcomes in workers or the general population. METHODS The inclusion criteria included randomized controlled trials and non-randomized studies of interventions. The exclusion criteria included modeling studies. Electronic searches were conducted using MEDLINE, Embase, and other databases from January 1, 2020, through May 11, 2021. Risk of bias was assessed using the Risk of Bias in Non-Randomized Studies of Interventions (ROBINS-I) tool. Meta-analysis and sign tests were performed. RESULTS A total of 60 observational studies met the inclusion criteria. There were 40 studies on COVID-19 outcomes, 15 on anxiety and depression symptoms, and five on unemployment and labor force participation. There was a paucity of studies on physical distancing, physical barriers, and symptom and temperature screening within workplaces. The sign test indicated that lockdown reduced COVID-19 incidence or case growth rate (23 studies, p < 0.001), reproduction number (11 studies, p < 0.001), and COVID-19 mortality or death growth rate (seven studies, p < 0.05) in the general population. Lockdown did not have any effect on anxiety symptoms (pooled standardized mean difference = -0.02, 95% CI: -0.06, 0.02). Lockdown had a small effect on increasing depression symptoms (pooled standardized mean difference = 0.16, 95% CI: 0.10, 0.21), but publication bias could account for the observed effect. Lockdown increased unemployment (pooled mean difference = 4.48 percentage points, 95% CI: 1.79, 7.17) and decreased labor force participation (pooled mean difference = -2.46 percentage points, 95% CI: -3.16, -1.77). The risk of bias for most of the studies on COVID-19 or employment outcomes was moderate or serious. The risk of bias for the studies on anxiety or depression symptoms was serious or critical. CONCLUSIONS Empiric studies indicated that lockdown reduced the impact of COVID-19, but that it had notable unwanted effects. There is a pronounced paucity of studies on the effect of interventions within still-open workplaces. It is important for countries that implement lockdown in future pandemics to consider strategies to mitigate these unintended consequences. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO registration # CRD42020182660.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faruque Ahmed
- Division of Global Migration Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop V18-2, Atlanta, GA, 30329-4027, USA.
| | - Livvy Shafer
- Division of Global Migration Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop V18-2, Atlanta, GA, 30329-4027, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Pallavi Malla
- Division of Global Migration Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop V18-2, Atlanta, GA, 30329-4027, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Roderick Hopkins
- Division of Global Migration Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop V18-2, Atlanta, GA, 30329-4027, USA
- Cherokee Nation Operational Solutions, Tulsa, OK, USA
| | - Sarah Moreland
- Division of Global Migration Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop V18-2, Atlanta, GA, 30329-4027, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Nicole Zviedrite
- Division of Global Migration Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop V18-2, Atlanta, GA, 30329-4027, USA
| | - Amra Uzicanin
- Division of Global Migration Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop V18-2, Atlanta, GA, 30329-4027, USA
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25
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Ganser I, Buckeridge DL, Heffernan J, Prague M, Thiébaut R. Estimating the population effectiveness of interventions against COVID-19 in France: A modelling study. Epidemics 2024; 46:100744. [PMID: 38324970 DOI: 10.1016/j.epidem.2024.100744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) and vaccines have been widely used to manage the COVID-19 pandemic. However, uncertainty persists regarding the effectiveness of these interventions due to data quality issues, methodological challenges, and differing contextual factors. Accurate estimation of their effects is crucial for future epidemic preparedness. METHODS To address this, we developed a population-based mechanistic model that includes the impact of NPIs and vaccines on SARS-CoV-2 transmission and hospitalization rates. Our statistical approach estimated all parameters in one step, accurately propagating uncertainty. We fitted the model to comprehensive epidemiological data in France from March 2020 to October 2021. With the same model, we simulated scenarios of vaccine rollout. RESULTS The first lockdown was the most effective, reducing transmission by 84 % (95 % confidence interval (CI) 83-85). Subsequent lockdowns had diminished effectiveness (reduction of 74 % (69-77) and 11 % (9-18), respectively). A 6 pm curfew was more effective than one at 8 pm (68 % (66-69) vs. 48 % (45-49) reduction), while school closures reduced transmission by 15 % (12-18). In a scenario without vaccines before November 2021, we predicted 159,000 or 168 % (95 % prediction interval (PI) 70-315) more deaths and 1,488,000 or 300 % (133-492) more hospitalizations. If a vaccine had been available after 100 days, over 71,000 deaths (16,507-204,249) and 384,000 (88,579-1,020,386) hospitalizations could have been averted. CONCLUSION Our results highlight the substantial impact of NPIs, including lockdowns and curfews, in controlling the COVID-19 pandemic. We also demonstrate the value of the 100 days objective of the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI) initiative for vaccine availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Ganser
- Univ. Bordeaux, Inserm, BPH Research Center, SISTM Team, UMR 1219 Bordeaux, France; McGill Health Informatics, School of Population and Global Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - David L Buckeridge
- McGill Health Informatics, School of Population and Global Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jane Heffernan
- Mathematics & Statistics, Centre for Disease Modelling, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mélanie Prague
- Univ. Bordeaux, Inserm, BPH Research Center, SISTM Team, UMR 1219 Bordeaux, France; Inria, Inria Bordeaux - Sud-Ouest, Talence, France; Vaccine Research Institute, F-94010 Creteil, France
| | - Rodolphe Thiébaut
- Univ. Bordeaux, Inserm, BPH Research Center, SISTM Team, UMR 1219 Bordeaux, France; Inria, Inria Bordeaux - Sud-Ouest, Talence, France; Vaccine Research Institute, F-94010 Creteil, France; Bordeaux University Hospital, Medical Information Department, Bordeaux, France.
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Veltri GA, Steinert JI, Sternberg H, Galizzi MM, Fasolo B, Kourtidis P, Büthe T, Gaskell G. Assessing the perceived effect of non-pharmaceutical interventions on SARS-Cov-2 transmission risk: an experimental study in Europe. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4857. [PMID: 38418636 PMCID: PMC10902314 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55447-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
We conduct a large (N = 6567) online experiment to measure the features of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) that citizens of six European countries perceive to lower the risk of transmission of SARS-Cov-2 the most. We collected data in Bulgaria (n = 1069), France (n = 1108), Poland (n = 1104), Italy (n = 1087), Spain (n = 1102) and Sweden (n = 1097). Based on the features of the most widely adopted public health guidelines to reduce SARS-Cov-2 transmission (mask wearing vs not, outdoor vs indoor contact, short vs 90 min meetings, few vs many people present, and physical distancing of 1 or 2 m), we conducted a discrete choice experiment (DCE) to estimate the public's perceived risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission in scenarios that presented mutually exclusive constellations of these features. Our findings indicate that participants' perception of transmission risk was most influenced by the NPI attributes of mask-wearing and outdoor meetings and the least by NPI attributes that focus on physical distancing, meeting duration, and meeting size. Differentiating by country, gender, age, cognitive style (reflective or intuitive), and perceived freight of COVID-19 moreover allowed us to identify important differences between subgroups. Our findings highlight the importance of improving health policy communication and citizens' health literacy about the design of NPIs and the transmission risk of SARS-Cov-2 and potentially future viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Janina Isabel Steinert
- TUM School of Social Sciences and Technology & TUM School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Henrike Sternberg
- TUM School of Social Sciences and Technology & TUM School of Management, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Munich School of Politics and Public Policy & TUM School of Social Sciences and Technology & TUM School of Management, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Matteo M Galizzi
- Department of Psychological and Behavioural Science and LSE Behavioural Lab, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK
| | - Barbara Fasolo
- Department of Management, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK
| | - Ploutarchos Kourtidis
- Department of Psychological and Behavioural Science and LSE Behavioural Lab, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK
| | - Tim Büthe
- TUM School of Social Sciences and Technology & TUM School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Sanford School of Public Policy, Duke University, Durham, USA
| | - George Gaskell
- Department of Psychological and Behavioural Science and LSE Behavioural Lab, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK
- Department of Methodology, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK
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Le Bert N, Samandari T. Silent battles: immune responses in asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection. Cell Mol Immunol 2024; 21:159-170. [PMID: 38221577 PMCID: PMC10805869 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-024-01127-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infections manifest with a broad spectrum of presentations, ranging from asymptomatic infections to severe pneumonia and fatal outcomes. This review centers on asymptomatic infections, a widely reported phenomenon that has substantially contributed to the rapid spread of the pandemic. In such asymptomatic infections, we focus on the role of innate, humoral, and cellular immunity. Notably, asymptomatic infections are characterized by an early and robust innate immune response, particularly a swift type 1 IFN reaction, alongside a rapid and broad induction of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells. Often, antibody levels tend to be lower or undetectable after asymptomatic infections, suggesting that the rapid control of viral replication by innate and cellular responses might impede the full triggering of humoral immunity. Even if antibody levels are present in the early convalescent phase, they wane rapidly below serological detection limits, particularly following asymptomatic infection. Consequently, prevalence studies reliant solely on serological assays likely underestimate the extent of community exposure to the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Le Bert
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Taraz Samandari
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
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Nyaranga C, Wilberforce C, Njororai F. Compliance with World Health Organization COVID-19 preventive behaviors in rural counties in Western Kenya: a cross-sectional study. Pan Afr Med J 2024; 47:30. [PMID: 38558548 PMCID: PMC10979812 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2024.47.30.40558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended various measures to tackle COVID-19, and were adopted by many governments, targeting behavior change among citizens to lower the transmission. There was a paucity of data on the patterns of compliance with different measures within individuals and whether people adhere to all recommended measures or cautiously prefer few but not others. Understanding compliance behaviors and associated factors is important for developing interventions to increase compliance. Methods cross-sectional study was conducted among adults in the western region of Kenya. A sample of 806 participants was selected using a stratified sampling method. A structured questionnaire was used to gather data from the participants. Compliance was assessed with six behaviors: hand sanitation, proper hygiene, no handshaking, social distancing, and other guidelines. Latent analysis was used to identify behavioral patterns. Descriptive statistics were used to assess demographic characteristics, in terms of frequency distribution, and percentages. Multinomial logistic regression was used to assess the association between demographic characteristics and compliance level. Results compliance was highest for masking (85.3%), and was lowest for social distancing (60.2%). The majority of participants were found to be full compliers (class 1: 40.5%), there was an increased probability of full compliance among those aged between 18-30 years (OR= 1.042; 95% CI: 0.307-13.052, p < 0.040) compared to those aged ≥70. Conclusion using facemasks had the highest rate of compliance, followed by hand sanitization and proper hygiene. However, overall, the findings showed that while compliance with some protocol behaviors is high, individuals comply consistently across recommended compliance behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb Nyaranga
- Department of Public Health, School of Health Sciences, South Eastern Kenya University, Kitui, Kenya
| | - Cholo Wilberforce
- Department of Public Health, School of Public Health and Biomedical Sciences, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, Kakamega, Kenya
| | - Fletcher Njororai
- Department of Public Health, School of Health Professions, The University of Texas at Tyler, University Boulevard, Tyler, United States of America
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Meijerink H, Shelil M, Jani-Bølstad J, Dvergsdal ET, Madslien EH, Wilberg M, Gundersen RB, Sæbø JI, Thorseng AA, Iversen BG. Does integration with national registers improve the data completeness of local COVID-19 contact tracing tools? A register-based study in Norway, May 2020 - September 2021. BMC Health Serv Res 2024; 24:96. [PMID: 38233812 PMCID: PMC10795336 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-023-10540-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the COVID-19 response in Norway, many municipalities used the Fiks contact tracing tool (FiksCT) to register positive individuals and follow-up contacts. This tool is based on DHIS2, an open source, web-based platform. In this study we examined if data completeness in FiksCT improved after integration with national registers between May 2020 and September 2021. METHODS Data from municipalities using FiksCT was extracted from the Norwegian Emergency Preparedness Register for COVID-19 (Beredt C19). We linked FiksCT data to the Norwegian Surveillance System for Communicable Diseases (MSIS), the National Population Register (FREG), and the Norwegian Vaccine Registry (SYSVAK) using unique identification numbers (ID). Completeness for each variable linked with a national register was calculated before and after integration with these registers. RESULTS Of the 125 municipalities using FiksCT, 87 (69.6%) agreed to share and upload their data to Beredt C19. Data completeness for positive individuals improved after integration with national registers. After integration with FREG, the proportion of missing values decreased from 12.5 to 1.6% for ID, from 4.5 to 0.9% for sex, and from 1.2 to 0.4% for date of birth. Missing values for vaccine type decreased from 63.0 to 15.2% and 39.3-36.7% for first and second dose, respectively. In addition, direct reporting from FiksCT to MSIS increased the proportion of complete records in MSIS (on the selected variables) from 68.6% before to 77.0% after integration. CONCLUSION The completeness of local contact tracing data can be improved by enabling integration with established national registers. In addition, providing the option to submit local data to the national registers could ease workload and reduce the need to collect duplicate data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hinta Meijerink
- Department of Infection Control and Vaccines, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Mohamed Shelil
- Department of Infection Control and Preparedness, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Evy Therese Dvergsdal
- Department of Infectious Disease Registries, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Elisabeth Henie Madslien
- Department of Infection Control and Preparedness, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Madeleine Wilberg
- Department of Infection Control and Preparedness, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | | | - Bjørn Gunnar Iversen
- Department of Infection Control and Preparedness, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
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Ostherr K. The future of translational medical humanities: bridging the data/narrative divide. MEDICAL HUMANITIES 2023; 49:529-536. [PMID: 38114273 PMCID: PMC10803967 DOI: 10.1136/medhum-2023-012627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
This essay argues that emerging forms of translational work in the field of medical humanities offer valuable methods for engaging with communities outside of academic settings. The first section of the essay provides a synthetic overview of definitions and critical engagements with the concept of 'translation' in the context of medical humanities, a field that, in the wake of the COVID pandemic, can serve as an exemplar for other fields of the humanities. The second section explains the 'data/narrative' divide in medicine and health to demonstrate the need for new translational methodologies that can address this nexus of concern, particularly in collaboration with constituencies outside of academic settings. The third section maps out the sites and infrastructures where digital medical humanities is poised to make significant translational interventions. The final section of the essay considers data privacy and health ecology as conceptual frameworks that are necessary for bridging the data/narrative divide. Examples are drawn from the 'Translational Humanities for Public Health' website, which aggregates projects worldwide to demonstrate these emerging methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Ostherr
- Medical Humanities Research Institute, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
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31
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Fischer HT, Müller K, Wenham C, Hanefeld J. Policy responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in West Africa: a scoping review protocol. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e079810. [PMID: 38072480 PMCID: PMC10728961 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-079810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Four years after the devastating Ebola outbreak, governments in West Africa were quick to implement non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) in response to the rapid spread of SARS-CoV-2. The NPIs implemented included physical distancing, closure of schools and businesses, restrictions on public gatherings and mandating the use of face masks among others. In the absence of widely available vaccinations, NPIs were the only known means to try to slow the spread of COVID-19. While numerous studies have assessed the effectiveness of these NPIs in high-income countries, less is known about the processes that lead to the adoption of policies and the factors that influence their implementation and adherence in low-income and middle-income countries. The objective of this scoping review is to understand the extent and type of evidence in relation to the policy formulation, decision-making and implementation stages of NPIs in West Africa. METHODS AND ANALYSIS A scoping review will be undertaken following the guidance developed by Arskey and O'Malley, the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) methodology for scoping reviews and the PRISMA guidelines for Scoping Reviews. Both peer-reviewed and grey literature will be searched using Web of Science, Embase, Scopus, APA PsycInfo, WHO Institutional Repository for Information Sharing, JSTOR and Google Advanced Search, and by searching the websites of the WHO, and the West African Health Organisation. Screening will be conducted by two reviewers based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, and data will be extracted, coded and narratively synthesised. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION We started this scoping review in May 2023, and anticipate finishing by April 2024. Ethics approval is not required since we are not collecting primary data. This protocol was registered at Open Science Framework (https://osf.io/gvek2/). We plan to disseminate this research through publications, conference presentations and upcoming West African policy dialogues on pandemic preparedness and response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Clare Wenham
- The London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK
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Yoon Y, Lee HS, Yang J, Gwack J, Kim BI, Cha JO, Min KH, Kim YK, Shim JJ, Lee YS. Impact of Nonpharmacological Interventions on Severe Acute Respiratory Infections in Children: From the National Surveillance Database. J Korean Med Sci 2023; 38:e311. [PMID: 37846785 PMCID: PMC10578990 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2023.38.e311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonpharmacological interventions (NPIs) reduce the incidence of respiratory infections. After NPIs imposed during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic ceased, respiratory infections gradually increased worldwide. However, few studies have been conducted on severe respiratory infections requiring hospitalization in pediatric patients. This study compares epidemiological changes in severe respiratory infections during pre-NPI, NPI, and post-NPI periods in order to evaluate the effect of that NPI on severe respiratory infections in children. METHODS We retrospectively studied data collected at 13 Korean sentinel sites from January 2018 to October 2022 that were lodged in the national Severe Acute Respiratory Infections (SARIs) surveillance database. RESULTS A total of 9,631 pediatric patients were admitted with SARIs during the pre-NPI period, 579 during the NPI period, and 1,580 during the post-NPI period. During the NPI period, the number of pediatric patients hospitalized with severe respiratory infections decreased dramatically, thus from 72.1 per 1,000 to 6.6 per 1,000. However, after NPIs ceased, the number increased to 22.8 per 1,000. During the post-NPI period, the positive test rate increased to the level noted before the pandemic. CONCLUSION Strict NPIs including school and daycare center closures effectively reduced severe respiratory infections requiring hospitalization of children. However, childcare was severely compromised. To prepare for future respiratory infections, there is a need to develop a social consensus on NPIs that are appropriate for children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoonsun Yoon
- Department of Pediatrics, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye Sun Lee
- Biostatistics Collaboration Unit, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Juyeon Yang
- Biostatistics Collaboration Unit, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Gwack
- Division of Infectious Disease Control, Bureau of Infectious Disease Policy, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KDCA), Cheongju, Korea
| | - Bryan Inho Kim
- Division of Infectious Disease Control, Bureau of Infectious Disease Policy, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KDCA), Cheongju, Korea
| | - Jeong-Ok Cha
- Division of Infectious Disease Control, Bureau of Infectious Disease Policy, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KDCA), Cheongju, Korea
| | - Kyung Hoon Min
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yun-Kyung Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Jeong Shim
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Seok Lee
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
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Chan M, Owens L, Gray ML, Selvadurai H, Jaffe A, Homaira N. Asthma and Susceptibility to COVID-19 in Australian Children During Alpha, Delta and Omicron Waves of the COVID-19 Pandemic. J Asthma Allergy 2023; 16:1139-1155. [PMID: 37854297 PMCID: PMC10581009 DOI: 10.2147/jaa.s421158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Earlier coronavirus-19 (COVID-19) pandemic reports did not implicate increased disease burden in asthmatics while subsequent findings have been inconsistent. To date, the impact of COVID-19 on childhood asthma remains undetermined and is further complicated with ongoing emergence of new variants. This study aimed to investigate association between asthma and COVID-19 for children in New South Wales (NSW), Australia and compare its differences across four major outbreaks from alpha, delta and omicron variants/subvariants. Methods This is a retrospective cross-sectional study of all children aged ≤17 years old who sought care for COVID-19 at Sydney Children's Hospitals Network (SCHN) between 1 January 2020 and 31 May 2022. Results Of the 18,932 children with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) confirmed COVID-19 who attended SCHN, 60% received their care during delta wave, and 5.41% (n = 913) had prior diagnosis of asthma. Among children with COVID-19, the odds of having asthma were lower during alpha (aOR = 0.43; 95% CI, 0.19-0.83) and delta wave (aOR = 0.84; 95% CI, 0.73-0.96), but were higher during omicron wave (aOR = 1.56; 95% CI, 1.23-1.95). Length of hospital stay (LOS) for asthmatic children were increased by 0.55 days and 1.17 days during delta and the second omicron wave, respectively. Intensive care and mechanical ventilation requirements were not significantly different between asthmatic and non-asthmatic children. Eleven deaths were reported but none had asthma. Conclusion Although children with asthma were more susceptible to COVID-19 infections during omicron waves compared to that of alpha or delta waves, they were not at greater risk of COVID-19 severity at any stage of the outbreak regardless of the predominant SARS-CoV-2 variants/subvariants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Chan
- Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Louisa Owens
- Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Respiratory Department, Sydney Children’s Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Melinda Louise Gray
- Respiratory Department, Sydney Children’s Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Hiran Selvadurai
- Respiratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Adam Jaffe
- Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Respiratory Department, Sydney Children’s Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Nusrat Homaira
- Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Respiratory Department, Sydney Children’s Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia
- James P Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, Dhaka, 1213, Bangladesh
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Aho Glele LS, de Rougemont A. Non-Pharmacological Strategies and Interventions for Effective COVID-19 Control: A Narrative Review. J Clin Med 2023; 12:6465. [PMID: 37892603 PMCID: PMC10607620 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12206465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic had a devastating impact on the world, causing widespread illness and death. Focusing on prevention strategies to limit the spread of the disease remains essential. Despite the advent of vaccines, maintaining a vigilant approach to prevention remains paramount. We reviewed effective strategies to prevent COVID-19 transmission, including various prevention measures and interventions and both established practices and unresolved issues that have been addressed in meta-analyses, literature reviews, or in the health care context. Standard precautions are the cornerstone of infection control, with hand hygiene and mask use as key components. The use of surgical masks is recommended to prevent droplet transmission, while eye protection is recommended in combination with masks. In terms of room occupancy, ventilation is critical in reducing the risk of transmission in poorly ventilated environments. Chemical disinfection of indoor air with Triethylene glycol-based products can provide safe additional protection. Since viral RNA detection on surfaces does not necessarily indicate infectivity, the risk of transmission by surface contact remains low if surfaces are properly maintained and hand hygiene is practiced regularly. Thus, prevention of SARS-CoV-2 transmission requires a multifaceted approach, including reducing particle emissions from infected persons by wearing masks, eliminating aerosols by ventilation and air treatment, ensuring physical separation, and protecting exposed persons with masks and eye protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludwig Serge Aho Glele
- Epidemiology and Infection Control Department, University Hospital of Dijon, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Alexis de Rougemont
- National Reference Centre for Gastroenteritis Viruses, Laboratory of Virology, University Hospital of Dijon, 21000 Dijon, France;
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35
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Ryan RE, Silke C, Parkhill A, Virgona A, Merner B, Hurley S, Walsh L, de Moel-Mandel C, Schonfeld L, Edwards AG, Kaufman J, Cooper A, Chung RKY, Solo K, Hellard M, Di Tanna GL, Pedrana A, Saich F, Hill S. Communication to promote and support physical distancing for COVID-19 prevention and control. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2023; 10:CD015144. [PMID: 37811673 PMCID: PMC10561351 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd015144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This review is an update of a rapid review undertaken in 2020 to identify relevant, feasible and effective communication approaches to promote acceptance, uptake and adherence to physical distancing measures for COVID-19 prevention and control. The rapid review was published when little was known about transmission, treatment or future vaccination, and when physical distancing measures (isolation, quarantine, contact tracing, crowd avoidance, work and school measures) were the cornerstone of public health responses globally. This updated review includes more recent evidence to extend what we know about effective pandemic public health communication. This includes considerations of changes needed over time to maintain responsiveness to pandemic transmission waves, the (in)equities and variable needs of groups within communities due to the pandemic, and highlights again the critical role of effective communication as integral to the public health response. OBJECTIVES To update the evidence on the question 'What are relevant, feasible and effective communication approaches to promote acceptance, uptake and adherence to physical distancing measures for COVID-19 prevention and control?', our primary focus was communication approaches to promote and support acceptance, uptake and adherence to physical distancing. SECONDARY OBJECTIVE to explore and identify key elements of effective communication for physical distancing measures for different (diverse) populations and groups. SEARCH METHODS We searched MEDLINE, Embase and Cochrane Library databases from inception, with searches for this update including the period 1 January 2020 to 18 August 2021. Systematic review and study repositories and grey literature sources were searched in August 2021 and guidelines identified for the eCOVID19 Recommendations Map were screened (November 2021). SELECTION CRITERIA Guidelines or reviews focusing on communication (information, education, reminders, facilitating decision-making, skills acquisition, supporting behaviour change, support, involvement in decision-making) related to physical distancing measures for prevention and/or control of COVID-19 or selected other diseases (sudden acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), influenza, Ebola virus disease (EVD) or tuberculosis (TB)) were included. New evidence was added to guidelines, reviews and primary studies included in the 2020 review. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Methods were based on the original rapid review, using methods developed by McMaster University and informed by Cochrane rapid review guidance. Screening, data extraction, quality assessment and synthesis were conducted by one author and checked by a second author. Synthesis of results was conducted using modified framework analysis, with themes from the original review used as an initial framework. MAIN RESULTS This review update includes 68 studies, with 17 guidelines and 20 reviews added to the original 31 studies. Synthesis identified six major themes, which can be used to inform policy and decision-making related to planning and implementing communication about a public health emergency and measures to protect the community. Theme 1: Strengthening public trust and countering misinformation: essential foundations for effective public health communication Recognising the key role of public trust is essential. Working to build and maintain trust over time underpins the success of public health communications and, therefore, the effectiveness of public health prevention measures. Theme 2: Two-way communication: involving communities to improve the dissemination, accessibility and acceptability of information Two-way communication (engagement) with the public is needed over the course of a public health emergency: at first, recognition of a health threat (despite uncertainties), and regularly as public health measures are introduced or adjusted. Engagement needs to be embedded at all stages of the response and inform tailoring of communications and implementation of public health measures over time. Theme 3: Development of and preparation for public communication: target audience, equity and tailoring Communication and information must be tailored to reach all groups within populations, and explicitly consider existing inequities and the needs of disadvantaged groups, including those who are underserved, vulnerable, from diverse cultural or language groups, or who have lower educational attainment. Awareness that implementing public health measures may magnify existing or emerging inequities is also needed in response planning, enactment and adjustment over time. Theme 4: Public communication features: content, timing and duration, delivery Public communication needs to be based on clear, consistent, actionable and timely (up-to-date) information about preventive measures, including the benefits (whether for individual, social groupings or wider society), harms (likewise) and rationale for use, and include information about supports available to help follow recommended measures. Communication needs to occur through multiple channels and/or formats to build public trust and reach more of the community. Theme 5: Supporting behaviour change at individual and population levels Supporting implementation of public health measures with practical supports and services (e.g. essential supplies, financial support) is critical. Information about available supports must be widely disseminated and well understood. Supports and communication related to them require flexibility and tailoring to explicitly consider community needs, including those of vulnerable groups. Proactively monitoring and countering stigma related to preventive measures (e.g. quarantine) is also necessary to support adherence. Theme 6: Fostering and sustaining receptiveness and responsiveness to public health communication Efforts to foster and sustain public receptiveness and responsiveness to public health communication are needed throughout a public health emergency. Trust, acceptance and behaviours change over time, and communication needs to be adaptive and responsive to these changing needs. Ongoing community engagement efforts should inform communication and public health response measures. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Implications for practice Evidence highlights the critical role of communication throughout a public health emergency. Like any intervention, communication can be done well or poorly, but the consequences of poor communication during a pandemic may mean the difference between life and death. The approaches to effective communication identified in this review can be used by policymakers and decision-makers, working closely with communication teams, to plan, implement and adjust public communications over the course of a public health emergency like the COVID-19 pandemic. Implications for research Despite massive growth in research during the COVID-19 period, gaps in the evidence persist and require high-quality, meaningful research. This includes investigating the experiences of people at heightened COVID-19 risk, and identifying barriers to implementing public communication and protective health measures particular to lower- and middle-income countries, and how to overcome these.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca E Ryan
- Centre for Health Communication and Participation, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Charlotte Silke
- UNESCO Child & Family Research Centre, School of Political Science & Sociology, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Anne Parkhill
- Centre for Health Communication and Participation, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Ariane Virgona
- Centre for Health Communication and Participation, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Bronwen Merner
- Centre for Health Communication and Participation, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Shauna Hurley
- Cochrane Australia, School of Public Health & Preventive Medicine, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Louisa Walsh
- Centre for Health Communication and Participation, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
- Department of Nursing and Allied Health, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Australia
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Lina Schonfeld
- Centre for Health Communication and Participation, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Adrian Gk Edwards
- Wales COVID-19 Evidence Centre, Cardiff University, 8th floor Neuadd Meirionnydd, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN , UK
- PRIME Centre Wales, Division of Population Medicine, School of Medicine, 8th floor Neuadd Meirionnydd, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Jessica Kaufman
- Centre for Health Communication and Participation, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
- Vaccine Uptake Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute , The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Australia
| | - Alison Cooper
- Wales COVID-19 Evidence Centre, Cardiff University, 8th floor Neuadd Meirionnydd, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN , UK
- PRIME Centre Wales, Division of Population Medicine, School of Medicine, 8th floor Neuadd Meirionnydd, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | | | - Karla Solo
- GRADE McMaster & Cochrane Canada, Health Research Methods, Evidence & Impact, McMaster University , Hamilton, Ontario , Canada
| | | | - Gian Luca Di Tanna
- Department of Business Economics, Health and Social Care, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Lugano, Switzerland
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | | | | | - Sophie Hill
- Centre for Health Communication and Participation, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
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Tancredi S, Chiolero A, Wagner C, Haller ML, Chocano-Bedoya P, Ortega N, Rodondi N, Kaufmann L, Lorthe E, Baysson H, Stringhini S, Michel G, Lüdi C, Harju E, Frank I, Imboden M, Witzig M, Keidel D, Probst-Hensch N, Amati R, Albanese E, Corna L, Crivelli L, Vincentini J, Gonseth Nusslé S, Bochud M, D'Acremont V, Kohler P, Kahlert CR, Cusini A, Frei A, Puhan MA, Geigges M, Kaufmann M, Fehr J, Cullati S. Seroprevalence trends of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and associated risk factors: a population-based study. Infection 2023; 51:1453-1465. [PMID: 36870034 PMCID: PMC9985433 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-023-02011-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We aimed to assess the seroprevalence trends of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in several Swiss cantons between May 2020 and September 2021 and investigate risk factors for seropositivity and their changes over time. METHODS We conducted repeated population-based serological studies in different Swiss regions using a common methodology. We defined three study periods: May-October 2020 (period 1, prior to vaccination), November 2020-mid-May 2021 (period 2, first months of the vaccination campaign), and mid-May-September 2021 (period 3, a large share of the population vaccinated). We measured anti-spike IgG. Participants provided information on sociodemographic and socioeconomic characteristics, health status, and adherence to preventive measures. We estimated seroprevalence with a Bayesian logistic regression model and the association between risk factors and seropositivity with Poisson models. RESULTS We included 13,291 participants aged 20 and older from 11 Swiss cantons. Seroprevalence was 3.7% (95% CI 2.1-4.9) in period 1, 16.2% (95% CI 14.4-17.5) in period 2, and 72.0% (95% CI 70.3-73.8) in period 3, with regional variations. In period 1, younger age (20-64) was the only factor associated with higher seropositivity. In period 3, being aged ≥ 65 years, with a high income, retired, overweight or obese or with other comorbidities, was associated with higher seropositivity. These associations disappeared after adjusting for vaccination status. Seropositivity was lower in participants with lower adherence to preventive measures, due to a lower vaccination uptake. CONCLUSIONS Seroprevalence sharply increased over time, also thanks to vaccination, with some regional variations. After the vaccination campaign, no differences between subgroups were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Tancredi
- Population Health Laboratory (#PopHealthLab), University of Fribourg, Route Des Arsenaux 41, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Arnaud Chiolero
- Population Health Laboratory (#PopHealthLab), University of Fribourg, Route Des Arsenaux 41, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
- School of Population and Global Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Institute of Primary Health Care (BIHAM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Cornelia Wagner
- Population Health Laboratory (#PopHealthLab), University of Fribourg, Route Des Arsenaux 41, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Moa Lina Haller
- Institute of Primary Health Care (BIHAM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Patricia Chocano-Bedoya
- Population Health Laboratory (#PopHealthLab), University of Fribourg, Route Des Arsenaux 41, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Institute of Primary Health Care (BIHAM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Natalia Ortega
- Population Health Laboratory (#PopHealthLab), University of Fribourg, Route Des Arsenaux 41, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Institute of Primary Health Care (BIHAM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Rodondi
- Institute of Primary Health Care (BIHAM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Kaufmann
- Cantonal Public Health Service of the Canton of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Elsa Lorthe
- Unit of Population Epidemiology, Division of Primary Care Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Hélène Baysson
- Unit of Population Epidemiology, Division of Primary Care Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Stringhini
- Unit of Population Epidemiology, Division of Primary Care Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- University Center for General Medicine and Public Health, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gisela Michel
- Department Health Sciences and Medicine, University of Lucerne, Lucerne, Switzerland
| | - Chantal Lüdi
- Department Health Sciences and Medicine, University of Lucerne, Lucerne, Switzerland
| | - Erika Harju
- Department Health Sciences and Medicine, University of Lucerne, Lucerne, Switzerland
- Clinical Trial Unit, Lucerne Cantonal Hospital, Lucerne, Switzerland
| | - Irene Frank
- Clinical Trial Unit, Lucerne Cantonal Hospital, Lucerne, Switzerland
| | - Medea Imboden
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Melissa Witzig
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dirk Keidel
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Probst-Hensch
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rebecca Amati
- Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università Della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Emiliano Albanese
- Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università Della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Laurie Corna
- Department of Business Economics, Health and Social Care, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Manno, Switzerland
| | - Luca Crivelli
- Department of Business Economics, Health and Social Care, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Manno, Switzerland
| | - Julia Vincentini
- Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Semira Gonseth Nusslé
- Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Murielle Bochud
- Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Valérie D'Acremont
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland
- Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Kohler
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Cantonal Hospital St Gallen, St Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Christian R Kahlert
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Cantonal Hospital St Gallen, St Gallen, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Children's Hospital of Eastern Switzerland, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Alexia Cusini
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cantonal Hospital of Grisons, Chur, Switzerland
| | - Anja Frei
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Milo A Puhan
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marco Geigges
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marco Kaufmann
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jan Fehr
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stéphane Cullati
- Population Health Laboratory (#PopHealthLab), University of Fribourg, Route Des Arsenaux 41, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Department of Readaptation and Geriatrics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Gholipour K, Behpaie S, Iezadi S, Ghiasi A, Tabrizi JS. Costs of inpatient care and out-of-pocket payments for COVID-19 patients: A systematic review. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0283651. [PMID: 37729207 PMCID: PMC10511135 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0283651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify the costs of hospital care for patients with COVID-19 and the amount of out-of-pocket payments. METHODS We conducted a systematic review using Scopus and WEB OF SCIENCE and PubMed databases in April 5, 2022 and then updated in January 15, 2023. English articles with no publication year restrictions were included with study designs of cost-of-illness (COI) studies, cost analyses, and observational reports (cross-sectional studies and prospective and retrospective cohorts) that calculated the patient-level cost of care for COVID-19. Costs are reported in USD with purchasing power parity (PPP) conversion in 2020. The PROSPERO registration number is CRD42022334337. RESULTS The results showed that the highest total cost of hospitalization in intensive care per patient was 100789 USD, which was reported in Germany, and the lowest cost was 5436.77 USD, which was reported in Romania. In the present study, in the special care department, the highest percentage of total expenses is related to treatment expenses (42.23 percent), while in the inpatient department, the highest percentage of total expenses is related to the costs of hospital beds/day of routine services (39.07 percent). The highest percentage of out-of-pocket payments was 30.65 percent, reported in China, and the lowest percentage of out-of-pocket payments was 1.12 percent, reported in Iran. The highest indirect cost per hospitalization was 16049 USD, reported in USA, and the lowest was 449.07 USD, reported in India. CONCLUSION The results show that the COVID-19 disease imposed a high cost of hospitalization, mainly the cost of hospital beds/day of routine services. Studies have used different methods for calculating the costs, and this has negatively impacted the comparability costs across studies. Therefore, it would be beneficial for researchers to use a similar cost calculation model to increase the compatibility of different studies. Systematic review registration: PROSPERO CRD42022334337.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Gholipour
- Tabriz Health Services Management Research Center, School of Management and Medical Informatics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sama Behpaie
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Shabnam Iezadi
- Research Center for Emergency and Disaster Resilience, Red Crescent Society of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Akbar Ghiasi
- HEB School of Business & Administration, University of the Incarnate Word, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jafar Sadegh Tabrizi
- Tabriz Health Services Management Research Center, School of Management and Medical Informatics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Shami E, Gholipour K, Naghibi D, Azami-Aghdash S. The roles and challenges of the primary health care systems in epidemic management: a scoping review. Prim Health Care Res Dev 2023; 24:e55. [PMID: 37705282 PMCID: PMC10539738 DOI: 10.1017/s1463423623000452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM During the early stage of pandemics, primary health care (PHC) is the first point of contact with the health system for people. This study aimed to find the leading roles and challenges of the PHC system in dealing with the outbreak of infectious diseases. METHODS The current scoping review was conducted in 2022 using the Arkesy and O'Malley framework. A bibliographic search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases. Following a Google Scholar search, a manual search in some journals, reference checks for articles, and a review of organizational reports, websites, and other sources of information were also conducted. Data were analyzed using the content-analysis method. FINDINGS Finally, 65 documents (42 articles and 23 reports, books, and news) were included in the study. Initially, 626 codes were extracted, and 132 final codes were categorized into eight main themes and 44 sub-themes. The main themes for the roles of PHC included: service provision, education and knowledge, surveillance, access, coordination and communication, management and leadership, infrastructure change and rapid preparation, and patient and community management. Regarding the challenges faced by PHC in the epidemic of infectious diseases, 24 key challenges were identified and categorized into four major areas. CONCLUSIONS Based on the results of the present study, there is a need for further studies to formulate and theorize the specific roles of PHC in managing infectious disease epidemics. The results of this study can be utilized by researchers and officials to inform their efforts in addressing this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Shami
- Iranian Center of Excellence in Health Management, Department of Health Services Management, School of Management and Medical Informatics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Kamal Gholipour
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Department of Health Service Management, School of Management and Medical Informatics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Deniz Naghibi
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Saber Azami-Aghdash
- Tabriz Health Services Management Research Center, School of Management and Medical Informatics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Manglus L, Lenz P, Dasch B. [Places of death of COVID-19 patients: an observational study based on evaluated death certificates from the city of Muenster, Germany (2021)]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2023; 66:962-971. [PMID: 37233810 PMCID: PMC10214335 DOI: 10.1007/s00103-023-03702-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The places of death of COVID-19 patients have so far hardly been investigated in Germany. METHODS In a places of death study in Westphalia (Germany), statistical evaluations were carried out in the city of Muenster on the basis of all death certificates from 2021. Persons who had died with or from a COVID-19 infection were identified by medical information on cause of death and analyzed with descriptive statistical methods using SPSS. RESULTS A total of 4044 death certificates were evaluated, and 182 deceased COVID-19 patients were identified (4.5%). In 159 infected patients (3.9%), the viral infection was fatal, whereby the distribution of places of death was as follows: 88.1% in hospital (57.2% in the intensive care unit; 0.0% in the palliative care unit), 0.0% in hospice, 10.7% in nursing homes, 1.3% at home, and 0.0% in other places. All infected patients < 60 years and 75.4% of elderly patients ≥ 80 years died in hospital. Only two COVID-19 patients, both over 80 years old, died at home. COVID-19 deaths in nursing homes (17) affected mostly elderly female residents. Ten of these residents had received end-of-life care from a specialized outpatient palliative care team. DISCUSSION The majority of COVID-19 patients died in hospital. This can be explained by the rapid course of the disease with a high symptom burden and the frequent young age of the patients. Inpatient nursing facilities played a certain role as a place of death in local outbreaks. COVID-19 patients rarely died at home. Infection control measures may be one reason why no patients died in hospices or palliative care units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Manglus
- Zentrale Einrichtung Palliativmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Gebäude W30, 48149, Münster, Deutschland
| | - Philipp Lenz
- Zentrale Einrichtung Palliativmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Gebäude W30, 48149, Münster, Deutschland
| | - Burkhard Dasch
- Zentrale Einrichtung Palliativmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Gebäude W30, 48149, Münster, Deutschland.
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Paulo MS, Peyroteo M, Maia MR, Pries C, Habl C, Lapão LV. Impacts of public health and social measures on COVID-19 in Europe: a review and modified Delphi technique. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1226922. [PMID: 37719729 PMCID: PMC10501783 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1226922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic in early 2020 led countries to implement a set of public health and social measures (PHSMs) attempting to contain the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. This study aims to review the existing literature regarding key results of the PHSMs that were implemented, and to identify the PHSMs considered to have most impacted the epidemiological curve of COVID-19 over the last years during different stages of the pandemic. Methods The PHSM under study were selected from the Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker (OxCGRT), supplemented by topics presented during the Rapid Exchange Forum (REF) meetings in the scope of the Population Health Information Research Infrastructure (PHIRI) project (H2020). The evidence- based review was conducted using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines to identify which reviews have already been published about each PHSMs and their results. In addition, two modified Delphi panel surveys were conducted among subject matter experts from 30 European countries to uphold the results found. Results There were 3,212 studies retrieved from PubMed, 162 full texts assessed for eligibility and 35 included in this PHSMs summary. The measures with clearest evidence on their positive impact from the evidence-based review include social distancing, hygiene measures, mask measures and testing policies. From the modified Delphi panel, the PHSMs considered most significant in the four periods analyzed were case isolation at home, face coverings, testing policy, and social distancing, respectively. Discussion The evidence found has significant implications for both researchers and policymakers. The study of PHSMs' impact on COVID-19 illustrates lessons learned for future pan- and epidemics, serving as a contribution to the health systems resilience discussion. These lessons, drawn from both the available scientific evidence and the perspectives of relevant subject matter experts, should also be considered in educational and preparedness programs and activities in the public health space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marília Silva Paulo
- CHRC, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS, FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mariana Peyroteo
- CHRC, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS, FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- UNIDEMI, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
- LASI, Laboratório Associado de Sistemas Inteligentes, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Mélanie R. Maia
- UNIDEMI, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
- LASI, Laboratório Associado de Sistemas Inteligentes, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Cara Pries
- Gesundheit Österreich GmbH (Austrian National Public Health Institute), Vienna, Austria
| | - Claudia Habl
- Gesundheit Österreich GmbH (Austrian National Public Health Institute), Vienna, Austria
| | - Luís Velez Lapão
- CHRC, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS, FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- UNIDEMI, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
- LASI, Laboratório Associado de Sistemas Inteligentes, Guimarães, Portugal
- WHO Collaborating Center for Health Workforce Policy and Planning, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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Bedolla-Barajas M, Morales-Romero J, Robles-Figueroa M, Delgado-Figueroa T. Changes in the national prevalence of asthma and coronavirus disease 2019 fatality: A population-based cross-sectional study. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2023; 131:196-202. [PMID: 37141944 PMCID: PMC10154243 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2023.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) mitigation and containment strategies implemented by each country can influence the prevalence of asthma and its fatality. OBJECTIVE To analyze the trend of asthma prevalence and COVID-19 fatality in children and adults with asthma. METHODS The prevalence of asthma and fatalities were compared among the peaks of 5 pandemic waves in Mexico. RESULTS Among patients with COVID-19, the prevalence rates of asthma among children were as follows: wave I, 3.5%; wave II, 2.6%; wave III, 2.2%; wave IV, 2.4%; and wave V, 1.9% (P for trend < .001); the prevalence rates of asthma among adults were as follows: wave I, 2.5%; wave II, 1.8%; wave III, 1.5%; wave IV, 1.7%; and wave V, 1.6% (P for trend < .001). The rates of fatality because of COVID-19 among individuals with asthma were as follows: wave I, 8.9%; wave II, 7.7%; wave III, 5.0%; wave IV, 0.9%; and wave V, 0.2% (P for trend < .001). CONCLUSION The prevalence rates of asthma and fatalities from COVID-19 suggest a gradual reduction throughout the pandemic in Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martín Bedolla-Barajas
- Servicio de Alergia e Inmunología Clínica, Nuevo Hospital Civil de Guadalajara "Dr. Juan I. Menchaca", Jalisco, México.
| | | | - Martín Robles-Figueroa
- Servicio de Medicina Interna, Nuevo Hospital Civil de Guadalajara "Dr. Juan I. Menchaca", Jalisco, México
| | - Tonatiuh Delgado-Figueroa
- Servicio de Medicina Interna, Nuevo Hospital Civil de Guadalajara "Dr. Juan I. Menchaca", Jalisco, México
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Rovetta A. There is a need for more precise models to assess the determinants of health crises like COVID-19. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1179261. [PMID: 37397715 PMCID: PMC10313224 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1179261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on global mortality. While the causal relationship between SARS-CoV-2 and the anomalous increase in deaths is established, more precise and complex models are needed to determine the exact weight of epidemiological factors involved. Indeed, COVID-19 behavior is influenced by a wide range of variables, including demographic characteristics, population habits and behavior, healthcare performance, and environmental and seasonal risk factors. The bidirectional causality between impacted and impacting aspects, as well as confounding variables, complicates efforts to draw clear, generalizable conclusions regarding the effectiveness and cost-benefit ratio of non-pharmaceutical health countermeasures. Thus, it is imperative that the scientific community and health authorities worldwide develop comprehensive models not only for the current pandemic but also for future health crises. These models should be implemented locally to account for micro-differences in epidemiological characteristics that may have relevant effects. It is important to note that the lack of a universal model does not imply that local decisions have been unjustified, and the request to decrease scientific uncertainty does not mean denying the evidence of the effectiveness of the countermeasures adopted. Therefore, this paper must not be exploited to denigrate either the scientific community or the health authorities.
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Principi N, Autore G, Ramundo G, Esposito S. Epidemiology of Respiratory Infections during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Viruses 2023; 15:1160. [PMID: 37243246 PMCID: PMC10224029 DOI: 10.3390/v15051160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
To face the COVID-19 outbreak, a wide range of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) aimed at limiting the spread of the virus in communities, such as mask-wearing, hand hygiene, social distancing, travel restrictions, and school closures, were introduced in most countries. Thereafter, a significant reduction of new asymptomatic and symptomatic COVID-19 cases occurred, although there were differences between countries according to the type and duration of the NPIs. In addition, the COVID-19 pandemic has been accompanied by significant variations in the global incidence of diseases due to the most common non-SARS-CoV-2 respiratory viruses and some bacteria. In this narrative review, the epidemiology of the most common non-SARS-CoV-2 respiratory infections during the COVID-19 pandemic is detailed. Moreover, factors that could have had a role in modifying the traditional circulation of respiratory pathogens are discussed. A literature analysis shows that NPIs were the most important cause of the general reduction in the incidence of influenza and respiratory syncytial virus infection in the first year of the pandemic, although the different sensitivity of each virus to NPIs, the type and duration of measures used, as well as the interference among viruses may have played a role in modulating viral circulation. Reasons for the increase in the incidences of Streptococcus pneumoniae and group A Streptococcus infections seem strictly linked to immunity debt and the role played by NPIs in reducing viral infections and limiting bacterial superimposed infections. These results highlight the importance of NPIs during pandemics, the need to monitor the circulation of infectious agents that cause diseases similar to those caused by pandemic agents, and the need to make efforts to improve coverage with available vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giovanni Autore
- Pediatric Clinic, Pietro Barilla Children’s Hospital, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University Hospital of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (G.A.)
| | - Greta Ramundo
- Pediatric Clinic, Pietro Barilla Children’s Hospital, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University Hospital of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (G.A.)
| | - Susanna Esposito
- Pediatric Clinic, Pietro Barilla Children’s Hospital, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University Hospital of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (G.A.)
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Achan MI, Nabukenya I, Mitanda S, Nakacwa J, Bakiika H, Nabatanzi M, Bukirwa J, Nakanwagi A, Nakiire L, Aperce C, Schwid A, Okware S, Obuku EA, Lamorde M, Luswata B, Makumbi I, Muruta A, Mwebesa HG, Aceng Ocero JR. COVID-19 and the law in Uganda: a case study on development and application of the public health act from 2020 to 2021. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:761. [PMID: 37098568 PMCID: PMC10126532 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-15555-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the discovery of vaccines, the control, and prevention of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) relied on non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs). This article describes the development and application of the Public Health Act to implement NPIs for COVID-19 pandemic control in Uganda. METHODS This is a case study of Uganda's experience with enacting COVID-19 Rules under the Public Health Act Cap. 281. The study assessed how and what Rules were developed, their influence on the outbreak progress, and litigation. The data sources reviewed were applicable laws and policies, Presidential speeches, Cabinet resolutions, statutory instruments, COVID-19 situation reports, and the registry of court cases that contributed to a triangulated analysis. RESULTS Uganda applied four COVID-19 broad Rules for the period March 2020 to October 2021. The Minister of Health enacted the Rules, which response teams, enforcement agencies, and the general population followed. The Presidential speeches, their expiry period and progress of the pandemic curve led to amendment of the Rules twenty one (21) times. The Uganda Peoples Defense Forces Act No. 7 of 2005, the Public Finance Management Act No. 3 of 2015, and the National Policy for Disaster Preparedness and Management supplemented the enacted COVID-19 Rules. However, these Rules attracted specific litigation due to perceived infringement on certain human rights provisions. CONCLUSIONS Countries can enact supportive legislation within the course of an outbreak. The balance of enforcing public health interventions and human rights infringements is an important consideration in future. We recommend public sensitization about legislative provisions and reforms to guide public health responses in future outbreaks or pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Immaculate Nabukenya
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, P.O. Box 22418, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Sarah Mitanda
- Ministry of Justice and Constitutional Affairs, P.O Box 7183, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Joanita Nakacwa
- Ministry of Justice and Constitutional Affairs, P.O Box 7183, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Herbert Bakiika
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, P.O. Box 22418, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Maureen Nabatanzi
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, P.O. Box 22418, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Justine Bukirwa
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, P.O. Box 22418, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Aisha Nakanwagi
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, P.O. Box 22418, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Lydia Nakiire
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, P.O. Box 22418, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Cedric Aperce
- Resolve to Save Lives, New York 100 Broadway, 4th Floor, New York, NY 10005 USA
| | - Aaron Schwid
- Vital Strategies, New York 100 Broadway, 4th Floor, New York, NY 10005 USA
| | - Solome Okware
- World Health Organization, Uganda Country Office, P. O. Box 24578, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Ekwaro A. Obuku
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, P.O. Box 22418, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Mohammed Lamorde
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, P.O. Box 22418, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Issa Makumbi
- Ministry of Health, P.O. Box 7272, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Allan Muruta
- Ministry of Health, P.O. Box 7272, Kampala, Uganda
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The added effect of non-pharmaceutical interventions and lifestyle behaviors on vaccine effectiveness against severe COVID-19 in Chile: a matched case-double control study. Vaccine 2023; 41:2947-2955. [PMID: 37024408 PMCID: PMC10067460 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.03.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Background All World Health Organization approved vaccines have demonstrated relatively high protection against moderate to severe COVID-19. Prospective vaccine effectiveness (VE) designs with first-hand data and population-based controls are nevertheless rare. Neighborhood compared to hospitalized controls, may differ in non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPI) compliance, which may influence VE results in real-world settings. We aimed to determine VE against COVID-19 intensive-care-unit (ICU) admission using hospital and community-matched controls in a prospective design. Methods We conducted a multicenter, observational study of matched cases and controls (1:3) in adults ≧18 from May to July 2021. For each case, a hospital control and two community controls were matched by age, gender, and hospital admission date or neighborhood of residence. Conditional logistic regression models were built, including interaction terms between NPIs, lifestyle behaviors, and vaccination status; the model’s β coefficients represent the added effect these terms had on COVID-19 VE. Results Cases and controls differed in several factors including education level, obesity prevalence, and behaviors such as compliance with routine vaccinations, use of facemasks, and routine handwashing. VE was 98·2% for full primary vaccination and 85·6% for partial vaccination when compared to community controls. VE tended to be higher when compared to community versus hospital controls, but the difference was not significant. A significant added effect to vaccination in reducing COVID-19 ICU admission was regular facemask use and VE was higher among individuals non-compliant with the national vaccine program, nor routine medical controls during the prior year. Conclusion VE against COVID-19 ICU admission in this stringent prospective case-double control study reached 98% two weeks after full primary vaccination, confirming the high effectiveness provided by earlier studies. Face mask use and hand washing were independent protective factors, the former adding additional benefit to VE. VE was significantly higher in subjects with increased risk behaviors.
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Haider T, Abidi SRZ, Fatima M, Zafar A, Siddiqui RQU, Khan W, Saeed T, Anwar A, Hashmi AA. The Prevalence of Side Effects of Sinopharm COVID-19 Vaccine: An Experience From Pakistan. Cureus 2023; 15:e38180. [PMID: 37252607 PMCID: PMC10220323 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.38180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Vaccination for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) helps develop protective immunity against COVID-19 without experiencing potentially severe illness. Many vaccines are used worldwide, but there is little data on the efficacy and side effects of the Sinopharm vaccine. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the reported adverse effects of the Sinopharm vaccine among participants. Methods This prospective cross-sectional study was conducted in multiple hospitals in Karachi, Pakistan. The study was eight months, from April 1, 2022, to November 30, 2022. A total of 600 participants who gave informed consent and had received their first and second doses of the Sinopharm vaccine were included in the study. As hypertension and diabetes mellitus (DM) are common prevalent conditions in our population, the duration of DM and hypertension were documented as means and standard deviations apart from age, height, and weight. Side effects of the Sinopharm vaccine were reported as frequencies and percentages. Results The study findings showed that out of 600 participants, 376 (62.7%) were males and 224 (37.3%) were females; their mean age was 42.79±14.44 years. Among them, 130 (21.7%) had hypertension, and 138 (23.0%) had DM. All participants received the Sinopharm vaccine. Fever was the most frequently reported adverse effect following the first dose of the Sinopharm vaccine in 308 (51.3% of participants), followed by burning at the injection site in 244 (40.7% of participants) and pain at the injection site in 228 (38.0% of participants). Following the second dose of the Sinopharm vaccine, fever was the most frequently reported side effect in 254 (42.3%) participants, followed by pain at the injection site in 236 (39.5%) participants and burning at the site of injection in 210 (35.0%) participants. Moreover, joint pain in 194 (32.3%), shortness of breath in 170 (28.3%), swelling of glands in 168 (28.0%), chest pain in 164 (27.3%), and muscle pain were reported by 140 (23.3%) participants. The level of satisfaction showed that the majority of the participants, 334 (55.7%), were satisfied, 132 (22.0%) were very satisfied with their vaccination, and only 12 (2.0%) were dissatisfied. Conclusion This study concluded that fever was the most frequent side effect after both doses of the Sinopharm vaccine. Pain and burning at the injection site and joint pain were among the other common side effects reported by most participants. The Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine had mild, predictable, and non-life-threatening side effects after the first and second doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taimur Haider
- Pediatrics, District Headquarter Hospital, Jhang, PAK
| | | | - Mehwish Fatima
- Biochemistry, Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Karachi, PAK
| | - Aimen Zafar
- Anaesthesiology, Baqai Medical University, Karachi, PAK
| | | | - Wadan Khan
- Internal Medicine, Bolan Medical Complex Hospital, Quetta, PAK
| | - Tazeen Saeed
- Internal Medicine, Karachi Medical and Dental College, Karachi, PAK
| | - Adnan Anwar
- Physiology, Hamdard College of Medicine and Dentistry, Karachi, PAK
| | - Atif A Hashmi
- Pathology, Liaquat National Hospital and Medical College, Karachi, PAK
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Hönemann M, Thiem S, Bergs S, Berthold T, Propach C, Siekmeyer M, Frille A, Wallborn T, Maier M, Pietsch C. In-Depth Analysis of the Re-Emergence of Respiratory Syncytial Virus at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Germany in the Summer of 2021 after the Alleviation of Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions Due to the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic. Viruses 2023; 15:877. [PMID: 37112857 PMCID: PMC10144477 DOI: 10.3390/v15040877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Following the extensive non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) and behavioral changes in the wake of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, an interseasonal rise in respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) cases was observed in Germany in 2021. The aim of this study was to characterize the local molecular epidemiology of RSV infections in comparison to the three pre-pandemic seasons. Additionally, clinical data were retrieved from patient charts to determine the clinical significance of RSV infections. RSV detections peaked in calendar week 40 of 2021, 18 weeks earlier than the usual peak observed in the three pre-pandemic seasons. Sequence analysis revealed a close phylogenetic relatedness regardless of the season of origin. A significantly higher amount of pediatric cases (88.9% of all cases, p < 0.001) was observed for season 2021/2022. For the pediatric cases, significant differences were observed for an increased number of siblings in the household (p = 0.004), a lower rate of fever (p = 0.007), and a reduced amount of co-infections (p = 0.001). Although the mean age of the adult patients was significantly younger (47.1 vs. 64.7, p < 0.001), high rates of comorbidities, lower respiratory tract infections and intensive care unit admissions prevailed. The NPIs in the wake of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic had a tremendous impact on the epidemiologic characteristics and seasonality of RSV and warrant further epidemiologic studies of this important pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Hönemann
- Virology Department, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Virology, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stephanie Thiem
- Virology Department, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Virology, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sandra Bergs
- Virology Department, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Virology, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tom Berthold
- Virology Department, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Virology, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian Propach
- Virology Department, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Virology, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Manuela Siekmeyer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 20a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Armin Frille
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 20, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tillmann Wallborn
- Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum St. Georg, Delitzscher Strasse 141, 04129 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Melanie Maier
- Virology Department, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Virology, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Corinna Pietsch
- Virology Department, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Virology, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Kim S, Sung HK, Kim T, Ko SK, Kim S, Lee JH. Trends in emergency department visits for suicide attempts before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in Korea: A nationwide study, 2016-2021. J Affect Disord 2023; 331:184-191. [PMID: 36948463 PMCID: PMC10028213 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is increasing concern that the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic will result in excess suicides by increasing known risk factors, such as suicide attempts. However, evidence on the long-term impacts of COVID-19 on suicide attempts is lacking. We aimed to assess the short- and long-term effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on patients with suicide attempts in emergency departments (EDs) and to evaluate age- and sex-specific differences. METHOD We conducted nationwide cross-sectional study among patients with suicide attempts in the ED from 2016 to 2021. The trend test were used to determine whether study subjects were affected by changes in ED visits for suicide attempts. We estimated the average annual percentage change (APC) stratified by sex and age groups. RESULTS The number of ED visits related to suicide attempts increased from 27,581 in 2016 to 37,719 in 2021. In particular, it decreased immediately after the COVID-19 pandemic but increased again in 2021. We identified that the average APC increased by 6.8 % overall, 1.6 % among males, and 10.8 % among females. Moreover, the APC of trend sharply increased in patients aged 10s and 20s. The in-hospital mortality was 3.6 % for females, compared to 9.5 % for males, which showed sex differences. LIMITATIONS Other information such as severity of injury, interpersonal relationships were not available. This study was limited to confirming causal relationship based on a descriptive study. CONCLUSIONS The incidence of suicide attempts in ED has increased in Korea. In particular, there was a sharp increase among women, adolescents and young adults. Patient-tailored treatment and preventive medical system for suicide attempts is important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seonji Kim
- Department of Biomedical Systems Informatics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Institute for Innovation in Digital Healthcare, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Kyung Sung
- National Emergency Medical Center, National Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Taehui Kim
- National Emergency Medical Center, National Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Keun Ko
- National Emergency Medical Center, National Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - SeongJung Kim
- National Emergency Medical Center, National Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Emergency Medicine, Chosun University Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Hee Lee
- National Emergency Medical Center, National Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Abbood A, Ullrich A, Denkel LA. Understanding COVID-19 reporting behaviour to support political decision-making: a retrospective cross-sectional study of COVID-19 data reported to WHO. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e061717. [PMID: 36604131 PMCID: PMC9826924 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-061717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Daily COVID-19 data reported by WHO may provide the basis for political ad hoc decisions including travel restrictions. Data reported by countries, however, are heterogeneous and metrics to evaluate its quality are scarce. In this work, we analysed COVID-19 case counts provided by WHO and developed tools to evaluate country-specific reporting behaviours. METHODS In this retrospective cross-sectional study, COVID-19 data reported daily to WHO from 3 January 2020 until 14 June 2021 were analysed. We proposed the concepts of binary reporting rate and relative reporting behaviour and performed descriptive analyses for all countries with these metrics. We developed a score to evaluate the consistency of incidence and binary reporting rates. Further, we performed spectral clustering of the binary reporting rate and relative reporting behaviour to identify salient patterns in these metrics. RESULTS Our final analysis included 222 countries and regions. Reporting scores varied between -0.17, indicating discrepancies between incidence and binary reporting rate, and 1.0 suggesting high consistency of these two metrics. Median reporting score for all countries was 0.71 (IQR 0.55-0.87). Descriptive analyses of the binary reporting rate and relative reporting behaviour showed constant reporting with a slight 'weekend effect' for most countries, while spectral clustering demonstrated that some countries had even more complex reporting patterns. CONCLUSION The majority of countries reported COVID-19 cases when they did have cases to report. The identification of a slight 'weekend effect' suggests that COVID-19 case counts reported in the middle of the week may represent the best data basis for political ad hoc decisions. A few countries, however, showed unusual or highly irregular reporting that might require more careful interpretation. Our score system and cluster analyses might be applied by epidemiologists advising policy makers to consider country-specific reporting behaviours in political ad hoc decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Auss Abbood
- Centre for International Health Protection, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Ullrich
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology Department, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Luisa A Denkel
- Centre for International Health Protection, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
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Majeed B, David JF, Bragazzi NL, McCarthy Z, Grunnill MD, Heffernan J, Wu J, Woldegerima WA. Mitigating co-circulation of seasonal influenza and COVID-19 pandemic in the presence of vaccination: A mathematical modeling approach. Front Public Health 2023; 10:1086849. [PMID: 36684896 PMCID: PMC9845909 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1086849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The co-circulation of two respiratory infections with similar symptoms in a population can significantly overburden a healthcare system by slowing the testing and treatment. The persistent emergence of contagious variants of SARS-CoV-2, along with imperfect vaccines and their waning protections, have increased the likelihood of new COVID-19 outbreaks taking place during a typical flu season. Here, we developed a mathematical model for the co-circulation dynamics of COVID-19 and influenza, under different scenarios of influenza vaccine coverage, COVID-19 vaccine booster coverage and efficacy, and testing capacity. We investigated the required minimal and optimal coverage of COVID-19 booster (third) and fourth doses, in conjunction with the influenza vaccine, to avoid the coincidence of infection peaks for both diseases in a single season. We show that the testing delay brought on by the high number of influenza cases impacts the dynamics of influenza and COVID-19 transmission. The earlier the peak of the flu season and the greater the number of infections with flu-like symptoms, the greater the risk of flu transmission, which slows down COVID-19 testing, resulting in the delay of complete isolation of patients with COVID-19 who have not been isolated before the clinical presentation of symptoms and have been continuing their normal daily activities. Furthermore, our simulations stress the importance of vaccine uptake for preventing infection, severe illness, and hospitalization at the individual level and for disease outbreak control at the population level to avoid putting strain on already weak and overwhelmed healthcare systems. As such, ensuring optimal vaccine coverage for COVID-19 and influenza to reduce the burden of these infections is paramount. We showed that by keeping the influenza vaccine coverage about 35% and increasing the coverage of booster or fourth dose of COVID-19 not only reduces the infections with COVID-19 but also can delay its peak time. If the influenza vaccine coverage is increased to 55%, unexpectedly, it increases the peak size of influenza infections slightly, while it reduces the peak size of COVID-19 as well as significantly delays the peaks of both of these diseases. Mask-wearing coupled with a moderate increase in the vaccine uptake may mitigate COVID-19 and prevent an influenza outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bushra Majeed
- Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jummy Funke David
- Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nicola Luigi Bragazzi
- Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Zack McCarthy
- Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Martin David Grunnill
- Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jane Heffernan
- Centre for Disease Modeling, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Modelling Infection and Immunity Lab, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jianhong Wu
- Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Woldegebriel Assefa Woldegerima
- Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
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