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Zhang X, Zheng R, Li Z, Ma J. Liquid-liquid Phase Separation in Viral Function. J Mol Biol 2023; 435:167955. [PMID: 36642156 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2023.167955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
An emerging set of results suggests that liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) is the basis for the formation of membrane-less compartments in cells. Evidence is now mounting that various types of virus-induced membrane-less compartments and organelles are also assembled via LLPS. Specifically, viruses appear to use intracellular phase transitions to form subcellular microenvironments known as viral factories, inclusion bodies, or viroplasms. These compartments - collectively referred to as viral biomolecular condensates - can be used to concentrate replicase proteins, viral genomes, and host proteins that are required for virus replication. They can also be used to subvert or avoid the intracellular immune response. This review examines how certain DNA or RNA viruses drive the formation of viral condensates, the possible biological functions of those condensates, and the biophysical and biochemical basis for their assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyue Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China; Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Changsha, China
| | - Run Zheng
- Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Changsha, China
| | - Zhengshuo Li
- Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Changsha, China
| | - Jian Ma
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China; Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Changsha, China.
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2
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Alston JJ, Soranno A. Condensation Goes Viral: A Polymer Physics Perspective. J Mol Biol 2023; 435:167988. [PMID: 36709795 PMCID: PMC10368797 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2023.167988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The past decade has seen a revolution in our understanding of how the cellular environment is organized, where an incredible body of work has provided new insights into the role played by membraneless organelles. These rapid advancements have been made possible by an increasing awareness of the peculiar physical properties that give rise to such bodies and the complex biology that enables their function. Viral infections are not extraneous to this. Indeed, in host cells, viruses can harness existing membraneless compartments or, even, induce the formation of new ones. By hijacking the cellular machinery, these intracellular bodies can assist in the replication, assembly, and packaging of the viral genome as well as in the escape of the cellular immune response. Here, we provide a perspective on the fundamental polymer physics concepts that may help connect and interpret the different observed phenomena, ranging from the condensation of viral genomes to the phase separation of multicomponent solutions. We complement the discussion of the physical basis with a description of biophysical methods that can provide quantitative insights for testing and developing theoretical and computational models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhullian J Alston
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University in St Louis, 660 St Euclid Ave, 63110 Saint Louis, MO, USA; Center for Biomolecular Condensates, Washington University in St Louis, 1 Brookings Drive, 63130 Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Andrea Soranno
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University in St Louis, 660 St Euclid Ave, 63110 Saint Louis, MO, USA; Center for Biomolecular Condensates, Washington University in St Louis, 1 Brookings Drive, 63130 Saint Louis, MO, USA.
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3
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Zhang B, Cai T, He H, Huang X, Chen G, Lai Y, Luo Y, Huang S, Luo J, Guo X. TRIM21 Promotes Rabies Virus Production by Degrading IRF7 through Ubiquitination. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10892. [PMID: 37446070 PMCID: PMC10341556 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Rabies, a highly fatal zoonotic disease, is a significant global public health threat. Currently, the pathogenic mechanism of rabies has not been fully elucidated, and no effective treatment for rabies is available. Increasing evidence shows that the tripartite-motif protein (TRIM) family of proteins participates in the host's regulation of viral replication. Studies have demonstrated the upregulated expression of tripartite-motif protein 21 (TRIM21) in the brain tissue of mice infected with the rabies virus. Related studies have shown that TRIM21 knockdown inhibits RABV replication, while overexpression of TRIM21 exerted the opposite effect. Knockdown of interferon-alpha and interferon-beta modulates the inhibition of RABV replication caused by TRIM21 knockdown and promotes the replication of the virus. Furthermore, our previous study revealed that TRIM21 regulates the secretion of type I interferon during RABV infection by targeting interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7). IRF7 knockdown reduced the inhibition of RABV replication caused by the knockdown of TRIM21 and promoted viral replication. TRIM21 regulates RABV replication via the IRF7-IFN axis. Our study identified TRIM21 as a novel host factor required by RABV for replication. Thus, TRIM21 is a potential target for rabies treatment or management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyue Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510000, China; (B.Z.); (T.C.); (H.H.); (X.H.); (G.C.); (Y.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Ting Cai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510000, China; (B.Z.); (T.C.); (H.H.); (X.H.); (G.C.); (Y.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Hongling He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510000, China; (B.Z.); (T.C.); (H.H.); (X.H.); (G.C.); (Y.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Xuezhe Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510000, China; (B.Z.); (T.C.); (H.H.); (X.H.); (G.C.); (Y.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Guie Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510000, China; (B.Z.); (T.C.); (H.H.); (X.H.); (G.C.); (Y.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yanqin Lai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510000, China; (B.Z.); (T.C.); (H.H.); (X.H.); (G.C.); (Y.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yongwen Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510000, China; (B.Z.); (T.C.); (H.H.); (X.H.); (G.C.); (Y.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Shile Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130-3932, USA;
- Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130-3932, USA
| | - Jun Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510000, China; (B.Z.); (T.C.); (H.H.); (X.H.); (G.C.); (Y.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Xiaofeng Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510000, China; (B.Z.); (T.C.); (H.H.); (X.H.); (G.C.); (Y.L.); (Y.L.)
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Becker N, Maisner A. Nipah Virus Impairs Autocrine IFN Signaling by Sequestering STAT1 and STAT2 into Inclusion Bodies. Viruses 2023; 15:554. [PMID: 36851768 PMCID: PMC9967463 DOI: 10.3390/v15020554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) is an emerging zoonotic paramyxovirus that causes fatal infections in humans. As with most disease-causing viruses, the pathogenic potential of NiV is linked to its ability to block antiviral responses, e.g., by antagonizing IFN signaling through blocking STAT proteins. One of the STAT1/2-binding proteins of NiV is the phosphoprotein (P), but its functional role in IFN antagonism in a full viral context is not well defined. As NiV P is required for genome replication and specifically accumulates in cytosolic inclusion bodies (IBs) of infected cells, we hypothesized that this compartmentalization might play a role in P-mediated IFN antagonism. Supporting this notion, we show here that NiV can inhibit IFN-dependent antiviral signaling via a NiV P-dependent sequestration of STAT1 and STAT2 into viral IBs. Consequently, the phosphorylation/activation and nuclear translocation of STAT proteins in response to IFN is limited, as indicated by the lack of nuclear pSTAT in NiV-infected cells. Blocking autocrine IFN signaling by sequestering STAT proteins in IBs is a not yet described mechanism by which NiV could block antiviral gene expression and provides the first evidence that cytosolic NiV IBs may play a functional role in IFN antagonism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Maisner
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 2, 35043 Marburg, Germany
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Insights from the Infection Cycle of VSV-ΔG-Spike Virus. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122828. [PMID: 36560832 PMCID: PMC9788095 DOI: 10.3390/v14122828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Fundamental key processes in viral infection cycles generally occur in distinct cellular sites where both viral and host factors accumulate and interact. These sites are usually termed viral replication organelles, or viral factories (VF). The generation of VF is accompanied by the synthesis of viral proteins and genomes and involves the reorganization of cellular structure. Recently, rVSV-ΔG-spike (VSV-S), a recombinant VSV expressing the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, was developed as a vaccine candidate against SARS-CoV-2. By combining transmission electron microscopy (TEM) tomography studies and immuno-labeling techniques, we investigated the infection cycle of VSV-S in Vero E6 cells. RT-real-time-PCR results show that viral RNA synthesis occurs 3-4 h post infection (PI), and accumulates as the infection proceeds. By 10-24 h PI, TEM electron tomography results show that VSV-S generates VF in multi-lamellar bodies located in the cytoplasm. The VF consists of virus particles with various morphologies. We demonstrate that VSV-S infection is associated with accumulation of cytoplasmatic viral proteins co-localized with dsRNA (marker for RNA replication) but not with ER membranes. Newly formed virus particles released from the multi-lamellar bodies containing VF, concentrate in a vacuole membrane, and the infection ends with the budding of particles after the fusion of the vacuole membrane with the plasma membrane. In summary, the current study describes detailed 3D imaging of key processes during the VSV-S infection cycle.
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Telikani Z, Monson EA, Hofer MJ, Helbig KJ. Antiviral response within different cell types of the CNS. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1044721. [PMID: 36458002 PMCID: PMC9706196 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1044721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) is a constitutive structure of various cell types conserved by anatomical barriers. Many of the major CNS cell-type populations distributed across the different brain regions are targets for several neurotropic viruses. Numerous studies have demonstrated that viral susceptibility within the CNS is not absolute and initiates a cell-type specific antiviral defence response. Neurons, astrocytes, and microglial cells are among the major resident cell populations within the CNS and are all equipped to sense viral infection and induce a relative antiviral response mostly through type I IFN production, however, not all these cell types adopt a similar antiviral strategy. Rising evidence has suggested a diversity regarding IFN production and responsiveness based on the cell type/sub type, regional distinction and cell`s developmental state which could shape distinct antiviral signatures. Among CNS resident cell types, neurons are of the highest priority to defend against the invading virus due to their poor renewable nature. Therefore, infected and uninfected glial cells tend to play more dominant antiviral roles during a viral infection and have been found to be the major CNS IFN producers. Alternatively, neuronal cells do play an active part during antiviral responses but may adopt differential strategies in addition to induction of a typical type I IFN response, to minimize the chance of cellular damage. Heterogeneity observed in neuronal IFN responsiveness may be partially explained by their altered ISGs and/or lower STATS expression levels, however, further in vivo studies are required to fully elucidate the specificity of the acquired antiviral responses by distinct CNS cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Telikani
- School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ebony A. Monson
- School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Markus J. Hofer
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre and the Institute for Infectious Diseases, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Karla J. Helbig
- School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Substitution of S179P in the Lyssavirus Phosphoprotein Impairs Its Interferon Antagonistic Function. J Virol 2022; 96:e0112522. [PMID: 36326274 PMCID: PMC9683011 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01125-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon (IFN) and the IFN-induced cellular antiviral response constitute the first line of defense against viral invasion. Evading host innate immunity, especially IFN signaling, is the key step required for lyssaviruses to establish infection.
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Wu C, Holehouse AS, Leung DW, Amarasinghe GK, Dutch RE. Liquid Phase Partitioning in Virus Replication: Observations and Opportunities. Annu Rev Virol 2022; 9:285-306. [PMID: 35709511 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-093020-013659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Viruses frequently carry out replication in specialized compartments within cells. The effect of these structures on virus replication is poorly understood. Recent research supports phase separation as a foundational principle for organization of cellular components with the potential to influence viral replication. In this review, phase separation is described in the context of formation of viral replication centers, with an emphasis on the nonsegmented negative-strand RNA viruses. Consideration is given to the interplay between phase separation and the critical processes of viral transcription and genome replication, and the role of these regions in pathogen-host interactions is discussed. Finally, critical questions that must be addressed to fully understand how phase separation influences viral replication and the viral life cycle are presented, along with information about new approaches that could be used to make important breakthroughs in this emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Alex S Holehouse
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Center for Science and Engineering Living Systems, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Daisy W Leung
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Gaya K Amarasinghe
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Rebecca Ellis Dutch
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA;
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Sardana S, Singh KP, Saminathan M, Vineetha S, Panda S, Dinesh M, Maity M, Varshney R, Sulabh S, Sahoo M, Dutt T. Effect of inhibition of Toll-like receptor 3 signaling on pathogenesis of rabies virus in mouse model. Acta Trop 2022; 234:106589. [PMID: 35809612 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Rabies is a zoonotic viral disease with inevitably fatal outcome. Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) could sense dsRNA viral infections, and implicated in pathogenesis of rabies and Negri bodies (NBs) formation. Present study was undertaken to elucidate the role of TLR3 in pathogenesis, NBs formation, and therapeutic potential of blocking TLR3/dsRNA interaction in rabies infection. Young Swiss albino mice were infected with 100 LD50 of street rabies virus (SRABV) intracerebrally (i/c) on day 0 and treated with 30 μg of CU CPT 4a (selective TLR3 inhibitor) i/c on 0, 3 and 5 days post-infection (DPI). Three mice each were sacrificed at 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, and 13 DPI to study sequential pathological consequences through histopathology, Seller's staining, immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, TUNEL assay, flow cytometry, and viral and cytokine genes quantification by real-time PCR. CU CPT 4a inhibited TLR3 expression resulted in delayed development and decreased intensity of clinical signs and pathological lesions, low viral load, significantly reduced NBs formation, and increased survival time in SRABV-infected mice. These parameters suggested that TLR3 did influence the SRABV replication and NBs formation. Inhibition of TLR3 led to decreased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and interferons indicated an anti-inflammatory effect of CU CPT 4a during SRABV infection. Further, TLR3-inhibited group revealed normal CD4+/CD8+ T-cells ratio with less TUNEL-positive apoptotic cells indicated that immune cell kinetics are not affected during TLR3-inhibition. SRABV-infected and mock-treated mice were developed severe clinical signs and histopathological lesions, more NBs formation, high viral load, increased pro-inflammatory cytokines expression in brain, which were correlated with higher expression levels of TLR3. In conclusion, these data suggested that TLR3/dsRNA signaling pathway could play critical role in pathogenesis of SRABV infection in vivo and opens up new avenues of therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Sardana
- Centre for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Karam Pal Singh
- Centre for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Mani Saminathan
- Centre for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Sobharani Vineetha
- Centre for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shibani Panda
- Centre for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Murali Dinesh
- Centre for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Madhulina Maity
- Centre for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rajat Varshney
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Barkachha, Mirzapur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sourabh Sulabh
- Department of Animal Science, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol, West Bengal, India
| | - Monalisa Sahoo
- ICAR- International Centre for Foot and Mouth Disease, Khordha, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Triveni Dutt
- Director, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Liu X, Nawaz Z, Guo C, Ali S, Naeem MA, Jamil T, Ahmad W, Siddiq MU, Ahmed S, Asif Idrees M, Ahmad A. Rabies Virus Exploits Cytoskeleton Network to Cause Early Disease Progression and Cellular Dysfunction. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:889873. [PMID: 35685339 PMCID: PMC9172992 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.889873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Rabies virus (RABV) is a cunning neurotropic pathogen and causes top priority neglected tropical diseases in the developing world. The genome of RABV consists of nucleoprotein (N), phosphoprotein (P), matrix protein (M), glycoprotein (G), and RNA polymerase L protein (L), respectively. The virus causes neuronal dysfunction instead of neuronal cell death by deregulating the polymerization of the actin and microtubule cytoskeleton and subverts the associated binding and motor proteins for efficient viral progression. These binding proteins mainly maintain neuronal structure, morphology, synaptic integrity, and complex neurophysiological pathways. However, much of the exact mechanism of the viral-cytoskeleton interaction is yet unclear because several binding proteins of the actin-microtubule cytoskeleton are involved in multifaceted pathways to influence the retrograde and anterograde axonal transport of RABV. In this review, all the available scientific results regarding cytoskeleton elements and their possible interactions with RABV have been collected through systematic methodology, and thereby interpreted to explain sneaky features of RABV. The aim is to envisage the pathogenesis of RABV to understand further steps of RABV progression inside the cells. RABV interacts in a number of ways with the cell cytoskeleton to produce degenerative changes in the biochemical and neuropathological trails of neurons and other cell types. Briefly, RABV changes the gene expression of essential cytoskeleton related proteins, depolymerizes actin and microtubules, coordinates the synthesis of inclusion bodies, manipulates microtubules and associated motors proteins, and uses actin for clathrin-mediated entry in different cells. Most importantly, the P is the most intricate protein of RABV that performs complex functions. It artfully operates the dynein motor protein along the tracks of microtubules to assist the replication, transcription, and transport of RABV until its egress from the cell. New remedial insights at subcellular levels are needed to counteract the destabilization of the cytoskeleton under RABV infection to stop its life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xilin Liu
- Department of Hand Surgery, Presidents' Office of China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zeeshan Nawaz
- Department of Microbiology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Caixia Guo
- Department of Hand Surgery, Presidents' Office of China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Sultan Ali
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Institute of Microbiology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ahsan Naeem
- Department of Basic Sciences, University College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Narowal, Pakistan
| | - Tariq Jamil
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Epidemiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Jhang, Pakistan
| | - Waqas Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Narowal, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Usman Siddiq
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sarfraz Ahmed
- Department of Basic Sciences, University College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Narowal, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Asif Idrees
- Department of Pathobiology, University College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Narowal, Pakistan
| | - Ali Ahmad
- Department of Pathobiology, University College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Narowal, Pakistan
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11
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Vazquez C, Jurado KA. Neurotropic RNA Virus Modulation of Immune Responses within the Central Nervous System. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23074018. [PMID: 35409387 PMCID: PMC8999457 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23074018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) necessitates intricately coordinated immune responses to prevent neurological disease. However, the emergence of viruses capable of entering the CNS and infecting neurons threatens this delicate balance. Our CNS is protected from foreign invaders and excess solutes by a semipermeable barrier of endothelial cells called the blood–brain barrier. Thereby, viruses have implemented several strategies to bypass this protective layer and modulate immune responses within the CNS. In this review, we outline these immune regulatory mechanisms and provide perspectives on future questions in this rapidly expanding field.
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12
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Feige L, Zaeck LM, Sehl-Ewert J, Finke S, Bourhy H. Innate Immune Signaling and Role of Glial Cells in Herpes Simplex Virus- and Rabies Virus-Induced Encephalitis. Viruses 2021; 13:2364. [PMID: 34960633 PMCID: PMC8708193 DOI: 10.3390/v13122364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The environment of the central nervous system (CNS) represents a double-edged sword in the context of viral infections. On the one hand, the infectious route for viral pathogens is restricted via neuroprotective barriers; on the other hand, viruses benefit from the immunologically quiescent neural environment after CNS entry. Both the herpes simplex virus (HSV) and the rabies virus (RABV) bypass the neuroprotective blood-brain barrier (BBB) and successfully enter the CNS parenchyma via nerve endings. Despite the differences in the molecular nature of both viruses, each virus uses retrograde transport along peripheral nerves to reach the human CNS. Once inside the CNS parenchyma, HSV infection results in severe acute inflammation, necrosis, and hemorrhaging, while RABV preserves the intact neuronal network by inhibiting apoptosis and limiting inflammation. During RABV neuroinvasion, surveilling glial cells fail to generate a sufficient type I interferon (IFN) response, enabling RABV to replicate undetected, ultimately leading to its fatal outcome. To date, we do not fully understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the activation or suppression of the host inflammatory responses of surveilling glial cells, which present important pathways shaping viral pathogenesis and clinical outcome in viral encephalitis. Here, we compare the innate immune responses of glial cells in RABV- and HSV-infected CNS, highlighting different viral strategies of neuroprotection or Neuroinflamm. in the context of viral encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Feige
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Lyssavirus Epidemiology and Neuropathology, 28 Rue Du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France;
| | - Luca M. Zaeck
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Institute of Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (L.M.Z.); (S.F.)
| | - Julia Sehl-Ewert
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Institute of Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany;
| | - Stefan Finke
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Institute of Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (L.M.Z.); (S.F.)
| | - Hervé Bourhy
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Lyssavirus Epidemiology and Neuropathology, 28 Rue Du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France;
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Feige L, Sáenz-de-Santa-María I, Regnault B, Lavenir R, Lepelletier A, Halacu A, Rajerison R, Diop S, Nareth C, Reynes JM, Buchy P, Bourhy H, Dacheux L. Transcriptome Profile During Rabies Virus Infection: Identification of Human CXCL16 as a Potential New Viral Target. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:761074. [PMID: 34804996 PMCID: PMC8602097 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.761074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies virus (RABV), the causative agent for rabies disease is still presenting a major public health concern causing approximately 60,000 deaths annually. This neurotropic virus (genus Lyssavirus, family Rhabdoviridae) induces an acute and almost always fatal form of encephalomyelitis in humans. Despite the lethal consequences associated with clinical symptoms of rabies, RABV limits neuro-inflammation without causing major histopathological lesions in humans. Nevertheless, information about the mechanisms of infection and cellular response in the central nervous system (CNS) remain scarce. Here, we investigated the expression of inflammatory genes involved in immune response to RABV (dog-adapted strain Tha) in mice, the most common animal model used to study rabies. To better elucidate the pathophysiological mechanisms during natural RABV infection, we compared the inflammatory transcriptome profile observed at the late stage of infection in the mouse brain (cortex and brain stem/cerebellum) with the ortholog gene expression in post-mortem brain biopsies of rabid patients. Our data indicate that the inflammatory response associated with rabies is more pronounced in the murine brain compared to the human brain. In contrast to murine transcription profiles, we identified CXC motif chemokine ligand 16 (CXCL16) as the only significant differentially expressed gene in post-mortem brains of rabid patients. This result was confirmed in vitro, in which Tha suppressed interferon alpha (IFN-α)-induced CXCL16 expression in human CNS cell lines but induced CXCL16 expression in IFN-α-stimulated murine astrocytes. We hypothesize that RABV-induced modulation of the CXCL16 pathway in the brain possibly affects neurotransmission, natural killer (NK) and T cell recruitment and activation. Overall, we show species-specific differences in the inflammatory response of the brain, highlighted the importance of understanding the potential limitations of extrapolating data from animal models to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Feige
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Lyssavirus Epidemiology and Neuropathology Unit, National Reference Center for Rabies, WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Rabies, Department of Global Health, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Rachel Lavenir
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Lyssavirus Epidemiology and Neuropathology Unit, National Reference Center for Rabies, WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Rabies, Department of Global Health, Paris, France
| | - Anthony Lepelletier
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Lyssavirus Epidemiology and Neuropathology Unit, National Reference Center for Rabies, WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Rabies, Department of Global Health, Paris, France
| | - Ala Halacu
- National Agency for Public Health, Chișinău, Moldova
| | | | - Sylvie Diop
- Infectious Diseases Department, National and University Hospital Center of Fann-Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | | | - Jean-Marc Reynes
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Tananarive, Madagascar
| | - Philippe Buchy
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur in Cambodia, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Hervé Bourhy
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Lyssavirus Epidemiology and Neuropathology Unit, National Reference Center for Rabies, WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Rabies, Department of Global Health, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Dacheux
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Lyssavirus Epidemiology and Neuropathology Unit, National Reference Center for Rabies, WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Rabies, Department of Global Health, Paris, France
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14
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Function of Host Protein Staufen1 in Rabies Virus Replication. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081426. [PMID: 34452292 PMCID: PMC8402631 DOI: 10.3390/v13081426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies virus is a highly neurophilic negative-strand RNA virus with high lethality and remains a huge public health problem in developing countries to date. The double-stranded RNA-binding protein Staufen1 (STAU1) has multiple functions in RNA virus replication, transcription, and translation. However, its function in RABV infection and its mechanism of action are not clear. In this study, we investigated the role of host factor STAU1 in RABV infection of SH-SY-5Y cells. Immunofluorescence, TCID50 titers, confocal microscopy, quantitative real-time PCR and Western blotting were carried out to determine the molecular function and subcellular distribution of STAU1 in these cell lines. Expression of STAU1 in SH-SY-5Y cells was down-regulated by RNA interference or up-regulated by transfection of eukaryotic expression vectors. The results showed that N proficiently colocalized with STAU1 in SH-SY-5Y at 36 h post-infection, and the expression level of STAU1 was also proportional to the time of infection. Down-regulation of STAU1 expression increased the number of Negri body-like structures, enhanced viral replication, and a caused 10-fold increase in viral titers. Meanwhile, N protein and G protein mRNA levels also accumulated gradually with increasing infection time, which implied that STAU1 inhibited rabies virus infection of SH-SY-5Y cells in vitro. In conclusion, our results provide important clues for the detailed replication mechanism of rabies virus and the discovery of therapeutic targets.
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15
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Definition of the immune evasion-replication interface of rabies virus P protein. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009729. [PMID: 34237115 PMCID: PMC8291714 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies virus phosphoprotein (P protein) is a multifunctional protein that plays key roles in replication as the polymerase cofactor that binds to the complex of viral genomic RNA and the nucleoprotein (N protein), and in evading the innate immune response by binding to STAT transcription factors. These interactions are mediated by the C-terminal domain of P (PCTD). The colocation of these binding sites in the small globular PCTD raises the question of how these interactions underlying replication and immune evasion, central to viral infection, are coordinated and, potentially, coregulated. While direct data on the binding interface of the PCTD for STAT1 is available, the lack of direct structural data on the sites that bind N protein limits our understanding of this interaction hub. The PCTD was proposed to bind via two sites to a flexible loop of N protein (Npep) that is not visible in crystal structures, but no direct analysis of this interaction has been reported. Here we use Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, and molecular modelling to show N protein residues, Leu381, Asp383, Asp384 and phosphor-Ser389, are likely to bind to a ‘positive patch’ of the PCTD formed by Lys211, Lys214 and Arg260. Furthermore, in contrast to previous predictions we identify a single site of interaction on the PCTD by this Npep. Intriguingly, this site is proximal to the defined STAT1 binding site that includes Ile201 to Phe209. However, cell-based assays indicate that STAT1 and N protein do not compete for P protein. Thus, it appears that interactions critical to replication and immune evasion can occur simultaneously with the same molecules of P protein so that the binding of P protein to activated STAT1 can potentially occur without interrupting interactions involved in replication. These data suggest that replication complexes might be directly involved in STAT1 antagonism. For viruses to infect cells and generate progeny, they must be able to mediate replication, while simultaneously evading the innate immune system. Viruses with small genomes often achieve this through multifunctional proteins that have roles in both replication and immune evasion, such as the phosphoprotein (P protein) of rabies virus. P protein is an essential cofactor in genome replication and transcription, dependent on the well-folded C-terminal domain (PCTD), which binds to the nucleoprotein (N protein) when complexed with RNA. The PCTD can also bind and antagonize signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) proteins, that are essential for activating antiviral mechanisms. Here we show using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy and cell-based assays, that the STAT1-binding and N-binding interfaces are proximal but, nevertheless, it appears that the same molecule of PCTD can simultaneously bind STAT1 and N protein. These data suggest that P-protein-STAT1 interaction, critical to immune evasion, can occur without interrupting interactions underlying replication, and so replication complexes might be directly involved in STAT1 antagonism.
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16
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Chaves Filho AJM, Gonçalves F, Mottin M, Andrade CH, Fonseca SNS, Macedo DS. Repurposing of Tetracyclines for COVID-19 Neurological and Neuropsychiatric Manifestations: A Valid Option to Control SARS-CoV-2-Associated Neuroinflammation? J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2021; 16:213-218. [PMID: 33534108 PMCID: PMC7854870 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-021-09986-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The recent outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has gained considerable attention worldwide due to its increased potential to spread and infect the general population. COVID-19 primarily targets the human respiratory epithelium but also has neuro-invasive potential. Indeed, neuropsychiatric manifestations, such as fatigue, febrile seizures, psychiatric symptoms, and delirium, are consistently observed in COVID-19. The neurobiological basis of neuropsychiatric COVID-19 symptoms is not fully understood. However, previous evidence about systemic viral infections pointed to an ongoing neuroinflammatory response to viral antigens and proinflammatory mediators/immune cells from the periphery. Microglia cells mediate the overproduction of inflammatory cytokines, free radicals, and damage signals, culminating with neurotoxic consequences. Semi-synthetic second-generation tetracyclines, including minocycline (MINO) and doxycycline (DOXY), are safe bacteriostatic agents that have remarkable neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory properties. Promising results have been obtained in clinical trials using tetracyclines for major psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia and major depression. Tetracyclines can inhibit microglial reactivity and neuroinflammation by inhibiting nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) signaling, cyclooxygenase 2, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). This drug class also has a broad profile of activity against bacteria associated with community-based pneumonia, including atypical agents. COVID-19 patients are susceptible to secondary bacterial infections, especially those on invasive ventilation. Therefore, we suggest tetracyclines' repurposing as a potential treatment for COVID-19 neuropsychiatric manifestations. These drugs can represent a valuable multi-modal treatment for COVID-19-associated neuroinflammatory alterations based on their broad antimicrobial profile and neuroinflammation control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano José Maia Chaves Filho
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal Do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
- Laboratory for Molecular Modeling and Drug Design, LabMol, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
- Critical Care Unit, Antônio Prudente Hospital- HAPFOR, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
| | - Franciane Gonçalves
- Critical Care Unit, Antônio Prudente Hospital- HAPFOR, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Melina Mottin
- Laboratory for Molecular Modeling and Drug Design, LabMol, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Carolina Horta Andrade
- Laboratory for Molecular Modeling and Drug Design, LabMol, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Silvia Nunes Szente Fonseca
- Critical Care Unit, Antônio Prudente Hospital- HAPFOR, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
- São Francisco Hospital, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Danielle S Macedo
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal Do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
- National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM, CNPq), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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17
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Nevers Q, Albertini AA, Lagaudrière-Gesbert C, Gaudin Y. Negri bodies and other virus membrane-less replication compartments. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2020; 1867:118831. [PMID: 32835749 PMCID: PMC7442162 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Viruses reshape the organization of the cell interior to achieve different steps of their cellular cycle. Particularly, viral replication and assembly often take place in viral factories where specific viral and cellular proteins as well as nucleic acids concentrate. Viral factories can be either membrane-delimited or devoid of any cellular membranes. In the latter case, they are referred as membrane-less replication compartments. The most emblematic ones are the Negri bodies, which are inclusion bodies that constitute the hallmark of rabies virus infection. Interestingly, Negri bodies and several other viral replication compartments have been shown to arise from a liquid-liquid phase separation process and, thus, constitute a new class of liquid organelles. This is a paradigm shift in the field of virus replication. Here, we review the different aspects of membrane-less virus replication compartments with a focus on the Mononegavirales order and discuss their interactions with the host cell machineries and the cytoskeleton. We particularly examine the interplay between viral factories and the cellular innate immune response, of which several components also form membrane-less condensates in infected cells. Viral factories harbor essential steps of the viral cycle. Some viral factories are devoid of membranes and have liquid organelle properties. Liquid viral factories concentrate cellular factors required for replication. Innate immunity sensors and several ISGs are found in membrane-less condensates. A subtle interplay exists between liquid viral factories and innate immunity actors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Nevers
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Aurélie A Albertini
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Cécile Lagaudrière-Gesbert
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Yves Gaudin
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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18
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Bartok E, Hartmann G. Immune Sensing Mechanisms that Discriminate Self from Altered Self and Foreign Nucleic Acids. Immunity 2020; 53:54-77. [PMID: 32668228 PMCID: PMC7359798 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
All lifeforms have developed highly sophisticated systems equipped to detect altered self and non-self nucleic acids (NA). In vertebrates, NA-sensing receptors safeguard the integrity of the organism by detecting pathogens, dyshomeostasis and damage, and inducing appropriate responses to eliminate pathogens and reconstitute homeostasis. Effector mechanisms include i) immune signaling, ii) restriction of NA functions such as inhibition of mRNA translation, and iii) cell death pathways. An appropriate effector response is necessary for host defense, but dysregulated NA-sensing can lead to devastating autoimmune and autoinflammatory disease. Their inherent biochemical similarity renders the reliable distinction between self NA under homeostatic conditions and altered or exogenous NA particularly challenging. In this review, we provide an overview of recent progress in our understanding of the closely coordinated and regulated network of innate immune receptors, restriction factors, and nucleases to effectively respond to pathogens and maintain host integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Bartok
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Gunther Hartmann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany.
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19
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Luo Z, Lv L, Li Y, Sui B, Wu Q, Zhang Y, Pei J, Li M, Zhou M, Hooper DC, Fu ZF, Zhao L. Dual Role of Toll-Like Receptor 7 in the Pathogenesis of Rabies Virus in a Mouse Model. J Virol 2020; 94:e00111-20. [PMID: 32102880 PMCID: PMC7163154 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00111-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies, caused by rabies virus (RABV), is a fatal encephalitis in humans and other mammals, which continues to present a public health threat in most parts of the world. Our previous study demonstrated that Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) is essential in the induction of anti-RABV antibodies via the facilitation of germinal center formation. In the present study, we investigated the role of TLR7 in the pathogenicity of RABV in a mouse model. Using isolated plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), we demonstrated that TLR7 is an innate recognition receptor for RABV. When RABV invaded from the periphery, TLR7 detected viral single-stranded RNA and triggered immune responses that limited the virus's entry into the central nervous system (CNS). When RABV had invaded the CNS, its detection by TLR7 led to the production of cytokines and chemokines and an increase the permeability of the blood-brain barrier. Consequently, peripheral immune cells, including pDCs, macrophages, neutrophils, and B cells infiltrated the CNS. While this immune response, triggered by TLR7, helped to clear viruses, it also increased neuroinflammation and caused immunopathology in the mouse brain. Our results demonstrate that TLR7 is an innate recognition receptor for RABV, which restricts RABV invasion into the CNS in the early stage of viral infection but also contributes to immunopathology by inducing neuroinflammation.IMPORTANCE Developing targeted treatment for RABV requires understanding the innate immune response to the virus because early virus clearance is essential for preventing the fatality when the infection has progressed to the CNS. Previous studies have revealed that TLR7 is involved in the immune response to RABV. Here, we establish that TLR7 recognizes RABV and facilitates the production of some interferon-stimulated genes. We also demonstrated that when RABV invades into the CNS, TLR7 enhances the production of inflammatory cytokines which contribute to immunopathology in the mouse brain. Taken together, our findings suggest that treatments for RABV must consider the balance between the beneficial and harmful effects of TLR7-triggered immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaochen Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yingying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Baokun Sui
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yachun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mingming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - D Craig Hooper
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Zhen F Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Ling Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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20
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Ahmed MS, Body MH, El-Neweshy MS, ALrawahi AH, Al-Abdawani M, Eltahir HA, ALmaewaly MG. Molecular characterization and diagnostic investigations of rabies encephalitis in camels (Camelus dromedaries) in Oman: a retrospective study. Trop Anim Health Prod 2020; 52:2163-2168. [PMID: 32124182 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-020-02239-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The accurate and early diagnosis of rabies is critical for undertaking public health measures in animals. The aim of the current study was to identify the molecular characterization of the circulating rabies virus (RABV) among camels (Camelus dromedaries) in Oman and to evaluate the efficacy of the histopathology and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) as diagnostic tools of acute rabies encephalitis in camels in comparison with direct fluorescent antibody test (dFAT). Of the forty-five brain samples from suspected camels submitted to the Animal Health Research Center in Oman (2009-2013), 22 cases were positive by dFAT and RT-PCR. Two positive samples were subjected for N gene nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic analysis (accession numbers GU353156 and KC883998 for brain samples collected in 2009 and 2011, respectively). The specificity and sensitivity of histopathology were 100% and 81%, respectively, while in RT-PCR were 100% and 100%, respectively. The neuropathological changes were presence of intracytoplasmic inclusions (Negri bodies) in the pyramidal neurons of the hippocampus beside prominent cerebral and cerebellar congestion and hemorrhage. Neuronal necrosis with satellitosis and neuronophagia were also noticed in the cerebrum of affected brains. Conclusively, there was one genetic group of RABV with 99% homology circulating in Omani camels. Also, it is concluded that histopathological examination is a safe and reliable diagnostic tool when only formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded material is available, but the negative results should be reaffirmed by dFAT or RT-PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed S Ahmed
- Animal Health Research Center, Directorate General of Agriculture and Livestock Research, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El Sheikh, 33516, Egypt
| | - Mohammad H Body
- Animal Health Research Center, Directorate General of Agriculture and Livestock Research, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Mahmoud S El-Neweshy
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Edfina, Behera, Alexandria, 22785, Egypt. .,Central Laboratory for Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman.
| | - Abdulmajeed H ALrawahi
- Animal Health Research Center, Directorate General of Agriculture and Livestock Research, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Mohsin Al-Abdawani
- Animal Health Research Center, Directorate General of Agriculture and Livestock Research, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Hatim A Eltahir
- Animal Health Research Center, Directorate General of Agriculture and Livestock Research, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman.,Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Mahir G ALmaewaly
- Animal Health Research Center, Directorate General of Agriculture and Livestock Research, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
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21
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Bortolotti D, Gentili V, Caselli E, Sicolo M, Soffritti I, D'Accolti M, Barao I, Rotola A, Di Luca D, Rizzo R. DNA Sensors' Signaling in NK Cells During HHV-6A, HHV-6B and HHV-7 Infection. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:226. [PMID: 32140147 PMCID: PMC7042408 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The host DNA sensor proteins TLR9, STING, IFI16 are central signaling molecules that control the innate immune response to cytosolic nucleic acids. Here we propose to investigate how Natural killer (NK) cell infection by human herpesvirus (HHV)-6A, HHV-6B or HHV-7 is able to modify DNA sensor signaling in NK cells. Methods We infected the NK92 cell line and primary NK cells with cell-free inocula of HHV-6A, HHV-6B or HHV-7 and evaluated TLR9, STING, and IFI16 pathway expression by Real-Time PCR, Western Blot, immunofluorescence and flow cytometry for 1, 2, 3, and 6 days post-infection. We evaluated NK cell cytokine-producing by Real-Time PCR and enzyme immunosorbent assay. Results NK92 and primary NK cells were promptly infected by three viruses, as demonstrated by virus presence (DNA) and transcription (RNA) analysis. Our data show STING/STAT6 up-modulation in HHV-6A infected NK cells. NK cells infected with HHV-6B and HHV-7 up-regulated CCL3, IFN-alpha, TNF-alpha, IL-8 and IFN-gamma and slightly induced IL-4, and CCL4. HHV-6A infected NK cells up-regulated IL-4 and IL-13 and slightly induced IL-10, TNF-alpha, IFN-alpha, and IFN-gamma. Conclusion For the first time, we demonstrate that HHV-6A, HHV-6B, and HHV-7 infections have a differential impact on intracellular DNA sensors. HHV-6B and HHV-7 mainly lead to the active control of in vivo viral spreading by pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion via TLR9. HHV-6A infected NK cells conversely induced STING/STAT6 pathway, as a mechanism of anti-viral activation, but they were characterized by a Th2 type response and a non-cytotoxic profile, suggesting a potential novel mechanism of HHV-6A-mediated immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Bortolotti
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Valentina Gentili
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Caselli
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Mariangela Sicolo
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Irene Soffritti
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Maria D'Accolti
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Isabel Barao
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Microbiology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, United States
| | - Antonella Rotola
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Dario Di Luca
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Microbiology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, United States
| | - Roberta Rizzo
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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22
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Panda D, Gjinaj E, Bachu M, Squire E, Novatt H, Ozato K, Rabin RL. IRF1 Maintains Optimal Constitutive Expression of Antiviral Genes and Regulates the Early Antiviral Response. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1019. [PMID: 31156620 PMCID: PMC6529937 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral defense at mucosal sites depends on interferons (IFN) and IFN stimulated genes (ISGs), either of which may be constitutively expressed to maintain an “antiviral state” (AVS). However, the mechanisms that govern the AVS are poorly defined. Using a BEAS-2B respiratory epithelial cell line deficient in IRF1, we demonstrate higher susceptibility to infection with vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and influenza virus. IRF1-mediated restriction of VSV is IFN-independent, as blockade of types I and III IFNs and JAK-STAT signaling before infection did not affect VSV infection of either parent or IRF1 KO cells. Transcriptome analysis revealed that IRF1 regulates constitutive expression of ~300 genes, including antiviral ISGs: OAS2, BST2, and RNASEL and knockdown of any of these IRF1-dependent genes increased VSV infection. Additionally, IRF1 enhances rapid expression of IFNβ and IFNλ after stimulation with poly I:C and also regulates ISG expression. Mechanistically, IRF1 enhances recruitment of BRD4 to promotor-enhancer regions of ISGs for rapid expression and maintains levels of histone H3K4me1 for optimal constitutive expression. Finally, IRF1 also regulates constitutive expression of TLR2 and TLR3 and promotes signaling through these pattern recognition receptors (PRR). These data reveal multiple roles for IRF1 toward effective anti-viral responses by maintaining IFN-independent constitutive expression of anti-viral ISGs and supporting early IFN-dependent responses to PRR stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debasis Panda
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Erisa Gjinaj
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Mahesh Bachu
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Erica Squire
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Hilary Novatt
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Keiko Ozato
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ronald L Rabin
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
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23
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Mitoma H, Manto M. Disruption of the Blood-Brain Barrier During Neuroinflammatory and Neuroinfectious Diseases. NEUROIMMUNE DISEASES 2019. [PMCID: PMC7121618 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-19515-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
As the organ of highest metabolic demand, utilizing over 25% of total body glucose utilization via an enormous vasculature with one capillary every 73 μm, the brain evolves a barrier at the capillary and postcapillary venules to prevent toxicity during serum fluctuations in metabolites and hormones, to limit brain swelling during inflammation, and to prevent pathogen invasion. Understanding of neuroprotective barriers has since evolved to incorporate the neurovascular unit (NVU), the blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier, and the presence of CNS lymphatics that allow leukocyte egress. Identification of the cellular and molecular participants in BBB function at the NVU has allowed detailed analyses of mechanisms that contribute to BBB dysfunction in various disease states, which include both autoimmune and infectious etiologies. This chapter will introduce some of the cellular and molecular components that promote barrier function but may be manipulated by inflammatory mediators or pathogens during neuroinflammation or neuroinfectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Mitoma
- Medical Education Promotion Center, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mario Manto
- Department of Neurology, CHU-Charleroi, Charleroi, Belgium, Department of Neurosciences, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
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24
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Luo Z, Li Y, Zhou M, Lv L, Wu Q, Chen C, Zhang Y, Sui B, Tu C, Cui M, Chen H, Fu ZF, Zhao L. Toll-Like Receptor 7 Enhances Rabies Virus-Induced Humoral Immunity by Facilitating the Formation of Germinal Centers. Front Immunol 2019; 10:429. [PMID: 30906301 PMCID: PMC6418000 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies virus (RABV) causes fatal encephalitis in mammals and poses a public health threat in many parts of the world. Vaccination remains the most effective means for prevention and control of rabies. Studies focusing on the mechanism of RABV immunogenicity are necessary for improvement of rabies vaccines. Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7), an innate receptor sensing single-stranded viral RNA, is important for the induction of innate and adaptive immunity. Our studies revealed that the absence of TLR7 led to a lower antibody production in mice immunized with RABV. It is further found that TLR7 deficiency affected the recruitment of germinal center (GC) B cells and led to lessened GCs formation. Consistently, there were less plasma cells (PCs) and antibody secreting cells (ASC) in TLR7-/- mice than those in wild type (WT) mice, resulting in impaired production of RABV-neutralizing antibodies (VNA). TLR7 deficiency also impaired the generation of memory B cells (MBCs) and the induction of secondary immune responses. Moreover, TLR7 deficiency down-regulated the induction of some cytokines/chemokines, especially IFN-γ, resulting in a Th2-biased antibody production. Overall, our results suggest that TLR7 facilitates the induction of the humoral immunity in response to RABV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaochen Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yingying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yachun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Baokun Sui
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Changchun Tu
- Military Veterinary Research Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Min Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhen F Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Ling Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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25
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Farahtaj F, Alizadeh L, Gholami A, Tahamtan A, Shirian S, Fazeli M, Nejad ASM, Gorji A, Niknam HM, Ghaemi A. Natural Infection with Rabies Virus: A Histopathological and Immunohistochemical Study of Human Brains. Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2019; 10:6-11. [PMID: 30847265 PMCID: PMC6396821 DOI: 10.24171/j.phrp.2019.10.1.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Despite all the efforts and increased knowledge of rabies, the exact mechanisms of infection and mortality from the rabies virus are not well understood. To understand the mechanisms underlying the pathogenicity of rabies virus infection, it is crucial to study the tissue that the rabies virus naturally infects in humans. Methods Cerebellum brain tissue from 9 human post mortem cases from Iran, who had been infected with rabies virus, were examined histopathologically and immunohistochemically to evaluate the innate immune responses against the rabies virus. Results Histopathological examination revealed inflammation of the infected cerebellum and immunohistochemical analyses showed an increased immunoreactivity of heat shock protein 70, interleukin-6, interleukin-1, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, caspase-3, caspase-9, toll-like receptor3 and toll-like receptor4 in the infected brain tissue. Conclusion These results indicated the involvement of innate immunity in rabies infected human brain tissue, which may aggravate the progression of this deadly disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firouzeh Farahtaj
- Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Rabies, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Alizadeh
- Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Gholami
- Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Rabies, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Tahamtan
- Department of Virology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Sadegh Shirian
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Maryam Fazeli
- Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Rabies, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Sasan Mozaffari Nejad
- Molecular Research Center, Student Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Ali Gorji
- Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Neurosurgery and Neurology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Amir Ghaemi
- Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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26
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Li Y, Zhang C, Lu N, Deng X, Zang G, Zhang S, Tang H, Zhang G. Involvement of Actin-Regulating Factor Cofilin in the Inclusion Body Formation and RNA Synthesis of Human Parainfluenza Virus Type 3 via Interaction With the Nucleoprotein. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:95. [PMID: 30792702 PMCID: PMC6367235 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Human parainfluenza virus type 3 (HPIV3) is one of the primary pathogens that causing severe respiratory tract diseases in newborns and infants. It could induce inclusion bodies (IBs) in infected cells. Comprised of viral nucleoprotein (N) and phosphoprotein (P), as well as some cellular factors, HPIV3 IBs are unique platform for efficient viral synthesis. Although several studies have demonstrated the formation of IBs, little is known about cellular proteins involved in HPIV3 IBs formation. By quantitative real-time PCR assays after cytochalasin D treatment, we found actin microfilaments of the cytoskeleton were indispensible for HPIV3 RNA synthesis. Using co-immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence assays, an actin-modulating protein, cofilin was found to involve in the IBs formation through interaction with the N protein in N–P induced IBs complex. Viral IBs formation reduced upon RNA interference knockdown of cellular cofilin, thus viral RNA synthesis and protein expression level were also suppressed. What’s more, the inactive form of cofilin, p-cofilin was increased after HPIV3 infection, and phosphorylation of cofilin was required for interacting with N–P complex and IBs formation. We further identified that the regions in cofilin interacting with N protein lies in the C-terminus. Our findings for the first time to state that cellular cofilin involves in HPIV3 IBs and interaction with N is critical for cofilin to aid IBs formation and enhancing viral RNA synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinshuang Li
- Pathogen Biology and Immunology Laboratory, and Laboratory of Tissue and Cell Biology, Experimental Teaching and Management Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of the First Clinical Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chaoliang Zhang
- Pathogen Biology and Immunology Laboratory, and Laboratory of Tissue and Cell Biology, Experimental Teaching and Management Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of the First Clinical Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Nan Lu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xichuan Deng
- Pathogen Biology and Immunology Laboratory, and Laboratory of Tissue and Cell Biology, Experimental Teaching and Management Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guangchao Zang
- Pathogen Biology and Immunology Laboratory, and Laboratory of Tissue and Cell Biology, Experimental Teaching and Management Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shengwei Zhang
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong Tang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guangyuan Zhang
- Pathogen Biology and Immunology Laboratory, and Laboratory of Tissue and Cell Biology, Experimental Teaching and Management Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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27
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Nikolic J, Lagaudrière-Gesbert C, Scrima N, Blondel D, Gaudin Y. Structure and Function of Negri Bodies. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1215:111-127. [PMID: 31317498 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-14741-9_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Replication and assembly of many viruses occur in viral factories which are specialized intracellular compartments formed during viral infection. For rabies virus, those viral factories are called Negri bodies (NBs). NBs are cytoplasmic inclusion bodies in which viral RNAs (mRNAs as well as genomic and antigenomic RNAs) are synthesized. NBs are spherical, they can fuse together, and can reversibly deform when encountering a physical barrier. All these characteristics are similar to those of eukaryotic membrane-less liquid organelles which contribute to the compartmentalization of the cell interior. Indeed, the liquid nature of NBs has been confirmed by FRAP experiments. The co-expression of rabies virus nucleoprotein N and phosphoprotein P is sufficient to induce the formation of cytoplasmic inclusions recapitulating NBs properties. Remarkably, P and N have features similar to those of cellular proteins involved in liquid organelles formation: N is an RNA-binding protein and P contains intrinsically disordered domains. An overview of the literature indicates that formation of liquid viral factories by phase separation is probably common among Mononegavirales. This allows specific recruitment and concentration of viral proteins. Finally, as virus-associated molecular patterns recognized by cellular sensors of RNA virus replication are probably essentially present in the viral factory, there should be a subtle interplay (which remains to be characterized) between those liquid structures and the cellular proteins which trigger the innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jovan Nikolic
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Cécile Lagaudrière-Gesbert
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Nathalie Scrima
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Danielle Blondel
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France.
| | - Yves Gaudin
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France.
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28
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Inhibition of MALT1 Decreases Neuroinflammation and Pathogenicity of Virulent Rabies Virus in Mice. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00720-18. [PMID: 30158289 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00720-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies virus is a neurovirulent RNA virus, which causes about 59,000 human deaths each year. Treatment for rabies does not exist due to incomplete understanding of the pathogenesis. MALT1 mediates activation of several immune cell types and is involved in the proliferation and survival of cancer cells. MALT1 acts as a scaffold protein for NF-κB signaling and a cysteine protease that cleaves substrates, leading to the expression of immunoregulatory genes. Here, we examined the impact of genetic or pharmacological MALT1 inhibition in mice on disease development after infection with the virulent rabies virus strain CVS-11. Morbidity and mortality were significantly delayed in Malt1 -/- compared to Malt1 +/+ mice, and this effect was associated with lower viral load, proinflammatory gene expression, and infiltration and activation of immune cells in the brain. Specific deletion of Malt1 in T cells also delayed disease development, while deletion in myeloid cells, neuronal cells, or NK cells had no effect. Disease development was also delayed in mice treated with the MALT1 protease inhibitor mepazine and in knock-in mice expressing a catalytically inactive MALT1 mutant protein, showing an important role of MALT1 proteolytic activity. The described protective effect of MALT1 inhibition against infection with a virulent rabies virus is the precise opposite of the sensitizing effect of MALT1 inhibition that we previously observed in the case of infection with an attenuated rabies virus strain. Together, these data demonstrate that the role of immunoregulatory responses in rabies pathogenicity is dependent on virus virulence and reveal the potential of MALT1 inhibition for therapeutic intervention.IMPORTANCE Rabies virus is a neurotropic RNA virus that causes encephalitis and still poses an enormous challenge to animal and public health. Efforts to establish reliable therapeutic strategies have been unsuccessful and are hampered by gaps in the understanding of virus pathogenicity. MALT1 is an intracellular protease that mediates the activation of several innate and adaptive immune cells in response to multiple receptors, and therapeutic MALT1 targeting is believed to be a valid approach for autoimmunity and MALT1-addicted cancers. Here, we study the impact of MALT1 deficiency on brain inflammation and disease development in response to infection of mice with the highly virulent CVS-11 rabies virus. We demonstrate that pharmacological or genetic MALT1 inhibition decreases neuroinflammation and extends the survival of CVS-11-infected mice, providing new insights in the biology of MALT1 and rabies virus infection.
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29
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Tian B, Zhou M, Yang Y, Yu L, Luo Z, Tian D, Wang K, Cui M, Chen H, Fu ZF, Zhao L. Lab-Attenuated Rabies Virus Causes Abortive Infection and Induces Cytokine Expression in Astrocytes by Activating Mitochondrial Antiviral-Signaling Protein Signaling Pathway. Front Immunol 2018; 8:2011. [PMID: 29403485 PMCID: PMC5785723 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.02011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies is an ancient disease but remains endemic in most parts of the world and causes approximately 59,000 deaths annually. The mechanism through which the causative agent, rabies virus (RABV), evades the host immune response and infects the host central nervous system (CNS) has not been completely elucidated thus far. Our previous studies have shown that lab-attenuated, but not wild-type (wt), RABV activates the innate immune response in the mouse and dog models. In this present study, we demonstrate that lab-attenuated RABV causes abortive infection in astrocytes, the most abundant glial cells in the CNS. Furthermore, we found that lab-attenuated RABV produces more double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) than wt RABV, which is recognized by retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) or melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5). Activation of mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein (MAVS), the common adaptor molecule for RIG-I and MDA5, results in the production of type I interferon (IFN) and the expression of hundreds of IFN-stimulated genes, which suppress RABV replication and spread in astrocytes. Notably, lab-attenuated RABV replicates in a manner identical to that of wt RABV in MAVS−/− astrocytes. It was also found that lab-attenuated, but not wt, RABV induces the expression of inflammatory cytokines via the MAVS- p38/NF-κB signaling pathway. These inflammatory cytokines increase the blood–brain barrier permeability and thus enable immune cells and antibodies infiltrate the CNS parenchyma, resulting in RABV control and elimination. In contrast, wt RABV restricts dsRNA production and thus evades innate recognition by RIG-I/MDA5 in astrocytes, which could be one of the mechanisms by which wt RABV evades the host immune response in resident CNS cells. Our findings suggest that astrocytes play a critical role in limiting the replication of lab-attenuated RABV in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhaochen Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Dayong Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ke Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Min Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhen F Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Ling Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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30
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Singh R, Singh KP, Cherian S, Saminathan M, Kapoor S, Manjunatha Reddy GB, Panda S, Dhama K. Rabies - epidemiology, pathogenesis, public health concerns and advances in diagnosis and control: a comprehensive review. Vet Q 2017. [PMID: 28643547 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2017.1343516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies is a zoonotic, fatal and progressive neurological infection caused by rabies virus of the genus Lyssavirus and family Rhabdoviridae. It affects all warm-blooded animals and the disease is prevalent throughout the world and endemic in many countries except in Islands like Australia and Antarctica. Over 60,000 peoples die every year due to rabies, while approximately 15 million people receive rabies post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) annually. Bite of rabid animals and saliva of infected host are mainly responsible for transmission and wildlife like raccoons, skunks, bats and foxes are main reservoirs for rabies. The incubation period is highly variable from 2 weeks to 6 years (avg. 2-3 months). Though severe neurologic signs and fatal outcome, neuropathological lesions are relatively mild. Rabies virus exploits various mechanisms to evade the host immune responses. Being a major zoonosis, precise and rapid diagnosis is important for early treatment and effective prevention and control measures. Traditional rapid Seller's staining and histopathological methods are still in use for diagnosis of rabies. Direct immunofluoroscent test (dFAT) is gold standard test and most commonly recommended for diagnosis of rabies in fresh brain tissues of dogs by both OIE and WHO. Mouse inoculation test (MIT) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are superior and used for routine diagnosis. Vaccination with live attenuated or inactivated viruses, DNA and recombinant vaccines can be done in endemic areas. This review describes in detail about epidemiology, transmission, pathogenesis, advances in diagnosis, vaccination and therapeutic approaches along with appropriate prevention and control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra Singh
- a Division of Pathology , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , Uttar Pradesh , India
| | - Karam Pal Singh
- b Centre for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis (CADRAD) , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , Uttar Pradesh , India
| | - Susan Cherian
- a Division of Pathology , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , Uttar Pradesh , India
| | - Mani Saminathan
- a Division of Pathology , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , Uttar Pradesh , India
| | - Sanjay Kapoor
- c Department of Veterinary Microbiology , LLR University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences , Hisar , Haryana , India
| | - G B Manjunatha Reddy
- d ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics , Bengaluru , Karnataka , India
| | - Shibani Panda
- a Division of Pathology , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , Uttar Pradesh , India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- a Division of Pathology , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , Uttar Pradesh , India
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31
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Sesti-Costa R, Françozo MCS, Silva GK, Proenca-Modena JL, Silva JS. TLR3 is required for survival following Coxsackievirus B3 infection by driving T lymphocyte activation and polarization: The role of dendritic cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185819. [PMID: 28973047 PMCID: PMC5626506 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Type B coxsackievirus (CVB) is a common cause of acute and chronic myocarditis, meningitis and pancreatitis, often leading to heart failure and pancreatic deficiency. The polarization of CD4+ T lymphocytes and their cytokine milieu are key factors in the outcome of CVB-induced diseases. Thus, sensing the virus and driving the adaptive immune response are essential for the establishment of a protective immune response. TLR3 is a crucial virus recognition receptor that confers the host with resistance to CVB infection. In the current study, we found that TLR3 expression in dendritic cells plays a role in their activation upon CVB3 infection in vitro, as TLR3-deficient dendritic cells up-regulate CD80 and CD86 to a less degree than WT cells. Instead, they up-regulated the inhibitory molecule PD-L1 and secreted considerably lower levels of TNF-α and IL-10 and a higher level of IL-23. T lymphocyte proliferation in co-culture with CVB3-infected dendritic cells was increased by TLR3-expressing DCs and other cells. Furthermore, in the absence of TLR3, the T lymphocyte response was shifted toward a Th17 profile, which was previously reported to be deleterious for the host. TLR3-deficient mice were very susceptible to CVB3 infection, with increased pancreatic injury and extensive inflammatory infiltrate in the heart that was associated with uncontrolled viral replication. Adoptive transfer of TLR3+ dendritic cells slightly improved the survival of TLR-deficient mice following CVB3 infection. Therefore, our findings highlight the importance of TLR3 signaling in DCs and in other cells to induce activation and polarization of the CD4+ T lymphocyte response toward a Th1 profile and consequently for a better outcome of CVB3 infection. These data provide new insight into the immune-mediated mechanisms by which CVBs are recognized and cleared in order to prevent the development of myocarditis and pancreatitis and may contribute to the design of therapies for enteroviral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Sesti-Costa
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcela Cristina Santiago Françozo
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Institute of Infection Immunology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research GmbH, Hannover, Germany
| | - Grace Kelly Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - José Luiz Proenca-Modena
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - João Santana Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Immunological aspects of rabies: a literature review. Arch Virol 2017; 162:3251-3268. [PMID: 28726129 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3484-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Rabies is a lethal disease caused by the neurotropic virus rabies virus (RABV), and it remains an important public health problem globally. It is known that the host immune response is important for control of viral infection and promoting viral clearance. In this context, it is well documented that, in addition to RABV neutralizing antibody, interferons and cell-mediated immunity also have an important role in preventing the establishment of disease. On the other hand, RABV suppresses host immunity through different mechanisms, for example, direct inhibition of host gene expression, sequestration of pathogen-associated molecular patterns, or modification of cytokine signalling pathways, which hinder the protective host immune responses to RABV infection. Here, we review the immunological aspects of rabies, highlighting innate and adaptive immunity, as well as the host evasion immune mechanisms used by the virus. Finally, we briefly discuss how this knowledge can direct new research and be harnessed for future therapeutic strategies.
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Nikolic J, Le Bars R, Lama Z, Scrima N, Lagaudrière-Gesbert C, Gaudin Y, Blondel D. Negri bodies are viral factories with properties of liquid organelles. Nat Commun 2017; 8:58. [PMID: 28680096 PMCID: PMC5498545 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00102-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Replication of Mononegavirales occurs in viral factories which form inclusions in the host-cell cytoplasm. For rabies virus, those inclusions are called Negri bodies (NBs). We report that NBs have characteristics similar to those of liquid organelles: they are spherical, they fuse to form larger structures, and they disappear upon hypotonic shock. Their liquid phase is confirmed by FRAP experiments. Live-cell imaging indicates that viral nucleocapsids are ejected from NBs and transported along microtubules to form either new virions or secondary viral factories. Coexpression of rabies virus N and P proteins results in cytoplasmic inclusions recapitulating NBs properties. This minimal system reveals that an intrinsically disordered domain and the dimerization domain of P are essential for Negri bodies-like structures formation. We suggest that formation of liquid viral factories by phase separation is common among Mononegavirales and allows specific recruitment and concentration of viral proteins but also the escape to cellular antiviral response. Negative strand RNA viruses, such as rabies virus, induce formation of cytoplasmic inclusions for genome replication. Here, Nikolic et al. show that these so-called Negri bodies (NBs) have characteristics of liquid organelles and they identify the minimal protein domains required for NB formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jovan Nikolic
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Romain Le Bars
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Zoé Lama
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Nathalie Scrima
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Cécile Lagaudrière-Gesbert
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Yves Gaudin
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France.
| | - Danielle Blondel
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France.
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Toll like receptor 3 and viral infections of nervous system. J Neurol Sci 2017; 372:40-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2016.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Azimzadeh Jamalkandi S, Mozhgani SH, Gholami Pourbadie H, Mirzaie M, Noorbakhsh F, Vaziri B, Gholami A, Ansari-Pour N, Jafari M. Systems Biomedicine of Rabies Delineates the Affected Signaling Pathways. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1688. [PMID: 27872612 PMCID: PMC5098112 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The prototypical neurotropic virus, rabies, is a member of the Rhabdoviridae family that causes lethal encephalomyelitis. Although there have been a plethora of studies investigating the etiological mechanism of the rabies virus and many precautionary methods have been implemented to avert the disease outbreak over the last century, the disease has surprisingly no definite remedy at its late stages. The psychological symptoms and the underlying etiology, as well as the rare survival rate from rabies encephalitis, has still remained a mystery. We, therefore, undertook a systems biomedicine approach to identify the network of gene products implicated in rabies. This was done by meta-analyzing whole-transcriptome microarray datasets of the CNS infected by strain CVS-11, and integrating them with interactome data using computational and statistical methods. We first determined the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in each study and horizontally integrated the results at the mRNA and microRNA levels separately. A total of 61 seed genes involved in signal propagation system were obtained by means of unifying mRNA and microRNA detected integrated DEGs. We then reconstructed a refined protein–protein interaction network (PPIN) of infected cells to elucidate the rabies-implicated signal transduction network (RISN). To validate our findings, we confirmed differential expression of randomly selected genes in the network using Real-time PCR. In conclusion, the identification of seed genes and their network neighborhood within the refined PPIN can be useful for demonstrating signaling pathways including interferon circumvent, toward proliferation and survival, and neuropathological clue, explaining the intricate underlying molecular neuropathology of rabies infection and thus rendered a molecular framework for predicting potential drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sayed-Hamidreza Mozhgani
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mehdi Mirzaie
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Faculty of Mathematical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University Tehran, Iran
| | - Farshid Noorbakhsh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran, Iran
| | - Behrouz Vaziri
- Protein Chemistry and Proteomics Unit, Medical Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Gholami
- WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Rabies, Pasteur Institute of Iran Tehran, Iran
| | - Naser Ansari-Pour
- Faculty of New Sciences and Technology, University of TehranTehran, Iran; Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, UCL Genetics Institute, University College LondonLondon, UK
| | - Mohieddin Jafari
- Drug Design and Bioinformatics Unit, Medical Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran Tehran, Iran
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Rabies vaccination at a virus-inoculated site as an alternative option to rabies immunoglobulin. Arch Virol 2016; 161:2537-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-2916-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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The co-chaperone Cdc37 regulates the rabies virus phosphoprotein stability by targeting to Hsp90AA1 machinery. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27123. [PMID: 27251758 PMCID: PMC4890047 DOI: 10.1038/srep27123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cdc37, as a kinase-specific co-chaperone of the chaperone Hsp90AA1 (Hsp90), actively aids with the maturation, stabilization and activation of the cellular or viral kinase/kinase-like targets. Phosphoprotein (P) of rabies virus (RABV) is a multifunctional, non-kinase protein involved in interferon antagonism, viral transcription and replication. Here, we demonstrated that the RABV non-kinase P is chaperoned by Cdc37 and Hsp90 during infection. We found that Cdc37 and Hsp90 affect the RABV life cycle directly. Activity inhibition and knockdown of Cdc37 and Hsp90 increased the instability of the viral P protein. Overexpression of Cdc37 and Hsp90 maintained P's stability but did not increase the yield of infectious RABV virions. We further demonstrated that the non-enzymatic polymerase cofactor P protein of all the genotypes of lyssaviruses is a target of the Cdc37/Hsp90 complex. Cdc37, phosphorylated or unphosphorylated on Ser13, aids the P protein to load onto the Hsp90 machinery, with or without Cdc37 binding to Hsp90. However, the interaction between Cdc37 and Hsp90 appears to have additional allosteric regulation of the conformational switch of Hsp90. Our study highlighted a novel mechanism in which Cdc37/Hsp90 chaperones a non-kinase target, which has significant implications for designing therapeutic targets against Rabies.
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Ghanem A, Conzelmann KK. G gene-deficient single-round rabies viruses for neuronal circuit analysis. Virus Res 2016; 216:41-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Ito N, Moseley GW, Sugiyama M. The importance of immune evasion in the pathogenesis of rabies virus. J Vet Med Sci 2016; 78:1089-98. [PMID: 27041139 PMCID: PMC4976263 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.16-0092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies is a zoonotic disease caused by the Lyssavirus rabies virus
(RABV) that can infect most mammals, including humans, where it has a case-fatality rate
of almost 100%. Although preventable by vaccination, rabies causes c. 59,000 human
fatalities every year worldwide. Thus, there exists an urgent need to establish an
effective therapy and/or improve dissemination of vaccines for humans and animals. These
outcomes require greater understanding of the mechanisms of RABV pathogenesis to identify
new molecular targets for the development of therapeutics and/or live vaccines with high
levels of safety. Importantly, a number of studies in recent years have indicated that
RABV specifically suppresses host immunity through diverse mechanisms and that this is a
key process in pathogenicity. Here, we review current understanding of immune modulation
by RABV, with an emphasis on its significance to pathogenicity and the potential
exploitation of this knowledge to develop new vaccines and antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Ito
- Laboratory of Zoonotic Diseases, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
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Madhu BP, Singh KP, Saminathan M, Singh R, Tiwari AK, Manjunatha V, Harish C, Manjunathareddy GB. Correlation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) inhibition with TNF-α, caspase-1, FasL and TLR-3 in pathogenesis of rabies in mouse model. Virus Genes 2015; 52:61-70. [PMID: 26690069 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-015-1265-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The role of inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1α/β (IL-1α/β), IL-6, IL-10, tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interferons, nitric oxide (NO) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in pathogenesis of rabies is being actively pursued. Presently, levels of certain immune molecules in pathogenesis of rabies in mice have been investigated. CVS strain of rabies infection resulted in early increase in iNOS, TNF-α, caspase-1, Fas ligand (FasL) and toll-like receptor-3 (TLR-3) mRNA levels in brain, and nitric oxide levels in serum. The severity of clinical signs and microscopic lesions largely correlated with NO levels. Aminoguanidine (AG; iNOS inhibitor) decreased NO production with delay in development of clinical signs and increase in survival time. Prolonged survival time correlated with reduced viral load evident by real-time PCR, reduced fluorescent signals of rabies antigen in brain and reduced immunohistochemistry signals in neuronal cytoplasm. These parameters suggested that nitric oxide did influence the rabies virus replication. Inhibition of iNOS by AG administration led to decreased expression of TNF-α, caspase-1, FasL and TLR-3 mRNA levels suggesting that increase in NO levels in rabies virus infection possibly contributed to development of disease through inflammation, apoptosis and immune-evasive mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- B P Madhu
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - K P Singh
- Pathology Laboratory, Centre for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis (CADRAD), ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - M Saminathan
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - R Singh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - A K Tiwari
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - V Manjunatha
- Wild Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Bannerghatta Biological Park, Bannerghatta, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - C Harish
- Department of Pre-Clinical Research, Anthem Biosciences Pvt Ltd, Bommasandra, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - G B Manjunathareddy
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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Renaud J, Thérien HM, Plouffe M, Martinoli MG. [Neuroinflammation: Dr Jekyll or Mr Hyde?]. Med Sci (Paris) 2015; 31:979-88. [PMID: 26576605 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20153111012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Sheltered in a bony cage, populated by cells with little regenerative potential, the central nervous system (CNS) could likely not withstand classic inflammation without risking major sequelae. As a consequence, it had to develop an original way to provide surveillance, defence and reparation, which relies on both the complex architecture of the periphery-nervous parenchyma exchange zones, and the tightly regulated collaboration between all the cell populations that reside in or pass through the CNS. Despite its tight regulation, neuroinflammation is sometimes the cause of irreversible loss but it is also where the solution stands. The specific immune crosstalk that takes place in the CNS needs to be decoded in order to identify the best therapeutic strategies aimed at helping the CNS to restore homeostasis in problematic situations, such as in the case of neurodegenerative disorders. This review deals with this double-edged sword nature of neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Renaud
- Groupe de recherche en neurosciences, Département de biologie médicale, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351 boulevard des Forges, G9A 5H7 Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada
| | - Hélène-Marie Thérien
- Département de biologie médicale, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada
| | - Marilyn Plouffe
- Groupe de recherche en neurosciences, Département de biologie médicale, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351 boulevard des Forges, G9A 5H7 Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada
| | - Maria-Grazia Martinoli
- Groupe de recherche en neurosciences, Département de biologie médicale, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351 boulevard des Forges, G9A 5H7 Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada - Département de psychiatrie et neurosciences, Université Laval et Centre de recherche du CHUL, Québec, Canada
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Appolinário C, Allendorf SD, Vicente AF, Ribeiro BD, Fonseca CRD, Antunes JM, Peres MG, Kotait I, Carrieri ML, Megid J. Fluorescent antibody test, quantitative polymerase chain reaction pattern and clinical aspects of rabies virus strains isolated from main reservoirs in Brazil. Braz J Infect Dis 2015; 19:479-85. [PMID: 26303004 PMCID: PMC9427647 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2015.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies virus (RABV) isolated from different mammals seems to have unique characteristics that influence the outcome of infection. RABV circulates in nature and is maintained by reservoirs that are responsible for the persistence of the disease for almost 4000 years. Considering the different pattern of pathogenicity of RABV strains in naturally and experimentally infected animals, the aim of this study was to analyze the characteristics of RABV variants isolated from the main Brazilian reservoirs, being related to a dog (variant 2), Desmodus rotundus (variant 3), crab eating fox, marmoset, and Myotis spp. Viral replication in brain tissue of experimentally infected mouse was evaluated by two laboratory techniques and the results were compared to clinical evolution from five RABV variants. The presence of the RABV was investigated in brain samples by fluorescent antibody test (FAT) and real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) for quantification of rabies virus nucleoprotein gene (N gene). Virus replication is not correlated with clinical signs and evolution. The pattern of FAT is associated with RABV replication levels. Virus isolates from crab eating fox and marmoset had a longer evolution period and higher survival rate suggesting that the evolution period may contribute to the outcome. RABV virus variants had independent characteristics that determine the clinical evolution and survival of the infected mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Appolinário
- Departamento de Higiene Veterinária e Saúde Pública, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Susan Dora Allendorf
- Departamento de Higiene Veterinária e Saúde Pública, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Acácia Ferreira Vicente
- Departamento de Higiene Veterinária e Saúde Pública, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruna Devidé Ribeiro
- Departamento de Higiene Veterinária e Saúde Pública, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Clóvis Reinaldo da Fonseca
- Departamento de Higiene Veterinária e Saúde Pública, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - João Marcelo Antunes
- Departamento de Higiene Veterinária e Saúde Pública, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Marina Gea Peres
- Departamento de Higiene Veterinária e Saúde Pública, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Jane Megid
- Departamento de Higiene Veterinária e Saúde Pública, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
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Actin-Modulating Protein Cofilin Is Involved in the Formation of Measles Virus Ribonucleoprotein Complex at the Perinuclear Region. J Virol 2015; 89:10524-31. [PMID: 26269174 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01819-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED In measles virus (MV)-infected cells, the ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex, comprised of the viral genome and the nucleocapsid (N) protein, phosphoprotein (P protein), and large protein, assembles at the perinuclear region and synthesizes viral RNAs. The cellular proteins involved in the formation of the RNP complex are largely unknown. In this report, we show that cofilin, an actin-modulating host protein, interacts with the MV N protein and aids in the formation of the RNP complex. Knockdown of cofilin using the short hairpin RNA reduces the formation of the RNP complex after MV infection and that of the RNP complex-like structure after plasmid-mediated expression of MV N and P proteins. A lower level of formation of the RNP complex results in the reduction of viral RNA synthesis. Cofilin phosphorylation on the serine residue at position 3, an enzymatically inactive form, is increased after MV infection and the phosphorylated form of cofilin is preferentially included in the complex. These results indicate that cofilin plays an important role in MV replication by increasing formation of the RNP complex and viral RNA synthesis. IMPORTANCE Many RNA viruses induce within infected cells the structure called the ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex in which viral RNA synthesis occurs. It is comprised of the viral genome and proteins that include the viral RNA polymerase. The cellular proteins involved in the formation of the RNP complex are largely unknown. In this report, we show that cofilin, an actin-modulating host protein, binds to the measles virus (MV) nucleocapsid protein and plays an important role in the formation of the MV RNP complex and MV RNA synthesis. The level of the phosphorylated form of cofilin, enzymatically inactive, is increased after MV infection, and the phosphorylated form is preferentially associated with the RNP complex. Our findings determined with cofilin will help us better understand the mechanism by which the RNP complex is formed in virus-infected cells and develop new antiviral drugs targeting the RNP complex.
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Blondel D, Maarifi G, Nisole S, Chelbi-Alix MK. Resistance to Rhabdoviridae Infection and Subversion of Antiviral Responses. Viruses 2015; 7:3675-702. [PMID: 26198243 PMCID: PMC4517123 DOI: 10.3390/v7072794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon (IFN) treatment induces the expression of hundreds of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). However, only a selection of their products have been demonstrated to be responsible for the inhibition of rhabdovirus replication in cultured cells; and only a few have been shown to play a role in mediating the antiviral response in vivo using gene knockout mouse models. IFNs inhibit rhabdovirus replication at different stages via the induction of a variety of ISGs. This review will discuss how individual ISG products confer resistance to rhabdoviruses by blocking viral entry, degrading single stranded viral RNA, inhibiting viral translation or preventing release of virions from the cell. Furthermore, this review will highlight how these viruses counteract the host IFN system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Blondel
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS UMR 9198, Université Paris-Sud, Gif-sur-Yvette 91190, France.
| | - Ghizlane Maarifi
- INSERM UMR-S 1124, Université Paris Descartes, Centre Interdisciplinaire Chimie Biologie-Paris (FR 3567, CNRS), 75270 Paris Cedex 6, France.
| | - Sébastien Nisole
- INSERM UMR-S 1124, Université Paris Descartes, Centre Interdisciplinaire Chimie Biologie-Paris (FR 3567, CNRS), 75270 Paris Cedex 6, France.
| | - Mounira K Chelbi-Alix
- INSERM UMR-S 1124, Université Paris Descartes, Centre Interdisciplinaire Chimie Biologie-Paris (FR 3567, CNRS), 75270 Paris Cedex 6, France.
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Zhang J, Ye C, Ruan X, Zan J, Xu Y, Liao M, Zhou J. The chaperonin CCTα is required for efficient transcription and replication of rabies virus. Microbiol Immunol 2015; 58:590-9. [PMID: 25082455 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Negri bodies (NBs) are formed in the cytoplasm of rabies virus (RABV)-infected cells and are accompanied by a number of host factors to NBs, in which replication and transcription occur. Here, it was found that chaperonin containing TCP-1 subunit alpha (CCTα) relocalizes to NBs in RABV-infected cells, and that cotransfection of nucleo- and phospho-proteins of RABV is sufficient to recruit CCTα to the NBs' structure. Inhibition of CCTα expression by specific short hairpin RNA knockdown inhibited the replication and transcription of RABV. Therefore, this study showed that the host factor CCTα is associated with RABV infection and is very likely required for efficient virus transcription and replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058; State Key Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003; Research Center of Molecular Medicine of Yunnan Province, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
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Rupprecht CE, Kuzmin IV. Why we can prevent, control and possibly treat – but will not eradicate – rabies. Future Virol 2015. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.15.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Rabies is an acute, progressive viral encephalitis. Despite historical recognition, millions still remain exposed annually. Most fatalities are of children, although this zoonosis is a vaccine-preventable disease. All developed countries interrupted canine transmission and increasingly, Asian and African communities recognize what Latin Americans demonstrated – dog rabies can be eliminated – by mass application of veterinary vaccines. Realistically, rabies is not a candidate for eradication. Management is lacking for major reservoirs, such as bats. Increasing pre-exposure immunization of individuals at risk, simplification of postexposure schedules, enhancing vaccine delivery by alternative routes, development of less expensive biologics and antiviral drugs, may lessen its impact if applied strategically in a One Health context.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ivan V Kuzmin
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
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Heat shock protein 70 regulates degradation of the mumps virus phosphoprotein via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. J Virol 2014; 89:3188-99. [PMID: 25552722 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03343-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Mumps virus (MuV) infection induces formation of cytoplasmic inclusion bodies (IBs). Growing evidence indicates that IBs are the sites where RNA viruses synthesize their viral RNA. However, in the case of MuV infection, little is known about the viral and cellular compositions and biological functions of the IBs. In this study, pulldown purification and N-terminal amino acid sequencing revealed that stress-inducible heat shock protein 70 (Hsp72) was a binding partner of MuV phosphoprotein (P protein), which was an essential component of the IB formation. Immunofluorescence and immunoblotting analyses revealed that Hsp72 was colocalized with the P protein in the IBs, and its expression was increased during MuV infection. Knockdown of Hsp72 using small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) had little, if any, effect on viral propagation in cultured cells. Knockdown of Hsp72 caused accumulation of ubiquitinated P protein and delayed P protein degradation. These results show that Hsp72 is recruited to IBs and regulates the degradation of MuV P protein through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. IMPORTANCE Formation of cytoplasmic inclusion bodies (IBs) is a common characteristic feature in mononegavirus infections. IBs are considered to be the sites of viral RNA replication and transcription. However, there have been few studies focused on host factors recruited to the IBs and their biological functions. Here, we identified stress-inducible heat shock protein 70 (Hsp72) as the first cellular partner of mumps virus (MuV) phosphoprotein (P protein), which is an essential component of the IBs and is involved in viral RNA replication/transcription. We found that the Hsp72 mobilized to the IBs promoted degradation of the MuV P protein through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Our data provide new insight into the role played by IBs in mononegavirus infection.
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Marreiros R, Müller-Schiffmann A, Bader V, Selvarajah S, Dey D, Lingappa VR, Korth C. Viral capsid assembly as a model for protein aggregation diseases: Active processes catalyzed by cellular assembly machines comprising novel drug targets. Virus Res 2014; 207:155-64. [PMID: 25451064 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Viruses can be conceptualized as self-replicating multiprotein assemblies, containing coding nucleic acids. Viruses have evolved to exploit host cellular components including enzymes to ensure their replicative life cycle. New findings indicate that also viral capsid proteins recruit host factors to accelerate their assembly. These assembly machines are RNA-containing multiprotein complexes whose composition is governed by allosteric sites. In the event of viral infection, the assembly machines are recruited to support the virus over the host and are modified to achieve that goal. Stress granules and processing bodies may represent collections of such assembly machines, readily visible by microscopy but biochemically labile and difficult to isolate by fractionation. We hypothesize that the assembly of protein multimers such as encountered in neurodegenerative or other protein conformational diseases, is also catalyzed by assembly machines. In the case of viral infection, the assembly machines have been modified by the virus to meet the virus' need for rapid capsid assembly rather than host homeostasis. In the case of the neurodegenerative diseases, it is the monomers and/or low n oligomers of the so-called aggregated proteins that are substrates of assembly machines. Examples for substrates are amyloid β peptide (Aβ) and tau in Alzheimer's disease, α-synuclein in Parkinson's disease, prions in the prion diseases, Disrupted-in-schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) in subsets of chronic mental illnesses, and others. A likely continuum between virus capsid assembly and cell-to-cell transmissibility of aggregated proteins is remarkable. Protein aggregation diseases may represent dysfunction and dysregulation of these assembly machines analogous to the aberrations induced by viral infection in which cellular homeostasis is pathologically reprogrammed. In this view, as for viral infection, reset of assembly machines to normal homeostasis should be the goal of protein aggregation therapeutics. A key basis for the commonality between viral and neurodegenerative disease aggregation is a broader definition of assembly as more than just simple aggregation, particularly suited for the crowded cytoplasm. The assembly machines are collections of proteins that catalytically accelerate an assembly reaction that would occur spontaneously but too slowly to be relevant in vivo. Being an enzyme complex with a functional allosteric site, appropriated for a non-physiological purpose (e.g. viral infection or conformational disease), these assembly machines present a superior pharmacological target because inhibition of their active site will amplify an effect on their substrate reaction. Here, we present this hypothesis based on recent proof-of-principle studies against Aβ assembly relevant in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Marreiros
- Department Neuropathology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf Medical School, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andreas Müller-Schiffmann
- Department Neuropathology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf Medical School, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Verian Bader
- Department Neuropathology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf Medical School, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Carsten Korth
- Department Neuropathology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf Medical School, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Abstract
Rabies is one of the most deadly infectious diseases, with a case-fatality rate approaching 100%. The disease is established on all continents apart from Antarctica; most cases are reported in Africa and Asia, with thousands of deaths recorded annually. However, the estimated annual figure of almost 60,000 human rabies fatalities is probably an underestimate. Almost all cases of human rabies result from bites from infected dogs. Therefore, the most cost-effective approach to elimination of the global burden of human rabies is to control canine rabies rather than expansion of the availability of human prophylaxis. Mass vaccination campaigns with parenteral vaccines, and advances in oral vaccines for wildlife, have allowed the elimination of rabies in terrestrial carnivores in several countries worldwide. The subsequent reduction in cases of human rabies in such regions advocates the multidisciplinary One Health approach to rabies control through the mass vaccination of dogs and control of canine populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony R Fooks
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA, Weybridge), New Haw, Addlestone, UK; WHO Communicable Disease Surveillance and Response Collaborating Centre for the Characterisation of Rabies and Rabies-related Viruses, Addlestone, Weybridge, UK; Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK; National Consortium for Zoonosis Research, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Neston, UK.
| | - Ashley C Banyard
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA, Weybridge), New Haw, Addlestone, UK; WHO Communicable Disease Surveillance and Response Collaborating Centre for the Characterisation of Rabies and Rabies-related Viruses, Addlestone, Weybridge, UK
| | - Daniel L Horton
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA, Weybridge), New Haw, Addlestone, UK; WHO Communicable Disease Surveillance and Response Collaborating Centre for the Characterisation of Rabies and Rabies-related Viruses, Addlestone, Weybridge, UK
| | - Nicholas Johnson
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA, Weybridge), New Haw, Addlestone, UK; WHO Communicable Disease Surveillance and Response Collaborating Centre for the Characterisation of Rabies and Rabies-related Viruses, Addlestone, Weybridge, UK
| | - Lorraine M McElhinney
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA, Weybridge), New Haw, Addlestone, UK; WHO Communicable Disease Surveillance and Response Collaborating Centre for the Characterisation of Rabies and Rabies-related Viruses, Addlestone, Weybridge, UK; National Consortium for Zoonosis Research, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Neston, UK
| | - Alan C Jackson
- Departments of Internal Medicine (Neurology) and of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Establishment of Myotis myotis cell lines--model for investigation of host-pathogen interaction in a natural host for emerging viruses. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109795. [PMID: 25295526 PMCID: PMC4190323 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bats are found to be the natural reservoirs for many emerging viruses. In most cases, severe clinical signs caused by such virus infections are normally not seen in bats. This indicates differences in the virus-host interactions and underlines the necessity to develop natural host related models to study these phenomena. Due to the strict protection of European bat species, immortalized cell lines are the only alternative to investigate the innate anti-virus immune mechanisms. Here, we report about the establishment and functional characterization of Myotis myotis derived cell lines from different tissues: brain (MmBr), tonsil (MmTo), peritoneal cavity (MmPca), nasal epithelium (MmNep) and nervus olfactorius (MmNol) after immortalization by SV 40 large T antigen. The usefulness of these cell lines to study antiviral responses has been confirmed by analysis of their susceptibility to lyssavirus infection and the mRNA patterns of immune-relevant genes after poly I:C stimulation. Performed experiments indicated varying susceptibility to lyssavirus infection with MmBr being considerably less susceptible than the other cell lines. Further investigation demonstrated a strong activation of interferon mediated antiviral response in MmBr contributing to its resistance. The pattern recognition receptors: RIG-I and MDA5 were highly up-regulated during rabies virus infection in MmBr, suggesting their involvement in promotion of antiviral responses. The presence of CD14 and CD68 in MmBr suggested MmBr cells are microglia-like cells which play a key role in host defense against infections in the central nervous system (CNS). Thus the expression pattern of MmBr combined with the observed limitation of lyssavirus replication underpin a protective mechanism of the CNS controlling the lyssavirus infection. Overall, the established cell lines are important tools to analyze antiviral innate immunity in M. myotis against neurotropic virus infections and present a valuable tool for a broad spectrum of future investigations in cellular biology of M. myotis.
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