1
|
Zhang X, Ma S, Gu C, Hu M, Miao M, Quan Y, Yu W. K64 acetylation of heat shock protein 90 suppresses nucleopolyhedrovirus replication in Bombyx mori. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 115:e22079. [PMID: 38288491 DOI: 10.1002/arch.22079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
HSP90 is a highly conserved chaperone that facilitates the proliferation of many viruses, including silkworm (bombyx mori) nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV), but the underlying regulatory mechanism was unclear. We found that suppression of HSP90 by 17-AAG, a HSP90-specific inhibitor, significantly reduced the expression of BmNPV capsid protein gp64 and viral genome replication, whereas overexpression of B. mori HSP90(BmHSP90) promoted BmNPV replication. Furthermore, in a recent study of the lysine acetylome of B. mori infected with BmNPV, we focused on the reduced viral proliferation due to changes of BmHSP90 lysine acetylation. Site-directed introduction of acetylated (K/Q) or deacetylated (K/R) mimic mutations into BmHSP90 revealed that lysine 64 (K64) acetylation activated the JAK/STAT pathway and reduced BmHSP90 ATPase activity, leading to diminished chaperone activity and ultimately inhibiting BmNPV proliferation. In this study, a single lysine 64 acetylation change of BmHSP90 was elucidated as a model of posttranslational modifications occurring in the wake of host-virus interactions, providing novel insights into potential antiviral strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xizhen Zhang
- Department of Biopharmaceuticals, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shiyi Ma
- Department of Biopharmaceuticals, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chaoguang Gu
- Department of Biopharmaceuticals, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Miao Hu
- Department of Biopharmaceuticals, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Meng Miao
- Department of Biopharmaceuticals, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanping Quan
- Department of Biopharmaceuticals, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Yu
- Department of Biopharmaceuticals, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang C, Chen C, Pan Z, He Y, Zhang Z, Liu R, Xue Y, Zhou Q, Gao X. Quantitative Proteomics of the CDK9 Interactome Reveals a Function of the HSP90-CDC37-P-TEFb Complex for BETi-Induced HIV-1 Latency Reactivation. J Proteome Res 2023; 22:2880-2889. [PMID: 37540094 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.3c00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Brd4 has been intensively investigated as a promising drug target because of its implicated functions in oncogenesis, inflammation, and HIV-1 transcription. The formation of the Brd4-P-TEFb (CDK9/Cyclin T1) complex and its regulation of transcriptional elongation are critical for HIV latency reactivation and expression of many oncogenes. To further investigate the mechanism of the Brd4-P-TEFb complex in controlling elongation, mass spectrometry-based quantitative proteomics of the CDK9 interactome was performed. Upon treatment with the selective BET bromodomain inhibitor JQ1, 352 proteins were successfully identified with high confidence as CDK9-interacting proteins. Among them, increased bindings of HSP90 and CDC37 to CDK9 were particularly striking, and our data suggest that the HSP90-CDC37-P-TEFb complex is involved in controlling the dynamic equilibrium of the P-TEFb complex during BETi-induced reactivation of HIV-1 latency. Furthermore, the HSP90-CDC37-P-TEFb complex directly regulates HIV-1 transcription and relies on recruitment by heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) for binding to the HIV-1 promoter. These results advance the understanding of HSP90-CDC37-P-TEFb in HIV-1 latency reversal and enlighten the development of potential strategies to eradicate HIV-1 using a combination of targeted drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
- Medical Center of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400000, China
| | - Chunjing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Zhenrui Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Yaohui He
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Zhanming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Rongdiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Yuhua Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Qiang Zhou
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kumar Kushwaha P, Saurabh Srivastava K, Kumari N, Kumar R, Mitra D, Sharon A. Synthesis and anti-HIV activity of a new isoxazole containing disubstituted 1,2,4-oxadiazoles analogs. Bioorg Med Chem 2022; 56:116612. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2022.116612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
4
|
Kurop MK, Huyen CM, Kelly JH, Blagg BSJ. The heat shock response and small molecule regulators. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 226:113846. [PMID: 34563965 PMCID: PMC8608735 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The heat shock response (HSR) is a highly conserved cellular pathway that is responsible for stress relief and the refolding of denatured proteins [1]. When a host cell is exposed to conditions such as heat shock, ischemia, or toxic substances, heat shock factor-1 (HSF-1), a transcription factor, activates the genes that encode for the heat shock proteins (Hsps), which are a family of proteins that work alongside other chaperones to relieve stress and refold proteins that have been denatured (Burdon, 1986) [2]. Along with the refolding of denatured proteins, Hsps facilitate the removal of misfolded proteins by escorting them to degradation pathways, thereby preventing the accumulation of misfolded proteins [3]. Research has indicated that many pathological conditions, such as diabetes, cancer, neuropathy, cardiovascular disease, and aging have a negative impact on HSR function and are commonly associated with misfolded protein aggregation [4,5]. Studies indicate an interplay between mitochondrial homeostasis and HSF-1 levels can impact stress resistance, proteostasis, and malignant cell growth, which further support the role of Hsps in pathological and metabolic functions [6]. On the other hand, Hsp activation by specific small molecules can induce the heat shock response, which can afford neuroprotection and other benefits [7]. This review will focus on the modulation of Hsps and the HSR as therapeutic options to treat these conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margaret K Kurop
- Warren Center for Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Cormac M Huyen
- Warren Center for Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - John H Kelly
- Warren Center for Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Brian S J Blagg
- Warren Center for Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Iyer K, Chand K, Mitra A, Trivedi J, Mitra D. Diversity in heat shock protein families: functional implications in virus infection with a comprehensive insight of their role in the HIV-1 life cycle. Cell Stress Chaperones 2021; 26:743-768. [PMID: 34318439 PMCID: PMC8315497 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-021-01223-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are a group of cellular proteins that are induced during stress conditions such as heat stress, cold shock, UV irradiation and even pathogenic insult. They are classified into families based on molecular size like HSP27, 40, 70 and 90 etc, and many of them act as cellular chaperones that regulate protein folding and determine the fate of mis-folded or unfolded proteins. Studies have also shown multiple other functions of these proteins such as in cell signalling, transcription and immune response. Deregulation of these proteins leads to devastating consequences, such as cancer, Alzheimer's disease and other life threatening diseases suggesting their potential importance in life processes. HSPs exist in multiple isoforms, and their biochemical and functional characterization still remains a subject of active investigation. In case of viral infections, several HSP isoforms have been documented to play important roles with few showing pro-viral activity whereas others seem to have an anti-viral role. Earlier studies have demonstrated that HSP40 plays a pro-viral role whereas HSP70 inhibits HIV-1 replication; however, clear isoform-specific functional roles remain to be established. A detailed functional characterization of all the HSP isoforms will uncover their role in cellular homeostasis and also may highlight some of them as potential targets for therapeutic strategies against various viral infections. In this review, we have tried to comprehend the details about cellular HSPs and their isoforms, their role in cellular physiology and their isoform-specific functions in case of virus infection with a specific focus on HIV-1 biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kruthika Iyer
- Laboratory for HIV Research, National Centre for Cell Science, SP Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune, 411007, India
| | - Kailash Chand
- Laboratory for HIV Research, National Centre for Cell Science, SP Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune, 411007, India
| | - Alapani Mitra
- Laboratory for HIV Research, National Centre for Cell Science, SP Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune, 411007, India
| | - Jay Trivedi
- Laboratory for HIV Research, National Centre for Cell Science, SP Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune, 411007, India
| | - Debashis Mitra
- Laboratory for HIV Research, National Centre for Cell Science, SP Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune, 411007, India.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
|
7
|
Belon L, Skidmore P, Mehra R, Walter E. Effect of a fever in viral infections — the ‘Goldilocks’ phenomenon? World J Clin Cases 2021; 9:296-307. [PMID: 33521098 PMCID: PMC7812885 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v9.i2.296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute infections, including those due to Coronaviridae and other viruses, often stimulate a febrile response. A mild fever appears to improve outcome; it appears to diminish viral replication by several mechanisms, including virion entry into host cells and genome transcription, and improving host defence mechanisms against the pathogen. However, a fever may also damage host cellular and tissue function and increase metabolic demands. At temperatures at the lower end of the febrile range, the benefit of the fever appears to outweigh the detrimental effects. However, at higher temperatures, the outcome worsens, suggesting that the disadvantages of fever on the host predominate. A non-infective fever is associated with a worse outcome at lower temperatures, suggesting that hyperthermia carries less benefit in the absence of infection. This review discusses the risks and benefits of a fever on the host response, focusing on the effects of a fever on viral replication and host response, and the detrimental effect on the host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Belon
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Royal Surrey County Hospital, Guildford GU2 7XX, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Skidmore
- Department of General Medicine, Royal Surrey County Hospital, Guildford GU2 7XX, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Rohan Mehra
- Department of General Medicine, Royal Surrey County Hospital, Guildford GU2 7XX, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Edward Walter
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Royal Surrey County Hospital, Guildford GU2 7XX, Surrey, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Fatoki TH, Ibraheem O, Ogunyemi IO, Akinmoladun AC, Ugboko HU, Adeseko CJ, Awofisayo OA, Olusegun SJ, Enibukun JM. Network analysis, sequence and structure dynamics of key proteins of coronavirus and human host, and molecular docking of selected phytochemicals of nine medicinal plants. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 39:6195-6217. [PMID: 32686993 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1794971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The novel coronavirus of 2019 (nCoV-19) has become a pandemic, affecting over 205 nations with over 7,410,000 confirmed cases which has resulted to over 418,000 deaths worldwide. This study aimed to identify potential therapeutic compounds and phytochemicals of medicinal plants that have potential to modulate the expression network of genes that are involve in SARS-CoV-2 pathology in human host and to understand the dynamics key proteins involved in the virus-host interactions. The method used include gene network analysis, molecular docking, and sequence and structure dynamics simulations. The results identified DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) and Protein kinase CK2 as key players in SARS-CoV-2 lifecycle. Among the predicted drugs compounds, clemizole, monorden, spironolactone and tanespimycin showed high binding energies; among the studied repurposing compounds, remdesivir, simeprevir and valinomycin showed high binding energies; among the predicted acidic compounds, acetylursolic acid and hardwickiic acid gave high binding energies; while among the studied anthraquinones and glycosides compounds, ellagitannin and friedelanone showed high binding energies against 3-Chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro), Papain-like protease (PLpro), helicase (nsp13), RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (nsp12), 2'-O-ribose methyltransferase (nsp16) of SARS-CoV-2 and DNA-PK and CK2alpha in human. The order of affinity for CoV proteins is 5Y3E > 6NUS > 6JYT > 2XYR > 3VB6. Finally, medicinal plants with phytochemicals such as caffeine, ellagic acid, quercetin and their derivatives could possibly remediate COVID-19.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toluwase Hezekiah Fatoki
- Translational Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University Oye Ekiti, Oye Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
| | - Omodele Ibraheem
- Translational Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University Oye Ekiti, Oye Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Harriet U Ugboko
- Microbiology Research Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | | | - Oladoja A Awofisayo
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Nekongo EE, Ponomarenko AI, Dewal MB, Butty VL, Browne EP, Shoulders MD. HSF1 Activation Can Restrict HIV Replication. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:1659-1666. [PMID: 32502335 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Host protein folding stress responses can play important roles in RNA virus replication and evolution. Prior work suggested a complicated interplay between the cytosolic proteostasis stress response, controlled by the transcriptional master regulator heat shock factor 1 (HSF1), and human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1). We sought to uncouple HSF1 transcription factor activity from cytotoxic proteostasis stress and thereby better elucidate the proposed role(s) of HSF1 in the HIV-1 lifecycle. To achieve this objective, we used chemical genetic, stress-independent control of HSF1 activity to establish whether and how HSF1 influences HIV-1 replication. Stress-independent HSF1 induction decreased both the total quantity and infectivity of HIV-1 virions. Moreover, HIV-1 was unable to escape HSF1-mediated restriction over the course of several serial passages. These results clarify the interplay between the host's heat shock response and HIV-1 infection and motivate continued investigation of chaperones as potential antiviral therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel E. Nekongo
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Anna I. Ponomarenko
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Mahender B. Dewal
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Vincent L. Butty
- BioMicro Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Edward P. Browne
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27516, United States
| | - Matthew D. Shoulders
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
|
11
|
Vansant G, Bruggemans A, Janssens J, Debyser Z. Block-And-Lock Strategies to Cure HIV Infection. Viruses 2020; 12:E84. [PMID: 31936859 PMCID: PMC7019976 DOI: 10.3390/v12010084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Today HIV infection cannot be cured due to the presence of a reservoir of latently infected cells inducing a viral rebound upon treatment interruption. Hence, the latent reservoir is considered as the major barrier for an HIV cure. So far, efforts to completely eradicate the reservoir via a shock-and-kill approach have proven difficult and unsuccessful. Therefore, more research has been done recently on an alternative block-and-lock functional cure strategy. In contrast to the shock-and-kill strategy that aims to eradicate the entire reservoir, block-and-lock aims to permanently silence all proviruses, even after treatment interruption. HIV silencing can be achieved by targeting different factors of the transcription machinery. In this review, we first describe the underlying mechanisms of HIV transcription and silencing. Next, we give an overview of the different block-and-lock strategies under investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerlinde Vansant
- Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit, Leuven, 3000 Flanders, Belgium
| | - Anne Bruggemans
- Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit, Leuven, 3000 Flanders, Belgium
| | - Julie Janssens
- Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit, Leuven, 3000 Flanders, Belgium
| | - Zeger Debyser
- Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit, Leuven, 3000 Flanders, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Discovery of 2-isoxazol-3-yl-acetamide analogues as heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) inhibitors with significant anti-HIV activity. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 183:111699. [PMID: 31561045 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The recent burst of explorations on heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) in virus research supports its emergence as a promising target to overcome the drawbacks of current antiviral therapeutic regimen. In continuation of our efforts towards the discovery of novel anti-retroviral molecules, we designed, synthesized fifteen novels 2-isoxazol-3-yl-acetamide based compounds (2a-o) followed by analysis of their anti-HIV activity and cytotoxicity studies. 2a-b, 2e, 2j, and 2l-m were found to be active with inhibitory potentials >80% at their highest non-cytotoxic concentration (HNC). Further characterization of anti-HIV activity of these molecules suggests that 2l has ∼3.5 fold better therapeutic index than AUY922, the second generation HSP90 inhibitor. The anti-HIV activity of 2l is a cell type, virus isolate and viral load independent phenomena. Interestingly, 2l does not significantly modulate viral enzymes like Reverse Transcriptase (RT), Integrase (IN) and Protease (PR) as compared to their known inhibitors in a cell free in vitro assay system at its HNC. Further, 2l mediated inhibition of HSP90 attenuates HIV-1 LTR driven gene expression. Taken together, structural rationale, modeling studies and characterization of biological activities suggest that this novel scaffold can attenuate HIV-1 replication significantly within the host and thus opens a new horizon to develop novel anti-HIV therapeutic candidates.
Collapse
|
13
|
Wen J, Zou J, Huang X, Wen H, Tselmeg, Suo X, Liu X. Identification of candidate antigens by 2-DE Immunoblotting for diagnosis of Toxoplasma gondii infection in chickens and rabbits. Exp Parasitol 2019; 204:107723. [PMID: 31299265 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2019.107723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis, caused by apicomplexan parasite Toxoplasma gondii, is a common food-borne disease in humans. Undercooked meat is a potential source of T. gondii infection. As meat of chicken or rabbit is consumed worldwide, tools such as ELISA for the detection of infection of this parasite in rabbits and chickens are much-needed. To search diagnostic antigens of T. gondii special for rabbits and chickens, we conducted two dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE), Western blotting and mass spectrometry (MS) with T. gondii tachyzoite proteins. When probed with rabbit or chicken anti-T. gondii sera, about 60 positive spots among over 500 visible protein spots were detected. In subsequent mass spectrometric analysis, microneme 4 (MIC4) and a putative rhoptry protein are of diagnositic value among the 13 spots selectively picked from the equivalent gel. This study encourages further validation of these candidate antigens for the development of immunologic tools for the detection of T. gondii infection in chickens and rabbits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture & National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture and College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, 010018, China.
| | - Jun Zou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture & National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Xiaoxi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture & National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Hao Wen
- Inner Mongolia Yili Industrial Group Co.,Ltd, Information Technology Center, Huhhot, 010018, China
| | - Tselmeg
- College of Foreign Language, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, 010018, China
| | - Xun Suo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture & National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Xianyong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture & National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Valle-Casuso JC, Angin M, Volant S, Passaes C, Monceaux V, Mikhailova A, Bourdic K, Avettand-Fenoel V, Boufassa F, Sitbon M, Lambotte O, Thoulouze MI, Müller-Trutwin M, Chomont N, Sáez-Cirión A. Cellular Metabolism Is a Major Determinant of HIV-1 Reservoir Seeding in CD4 + T Cells and Offers an Opportunity to Tackle Infection. Cell Metab 2019; 29:611-626.e5. [PMID: 30581119 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
HIV persists in long-lived infected cells that are not affected by antiretroviral treatment. These HIV reservoirs are mainly located in CD4+ T cells, but their distribution is variable in the different subsets. Susceptibility to HIV-1 increases with CD4+ T cell differentiation. We evaluated whether the metabolic programming that supports the differentiation and function of CD4+ T cells affected their susceptibility to HIV-1. We found that differences in HIV-1 susceptibility between naive and more differentiated subsets were associated with the metabolic activity of the cells. Indeed, HIV-1 selectively infected CD4+ T cells with high oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis, independent of their activation phenotype. Moreover, partial inhibition of glycolysis (1) impaired HIV-1 infection in vitro in all CD4+ T cell subsets, (2) decreased the viability of preinfected cells, and (3) precluded HIV-1 amplification in cells from HIV-infected individuals. Our results elucidate the link between cell metabolism and HIV-1 infection and identify a vulnerability in tackling HIV reservoirs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José Carlos Valle-Casuso
- Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV Inflammation et Persistance, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Mathieu Angin
- Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV Inflammation et Persistance, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Stevenn Volant
- Institut Pasteur, Hub Bioinformatique et Biostatistique - C3BI, USR 3756 IP CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Caroline Passaes
- Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV Inflammation et Persistance, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Valérie Monceaux
- Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV Inflammation et Persistance, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Anastassia Mikhailova
- Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV Inflammation et Persistance, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Katia Bourdic
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bicêtre, Service de Médecine Interne et Immunologie Clinique, 94275 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Véronique Avettand-Fenoel
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 7327 Paris, France; Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Laboratoire de Virologie, CHU Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Faroudy Boufassa
- INSERM U1018, Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie et Santé des Populations, Université Paris Sud, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Marc Sitbon
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Olivier Lambotte
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bicêtre, Service de Médecine Interne et Immunologie Clinique, 94275 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; CEA, Université Paris Sud, INSERM U1184, Center for Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases (IMVA), IDMIT Department/IBFJ, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | | | - Michaela Müller-Trutwin
- Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV Inflammation et Persistance, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Nicolas Chomont
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM and Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Asier Sáez-Cirión
- Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV Inflammation et Persistance, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Liu Y, Fu Y, Wang Q, Li M, Zhou Z, Dabbagh D, Fu C, Zhang H, Li S, Zhang T, Gong J, Kong X, Zhai W, Su J, Sun J, Zhang Y, Yu XF, Shao Z, Zhou F, Wu Y, Tan X. Proteomic profiling of HIV-1 infection of human CD4 + T cells identifies PSGL-1 as an HIV restriction factor. Nat Microbiol 2019; 4:813-825. [PMID: 30833724 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-019-0372-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) actively modulates the protein stability of host cells to optimize viral replication. To systematically examine this modulation in HIV infection, we used isobaric tag-based mass spectrometry to quantify changes in the abundance of over 14,000 proteins during HIV-1 infection of human primary CD4+ T cells. We identified P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1 (PSGL-1) as an HIV-1 restriction factor downregulated by HIV-1 Vpu, which binds to PSGL-1 and induces its ubiquitination and degradation through the ubiquitin ligase SCFβ-TrCP2. PSGL-1 is induced by interferon-γ in activated CD4+ T cells to inhibit HIV-1 reverse transcription and potently block viral infectivity by incorporating in progeny virions. This infectivity block is antagonized by Vpu via PSGL-1 degradation. We further show that PSGL-1 knockdown can significantly abolish the anti-HIV activity of interferon-γ in primary CD4+ T cells. Our study identifies an HIV restriction factor and a key mediator of interferon-γ's anti-HIV activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Center for Infectious Disease Research, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yajing Fu
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,School of System Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Qian Wang
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mushan Li
- Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng Zhou
- School of System Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Deemah Dabbagh
- School of System Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Chunyan Fu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Center for Infectious Disease Research, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Hang Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Center for Infectious Disease Research, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuo Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Center for Infectious Disease Research, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Tengjiang Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Center for Infectious Disease Research, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Gong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Center for Infectious Disease Research, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohui Kong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Center for Infectious Disease Research, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Weiwei Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Jiaming Su
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education), Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianping Sun
- Beijing You'an Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yonghong Zhang
- Beijing You'an Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Fang Yu
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education), Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhen Shao
- Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Zhou
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yuntao Wu
- School of System Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA.
| | - Xu Tan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Center for Infectious Disease Research, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Raja R, Lata S, Trivedi S, Banerjea AC. Serum deprivation/starvation leads to reactivation of HIV-1 in latently infected monocytes via activating ERK/JNK pathway. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14496. [PMID: 30262819 PMCID: PMC6160481 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32316-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the high success rate, antiretroviral therapy does not cure the disease completely due to presence of latent viral reservoirs. Although several studies have addressed this issue earlier, the role of serum starvation/deprivation in HIV-1 latency has not been studied. So, we investigated the role of serum starvation in regulating HIV-1 latency. The impact of serum starvation on HIV-1 latency was assessed in latently infected monocytes U1 and T-cells J1.1. Serum starvation breaks HIV-1 latency in U1 cells. Under similar conditions, J1.1 cells failed to show reactivation of virus. We investigated the involvement of cell death pathway and autophagy during the serum starvation in viral reactivation. Inhibition of these pathways did not affect viral reactivation. Furthermore, other crucial factors like NF-κB, SP1 and AKT did not play any role in regulating viral latency. Here, we report that serum deprivation up-regulates ERK/JNK pathway. This leads to phosphorylation of c-Jun which plays an important role in viral reactivation. Treatment of cells with U0126, an ERK kinase inhibitor, potently inhibited viral replication. In summary, we show that serum starvation leads to reactivation of HIV-1 in latently infected monocytes through the ERK/JNK pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rameez Raja
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India.,Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Ohio, USA
| | - Sneh Lata
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Shubhendu Trivedi
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Akhil C Banerjea
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Buchrieser J, Oliva-Martin MJ, Moore MD, Long JCD, Cowley SA, Perez-Simón JA, James W, Venero JL. RIPK1 is a critical modulator of both tonic and TLR-responsive inflammatory and cell death pathways in human macrophage differentiation. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:973. [PMID: 30250197 PMCID: PMC6155173 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-1053-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we took advantage of human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) and CRISPR/Cas9 technology to investigate the potential roles of RIPK1 in regulating hematopoiesis and macrophage differentiation, proinflammatory activation, and cell death pathways. Knock-out of RIPK1 in hiPSCs demonstrated that this protein is not required for erythro-myeloid differentiation. Using a well-established macrophage differentiation protocol, knock-out of RIPK1 did not block the differentiation of iPSC-derived macrophages, which displayed a similar phenotype to WT hiPSC-derived macrophages. However, knock-out of RIPK1 leads to a TNFα-dependent apoptotic death of differentiated hiPSC-derived macrophages (iPS-MΦ) and progressive loss of iPS-MΦ production irrespective of external pro-inflammatory stimuli. Live video analysis demonstrated that TLR3/4 activation of RIPK1 KO hiPSC-derived macrophages triggered TRIF and RIPK3-dependent necroptosis irrespective of caspase-8 activation. In contrast, TLR3/4 activation of WT macrophages-induced necroptosis only when caspases were inhibited, confirming the modulating effect of RIPK1 on RIPK3-mediated necroptosis through the FADD, Caspase-8 pathway. Activation of these inflammatory pathways required RIPK3 kinase activity while RIPK1 was dispensable. However, loss of RIPK1 sensitizes macrophages to activate RIPK3 in response to inflammatory stimuli, thereby exacerbating a potentially pathological inflammatory response. Taken together, these results reveal that RIPK1 has an important role in regulating the potent inflammatory pathways in authentic human macrophages that are poised to respond to external stimuli. Consequently, RIPK1 activity might be a valid target in the development of novel therapies for chronic inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julian Buchrieser
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
- Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Maria Jose Oliva-Martin
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, 41012, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Michael D Moore
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Joshua C D Long
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Sally A Cowley
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Jose Antonio Perez-Simón
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, 41012, Spain
| | - William James
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK.
| | - Jose Luis Venero
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, 41012, Spain.
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Facilitation of hippocampal long-term potentiation and reactivation of latent HIV-1 via AMPK activation: Common mechanism of action linking learning, memory, and the potential eradication of HIV-1. Med Hypotheses 2018; 116:61-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2018.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
19
|
Class 1-Selective Histone Deacetylase (HDAC) Inhibitors Enhance HIV Latency Reversal while Preserving the Activity of HDAC Isoforms Necessary for Maximal HIV Gene Expression. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.02110-17. [PMID: 29298886 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02110-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Combinations of drugs that affect distinct mechanisms of HIV latency aim to induce robust latency reversal leading to cytopathicity and elimination of the persistent HIV reservoir. Thus far, attempts have focused on combinations of protein kinase C (PKC) agonists and pan-histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDIs) despite the knowledge that HIV gene expression is regulated by class 1 histone deacetylases. We hypothesized that class 1-selective HDIs would promote more robust HIV latency reversal in combination with a PKC agonist than pan-HDIs because they preserve the activity of proviral factors regulated by non-class 1 histone deacetylases. Here, we show that class 1-selective agents used alone or with the PKC agonist bryostatin-1 induced more HIV protein expression per infected cell. In addition, the combination of entinostat and bryostatin-1 induced viral outgrowth, whereas bryostatin-1 combinations with pan-HDIs did not. When class 1-selective HDIs were used in combination with pan-HDIs, the amount of viral protein expression and virus outgrowth resembled that of pan-HDIs alone, suggesting that pan-HDIs inhibit robust gene expression induced by class 1-selective HDIs. Consistent with this, pan-HDI-containing combinations reduced the activity of NF-κB and Hsp90, two cellular factors necessary for potent HIV protein expression, but did not significantly reduce overall cell viability. An assessment of viral clearance from in vitro cultures indicated that maximal protein expression induced by class 1-selective HDI treatment was crucial for reservoir clearance. These findings elucidate the limitations of current approaches and provide a path toward more effective strategies to eliminate the HIV reservoir.IMPORTANCE Despite effective antiretroviral therapy, HIV evades eradication in a latent form that is not affected by currently available drug regimens. Pharmacologic latency reversal that leads to death of cellular reservoirs has been proposed as a strategy for reservoir elimination. Because histone deacetylases (HDACs) promote HIV latency, HDAC inhibitors have been a focus of HIV cure research. However, many of these inhibitors broadly affect multiple classes of HDACs, including those that promote HIV gene expression (class 1 HDACs). Here, we demonstrate that targeted treatment with class 1-selective HDAC inhibitors induced more potent HIV latency reversal than broadly acting agents. Additionally, we provide evidence that broadly acting HDIs are limited by inhibitory effects on non-class 1 HDACs that support the activity of proviral factors. Thus, our work demonstrates that the use of targeted approaches to induce maximum latency reversal affords the greatest likelihood of reservoir elimination.
Collapse
|
20
|
Painter MM, Zaikos TD, Collins KL. Quiescence Promotes Latent HIV Infection and Resistance to Reactivation from Latency with Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors. J Virol 2017; 91:e01080-17. [PMID: 29021396 PMCID: PMC5709582 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01080-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) establishes transcriptionally silent latent infections in resting memory T cells and hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs), which allows the virus to persist in infected individuals despite antiretroviral therapy. Developing in vitro models of HIV-1 latency that recapitulate the characteristics of latently infected cells in vivo is crucial to identifying and developing effective latency-reversing therapies. HSPCs exist in a quiescent state in vivo, and quiescence is correlated with latent infections in T cells. However, current models for culturing HSPCs and for infecting T cells in vitro require that the cells be maintained in an actively proliferating state. Here we describe a novel culture system in which primary human HSPCs cultured under hypothermic conditions are maintained in a quiescent state. We show that these quiescent HSPCs are susceptible to predominantly latent infection with HIV-1, while actively proliferating and differentiating HSPCs obtain predominantly active infections. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the most primitive quiescent HSPCs are more resistant to spontaneous reactivation from latency than more differentiated HSPCs and that quiescent HSPCs are resistant to reactivation by histone deacetylase inhibitors or P-TEFb activation but are susceptible to reactivation by protein kinase C (PKC) agonists. We also demonstrate that inhibition of HSP90, a known regulator of HIV transcription, recapitulates the quiescence and latency phenotypes of hypothermia, suggesting that hypothermia and HSP90 inhibition may regulate these processes by similar mechanisms. In summary, these studies describe a novel model for studying HIV-1 latency in human primary cells maintained in a quiescent state.IMPORTANCE Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) establishes a persistent infection for which there remains no feasible cure. Current approaches are unable to clear the virus despite decades of therapy due to the existence of latent reservoirs of integrated HIV-1, which can reactivate and contribute to viral rebound following treatment interruption. Previous clinical attempts to reactivate the latent reservoirs in an individual so that they can be eliminated by the immune response or viral cytopathic effect have failed, indicating the need for a better understanding of the processes regulating HIV-1 latency. Here we characterize a novel in vitro model of HIV-1 latency in primary hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells isolated from human cord blood that may better recapitulate the behavior of latently infected cells in vivo This model can be used to study mechanisms regulating latency and potential therapeutic approaches to reactivate latent infections in quiescent cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark M Painter
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Thomas D Zaikos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Kathleen L Collins
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kulkarni MM, Ratcliff AN, Bhat M, Alwarawrah Y, Hughes P, Arcos J, Loiselle D, Torrelles JB, Funderburg NT, Haystead TA, Kwiek JJ. Cellular fatty acid synthase is required for late stages of HIV-1 replication. Retrovirology 2017; 14:45. [PMID: 28962653 PMCID: PMC5622536 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-017-0368-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
Like all viruses, HIV-1 relies on host systems to replicate. The human purinome consists of approximately two thousand proteins that bind and use purines such as ATP, NADH, and NADPH. By virtue of their purine binding pockets, purinome proteins are highly druggable, and many existing drugs target purine-using enzymes. Leveraging a protein affinity media that uses the purine-binding pocket to capture the entire purinome, we sought to define purine-binding proteins regulated by HIV-1 infection. Results Using purinome capture media, we observed that HIV-1 infection increases intracellular levels of fatty acid synthase (FASN), a NADPH-using enzyme critical to the synthesis of de novo fatty acids. siRNA mediated knockdown of FASN reduced HIV-1 particle production by 80%, and treatment of tissue culture cells or primary PBMCs with Fasnall, a newly described selective FASN inhibitor, reduced HIV-1 virion production by 90% (EC50 = 213 nM). Despite the requirement of FASN for nascent virion production, FASN activity was not required for intracellular Gag protein production, indicating that FASN dependent de novo fatty acid biosynthesis contributes to a late step of HIV-1 replication. Conclusions Here we show that HIV-1 replication both increases FASN levels and requires host FASN activity. We also report that Fasnall, a novel FASN inhibitor that demonstrates anti-tumor activity in vivo, is a potent and efficacious antiviral, blocking HIV-1 replication in both tissue culture and primary cell models of HIV-1 replication. In adults, most fatty acids are obtained exogenously from the diet, thus making FASN a plausible candidate for pharmacological intervention. In conclusion, we hypothesize that FASN is a novel host dependency factor and that inhibition of FASN activity has the potential to be exploited as an antiretroviral strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manjusha M Kulkarni
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Annette N Ratcliff
- Department of Microbiology, Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, 476 Biological Sciences Building, 484 W. 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.,Promega Corporation, 2800 Woods Hollow Rd, Madison, WI, 53711-5399, USA
| | - Menakshi Bhat
- Department of Microbiology, Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, 476 Biological Sciences Building, 484 W. 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Yazan Alwarawrah
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, C118 LSRC, Box 3813, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Philip Hughes
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, C118 LSRC, Box 3813, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Jesus Arcos
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - David Loiselle
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, C118 LSRC, Box 3813, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Jordi B Torrelles
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Nicholas T Funderburg
- Division of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Timothy A Haystead
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, C118 LSRC, Box 3813, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
| | - Jesse J Kwiek
- Department of Microbiology, Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, 476 Biological Sciences Building, 484 W. 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Sun H, Zhuo X, Zhao X, Yang Y, Chen X, Yao C, Du A. The heat shock protein 90 of Toxoplasma gondii is essential for invasion of host cells and tachyzoite growth. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [PMID: 28627357 PMCID: PMC5479401 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2017023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular apicomplexan parasite that infects almost all warm-blooded vertebrates. Heat shock proteins (HSP) regulate key signal transduction events in many organisms, and heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) plays an important role in growth, development, and virulence in several parasitic protozoa. Here, we discovered increased transcription of the Hsp90 gene under conditions for bradyzoite differentiation, i.e. alkaline and heat shock conditions in vitro, suggesting that Hsp90 may be connected with bradyzoite development in T. gondii. A knockout of the TgHsp90 strain (ΔHsp90) and a complementation strain were constructed. The TgHsp90 knockout cells were found to be defective in host-cell invasion, were not able to proliferate in vitro in Vero cells, and did not show long-time survival in mice in vivo. These inabilities of the knockout parasites were restored upon complementation of TgHsp90. These data unequivocally show that TgHsp90 contributes to bradyzoite development, and to invasion and replication of T. gondii in host cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongchao Sun
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine & Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Xunhui Zhuo
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine & Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Xianfeng Zhao
- Shenzhen Entry-exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Shenzhen 518045, PR China
| | - Yi Yang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine & Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Xueqiu Chen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine & Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Chaoqun Yao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and One Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 334, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies
| | - Aifang Du
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine & Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Darcis G, Van Driessche B, Van Lint C. HIV Latency: Should We Shock or Lock? Trends Immunol 2017; 38:217-228. [PMID: 28073694 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Combinatory antiretroviral therapy (cART) increases the survival and quality of life of HIV-1-infected patients. However, interruption of therapy almost invariably leads to the re-emergence of detectable viral replication because HIV-1 persists in viral latent reservoirs. Improved understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in HIV-1 latency has paved the way for innovative strategies that attempt to purge latent virus. In this article we discuss the results of the broadly explored 'shock and kill' strategy, and also highlight the major hurdles facing this approach. Finally, we present recent innovative works suggesting that locking out latent proviruses could be a potential alternative therapeutic strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Darcis
- Service of Molecular Virology, Département de Biologie Moléculaire (DBM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Rue des Professeurs Jeener et Brachet 12, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium; Service des Maladies Infectieuses, Université de Liège, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, B35, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Benoit Van Driessche
- Service of Molecular Virology, Département de Biologie Moléculaire (DBM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Rue des Professeurs Jeener et Brachet 12, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Carine Van Lint
- Service of Molecular Virology, Département de Biologie Moléculaire (DBM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Rue des Professeurs Jeener et Brachet 12, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Pan XY, Zhao W, Wang CY, Lin J, Zeng XY, Ren RX, Wang K, Xun TR, Shai Y, Liu SW. Heat Shock Protein 90 Facilitates Latent HIV Reactivation through Maintaining the Function of Positive Transcriptional Elongation Factor b (p-TEFb) under Proteasome Inhibition. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:26177-26187. [PMID: 27799305 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.743906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The persistence of HIV in resting memory CD4+ T cells at a latent state is considered as the major barrier on the path to achieve a cure for HIV. Proteasome inhibitors (PIs) were previously reported as latency reversing agents (LRAs) but the mechanism underlying this function is yet unclear. Here we demonstrate that PIs reactivate latent HIV ex vivo without global T cell activation, and may facilitate host innate immune responses. Mechanistically, latent HIV reactivation induced by PIs is mediated by heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) via the recruitment of the heat shock protein (HSP) 90-positive transcriptional elongation factor b (p-TEFb) complex. Specifically, HSP90 downstream HSF1 gives positive feedback to the reactivation process through binding to cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9) and preventing it from undergoing degradation by the proteasome. Overall, these findings suggest proteasome inhibitors as potential latency reversing agents. In addition, HSF1/HSP90 involved in HIV transcription elongation, may serve as therapeutic targets in HIV eradication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yan Pan
- From the Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 510515 Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- From the Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 510515 Guangzhou, China
| | - Chun-Yan Wang
- the Department of Clinical Laboratory, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510515 Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Lin
- From the Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 510515 Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Yun Zeng
- From the Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 510515 Guangzhou, China
| | - Ru-Xia Ren
- From the Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 510515 Guangzhou, China
| | - Keng Wang
- From the Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 510515 Guangzhou, China
| | - Tian-Rong Xun
- From the Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 510515 Guangzhou, China
| | - Yechiel Shai
- the Department of Biochemistry, Weizmann Science Institute, Rehovot 76100, Israel, and
| | - Shu-Wen Liu
- From the Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 510515 Guangzhou, China, .,the State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Southern Medical University, 510515 Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Heat Shock Enhances the Expression of the Human T Cell Leukemia Virus Type-I (HTLV-I) Trans-Activator (Tax) Antigen in Human HTLV-I Infected Primary and Cultured T Cells. Viruses 2016; 8:v8070191. [PMID: 27409630 PMCID: PMC4974526 DOI: 10.3390/v8070191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The environmental factors that lead to the reactivation of human T cell leukemia virus type-1 (HTLV-I) in latently infected T cells in vivo remain unknown. It has been previously shown that heat shock (HS) is a potent inducer of HTLV-I viral protein expression in long-term cultured cell lines. However, the precise HTLV-I protein(s) and mechanisms by which HS induces its effect remain ill-defined. We initiated these studies by first monitoring the levels of the trans-activator (Tax) protein induced by exposure of the HTLV-I infected cell line to HS. HS treatment at 43 °C for 30 min for 24 h led to marked increases in the level of Tax antigen expression in all HTLV-I-infected T cell lines tested including a number of HTLV-I-naturally infected T cell lines. HS also increased the expression of functional HTLV-I envelope gp46 antigen, as shown by increased syncytium formation activity. Interestingly, the enhancing effect of HS was partially inhibited by the addition of the heat shock protein 70 (HSP70)-inhibitor pifithlin-μ (PFT). In contrast, the HSP 70-inducer zerumbone (ZER) enhanced Tax expression in the absence of HS. These data suggest that HSP 70 is at least partially involved in HS-mediated stimulation of Tax expression. As expected, HS resulted in enhanced expression of the Tax-inducible host antigens, such as CD83 and OX40. Finally, we confirmed that HS enhanced the levels of Tax and gp46 antigen expression in primary human CD4⁺ T cells isolated from HTLV-I-infected humanized NOD/SCID/γc null (NOG) mice and HTLV-I carriers. In summary, the data presented herein indicate that HS is one of the environmental factors involved in the reactivation of HTLV-I in vivo via enhanced Tax expression, which may favor HTLV-I expansion in vivo.
Collapse
|
26
|
Pan XY, Zhao W, Zeng XY, Lin J, Li MM, Shen XT, Liu SW. Heat Shock Factor 1 Mediates Latent HIV Reactivation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26294. [PMID: 27189267 PMCID: PMC4870680 DOI: 10.1038/srep26294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
HSF1, a conserved heat shock factor, has emerged as a key regulator of mammalian transcription in response to cellular metabolic status and stress. To our knowledge, it is not known whether HSF1 regulates viral transcription, particularly HIV-1 and its latent form. Here we reveal that HSF1 extensively participates in HIV transcription and is critical for HIV latent reactivation. Mode of action studies demonstrated that HSF1 binds to the HIV 5'-LTR to reactivate viral transcription and recruits a family of closely related multi-subunit complexes, including p300 and p-TEFb. And HSF1 recruits p300 for self-acetylation is also a committed step. The knockout of HSF1 impaired HIV transcription, whereas the conditional over-expression of HSF1 improved that. These findings demonstrate that HSF1 positively regulates the transcription of latent HIV, suggesting that it might be an important target for different therapeutic strategies aimed at a cure for HIV/AIDS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yan Pan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.,State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Yun Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jian Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Min-Min Li
- Center for Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Xin-Tian Shen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Shu-Wen Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.,State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Joshi P, Maidji E, Stoddart CA. Inhibition of Heat Shock Protein 90 Prevents HIV Rebound. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:10332-46. [PMID: 26957545 PMCID: PMC4858980 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.717538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV evades eradication because transcriptionally dormant proviral genomes persist in long-lived reservoirs of resting CD4(+) T cells and myeloid cells, which are the source of viral rebound after cessation of antiretroviral therapy. Dormant HIV genomes readily produce infectious virus upon cellular activation because host transcription factors activated specifically by cell stress and heat shock mediate full-length HIV transcription. The molecular chaperone heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is overexpressed during heat shock and activates inducible cellular transcription factors. Here we show that heat shock accelerates HIV transcription through induction of Hsp90 activity, which activates essential HIV-specific cellular transcription factors (NF-κB, NFAT, and STAT5), and that inhibition of Hsp90 greatly reduces gene expression mediated by these factors. More importantly, we show that Hsp90 controls virus transcription in vivo by specific Hsp90 inhibitors in clinical development, tanespimycin (17-(allylamino)-17-demethoxygeldanamycin) and AUY922, which durably prevented viral rebound in HIV-infected humanized NOD scid IL-2Rγ(-/-) bone marrow-liver-thymus mice up to 11 weeks after treatment cessation. Despite the absence of rebound viremia, we were able to recover infectious HIV from PBMC with heat shock. Replication-competent virus was detected in spleen cells from these nonviremic Hsp90 inhibitor-treated mice, indicating the presence of a tissue reservoir of persistent infection. Our novel findings provide in vivo evidence that inhibition of Hsp90 activity prevents HIV gene expression in replication-competent cellular reservoirs that would typically cause rebound in plasma viremia after antiretroviral therapy cessation. Alternating or supplementing Hsp90 inhibitors with current antiretroviral therapy regimens could conceivably suppress rebound viremia from persistent HIV reservoirs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pheroze Joshi
- From the Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, California 94110
| | - Ekaterina Maidji
- From the Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, California 94110
| | - Cheryl A Stoddart
- From the Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, California 94110
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Shityakov S, Dandekar T, Förster C. Gene expression profiles and protein-protein interaction network analysis in AIDS patients with HIV-associated encephalitis and dementia. HIV AIDS-RESEARCH AND PALLIATIVE CARE 2015; 7:265-76. [PMID: 26604827 PMCID: PMC4655943 DOI: 10.2147/hiv.s88438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Central nervous system dysfunction is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection and acquired immunodeficiency virus syndrome (AIDS). Patients with AIDS are usually affected by HIV-associated encephalitis (HIVE) with viral replication limited to cells of monocyte origin. To examine the molecular mechanisms underlying HIVE-induced dementia, the GSE4755 Affymetrix data were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus database and the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the samples from AIDS patients with and without apparent features of HIVE-induced dementia were identified. In addition, protein–protein interaction networks were constructed by mapping DEGs into protein–protein interaction data to identify the pathways that these DEGs are involved in. The results revealed that the expression of 1,528 DEGs is mainly involved in the immune response, regulation of cell proliferation, cellular response to inflammation, signal transduction, and viral replication cycle. Heat-shock protein alpha, class A member 1 (HSP90AA1), and fibronectin 1 were detected as hub nodes with degree values >130. In conclusion, the results indicate that HSP90A and fibronectin 1 play important roles in HIVE pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Shityakov
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Dandekar
- Department of Bioinformatics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Carola Förster
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Chaudhary P, Khan SZ, Rawat P, Augustine T, Raynes DA, Guerriero V, Mitra D. HSP70 binding protein 1 (HspBP1) suppresses HIV-1 replication by inhibiting NF-κB mediated activation of viral gene expression. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 44:1613-29. [PMID: 26538602 PMCID: PMC4770212 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv1151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 efficiently hijacks host cellular machinery and exploits a plethora of host–viral interactions for its successful survival. Identifying host factors that affect susceptibility or resistance to HIV-1 may offer a promising therapeutic strategy against HIV-1. Previously, we have reported that heat shock proteins, HSP40 and HSP70 reciprocally regulate HIV-1 gene-expression and replication. In the present study, we have identified HSP70 binding protein 1 (HspBP1) as a host-intrinsic inhibitor of HIV-1. HspBP1 level was found to be significantly down modulated during HIV-1 infection and virus production inversely co-related with HspBP1 expression. Our results further demonstrate that HspBP1 inhibits HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR) promoter activity. Gel shift and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays revealed that HspBP1 was recruited on HIV-1 LTR at NF-κB enhancer region (κB sites). The binding of HspBP1 to κB sites obliterates the binding of NF-κB hetero-dimer (p50/p65) to the same region, leading to repression in NF-κB mediated activation of LTR-driven gene-expression. HspBP1 also plays an inhibitory role in the reactivation of latently infected cells, corroborating its repressive effect on NF-κB pathway. Thus, our results clearly show that HspBP1 acts as an endogenous negative regulator of HIV-1 gene-expression and replication by suppressing NF-κB-mediated activation of viral transcription.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pratima Rawat
- National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India
| | - Tracy Augustine
- National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India
| | - Deborah A Raynes
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Vince Guerriero
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Debashis Mitra
- National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Vpr Enhances Tumor Necrosis Factor Production by HIV-1-Infected T Cells. J Virol 2015; 89:12118-30. [PMID: 26401039 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02098-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The HIV-1 accessory protein Vpr displays different activities potentially impacting viral replication, including the arrest of the cell cycle in the G2 phase and the stimulation of apoptosis and DNA damage response pathways. Vpr also modulates cytokine production by infected cells, but this property remains partly characterized. Here, we investigated the effect of Vpr on the production of the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF). We report that Vpr significantly increases TNF secretion by infected lymphocytes. De novo production of Vpr is required for this effect. Vpr mutants known to be defective for G2 cell cycle arrest induce lower levels of TNF secretion, suggesting a link between these two functions. Silencing experiments and the use of chemical inhibitors further implicated the cellular proteins DDB1 and TAK1 in this activity of Vpr. TNF secreted by HIV-1-infected cells triggers NF-κB activity in bystander cells and allows viral reactivation in a model of latently infected cells. Thus, the stimulation of the proinflammatory pathway by Vpr may impact HIV-1 replication in vivo. IMPORTANCE The role of the HIV-1 accessory protein Vpr remains only partially characterized. This protein is important for viral pathogenesis in infected individuals but is dispensable for viral replication in most cell culture systems. Some of the functions described for Vpr remain controversial. In particular, it remains unclear whether Vpr promotes or instead prevents proinflammatory and antiviral immune responses. In this report, we show that Vpr promotes the release of TNF, a proinflammatory cytokine associated with rapid disease progression. Using Vpr mutants or inhibiting selected cellular genes, we show that the cellular proteins DDB1 and TAK1 are involved in the release of TNF by HIV-infected cells. This report provides novel insights into how Vpr manipulates TNF production and helps clarify the role of Vpr in innate immune responses and inflammation.
Collapse
|
31
|
Arias CF, Herrero MA, Cuesta JA, Acosta FJ, Fernández-Arias C. The growth threshold conjecture: a theoretical framework for understanding T-cell tolerance. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2015; 2:150016. [PMID: 26587263 PMCID: PMC4632576 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.150016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Adaptive immune responses depend on the capacity of T cells to target specific antigens. As similar antigens can be expressed by pathogens and host cells, the question naturally arises of how can T cells discriminate friends from foes. In this work, we suggest that T cells tolerate cells whose proliferation rates remain below a permitted threshold. Our proposal relies on well-established facts about T-cell dynamics during acute infections: T-cell populations are elastic (they expand and contract) and they display inertia (contraction is delayed relative to antigen removal). By modelling inertia and elasticity, we show that tolerance to slow-growing populations can emerge as a population-scale feature of T cells. This result suggests a theoretical framework to understand immune tolerance that goes beyond the self versus non-self dichotomy. It also accounts for currently unexplained observations, such as the paradoxical tolerance to slow-growing pathogens or the presence of self-reactive T cells in the organism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clemente F. Arias
- Departamento de Matemática Aplicada, and, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Ecología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Author for correspondence: Clemente F. Arias e-mail:
| | - Miguel A. Herrero
- Departamento de Matemática Aplicada, and, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José A. Cuesta
- Grupo Interdisciplinar de Sistemas Complejos, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Matemáticas, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Leganés, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Biocomputación y Física de Sistemas Complejos (BIFI), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Cristina Fernández-Arias
- Department of Microbiology, Division of Parasitology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Nishitsuji H, Sawada L, Sugiyama R, Takaku H. ZNF10 inhibits HIV-1 LTR activity through interaction with NF-κB and Sp1 binding motifs. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:2019-25. [PMID: 26096782 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Kruppel-associated box-containing zinc finger (KRAB-ZNF) genes constitute the single largest gene family of transcriptional repressors in the genomes of higher organisms. In this study, we isolated 52 cDNA clones of KRAB-ZFPs from U1 cell lines and screened them to identify which were capable of regulating HIV-1 gene expression. We identified 5 KRAB-ZFPs that suppressed ⩾50% of HIV-1 LTR. Of the 5 identified KRAB-ZFPs, the expression of ZNF10 significantly enhanced the transcriptional repression activity of the LTR compared with other ZNFs. In addition, the depletion of endogenous ZNF10 led to the activation of HIV-1 LTR. The repressor activity of ZNF10 was required for TRIM28, SETDB1 and HP1-gamma binding. These results indicate that ZNF10 could be involved in a potent intrinsic antiretroviral defense.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Nishitsuji
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Chiba Institute of Technology, 2-17-1 Tsudanuma, Narashino, Chiba 275-0016, Japan; Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa, Chiba 272-8516, Japan.
| | - Leila Sawada
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Chiba Institute of Technology, 2-17-1 Tsudanuma, Narashino, Chiba 275-0016, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Sugiyama
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Chiba Institute of Technology, 2-17-1 Tsudanuma, Narashino, Chiba 275-0016, Japan; Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takaku
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Chiba Institute of Technology, 2-17-1 Tsudanuma, Narashino, Chiba 275-0016, Japan; Research Institute, Chiba Institute of Technology, 2-17-1 Tsudanuma, Narashino, Chiba 275-0016, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
Objectives: HIV-1 replication depends on the state of cell activation and division. It is established that SAMHD1 restricts HIV-1 infection of resting CD4+ T cells. The modulation of SAMHD1 expression during T-cell activation and proliferation, however, remains unclear, as well as a role for SAMHD1 during HIV-1 pathogenesis. Methods: SAMHD1 expression was assessed in CD4+ T cells after their activation and in-vitro HIV-1 infection. We performed phenotype analyzes using flow cytometry on CD4+ T cells from peripheral blood and lymph nodes from cohorts of HIV-1-infected individuals under antiretroviral treatment or not, and controls. Results: We show that SAMHD1 expression decreased during CD4+ T-cell proliferation in association with an increased susceptibility to in-vitro HIV-1 infection. Additionally, circulating memory CD4+ T cells are enriched in cells with low levels of SAMHD1. These SAMHD1low cells are highly differentiated, exhibit a large proportion of Ki67+ cycling cells and are enriched in T-helper 17 cells. Importantly, memory SAMHD1low cells were depleted from peripheral blood of HIV-infected individuals. We also found that follicular helper T cells present in secondary lymphoid organs lacked the expression of SAMHD1, which was accompanied by a higher susceptibility to HIV-1 infection in vitro. Conclusion: We demonstrate that SAMHD1 expression is decreased during CD4+ T-cell activation and proliferation. Also, CD4+ T-cell subsets known to be more susceptible to HIV-1 infection, for example, T-helper 17 and follicular helper T cells, display lower levels of SAMHD1. These results pin point a role for SAMHD1 expression in HIV-1 infection and the concomitant depletion of CD4+ T cells.
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
HIV-1 replication has been intensively investigated over the past 30 years. Hsp90 is one of the most abundant proteins in human cells, important in the formation and function of several protein complexes that maintain cell homeostasis. Remarkably, the impact of Hsp90 on HIV-1 infection has started to be appreciated only recently. Hsp90 has been shown to (a) promote HIV-1 gene expression in acutely infected cells, (b) localize at the viral promoter DNA, (c) mediate enhanced replication in conditions of hyperthermia and (d) activate the P-TEFb complex, which is essential for efficient HIV-1 transcription. Hsp90 has been implicated in buffering deleterious mutations of the viral core and in the regulation of innate and acquired immune responses to HIV-1 infection. Therefore, Hsp90 is an important host factor promoting several steps of the HIV-1 life cycle. Several small Hsp90 inhibitors are in Phase II clinical trials for human cancers and might potentially be used to inhibit HIV-1 infection at multiple levels.
Collapse
|
35
|
Alvarez-Sanchez C, Cancio-Lonches C, Mora-Heredia JE, Santos-Valencia JC, Barrera-Vázquez OS, Yocupicio-Monroy M, Gutiérrez-Escolano AL. Negative effect of heat shock on feline calicivirus release from infected cells is associated with the control of apoptosis. Virus Res 2015; 198:44-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
36
|
Klasse PJ. Molecular determinants of the ratio of inert to infectious virus particles. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2014; 129:285-326. [PMID: 25595808 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2014.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The ratio of virus particles to infectious units is a classic measurement in virology and ranges widely from several million to below 10 for different viruses. Much evidence suggests a distinction be made between infectious and infecting particles or virions: out of many potentially infectious virions, few infect under regular experimental conditions, largely because of diffusion barriers. Still, some virions are inert from the start; others become defective through decay. And with increasing cell- and molecular-biological knowledge of each step in the replicative cycle for different viruses, it emerges that many processes entail considerable losses of potential viral infectivity. Furthermore, all-or-nothing assumptions about virion infectivity are flawed and should be replaced by descriptions that allow for spectra of infectious propensities. A more realistic understanding of the infectivity of individual virions has both practical and theoretical implications for virus neutralization, vaccine research, antiviral therapy, and the use of viral vectors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P J Klasse
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Compton AA, Bruel T, Porrot F, Mallet A, Sachse M, Euvrard M, Liang C, Casartelli N, Schwartz O. IFITM proteins incorporated into HIV-1 virions impair viral fusion and spread. Cell Host Microbe 2014; 16:736-47. [PMID: 25464829 PMCID: PMC7104936 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 08/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The interferon-induced transmembrane (IFITM) proteins protect cells from diverse virus infections by inhibiting virus-cell fusion. IFITM proteins also inhibit HIV-1 replication through mechanisms only partially understood. We show that when expressed in uninfected lymphocytes, IFITM proteins exert protective effects during cell-free virus infection, but this restriction can be overcome upon HIV-1 cell-to-cell spread. However, when present in virus-producing lymphocytes, IFITM proteins colocalize with viral Env and Gag proteins and incorporate into nascent HIV-1 virions to limit entry into new target cells. IFITM in viral membranes is associated with impaired virion fusion, offering additional and more potent defense against virus spread. Thus, IFITM proteins act additively in both productively infected cells and uninfected target cells to inhibit HIV-1 spread, potentially conferring these proteins with greater breadth and potency against enveloped viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex A Compton
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Virology, Virus & Immunity Unit, Paris 75015, France; CNRS URA 3015, Paris 75015, France.
| | - Timothée Bruel
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Virology, Virus & Immunity Unit, Paris 75015, France; CNRS URA 3015, Paris 75015, France
| | - Françoise Porrot
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Virology, Virus & Immunity Unit, Paris 75015, France; CNRS URA 3015, Paris 75015, France
| | - Adeline Mallet
- Institut Pasteur, Imagopole, Ultrastructural Microscopy Platform, Paris 75015, France
| | - Martin Sachse
- Institut Pasteur, Imagopole, Ultrastructural Microscopy Platform, Paris 75015, France
| | - Marine Euvrard
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Virology, Virus & Immunity Unit, Paris 75015, France; École Normale Supérieure, Department of Biology, Cachan 94230, France
| | - Chen Liang
- Lady Davis Institute, McGill AIDS Centre, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Nicoletta Casartelli
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Virology, Virus & Immunity Unit, Paris 75015, France; CNRS URA 3015, Paris 75015, France
| | - Olivier Schwartz
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Virology, Virus & Immunity Unit, Paris 75015, France; CNRS URA 3015, Paris 75015, France; Vaccine Research Institute, Creteil 94010, France.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
DeBoer J, Jagadish T, Haverland NA, Madson CJ, Ciborowski P, Belshan M. Alterations in the nuclear proteome of HIV-1 infected T-cells. Virology 2014; 468-470:409-420. [PMID: 25240327 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Virus infection of a cell involves the appropriation of host factors and the innate defensive response of the cell. The identification of proteins critical for virus replication may lead to the development of novel, cell-based inhibitors. In this study we mapped the changes in T-cell nuclei during human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) at 20 hpi. Using a stringent data threshold, a total of 13 and 38 unique proteins were identified in infected and uninfected cells, respectively, across all biological replicates. An additional 15 proteins were found to be differentially regulated between infected and control nuclei. STRING analysis identified four clusters of protein-protein interactions in the data set related to nuclear architecture, RNA regulation, cell division, and cell homeostasis. Immunoblot analysis confirmed the differential expression of several proteins in both C8166-45 and Jurkat E6-1 T-cells. These data provide a map of the response in host cell nuclei upon HIV-1 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason DeBoer
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Teena Jagadish
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Nicole A Haverland
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Christian J Madson
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Pawel Ciborowski
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; The Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln 68583, USA
| | - Michael Belshan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, USA; The Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln 68583, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Adding new dimensions: towards an integrative understanding of HIV-1 spread. Nat Rev Microbiol 2014; 12:563-74. [PMID: 25029025 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro3309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In vitro studies in primary or immortalized cells continue to be used to elucidate the essential principles that govern the interactions between HIV-1 and isolated target cells. However, until recently, substantial technical barriers prevented this information from being efficiently translated to the more complex scenario of HIV-1 spread in the host in vivo, which has limited our understanding of the impact of host physiological parameters on the spread of HIV-1. In this Review, we discuss the recent development of imaging approaches to visualize HIV-1 spread and the adaptation of these approaches to organotypic ex vivo models and animal models. We focus on new concepts, including the mechanisms and in vivo relevance of cell-cell transmission for HIV-1 spread and the function of the HIV-1 pathogenesis factor Nef, which have emerged from the application of these integrative approaches in complex cell systems.
Collapse
|
40
|
Benjamin R, Banerjee A, Balakrishnan K, Sivangala R, Gaddam S, Banerjee S. Mycobacterial and HIV infections up-regulated human zinc finger protein 134, a novel positive regulator of HIV-1 LTR activity and viral propagation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104908. [PMID: 25144775 PMCID: PMC4140746 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Concurrent occurrence of HIV and Tuberculosis (TB) infections influence the cellular environment of the host for synergistic existence. An elementary approach to understand such coalition at the molecular level is to understand the interactions of the host and the viral factors that subsequently effect viral replication. Long terminal repeats (LTR) of HIV genome serve as a template for binding trans-acting viral and cellular factors that regulate its transcriptional activity, thereby, deciding the fate of HIV pathogenesis, making it an ideal system to explore the interplay between HIV and the host. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In this study, using biotinylated full length HIV-1 LTR sequence as bait followed by MALDI analyses, we identified and further characterized human-Zinc-finger-protein-134 (hZNF-134) as a novel positive regulator of HIV-1 that promoted LTR-driven transcription and viral production. Over-expression of hZNF-134 promoted LTR driven luciferase activity and viral transcripts, resulting in increased virus production while siRNA mediated knockdown reduced both the viral transcripts and the viral titers, establishing hZNF-134 as a positive effector of HIV-1. HIV, Mycobacteria and HIV-TB co-infections increased hZNF-134 expressions in PBMCs, the impact being highest by mycobacteria. Corroborating these observations, primary TB patients (n = 22) recorded extraordinarily high transcript levels of hZNF-134 as compared to healthy controls (n = 16). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE With these observations, it was concluded that hZNF-134, which promoted HIV-1 LTR activity acted as a positive regulator of HIV propagation in human host. High titers of hZNF-134 transcripts in TB patients suggest that up-regulation of such positive effectors of HIV-1 upon mycobacterial infection can be yet another mechanism by which mycobacteria assists HIV-1 propagation during HIV-TB co-infections. hZNF-134, an uncharacterized host protein, thus assumes a novel regulatory role during HIV-host interactions. Our study provides new insights into the emerging role of zinc finger proteins in HIV-1 pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Benjamin
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Atoshi Banerjee
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Kannan Balakrishnan
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Ramya Sivangala
- Immunology Department, Bhagwan Mahavir Medical Research Centre, A.C. Guards, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Sumanlatha Gaddam
- Immunology Department, Bhagwan Mahavir Medical Research Centre, A.C. Guards, Hyderabad, Telangana, India; Department of Genetics, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Sharmistha Banerjee
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
Latency allows HIV-1 to persist in long-lived cellular reservoirs, preventing virus eradication. We have previously shown that the heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is required for HIV-1 gene expression and mediates greater HIV-1 replication in conditions of hyperthermia. Here we report that specific inhibitors of Hsp90 such as 17-(N-allylamino)-17-demethoxygeldanamycin and AUY922 prevent HIV-1 reactivation in CD4+ T cells. A single modification at position 19 in the Hsp90 inhibitors abolished this activity, supporting the specificity of the target. We tested the impact of Hsp90 on known pathways involved in HIV-1 reactivation from latency; they include protein kinase Cs(PKCs), mitogen activated protein kinase/extracellular signal regulated kinase/positive transcriptional elongation factor-b and NF-κB. We found that Hsp90 was required downstream of PKCs and was not required for mitogen activated protein kinase activation. Inhibition of Hsp90 reduced degradation of IkBα and blocked nuclear translocation of transcription factor p65/p50, suppressing the NF-κB pathway. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments showed that Hsp90 interacts with inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase (IKK) together with cochaperone Cdc37, which is critical for the activity of several kinases. Targeting of Hsp90 by AUY922 dissociated Cdc37 from the complex. Therefore, Hsp90 controls HIV-1 reactivation from latency by keeping the IKK complex functional and thus connects T-cell activation with HIV-1 replication. AUY922 is in phase II clinical trial and, in combination with a PKC-ϑ inhibitor in phase II clinical trial, almost completely suppressed HIV-1 reactivation at 15 nM with no cytotoxicity. Selective targeting of the Hsp90/Cdc37 interaction may provide a powerful approach to suppress HIV-1 reactivation from latency.
Collapse
|
42
|
Serrao E, Wang CH, Frederick T, Lee CL, Anthony P, Arribas-Layton D, Baker K, Millstein J, Kovacs A, Neamati N. Alteration of select gene expression patterns in individuals infected with HIV-1. J Med Virol 2014; 86:678-86. [PMID: 24482297 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Multiple human proteins have been shown to both support and restrict viral replication, and confirmation of virus-associated changes in the expression of these genes is relevant for future therapeutic efforts. In this study a well-characterized panel of 49 individuals either infected with HIV-1 or uninfected was compiled and analyzed for the effect of HIV infection status, viral load, and antiretroviral treatment on specific gene expression. mRNA was extracted and reverse transcribed from purified CD4+ cells, and quantitative real-time PCR was utilized to scrutinize differences in the expression of four host genes that have been demonstrated to either stimulate (HSP90 and LEDGF/p75) or restrict (p21/WAF1 and APOBEC3G) proviral integration. HIV infection status was associated with slight to moderate alterations in the expression of all four genes. After adjusting for age, mRNA expression levels of HSP90, LEDGF/p75 and APOBEC3G were found to all be decreased in infected patients compared to healthy controls by 1.43-, 1.26-, and 4.71-fold, respectively, while p21/WAF1 expression was increased 2.35-fold. Furthermore, individuals receiving raltegravir exhibited a 1.28-fold reduction in LEDGF/p75 compared to those on non-raltegravir antiretroviral treatment. Identification of these and similar HIV-induced changes in gene expression may be valuable for delineating the extent of host cell molecular mechanisms stimulating viral replication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erik Serrao
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Berre S, Gaudin R, Cunha de Alencar B, Desdouits M, Chabaud M, Naffakh N, Rabaza-Gairi M, Gobert FX, Jouve M, Benaroch P. CD36-specific antibodies block release of HIV-1 from infected primary macrophages and its transmission to T cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 210:2523-38. [PMID: 24145510 PMCID: PMC3832921 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20130566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1-infected macrophages likely represent viral reservoirs, as they accumulate newly formed virions in internal virus-containing compartments (VCCs). However, the nature and biogenesis of VCCs remain poorly defined. We show that upon HIV-1 infection of primary human macrophages, Gag is recruited to preexisting compartments containing the scavenger receptor CD36, which then become VCCs. Silencing of CD36 in HIV-1-infected macrophages decreases the amount of virions released. Strikingly, soluble anti-CD36 antibodies, but not the natural ligands of CD36, inhibit release of virions from HIV-1-infected macrophages and the transmission of virus to CD4(+) T cells. The effect of the antibodies is potent, rapid, and induces the retention of virions within VCCs. Ectopic expression of CD36 in HeLa cells renders them susceptible to the inhibitory effect of the anti-CD36 mAb upon HIV-1 infection. We show that the anti-CD36 mAb inhibits HIV-1 release by clustering newly formed virions at their site of budding, and that signaling via CD36 is not required. Thus, HIV-1 reservoirs in macrophages may be tackled therapeutically using anti-CD36 antibodies to prevent viral dissemination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Berre
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, F-75248 Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Kitson RRA, Moody CJ. An improved route to 19-substituted geldanamycins as novel Hsp90 inhibitors--potential therapeutics in cancer and neurodegeneration. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:8441-3. [PMID: 23770604 PMCID: PMC3835074 DOI: 10.1039/c3cc43457e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
19-Substituted geldanamycin derivatives are efficient Hsp90 inhibitors, without the toxicity associated with the other benzoquinone ansamycins, thus giving them potential for use as molecular therapeutics in cancer and neurodegeneration. Here a new method of synthesising these important compounds is reported, eliminating the need for toxic metals and metalloids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Russell R. A. Kitson
- School of Chemistry , University of Nottingham , University Park , Nottingham , UK NG7 2RD . ; Fax: +44 (0)115 951 3564
| | - Christopher J. Moody
- School of Chemistry , University of Nottingham , University Park , Nottingham , UK NG7 2RD . ; Fax: +44 (0)115 951 3564
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Asmal M, Letvin NL, Geiben-Lynn R. Natural Killer cell-dependent and non-dependent anti-viral activity of 2-Cys Peroxiredoxin against HIV. INTERNATIONAL TRENDS IN IMMUNITY 2013; 1:69-77. [PMID: 24244928 PMCID: PMC3826819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
2-cys peroxiredoxins (Prx), a group of anti-oxidative enzyme proteins, act directly on virally-infected cells to inhibit HIV-1 replication, and indirectly through destruction of HIV infected cells by stimulation of Natural Killer (NK) cell-mediated immune responses. We assayed for antibody-dependent NK cell mediated viral inhibition (ADCVI) using plasma from SIV-infected rhesus macaques. We found that Prx-1 strongly increased ADCVI in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting augmentation of NK cell killing. We also investigated the effect of Prx-1 on NK cell-independent HIV-1 and HIV-2 inhibition. We found that primary HIV isolates were potently inhibited at nM concentrations, regardless of viral clade, receptor usage or anti-retroviral drug resistance. During NK cell independent inhibition, we found that Prx-1 reversed the HIV-1 induced gene expression of Heat shock protein 90 kDa alpha (cystolic), class A member 2, (HSP90), a protein of the stress pathway. Prx-1 highly activated Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2B (CDKN2B), a gene of the TGF-β pathway, and Baculoviral IAP repeat-containing 2 (Birc-2), an anti-apoptotic gene of the NF-κB pathway. We identified gene-expression networks highly dependent on the NFκB and ERK1/2 pathways. Our findings demonstrate that Prx-1 inhibits HIV replication through NK cell-dependent and NK cell-independent mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ralf Geiben-Lynn
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Williams JP, Southern P, Lissina A, Christian HC, Sewell AK, Phillips R, Pankhurst Q, Frater J. Application of magnetic field hyperthermia and superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles to HIV-1-specific T-cell cytotoxicity. Int J Nanomedicine 2013; 8:2543-54. [PMID: 23901272 PMCID: PMC3726440 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s44013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The latent HIV-1 reservoir remains the major barrier to HIV-1 eradication. Although successful at limiting HIV replication, highly active antiretroviral therapy is unable to cure HIV infection, thus novel therapeutic strategies are needed to eliminate the virus. Magnetic field hyperthermia (MFH) generates thermoablative cytotoxic temperatures in target-cell populations, and has delivered promising outcomes in animal models, as well as in several cancer clinical trials. MFH has been proposed as a strategy to improve the killing of HIV-infected cells and for targeting the HIV latent reservoirs. We wished to determine whether MFH could be used to enhance cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) targeting of HIV-infected cells in a proof-of-concept study. Here, for the first time, we apply MFH to an infectious disease (HIV-1) using the superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle FeraSpin R. We attempt to improve the cytotoxic potential of T-cell receptor-transfected HIV-specific CTLs using thermotherapy, and assess superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle toxicity, uptake, and effect on cell function using more sensitive methods than previously described. FeraSpin R exhibited only limited toxicity, demonstrated efficient uptake and cell-surface attachment, and only modestly impacted T-cell function. In contrast to the cancer models, insufficient MFH was generated to enhance CTL killing of HIV-infected cells. MFH remains an exciting new technology in the field of cancer therapeutics, which, as technology improves, may have significant potential to enhance CTL function and act as an adjunctive therapy in the eradication of latently infected HIV-positive cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James P Williams
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Van Lint C, Bouchat S, Marcello A. HIV-1 transcription and latency: an update. Retrovirology 2013; 10:67. [PMID: 23803414 PMCID: PMC3699421 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-10-67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Combination antiretroviral therapy, despite being potent and life-prolonging, is not curative and does not eradicate HIV-1 infection since interruption of treatment inevitably results in a rapid rebound of viremia. Reactivation of latently infected cells harboring transcriptionally silent but replication-competent proviruses is a potential source of persistent residual viremia in cART-treated patients. Although multiple reservoirs may exist, the persistence of resting CD4+ T cells carrying a latent infection represents a major barrier to eradication. In this review, we will discuss the latest reports on the molecular mechanisms that may regulate HIV-1 latency at the transcriptional level, including transcriptional interference, the role of cellular factors, chromatin organization and epigenetic modifications, the viral Tat trans-activator and its cellular cofactors. Since latency mechanisms may also operate at the post-transcriptional level, we will consider inhibition of nuclear RNA export and inhibition of translation by microRNAs as potential barriers to HIV-1 gene expression. Finally, we will review the therapeutic approaches and clinical studies aimed at achieving either a sterilizing cure or a functional cure of HIV-1 infection, with a special emphasis on the most recent pharmacological strategies to reactivate the latent viruses and decrease the pool of viral reservoirs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carine Van Lint
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Service of Molecular Virology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicine, 12, Rue des Profs Jeener et Brachet, 6041, Gosselies, Belgium.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Kitson RRA, Moody CJ. Learning from nature: advances in geldanamycin- and radicicol-based inhibitors of Hsp90. J Org Chem 2013; 78:5117-41. [PMID: 23496136 DOI: 10.1021/jo4002849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Natural products have been fundamental in the development of new therapeutic agents predicated on the inhibition of heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90). This Perspective describes the influential role of the benzoquinone ansamycin geldanamycin and the resorcylic acid macrolactone radicicol not only in driving forward drug discovery programs but also in inspiring organic chemists to develop innovative methodology for the synthesis of natural products and analogues with improved properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Russell R A Kitson
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Chan CN, Dietrich I, Hosie MJ, Willett BJ. Recent developments in human immunodeficiency virus-1 latency research. J Gen Virol 2013; 94:917-932. [PMID: 23364195 PMCID: PMC3709588 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.049296-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Almost 30 years after its initial discovery, infection with the human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) remains incurable and the virus persists due to reservoirs of latently infected CD4(+) memory T-cells and sanctuary sites within the infected individual where drug penetration is poor. Reactivating latent viruses has been a key strategy to completely eliminate the virus from the host, but many difficulties and unanswered questions remain. In this review, the latest developments in HIV-persistence and latency research are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chi Ngai Chan
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Isabelle Dietrich
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Margaret J Hosie
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Brian J Willett
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Roesch F, Schwartz O. HIV-1 Single Cycle Infection. Bio Protoc 2013. [DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
|