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Hailemariam S, Liao CJ, Mengiste T. Receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases: orchestrating plant cellular communication. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024:S1360-1385(24)00111-0. [PMID: 38816318 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2024.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
The receptor-like kinase (RLK) family of receptors and the associated receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases (RLCKs) have expanded in plants because of selective pressure from environmental stress and evolving pathogens. RLCKs link pathogen perception to activation of coping mechanisms. RLK-RLCK modules regulate hormone synthesis and responses, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, Ca2+ signaling, activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and immune gene expression, all of which contribute to immunity. Some RLCKs integrate responses from multiple receptors recognizing distinct ligands. RLKs/RLCKs and nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich repeats (NLRs) were found to synergize, demonstrating the intertwined genetic network in plant immunity. Studies in arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) have provided paradigms about RLCK functions, but a lack of understanding of crop RLCKs undermines their application. In this review, we summarize current understanding of the diverse functions of RLCKs, based on model systems and observations in crop species, and the emerging role of RLCKs in pathogen and abiotic stress response signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Hailemariam
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Chao-Jan Liao
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Tesfaye Mengiste
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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2
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Nabi Z, Manzoor S, Nabi SU, Wani TA, Gulzar H, Farooq M, Arya VM, Baloch FS, Vlădulescu C, Popescu SM, Mansoor S. Pattern-Triggered Immunity and Effector-Triggered Immunity: crosstalk and cooperation of PRR and NLR-mediated plant defense pathways during host-pathogen interactions. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 30:587-604. [PMID: 38737322 PMCID: PMC11087456 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-024-01452-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
The elucidation of the molecular basis underlying plant-pathogen interactions is imperative for the development of sustainable resistance strategies against pathogens. Plants employ a dual-layered immunological detection and response system wherein cell surface-localized Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) and intracellular Nucleotide-Binding Leucine-Rich Repeat Receptors (NLRs) play pivotal roles in initiating downstream signalling cascades in response to pathogen-derived chemicals. Pattern-Triggered Immunity (PTI) is associated with PRRs and is activated by the recognition of conserved molecular structures, known as Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns. When PTI proves ineffective due to pathogenic effectors, Effector-Triggered Immunity (ETI) frequently confers resistance. In ETI, host plants utilize NLRs to detect pathogen effectors directly or indirectly, prompting a rapid and more robust defense response. Additionally epigenetic mechanisms are participating in plant immune memory. Recently developed technologies like CRISPR/Cas9 helps in exposing novel prospects in plant pathogen interactions. In this review we explore the fascinating crosstalk and cooperation between PRRs and NLRs. We discuss epigenomic processes and CRISPR/Cas9 regulating immune response in plants and recent findings that shed light on the coordination of these defense layers. Furthermore, we also have discussed the intricate interactions between the salicylic acid and jasmonic acid signalling pathways in plants, offering insights into potential synergistic interactions that would be harnessed for the development of novel and sustainable resistance strategies against diverse group of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zarka Nabi
- Division of Plant Pathology, FOA-SKUAST-K, Wadura, 193201 India
| | - Subaya Manzoor
- Division of Plant Pathology, FOA-SKUAST-K, Wadura, 193201 India
| | - Sajad Un Nabi
- ICAR-Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture, Srinagar, 191132 India
| | | | - Humira Gulzar
- Division of Plant Pathology, FOA-SKUAST-K, Wadura, 193201 India
| | - Mehreena Farooq
- Division of Plant Pathology, FOH-SKUAST-K, Shalimar, Srinagar, 190025 India
| | - Vivak M. Arya
- Division of Soil Science and Agriculture Chemistry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Jammu, India
| | - Faheem Shehzad Baloch
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mersin University, 33100 Yenişehir, Mersin Turkey
| | - Carmen Vlădulescu
- Department of Biology and Environmental Engineering, University of Craiova, A. I. Cuza 13, 200585 Craiova, Romania
| | - Simona Mariana Popescu
- Department of Biology and Environmental Engineering, University of Craiova, A. I. Cuza 13, 200585 Craiova, Romania
| | - Sheikh Mansoor
- Department of Plant Resources and Environment, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243 Republic of Korea
- Subtropical/Tropical Organism Gene Bank, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243 Republic of Korea
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3
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Diao Z, Yang R, Wang Y, Cui J, Li J, Wu Q, Zhang Y, Yu X, Gong B, Huang Y, Yu G, Yao H, Guo J, Zhang H, Shen J, Gust AA, Cai Y. Functional screening of the Arabidopsis 2C protein phosphatases family identifies PP2C15 as a negative regulator of plant immunity by targeting BRI1-associated receptor kinase 1. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2024; 25:e13447. [PMID: 38561315 PMCID: PMC10984862 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Genetic engineering using negative regulators of plant immunity has the potential to provide a huge impetus in agricultural biotechnology to achieve a higher degree of disease resistance without reducing yield. Type 2C protein phosphatases (PP2Cs) represent the largest group of protein phosphatases in plants, with a high potential for negative regulatory functions by blocking the transmission of defence signals through dephosphorylation. Here, we established a PP2C functional protoplast screen using pFRK1::luciferase as a reporter and found that 14 of 56 PP2Cs significantly inhibited the immune response induced by flg22. To verify the reliability of the system, a previously reported MAPK3/4/6-interacting protein phosphatase, PP2C5, was used; it was confirmed to be a negative regulator of PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI). We further identified PP2C15 as an interacting partner of BRI1-associated receptor kinase 1 (BAK1), which is the most well-known co-receptor of plasma membrane-localized pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), and a central component of PTI. PP2C15 dephosphorylates BAK1 and negatively regulates BAK1-mediated PTI responses such as MAPK3/4/6 activation, defence gene expression, reactive oxygen species bursts, stomatal immunity, callose deposition, and pathogen resistance. Although plant growth and 1000-seed weight of pp2c15 mutants were reduced compared to those of wild-type plants, pp2c5 mutants did not show any adverse effects. Thus, our findings strengthen the understanding of the mechanism by which PP2C family members negatively regulate plant immunity at multiple levels and indicate a possible approach to enhance plant resistance by eliminating specific PP2Cs without affecting plant growth and yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Diao
- Department of Biotechnology and Applied Biology, College of Life SciencesSichuan Agricultural UniversityYa'anSichuanChina
| | - Rongqian Yang
- Department of Biotechnology and Applied Biology, College of Life SciencesSichuan Agricultural UniversityYa'anSichuanChina
| | - Yizhu Wang
- Department of Biotechnology and Applied Biology, College of Life SciencesSichuan Agricultural UniversityYa'anSichuanChina
| | - Junmei Cui
- Department of Biotechnology and Applied Biology, College of Life SciencesSichuan Agricultural UniversityYa'anSichuanChina
| | - Junhao Li
- Department of Biotechnology and Applied Biology, College of Life SciencesSichuan Agricultural UniversityYa'anSichuanChina
| | - Qiqi Wu
- Chengdu Lusyno Biotechnology Co., Ltd.ChengduChina
| | - Yaxin Zhang
- Chengdu Lusyno Biotechnology Co., Ltd.ChengduChina
| | - Xiaosong Yu
- Department of Biotechnology and Applied Biology, College of Life SciencesSichuan Agricultural UniversityYa'anSichuanChina
| | - Benqiang Gong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life SciencesSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Yan Huang
- Department of Biotechnology and Applied Biology, College of Life SciencesSichuan Agricultural UniversityYa'anSichuanChina
| | - Guozhi Yu
- Department of Biotechnology and Applied Biology, College of Life SciencesSichuan Agricultural UniversityYa'anSichuanChina
| | - Huipeng Yao
- Department of Biotechnology and Applied Biology, College of Life SciencesSichuan Agricultural UniversityYa'anSichuanChina
| | - Jinya Guo
- Department of Biotechnology and Applied Biology, College of Life SciencesSichuan Agricultural UniversityYa'anSichuanChina
| | - Huaiyu Zhang
- Department of Biotechnology and Applied Biology, College of Life SciencesSichuan Agricultural UniversityYa'anSichuanChina
| | - Jinbo Shen
- Zhejiang A&F University State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and BiotechnologyZhejiang A&F UniversityZhejiangHangzhouChina
| | - Andrea A. Gust
- Department of the Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, Plant BiochemistryEberhard Karls University of TübingenTübingenGermany
| | - Yi Cai
- Department of Biotechnology and Applied Biology, College of Life SciencesSichuan Agricultural UniversityYa'anSichuanChina
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4
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Berlanga DJ, Molina A, Torres MÁ. Mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase 1 controls broad spectrum disease resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana through diverse mechanisms of immune activation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1374194. [PMID: 38576784 PMCID: PMC10993396 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1374194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Arabidopsis thaliana Mitogen-activated protein Kinase Phosphatase 1 (MKP1) negatively balances production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) triggered by Microbe-Associated Molecular Patterns (MAMPs) through uncharacterized mechanisms. Accordingly, ROS production is enhanced in mkp1 mutant after MAMP treatment. Moreover, mkp1 plants show a constitutive activation of immune responses and enhanced disease resistance to pathogens with distinct colonization styles, like the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000, the oomycete Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis Noco2 and the necrotrophic fungus Plectosphaerella cucumerina BMM. The molecular basis of this ROS production and broad-spectrum disease resistance controlled by MKP1 have not been determined. Here, we show that the enhanced ROS production in mkp1 is not due to a direct interaction of MKP1 with the NADPH oxidase RBOHD, nor is it the result of the catalytic activity of MKP1 on RBHOD phosphorylation sites targeted by BOTRYTIS INDUCED KINASE 1 (BIK1) protein, a positive regulator of RBOHD-dependent ROS production. The analysis of bik1 mkp1 double mutant phenotypes suggested that MKP1 and BIK1 targets are different. Additionally, we showed that phosphorylation residues stabilizing MKP1 are essential for its functionality in immunity. To further decipher the molecular basis of disease resistance responses controlled by MKP1, we generated combinatory lines of mkp1-1 with plants impaired in defensive pathways required for disease resistance to pathogen: cyp79B2 cyp79B3 double mutant defective in synthesis of tryptophan-derived metabolites, NahG transgenic plant that does not accumulate salicylic acid, aba1-6 mutant impaired in abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis, and abi1 abi2 hab1 triple mutant impaired in proteins described as ROS sensors and that is hypersensitive to ABA. The analysis of these lines revealed that the enhanced resistance displayed by mkp1-1 is altered in distinct mutant combinations: mkp1-1 cyp79B2 cyp79B3 fully blocked mkp1-1 resistance to P. cucumerina, whereas mkp1-1 NahG displays partial susceptibility to H. arabidopsidis, and mkp1-1 NahG, mkp1-1 aba1-6 and mkp1-1 cyp79B2 cyp79B3 showed compromised resistance to P. syringae. These results suggest that MKP1 is a component of immune responses that does not directly interact with RBOHD but rather regulates the status of distinct defensive pathways required for disease resistance to pathogens with different lifestyles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego José Berlanga
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, UPM, Madrid, Spain
- Center of Excellence for Plant Environment Interactions (CEPEI), Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Molina
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, UPM, Madrid, Spain
- Center of Excellence for Plant Environment Interactions (CEPEI), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Torres
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, UPM, Madrid, Spain
- Center of Excellence for Plant Environment Interactions (CEPEI), Madrid, Spain
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5
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Wang R, Li C, Jia Z, Su Y, Ai Y, Li Q, Guo X, Tao Z, Lin F, Liang Y. Reversible phosphorylation of a lectin-receptor-like kinase controls xylem immunity. Cell Host Microbe 2023; 31:2051-2066.e7. [PMID: 37977141 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2023.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) mediate basal resistance to most phytopathogens. However, plant responses can be cell type specific, and the mechanisms governing xylem immunity remain largely unknown. We show that the lectin-receptor-like kinase LORE contributes to xylem basal resistance in Arabidopsis upon infection with Ralstonia solanacearum, a destructive plant pathogen that colonizes the xylem to cause bacterial wilt. Following R. solanacearum infection, LORE is activated by phosphorylation at residue S761, initiating a phosphorelay that activates reactive oxygen species production and cell wall lignification. To prevent prolonged activation of immune signaling, LORE recruits and phosphorylates type 2C protein phosphatase LOPP, which dephosphorylates LORE and attenuates LORE-mediated xylem immunity to maintain immune homeostasis. A LOPP knockout confers resistance against bacterial wilt disease in Arabidopsis and tomatoes without impacting plant growth. Thus, our study reveals a regulatory mechanism in xylem immunity involving the reversible phosphorylation of receptor-like kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Wang
- Zhejiang Xianghu Laboratory, Department of Plant Protection, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chenying Li
- Zhejiang Xianghu Laboratory, Department of Plant Protection, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhiyi Jia
- Zhejiang Xianghu Laboratory, Department of Plant Protection, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yaxing Su
- Zhejiang Xianghu Laboratory, Department of Plant Protection, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yingfei Ai
- Zhejiang Xianghu Laboratory, Department of Plant Protection, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qinghong Li
- Zhejiang Xianghu Laboratory, Department of Plant Protection, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xijie Guo
- Zhejiang Xianghu Laboratory, Department of Plant Protection, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zeng Tao
- Zhejiang Xianghu Laboratory, Department of Plant Protection, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Fucheng Lin
- Zhejiang Xianghu Laboratory, Department of Plant Protection, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Hangzhou 311200, China.
| | - Yan Liang
- Zhejiang Xianghu Laboratory, Department of Plant Protection, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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6
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Li H, Liu J, Yuan X, Chen X, Cui X. Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals key pathways and regulatory networks in early resistance of Glycine max to soybean mosaic virus. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1241076. [PMID: 38033585 PMCID: PMC10687721 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1241076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
As a high-value oilseed crop, soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] is limited by various biotic stresses during its growth and development. Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) is a devastating viral infection of soybean that primarily affects young leaves and causes significant production and economic losses; however, the synergistic molecular mechanisms underlying the soybean response to SMV are largely unknown. Therefore, we performed RNA sequencing on SMV-infected resistant and susceptible soybean lines to determine the molecular mechanism of resistance to SMV. When the clean reads were aligned to the G. max reference genome, a total of 36,260 genes were identified as expressed genes and used for further research. Most of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with resistance were found to be enriched in plant hormone signal transduction and circadian rhythm according to Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis. In addition to salicylic acid and jasmonic acid, which are well known in plant disease resistance, abscisic acid, indole-3-acetic acid, and cytokinin are also involved in the immune response to SMV in soybean. Most of the Ca2+ signaling related DEGs enriched in plant-pathogen interaction negatively influence SMV resistance. Furthermore, the MAPK cascade was involved in either resistant or susceptible responses to SMV, depending on different downstream proteins. The phytochrome interacting factor-cryptochrome-R protein module and the MEKK3/MKK9/MPK7-WRKY33-CML/CDPK module were found to play essential roles in soybean response to SMV based on protein-protein interaction prediction. Our findings provide general insights into the molecular regulatory networks associated with soybean response to SMV and have the potential to improve legume resistance to viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Li
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinyang Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Xingxing Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Cui
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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7
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Zhou D, Godinez-Vidal D, He J, Teixeira M, Guo J, Wei L, Van Norman JM, Kaloshian I. A G-type lectin receptor kinase negatively regulates Arabidopsis immunity against root-knot nematodes. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:721-735. [PMID: 37103588 PMCID: PMC10469371 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp., RKN) are responsible for extensive crop losses worldwide. During infection, they penetrate plant roots, migrate between plant cells, and establish feeding sites, known as giant cells, near the root vasculature. Previously, we found that nematode perception and early responses in plants were similar to those of microbial pathogens and required the BRI1-ASSOCIATED KINASE1/SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS RECEPTOR KINASE3 (BAK1/SERK3) coreceptor in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). Here, we implemented a reverse genetic screen for resistance or sensitivity to RKN using Arabidopsis T-DNA alleles of genes encoding transmembrane receptor-like kinases to identify additional receptors involved in this process. This screen identified a pair of allelic mutations with enhanced resistance to RKN in a gene we named ENHANCED RESISTANCE TO NEMATODES1 (ERN1). ERN1 encodes a G-type lectin receptor kinase (G-LecRK) with a single-pass transmembrane domain. Further characterization showed that ern1 mutants displayed stronger activation of MAP kinases, elevated levels of the defense marker MYB51, and enhanced H2O2 accumulation in roots upon RKN elicitor treatments. Elevated MYB51 expression and ROS bursts were also observed in leaves of ern1 mutants upon flg22 treatment. Complementation of ern1.1 with 35S- or native promoter-driven ERN1 rescued the RKN infection and enhanced defense phenotypes. Our results indicate that ERN1 is an important negative regulator of immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Zhou
- Department of Nematology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Damaris Godinez-Vidal
- Department of Nematology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Jiangman He
- Department of Nematology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Marcella Teixeira
- Department of Nematology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Jingzhe Guo
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Lihui Wei
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Jaimie M Van Norman
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Isgouhi Kaloshian
- Department of Nematology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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8
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Huang Y, Yang R, Luo H, Yuan Y, Diao Z, Li J, Gong S, Yu G, Yao H, Zhang H, Cai Y. Arabidopsis Protein Phosphatase PIA1 Impairs Plant Drought Tolerance by Serving as a Common Negative Regulator in ABA Signaling Pathway. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2716. [PMID: 37514328 PMCID: PMC10384177 DOI: 10.3390/plants12142716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Reversible phosphorylation of proteins is a ubiquitous regulatory mechanism in vivo that can respond to external changes, and plays an extremely important role in cell signal transduction. Protein phosphatase 2C is the largest protein phosphatase family in higher plants. Recently, it has been found that some clade A members can negatively regulate ABA signaling pathways. However, the functions of several subgroups of Arabidopsis PP2C other than clade A have not been reported, and whether other members of the PP2C family also participate in the regulation of ABA signaling pathways remains to be studied. In this study, based on the previous screening and identification work of PP2C involved in the ABA pathway, the clade F member PIA1 encoding a gene of the PP2C family, which was down-regulated after ABA treatment during the screening, was selected as the target. Overexpression of PIA1 significantly down-regulated the expression of ABA marker gene RD29A in Arabidopsis protoplasts, and ABA-responsive elements have been found in the cis-regulatory elements of PIA1 by promoter analysis. When compared to Col-0, transgenic plants overexpressing PIA1 were less sensitive to ABA, whereas pia1 showed the opposite trait in seed germination, root growth, and stomatal opening experiments. Under drought stress, SOD, POD, CAT, and APX activities of PIA1 overexpression lines were lower than Col-0 and pia1, while the content of H2O2 was higher, leading to its lowest survival rate in test plants, which were consistent with the significant inhibition of the expression of ABA-dependent stress-responsive genes RD29B, ABI5, ABF3, and ABF4 in the PIA1 transgenic background after ABA treatment. Using yeast two-hybrid and luciferase complementation assays, PIA1 was found to interact with multiple ABA key signaling elements, including 2 RCARs and 6 SnRK2s. Our results indicate that PIA1 may reduce plant drought tolerance by functioning as a common negative regulator involved in ABA signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625000, China
| | - Rongqian Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625000, China
| | - Huiling Luo
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625000, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625000, China
| | - Zhihong Diao
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625000, China
| | - Junhao Li
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625000, China
| | - Shihe Gong
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625000, China
| | - Guozhi Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625000, China
| | - Huipeng Yao
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625000, China
| | - Huaiyu Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625000, China
| | - Yi Cai
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625000, China
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9
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Bender KW, Zipfel C. Paradigms of receptor kinase signaling in plants. Biochem J 2023; 480:835-854. [PMID: 37326386 PMCID: PMC10317173 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20220372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Plant receptor kinases (RKs) function as key plasma-membrane localized receptors in the perception of molecular ligands regulating development and environmental response. Through the perception of diverse ligands, RKs regulate various aspects throughout the plant life cycle from fertilization to seed set. Thirty years of research on plant RKs has generated a wealth of knowledge on how RKs perceive ligands and activate downstream signaling. In the present review, we synthesize this body of knowledge into five central paradigms of plant RK signaling: (1) RKs are encoded by expanded gene families, largely conserved throughout land plant evolution; (2) RKs perceive many different kinds of ligands through a range of ectodomain architectures; (3) RK complexes are typically activated by co-receptor recruitment; (4) post-translational modifications fulfill central roles in both the activation and attenuation of RK-mediated signaling; and, (5) RKs activate a common set of downstream signaling processes through receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases (RLCKs). For each of these paradigms, we discuss key illustrative examples and also highlight known exceptions. We conclude by presenting five critical gaps in our understanding of RK function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle W. Bender
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zürich, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zürich, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, NR4 7UH Norwich, U.K
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10
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Huang X, Liang Y, Zhang R, Zhang B, Song X, Liu J, Lu M, Qin Z, Li D, Li S, Li Y. Genome-Wide Identification of the PP2C Gene Family and Analyses with Their Expression Profiling in Response to Cold Stress in Wild Sugarcane. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2418. [PMID: 37446979 DOI: 10.3390/plants12132418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Type 2C protein phosphatases (PP2Cs) represent a major group of protein phosphatases in plants, some of which have already been confirmed to play important roles in diverse plant processes. In this study, analyses of the phylogenetics, gene structure, protein domain, chromosome localization, and collinearity, as well as an identification of the expression profile, protein-protein interaction, and subcellular location, were carried out on the PP2C family in wild sugarcane (Saccharum spontaneum). The results showed that 145 PP2C proteins were classified into 13 clades. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that SsPP2Cs are evolutionarily closer to those of sorghum, and the number of SsPP2Cs is the highest. There were 124 pairs of SsPP2C genes expanding via segmental duplications. Half of the SsPP2C proteins were predicted to be localized in the chloroplast (73), with the next most common predicted localizations being in the cytoplasm (37) and nucleus (17). Analysis of the promoter revealed that SsPP2Cs might be photosensitive, responsive to abiotic stresses, and hormone-stimulated. A total of 27 SsPP2Cs showed cold-stress-induced expressions, and SsPP2C27 (Sspon.01G0007840-2D) and SsPP2C64 (Sspon.03G0002800-3D) were the potential hubs involved in ABA signal transduction. Our study presents a comprehensive analysis of the SsPP2C gene family, which can play a vital role in the further study of phosphatases in wild sugarcane. The results suggest that the PP2C family is evolutionarily conserved, and that it functions in various developmental processes in wild sugarcane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Huang
- Sugarcane Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Sugarcane Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agicultural Sciences/Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Genetic Improvement/Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biotechnology and Genetic Improvement (Guangxi), Ministry of Agriculture, Nanning 530007, China
| | - Yongsheng Liang
- Nanning Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Ronghua Zhang
- Sugarcane Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Sugarcane Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agicultural Sciences/Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Genetic Improvement/Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biotechnology and Genetic Improvement (Guangxi), Ministry of Agriculture, Nanning 530007, China
| | - Baoqing Zhang
- Sugarcane Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Sugarcane Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agicultural Sciences/Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Genetic Improvement/Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biotechnology and Genetic Improvement (Guangxi), Ministry of Agriculture, Nanning 530007, China
| | - Xiupeng Song
- Sugarcane Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Sugarcane Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agicultural Sciences/Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Genetic Improvement/Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biotechnology and Genetic Improvement (Guangxi), Ministry of Agriculture, Nanning 530007, China
| | - Junxian Liu
- Sugarcane Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Sugarcane Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agicultural Sciences/Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Genetic Improvement/Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biotechnology and Genetic Improvement (Guangxi), Ministry of Agriculture, Nanning 530007, China
| | - Manman Lu
- Sugarcane Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Sugarcane Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agicultural Sciences/Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Genetic Improvement/Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biotechnology and Genetic Improvement (Guangxi), Ministry of Agriculture, Nanning 530007, China
| | - Zhenqiang Qin
- Sugarcane Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Sugarcane Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agicultural Sciences/Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Genetic Improvement/Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biotechnology and Genetic Improvement (Guangxi), Ministry of Agriculture, Nanning 530007, China
| | - Dewei Li
- Sugarcane Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Sugarcane Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agicultural Sciences/Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Genetic Improvement/Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biotechnology and Genetic Improvement (Guangxi), Ministry of Agriculture, Nanning 530007, China
| | - Song Li
- Sugarcane Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Sugarcane Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agicultural Sciences/Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Genetic Improvement/Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biotechnology and Genetic Improvement (Guangxi), Ministry of Agriculture, Nanning 530007, China
| | - Yangrui Li
- Sugarcane Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Sugarcane Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agicultural Sciences/Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Genetic Improvement/Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biotechnology and Genetic Improvement (Guangxi), Ministry of Agriculture, Nanning 530007, China
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11
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Wang B, He W, Huang M, Feng J, Li Y, Yu L, Wang Y, Zhou D, Meng C, Cheng D, Tang N, Song B, Chen H. Ralstonia solanacearum type III effector RipAS associates with potato type one protein phosphatase StTOPP6 to promote bacterial wilt. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2023; 10:uhad087. [PMID: 37334181 PMCID: PMC10273071 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhad087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
The bacterial pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum (R. solanacearum) delivered type III secretion effectors to inhibit the immune system and cause bacterial wilt on potato. Protein phosphatases are key regulators in plant immunity, which pathogens can manipulate to alter host processes. Here, we show that a type III effector RipAS can reduce the nucleolar accumulation of a type one protein phosphatase (PP1) StTOPP6 to promote bacterial wilt. StTOPP6 was used as bait in the Yeast two-Hybrid (Y2H) assay and acquired an effector RipAS that interacts with it. RipAS was characterized as a virulence effector to contribute to R. solanacearum infection, and stable expression of RipAS in potato impaired plant resistance against R. solanacearum. Overexpression of StTOPP6 showed enhanced disease symptoms when inoculated with wild strain UW551 but not the ripAS deletion mutant, indicating that the expression of StTOPP6 facilitates the virulence of RipAS. RipAS reduced the nucleolar accumulation of StTOPP6, which occurred during R. solanacearum infection. Moreover, the association also widely existed between other PP1s and RipAS. We argue that RipAS is a virulence effector associated with PP1s to promote bacterial wilt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingsen Wang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430070, China
- Potato Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Wenfeng He
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430070, China
- Potato Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Mengshu Huang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430070, China
- Potato Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jiachen Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Yanping Li
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430070, China
- Potato Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Liu Yu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430070, China
- Potato Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yuqi Wang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430070, China
- Potato Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Dan Zhou
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430070, China
- Potato Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chengzhen Meng
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430070, China
- Potato Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Dong Cheng
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430070, China
- Potato Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ning Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China
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Xie W, Liu S, Gao H, Wu J, Liu D, Kinoshita T, Huang CF. PP2C.D phosphatase SAL1 positively regulates aluminum resistance via restriction of aluminum uptake in rice. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 192:1498-1516. [PMID: 36823690 PMCID: PMC10231357 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Aluminum (Al) toxicity represents a primary constraint for crop production in acidic soils. Rice (Oryza sativa) is a highly Al-resistant species; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying its high Al resistance are still not fully understood. Here, we identified SAL1 (SENSITIVE TO ALUMINUM 1), which encodes a plasma membrane (PM)-localized PP2C.D phosphatase, as a crucial regulator of Al resistance using a forward genetic screen. SAL1 was found to interact with and inhibit the activity of PM H+-ATPases, and mutation of SAL1 increased PM H+-ATPase activity and Al uptake, causing hypersensitivity to internal Al toxicity. Furthermore, knockout of NRAT1 (NRAMP ALUMINUM TRANSPORTER 1) encoding an Al uptake transporter in a sal1 background rescued the Al-sensitive phenotype of sal1, revealing that coordination of Al accumulation in the cell, wall and symplasm is critical for Al resistance in rice. By contrast, we found that mutations of PP2C.D phosphatase-encoding genes in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) enhanced Al resistance, which was attributed to increased malate secretion. Our results reveal the importance of PP2C.D phosphatases in Al resistance and the different strategies used by rice and Arabidopsis to defend against Al toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiang Xie
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shuo Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Huiling Gao
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Hunan Hybrid Rice Research Center, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Dilin Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Technology in Rice Breeding, Rice Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Toshinori Kinoshita
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Chao-Feng Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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13
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Wang W, Fei Y, Wang Y, Song B, Li L, Zhang W, Cheng H, Zhang X, Chen S, Zhou JM. SHOU4/4L link cell wall cellulose synthesis to pattern-triggered immunity. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 238:1620-1635. [PMID: 36810979 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are plasma membrane-localised proteins that sense molecular patterns to initiate pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). Receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases (RLCKs) function downstream of PRRs to propagate signal transduction via the phosphorylation of substrate proteins. The identification and characterisation of RLCK-regulated substrate proteins are critical for our understanding of plant immunity. We showed that SHOU4 and SHOU4L are rapidly phosphorylated upon various patterns elicitation and are indispensable for plant resistance to bacterial and fungal pathogens. Protein-protein interaction and phosphoproteomic analysis revealed that BOTRYTIS-INDUCED KINASE 1, a prominent protein kinase of RLCK subfamily VII (RLCK-VII), interacted with SHOU4/4L and phosphorylated multiple serine residues on SHOU4L N-terminus upon pattern flg22 treatment. Neither phospho-dead nor phospho-mimic SHOU4L variants complemented pathogen resistance and plant development defect of the loss-of-function mutant, suggesting that reversible phosphorylation of SHOU4L is critical to plant immunity and plant development. Co-immunoprecipitation data revealed that flg22 induced SHOU4L dissociation from cellulose synthase 1 (CESA1) and that a phospho-mimic SHOU4L variant inhibited the interaction between SHOU4L and CESA1, indicating the link between SHOU4L-mediated cellulose synthesis and plant immunity. This study thus identified SHOU4/4L as new components of PTI and preliminarily revealed the mechanism governing SHOU4L regulation by RLCKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weibing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yue Fei
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yongjin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Beibei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lin Li
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hangyuan Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaojuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - She Chen
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jian-Min Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, Hainan, 572025, China
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14
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Yang H, Wang E. Dynamic regulation of symbiotic signal perception in legumes. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2023; 68:670-673. [PMID: 36966114 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2023.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ertao Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Shenzhen 518054, China.
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15
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Sun C, Meng S, Wang B, Zhao S, Liu Y, Qi M, Wang Z, Yin Z, Li T. Exogenous melatonin enhances tomato heat resistance by regulating photosynthetic electron flux and maintaining ROS homeostasis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 196:197-209. [PMID: 36724704 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Heat stress reduces plant growth and reproduction and increases agricultural risks. As a natural compound, melatonin modulates broad aspects of the responses of plants to various biotic and abiotic stresses. However, regulation of the photosynthetic electron transfer, reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis and the redox state of redox-sensitive proteins in the tolerance to heat stress induced by melatonin remain largely unknown. The oxygen evolution complex activity on the electron-donating side of photosystem II (PSII) is inhibited, and the electron transfer process from QA to QB on the electron-accepting side of PSII is inhibited. In this case, heat stress decreased the chlorophyll content, carbon assimilation rate, PSII activity, and the proportion of light absorbed by tomato seedlings during electron transfer. The ROS burst led to the breakdown of the PSII core protein. However, exogenous melatonin increased the net photosynthetic rate by 11.3% compared with heat stress, substantially reducing the restriction of photosynthetic systems induced by heat stress. Additionally, melatonin reduces the oxidative damage to PSII by balancing electron transfer on the donor, reactive center, and acceptor sides. Melatonin was used under heat stress to increase the activity of the antioxidant enzyme and preserve ROS equilibrium. In addition, redox proteomics also showed that melatonin controls the redox levels of proteins involved in photosynthesis, and stress and defense processes, which enhances the expression of oxidative genes. In conclusion, melatonin via controlling the photosynthetic electron transport and antioxidant, melatonin increased tomato heat stress tolerance and aided plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Fruit Postharvest Biology, Shenyang, 110866, China; Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology, Shenyang, 110866, China; College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China; Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, 572025, China
| | - Sida Meng
- Key Laboratory of Fruit Postharvest Biology, Shenyang, 110866, China; Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology, Shenyang, 110866, China; College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Baofeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Fruit Postharvest Biology, Shenyang, 110866, China; Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology, Shenyang, 110866, China; College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Siting Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Fruit Postharvest Biology, Shenyang, 110866, China; Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology, Shenyang, 110866, China; College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Yulong Liu
- Mudanjiang Forest Ecosystem Positioning Observation and Research Station, Heilongjiang Ecological Institute, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Mingfang Qi
- Key Laboratory of Fruit Postharvest Biology, Shenyang, 110866, China; Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology, Shenyang, 110866, China; College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Zhenqi Wang
- Guizhou Aerospace Intelligent Agriculture Co., Ltd., Guizhou, 550000, China
| | - Zepeng Yin
- Key Laboratory of Fruit Postharvest Biology, Shenyang, 110866, China; Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology, Shenyang, 110866, China; College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China.
| | - Tianlai Li
- Key Laboratory of Fruit Postharvest Biology, Shenyang, 110866, China; Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology, Shenyang, 110866, China; College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China.
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16
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Gao Y, Xu J, Li Z, Zhang Y, Riera N, Xiong Z, Ouyang Z, Liu X, Lu Z, Seymour D, Zhong B, Wang N. Citrus genomic resources unravel putative genetic determinants of Huanglongbing pathogenicity. iScience 2023; 26:106024. [PMID: 36824272 PMCID: PMC9941208 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Citrus HLB caused by Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus is a pathogen-triggered immune disease. Here, we identified putative genetic determinants of HLB pathogenicity by integrating citrus genomic resources to characterize the pan-genome of accessions that differ in their response to HLB. Genome-wide association mapping and analysis of allele-specific expression between susceptible, tolerant, and resistant accessions further refined candidates underlying the response to HLB. We first developed a phased diploid assembly of Citrus sinensis 'Newhall' genome and produced resequencing data for 91 citrus accessions that differ in their response to HLB. These data were combined with previous resequencing data from 356 accessions for genome-wide association mapping of the HLB response. Genes determinants for HLB pathogenicity were associated with host immune response, ROS production, and antioxidants. Overall, this study has provided a significant resource of citrus genomic data and identified candidate genes to be further explored to understand the genetic determinants of HLB pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxia Gao
- National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jin Xu
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, IFAS, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, USA
| | - Zhilong Li
- National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yunzeng Zhang
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, IFAS, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, USA
| | - Nadia Riera
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, IFAS, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, USA
| | - Zhiwei Xiong
- National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zhigang Ouyang
- National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xinjun Liu
- National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zhanjun Lu
- National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | | | - Balian Zhong
- National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Nian Wang
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, IFAS, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, USA
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17
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Roudaire T, Marzari T, Landry D, Löffelhardt B, Gust AA, Jermakow A, Dry I, Winckler P, Héloir MC, Poinssot B. The grapevine LysM receptor-like kinase VvLYK5-1 recognizes chitin oligomers through its association with VvLYK1-1. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1130782. [PMID: 36818830 PMCID: PMC9932513 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1130782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The establishment of defense reactions to protect plants against pathogens requires the recognition of invasion patterns (IPs), mainly detected by plasma membrane-bound pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Some IPs, also termed elicitors, are used in several biocontrol products that are gradually being developed to reduce the use of chemicals in agriculture. Chitin, the major component of fungal cell walls, as well as its deacetylated derivative, chitosan, are two elicitors known to activate plant defense responses. However, recognition of chitooligosaccharides (COS) in Vitis vinifera is still poorly understood, hampering the improvement and generalization of protection tools for this important crop. In contrast, COS perception in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana is well described and mainly relies on a tripartite complex formed by the cell surface lysin motif receptor-like kinases (LysM-RLKs) AtLYK1/CERK1, AtLYK4 and AtLYK5, the latter having the strongest affinity for COS. In grapevine, COS perception has for the moment only been demonstrated to rely on two PRRs VvLYK1-1 and VvLYK1-2. Here, we investigated additional players by overexpressing in Arabidopsis the two putative AtLYK5 orthologs from grapevine, VvLYK5-1 and VvLYK5-2. Expression of VvLYK5-1 in the atlyk4/5 double mutant background restored COS sensitivity, such as chitin-induced MAPK activation, defense gene expression, callose deposition and conferred non-host resistance to grapevine downy mildew (Erysiphe necator). Protein-protein interaction studies conducted in planta revealed a chitin oligomer-triggered interaction between VvLYK5-1 and VvLYK1-1. Interestingly, our results also indicate that VvLYK5-1 mediates the perception of chitin but not chitosan oligomers showing a part of its specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibault Roudaire
- Agroécologie, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Tania Marzari
- Agroécologie, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - David Landry
- LIPME, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Birgit Löffelhardt
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Center for Plant Molecular Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andrea A. Gust
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Center for Plant Molecular Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Angelica Jermakow
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Ian Dry
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Pascale Winckler
- Dimacell Imaging Facility, PAM UMR A 02.102, Institut Agro, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Marie-Claire Héloir
- Agroécologie, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Benoit Poinssot
- Agroécologie, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
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18
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Yu G, Derkacheva M, Rufian JS, Brillada C, Kowarschik K, Jiang S, Derbyshire P, Ma M, DeFalco TA, Morcillo RJL, Stransfeld L, Wei Y, Zhou J, Menke FLH, Trujillo M, Zipfel C, Macho AP. The Arabidopsis E3 ubiquitin ligase PUB4 regulates BIK1 and is targeted by a bacterial type-III effector. EMBO J 2022; 41:e107257. [PMID: 36314733 PMCID: PMC9713774 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020107257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant immunity is tightly controlled by a complex and dynamic regulatory network, which ensures optimal activation upon detection of potential pathogens. Accordingly, each component of this network is a potential target for manipulation by pathogens. Here, we report that RipAC, a type III-secreted effector from the bacterial pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum, targets the plant E3 ubiquitin ligase PUB4 to inhibit pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). PUB4 plays a positive role in PTI by regulating the homeostasis of the central immune kinase BIK1. Before PAMP perception, PUB4 promotes the degradation of non-activated BIK1, while after PAMP perception, PUB4 contributes to the accumulation of activated BIK1. RipAC leads to BIK1 degradation, which correlates with its PTI-inhibitory activity. RipAC causes a reduction in pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-induced PUB4 accumulation and phosphorylation. Our results shed light on the role played by PUB4 in immune regulation, and illustrate an indirect targeting of the immune signalling hub BIK1 by a bacterial effector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Yu
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Maria Derkacheva
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of East Anglia, Norwich Research ParkNorwichUK
- Present address:
The Earlham InstituteNorwich Research ParkNorwichUK
| | - Jose S Rufian
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Carla Brillada
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biology IIAlbert‐Ludwigs‐University FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | | | - Shushu Jiang
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of East Anglia, Norwich Research ParkNorwichUK
- Present address:
Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell ScienceChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Paul Derbyshire
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of East Anglia, Norwich Research ParkNorwichUK
| | - Miaomiao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Thomas A DeFalco
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zurich‐Basel Plant Science CenterUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Rafael J L Morcillo
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Lena Stransfeld
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of East Anglia, Norwich Research ParkNorwichUK
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zurich‐Basel Plant Science CenterUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Yali Wei
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Jian‐Min Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Frank L H Menke
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of East Anglia, Norwich Research ParkNorwichUK
| | - Marco Trujillo
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biology IIAlbert‐Ludwigs‐University FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- Leibniz Institute for Plant BiochemistryHalle (Saale)Germany
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of East Anglia, Norwich Research ParkNorwichUK
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zurich‐Basel Plant Science CenterUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Alberto P Macho
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
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19
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Gao C, Tang D, Wang W. The Role of Ubiquitination in Plant Immunity: Fine-Tuning Immune Signaling and Beyond. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 63:1405-1413. [PMID: 35859340 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcac105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitination is an essential posttranslational modification and plays a crucial role in regulating plant immunity by modulating protein activity, stability, abundance and interaction. Recently, major breakthroughs have been made in understanding the mechanisms associated with the regulation of immune signaling by ubiquitination. In this mini review, we highlight the recent advances in the role of ubiquitination in fine-tuning the resistance activated by plant pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and intracellular nucleotide-binding site and leucine-rich repeat domain receptors (NLRs). We also discuss current understanding of the positive regulation of plant immunity by ubiquitination, including the modification of immune negative regulators and of the guardee proteins monitored by NLRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Dingzhong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
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20
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Uddin S, Bae D, Cha JY, Ahn G, Kim WY, Kim MG. Coronatine Induces Stomatal Reopening by Inhibiting Hormone Signaling Pathways. JOURNAL OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 65:403-411. [DOI: 10.1007/s12374-022-09362-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
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21
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Sobol G, Chakraborty J, Martin GB, Sessa G. The Emerging Role of PP2C Phosphatases in Tomato Immunity. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2022; 35:737-747. [PMID: 35696659 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-02-22-0037-cr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The antagonistic effect of plant immunity on growth likely drove evolution of molecular mechanisms that prevent accidental initiation and prolonged activation of plant immune responses. Signaling networks of pattern-triggered and effector-triggered immunity, the two main layers of plant immunity, are tightly regulated by the activity of protein phosphatases that dephosphorylate their protein substrates and reverse the action of protein kinases. Members of the PP2C class of protein phosphatases have emerged as key negative regulators of plant immunity, primarily from research in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, revealing the potential to employ PP2C proteins to enhance plant disease resistance. As a first step towards focusing on the PP2C family for both basic and translational research, we analyzed the tomato genome sequence to ascertain the complement of the tomato PP2C family, identify conserved protein domains and signals in PP2C amino acid sequences, and examine domain combinations in individual proteins. We then identified tomato PP2Cs that are candidate regulators of single or multiple layers of the immune signaling network by in-depth analysis of publicly available RNA-seq datasets. These included expression profiles of plants treated with fungal or bacterial pathogen-associated molecular patterns, with pathogenic, nonpathogenic, and disarmed bacteria, as well as pathogenic fungi and oomycetes. Finally, we discuss the possible use of immunity-associated PP2Cs to better understand the signaling networks of plant immunity and to engineer durable and broad disease resistance in crop plants. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Sobol
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, 69978 Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Joydeep Chakraborty
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, 69978 Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Gregory B Martin
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A
| | - Guido Sessa
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, 69978 Tel-Aviv, Israel
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22
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Cai Y, Liu X, Shen L, Wang N, He Y, Zhang H, Wang P, Zhang Z. Homeostasis of cell wall integrity pathway phosphorylation is required for the growth and pathogenicity of Magnaporthe oryzae. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:1214-1225. [PMID: 35506374 PMCID: PMC9276948 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The cell wall provides a crucial barrier to stress imposed by the external environment. In the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, this stress response is mediated by the cell wall integrity (CWI) pathway, consisting of a well-characterized protein phosphorylation cascade. However, other regulators that maintain CWI phosphorylation homeostasis, such as protein phosphatases (PPases), remain unclear. Here, we identified two PPases, MoPtc1 and MoPtc2, that function as negative regulators of the CWI pathway. MoPtc1 and MoPtc2 interact with MoMkk1, one of the key components of the CWI pathway, and are crucial for the vegetative growth, conidial formation, and virulence of M. oryzae. We also demonstrate that both MoPtc1 and MoPtc2 dephosphorylate MoMkk1 in vivo and in vitro, and that CWI stress leads to enhanced interaction between MoPtc1 and MoMkk1. CWI stress abolishes the interaction between MoPtc2 and MoMkk1, providing a means of deactivation for CWI signalling. Our studies reveal that CWI signalling in M. oryzae is a highly coordinated regulatory mechanism vital for stress response and pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchao Cai
- Department of Plant PathologyCollege of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of EducationNanjingChina
- The Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Department of Plant PathologyCollege of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of EducationNanjingChina
- The Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Lingbo Shen
- Department of Plant PathologyCollege of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of EducationNanjingChina
| | - Nian Wang
- Department of Plant PathologyCollege of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of EducationNanjingChina
- The Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Yangjie He
- Department of Plant PathologyCollege of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of EducationNanjingChina
- The Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Haifeng Zhang
- Department of Plant PathologyCollege of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of EducationNanjingChina
- The Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and ParasitologyLouisiana State University Health Sciences CenterNew OrleansLouisianaUSA
| | - Zhengguang Zhang
- Department of Plant PathologyCollege of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of EducationNanjingChina
- The Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
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23
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Liang X, Zhang J. Regulation of plant responses to biotic and abiotic stress by receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases. STRESS BIOLOGY 2022; 2:25. [PMID: 37676353 PMCID: PMC10441961 DOI: 10.1007/s44154-022-00045-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
As sessile organisms, plants have to cope with environmental change and numerous biotic and abiotic stress. Upon perceiving environmental cues and stress signals using different types of receptors, plant cells initiate immediate and complicated signaling to regulate cellular processes and respond to stress. Receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases (RLCKs) transduce signals from receptors to cellular components and play roles in diverse biological processes. Recent studies have revealed the hubbing roles of RLCKs in plant responses to biotic stress. Emerging evidence indicates the important regulatory roles of RLCKs in plant responses to abiotic stress, growth, and development. As a pivot of cellular signaling, the activity and stability of RLCKs are dynamically and tightly controlled. Here, we summarize the current understanding of how RLCKs regulate plant responses to biotic and abiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangxiu Liang
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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24
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What's new in protein kinase/phosphatase signalling in the control of plant immunity? Essays Biochem 2022; 66:621-634. [PMID: 35723080 PMCID: PMC9528078 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20210088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Plant immunity is crucial to plant health but comes at an expense. For optimal plant growth, tight immune regulation is required to prevent unnecessary rechannelling of valuable resources. Pattern- and effector-triggered immunity (PTI/ETI) represent the two tiers of immunity initiated after sensing microbial patterns at the cell surface or pathogen effectors secreted into plant cells, respectively. Recent evidence of PTI-ETI cross-potentiation suggests a close interplay of signalling pathways and defense responses downstream of perception that is still poorly understood. This review will focus on controls on plant immunity through phosphorylation, a universal and key cellular regulatory mechanism. Rather than a complete overview, we highlight “what’s new in protein kinase/phosphatase signalling” in the immunity field. In addition to phosphoregulation of components in the pattern recognition receptor (PRR) complex, we will cover the actions of the major immunity-relevant intracellular protein kinases/phosphatases in the ‘signal relay’, namely calcium-regulated kinases (e.g. calcium-dependent protein kinases, CDPKs), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), and various protein phosphatases. We discuss how these factors define a phosphocode that generates cellular decision-making ‘logic gates’, which contribute to signalling fidelity, amplitude, and duration. To underscore the importance of phosphorylation, we summarize strategies employed by pathogens to subvert plant immune phosphopathways. In view of recent game-changing discoveries of ETI-derived resistosomes organizing into calcium-permeable pores, we speculate on a possible calcium-regulated phosphocode as the mechanistic control of the PTI-ETI continuum.
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25
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Cui M, Han S, Wang D, Haider MS, Guo J, Zhao Q, Du P, Sun Z, Qi F, Zheng Z, Huang B, Dong W, Li P, Zhang X. Gene Co-expression Network Analysis of the Comparative Transcriptome Identifies Hub Genes Associated With Resistance to Aspergillus flavus L. in Cultivated Peanut ( Arachis hypogaea L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:899177. [PMID: 35812950 PMCID: PMC9264616 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.899177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), a cosmopolitan oil crop, is susceptible to a variety of pathogens, especially Aspergillus flavus L., which not only vastly reduce the quality of peanut products but also seriously threaten food safety for the contamination of aflatoxin. However, the key genes related to resistance to Aspergillus flavus L. in peanuts remain unclear. This study identifies hub genes positively associated with resistance to A. flavus in two genotypes by comparative transcriptome and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) method. Compared with susceptible genotype (Zhonghua 12, S), the rapid response to A. flavus and quick preparation for the translation of resistance-related genes in the resistant genotype (J-11, R) may be the drivers of its high resistance. WGCNA analysis revealed that 18 genes encoding pathogenesis-related proteins (PR10), 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase (ACO1), MAPK kinase, serine/threonine kinase (STK), pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), cytochrome P450, SNARE protein SYP121, pectinesterase, phosphatidylinositol transfer protein, and pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) protein play major and active roles in peanut resistance to A. flavus. Collectively, this study provides new insight into resistance to A. flavus by employing WGCNA, and the identification of hub resistance-responsive genes may contribute to the development of resistant cultivars by molecular-assisted breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjie Cui
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- The Shennong Laboratory, Henan Academy of Crops Molecular Breeding, Henan Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crops in Huang-Huai-Hai Plains, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory for Oil Crop Improvement, Zhengzhou, China
- National Centre for Plant Breeding, Xinxiang, China
| | - Suoyi Han
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- The Shennong Laboratory, Henan Academy of Crops Molecular Breeding, Henan Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crops in Huang-Huai-Hai Plains, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory for Oil Crop Improvement, Zhengzhou, China
- National Centre for Plant Breeding, Xinxiang, China
| | - Du Wang
- Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Junjia Guo
- The Shennong Laboratory, Henan Academy of Crops Molecular Breeding, Henan Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crops in Huang-Huai-Hai Plains, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory for Oil Crop Improvement, Zhengzhou, China
- National Centre for Plant Breeding, Xinxiang, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- The Shennong Laboratory, Henan Academy of Crops Molecular Breeding, Henan Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crops in Huang-Huai-Hai Plains, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory for Oil Crop Improvement, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Pei Du
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- The Shennong Laboratory, Henan Academy of Crops Molecular Breeding, Henan Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crops in Huang-Huai-Hai Plains, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory for Oil Crop Improvement, Zhengzhou, China
- National Centre for Plant Breeding, Xinxiang, China
| | - Ziqi Sun
- The Shennong Laboratory, Henan Academy of Crops Molecular Breeding, Henan Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crops in Huang-Huai-Hai Plains, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory for Oil Crop Improvement, Zhengzhou, China
- National Centre for Plant Breeding, Xinxiang, China
| | - Feiyan Qi
- The Shennong Laboratory, Henan Academy of Crops Molecular Breeding, Henan Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crops in Huang-Huai-Hai Plains, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory for Oil Crop Improvement, Zhengzhou, China
- National Centre for Plant Breeding, Xinxiang, China
| | - Zheng Zheng
- The Shennong Laboratory, Henan Academy of Crops Molecular Breeding, Henan Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crops in Huang-Huai-Hai Plains, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory for Oil Crop Improvement, Zhengzhou, China
- National Centre for Plant Breeding, Xinxiang, China
| | - Bingyan Huang
- The Shennong Laboratory, Henan Academy of Crops Molecular Breeding, Henan Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crops in Huang-Huai-Hai Plains, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory for Oil Crop Improvement, Zhengzhou, China
- National Centre for Plant Breeding, Xinxiang, China
| | - Wenzhao Dong
- The Shennong Laboratory, Henan Academy of Crops Molecular Breeding, Henan Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crops in Huang-Huai-Hai Plains, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory for Oil Crop Improvement, Zhengzhou, China
- National Centre for Plant Breeding, Xinxiang, China
| | - Peiwu Li
- Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinyou Zhang
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- The Shennong Laboratory, Henan Academy of Crops Molecular Breeding, Henan Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crops in Huang-Huai-Hai Plains, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory for Oil Crop Improvement, Zhengzhou, China
- National Centre for Plant Breeding, Xinxiang, China
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26
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Activation and turnover of the plant immune signaling kinase BIK1: a fine balance. Essays Biochem 2022; 66:207-218. [PMID: 35575190 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20210071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mechanisms to sense and respond to pathogens have evolved in all species. The plant immune pathway is initiated by the activation of transmembrane receptor kinases that trigger phosphorylation relays resulting in cellular reprogramming. BOTRYTIS-INDUCED KINASE 1 (BIK1) is a direct substrate of multiple immune receptors in Arabidopsis thaliana and is a central regulator of plant immunity. Here, we review how BIK1 activity and protein stability are regulated by a dynamic interplay between phosphorylation and ubiquitination.
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27
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Ngou BPM, Ding P, Jones JDG. Thirty years of resistance: Zig-zag through the plant immune system. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:1447-1478. [PMID: 35167697 PMCID: PMC9048904 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 127.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the plant immune system is crucial for using genetics to protect crops from diseases. Plants resist pathogens via a two-tiered innate immune detection-and-response system. The first plant Resistance (R) gene was cloned in 1992 . Since then, many cell-surface pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) have been identified, and R genes that encode intracellular nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) have been cloned. Here, we provide a list of characterized PRRs and NLRs. In addition to immune receptors, many components of immune signaling networks were discovered over the last 30 years. We review the signaling pathways, physiological responses, and molecular regulation of both PRR- and NLR-mediated immunity. Recent studies have reinforced the importance of interactions between the two immune systems. We provide an overview of interactions between PRR- and NLR-mediated immunity, highlighting challenges and perspectives for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pingtao Ding
- Author for correspondence: (B.P.M.N.); (P.D.); (J.J.)
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28
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DeFalco TA, Anne P, James SR, Willoughby AC, Schwanke F, Johanndrees O, Genolet Y, Derbyshire P, Wang Q, Rana S, Pullen AM, Menke FLH, Zipfel C, Hardtke CS, Nimchuk ZL. A conserved module regulates receptor kinase signalling in immunity and development. NATURE PLANTS 2022; 8:356-365. [PMID: 35422079 PMCID: PMC9639402 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-022-01134-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Ligand recognition by cell-surface receptors underlies development and immunity in both animals and plants. Modulating receptor signalling is critical for appropriate cellular responses but the mechanisms ensuring this are poorly understood. Here, we show that signalling by plant receptors for pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) in immunity and CLAVATA3/EMBRYO SURROUNDING REGION-RELATED peptides (CLEp) in development uses a similar regulatory module. In the absence of ligand, signalling is dampened through association with specific type-2C protein phosphatases. Upon activation, PAMP and CLEp receptors phosphorylate divergent cytosolic kinases, which, in turn, phosphorylate the phosphatases, thereby promoting receptor signalling. Our work reveals a regulatory circuit shared between immune and developmental receptor signalling, which may have broader important implications for plant receptor kinase-mediated signalling in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A DeFalco
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Pauline Anne
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sean R James
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Andrew C Willoughby
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Florian Schwanke
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Johanndrees
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Yasmine Genolet
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paul Derbyshire
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Surbhi Rana
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anne-Marie Pullen
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Frank L H Menke
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.
| | - Christian S Hardtke
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Zachary L Nimchuk
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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29
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DeFalco TA, Anne P, James SR, Willoughby AC, Schwanke F, Johanndrees O, Genolet Y, Derbyshire P, Wang Q, Rana S, Pullen AM, Menke FLH, Zipfel C, Hardtke CS, Nimchuk ZL. A conserved module regulates receptor kinase signalling in immunity and development. NATURE PLANTS 2022; 8:356-365. [PMID: 35422079 DOI: 10.1101/2021.01.19.427293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Ligand recognition by cell-surface receptors underlies development and immunity in both animals and plants. Modulating receptor signalling is critical for appropriate cellular responses but the mechanisms ensuring this are poorly understood. Here, we show that signalling by plant receptors for pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) in immunity and CLAVATA3/EMBRYO SURROUNDING REGION-RELATED peptides (CLEp) in development uses a similar regulatory module. In the absence of ligand, signalling is dampened through association with specific type-2C protein phosphatases. Upon activation, PAMP and CLEp receptors phosphorylate divergent cytosolic kinases, which, in turn, phosphorylate the phosphatases, thereby promoting receptor signalling. Our work reveals a regulatory circuit shared between immune and developmental receptor signalling, which may have broader important implications for plant receptor kinase-mediated signalling in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A DeFalco
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Pauline Anne
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sean R James
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Andrew C Willoughby
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Florian Schwanke
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Johanndrees
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Yasmine Genolet
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paul Derbyshire
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Surbhi Rana
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anne-Marie Pullen
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Frank L H Menke
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.
| | - Christian S Hardtke
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Zachary L Nimchuk
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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30
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Ubiquitination of Receptorsomes, Frontline of Plant Immunity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23062937. [PMID: 35328358 PMCID: PMC8948693 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23062937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sessile plants are constantly exposed to myriads of unfavorable invading organisms with different lifestyles. To survive, plants have evolved plasma membrane-resident pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and intracellular nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) to initiate sophisticated downstream immune responses. Ubiquitination serves as one of the most important and prevalent posttranslational modifications (PTMs) to fine-tune plant immune responses. Over the last decade, remarkable progress has been made in delineating the critical roles of ubiquitination in plant immunity. In this review, we highlight recent advances in the understanding of ubiquitination in the modulation of plant immunity, with a particular focus on ubiquitination in the regulation of receptorsomes, and discuss how ubiquitination and other PTMs act in concert to ensure rapid, proper, and robust immune responses.
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31
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Zeng L, Wang JZ, He X, Ke H, Lemos M, Gray WM, Dehesh K. A plastidial retrograde signal potentiates biosynthesis of systemic stress response activators. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:1732-1749. [PMID: 34859454 PMCID: PMC8776617 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Plants employ an array of intricate and hierarchical signaling cascades to perceive and transduce informational cues to synchronize and tailor adaptive responses. Systemic stress response (SSR) is a recognized complex signaling and response network quintessential to plant's local and distal responses to environmental triggers; however, the identity of the initiating signals has remained fragmented. Here, we show that both biotic (aphids and viral pathogens) and abiotic (high light and wounding) stresses induce accumulation of the plastidial-retrograde-signaling metabolite methylerythritol cyclodiphosphate (MEcPP), leading to reduction of the phytohormone auxin and the subsequent decreased expression of the phosphatase PP2C.D1. This enables phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases 3/6 and the consequential induction of the downstream events ultimately, resulting in biosynthesis of the two SSR priming metabolites pipecolic acid and N-hydroxy-pipecolic acid. This work identifies plastids as a major initiation site, and the plastidial retrograde signal MEcPP as an initiator of a multicomponent signaling cascade potentiating the biosynthesis of SSR activators, in response to biotic and abiotic triggers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Zeng
- Institute for Integrative Genome Biology and Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Jin-Zheng Wang
- Institute for Integrative Genome Biology and Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Xiang He
- Current address: Laboratory of Allergy and Inflammation, Chengdu third people’s hospital branch of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Haiyan Ke
- Institute for Integrative Genome Biology and Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Mark Lemos
- Institute for Integrative Genome Biology and Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - William M. Gray
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Katayoon Dehesh
- Institute for Integrative Genome Biology and Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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32
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Ma W, Pang Z, Huang X, Xu J, Pandey SS, Li J, Achor DS, Vasconcelos FNC, Hendrich C, Huang Y, Wang W, Lee D, Stanton D, Wang N. Citrus Huanglongbing is a pathogen-triggered immune disease that can be mitigated with antioxidants and gibberellin. Nat Commun 2022; 13:529. [PMID: 35082290 PMCID: PMC8791970 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28189-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Huanglongbing (HLB) is a devastating disease of citrus, caused by the phloem-colonizing bacterium Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas). Here, we present evidence that HLB is an immune-mediated disease. We show that CLas infection of Citrus sinensis stimulates systemic and chronic immune responses in phloem tissue, including callose deposition, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as H2O2, and induction of immunity-related genes. The infection also upregulates genes encoding ROS-producing NADPH oxidases, and downregulates antioxidant enzyme genes, supporting that CLas causes oxidative stress. CLas-triggered ROS production localizes in phloem-enriched bark tissue and is followed by systemic cell death of companion and sieve element cells. Inhibition of ROS levels in CLas-positive stems by NADPH oxidase inhibitor diphenyleneiodonium (DPI) indicates that NADPH oxidases contribute to CLas-triggered ROS production. To investigate potential treatments, we show that addition of the growth hormone gibberellin (known to have immunoregulatory activities) upregulates genes encoding H2O2-scavenging enzymes and downregulates NADPH oxidases. Furthermore, foliar spray of HLB-affected citrus with gibberellin or antioxidants (uric acid, rutin) reduces H2O2 concentrations and cell death in phloem tissues and reduces HLB symptoms. Thus, our results indicate that HLB is an immune-mediated disease that can be mitigated with antioxidants and gibberellin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiu Ma
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, IFAS, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, USA
| | - Zhiqian Pang
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, IFAS, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, USA
| | - Xiaoen Huang
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, IFAS, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, USA
| | - Jin Xu
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, IFAS, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, USA
| | - Sheo Shankar Pandey
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, IFAS, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, USA
| | - Jinyun Li
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, IFAS, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, USA
| | - Diann S Achor
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, IFAS, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, USA
| | - Fernanda N C Vasconcelos
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, IFAS, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, USA
| | - Connor Hendrich
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, IFAS, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, USA
| | - Yixiao Huang
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, IFAS, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, USA
| | - Wenting Wang
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, IFAS, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, USA
| | - Donghwan Lee
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, IFAS, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, USA
| | - Daniel Stanton
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, IFAS, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, USA
| | - Nian Wang
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, IFAS, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, USA.
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33
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Garnelo Gómez B, Holzwart E, Shi C, Lozano-Durán R, Wolf S. Phosphorylation-dependent routing of RLP44 towards brassinosteroid or phytosulfokine signalling. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:272537. [PMID: 34569597 PMCID: PMC8572011 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants rely on cell surface receptors to integrate developmental and environmental cues into behaviour adapted to the conditions. The largest group of these receptors, leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases, form a complex interaction network that is modulated and extended by receptor-like proteins. This raises the question of how specific outputs can be generated when receptor proteins are engaged in a plethora of promiscuous interactions. RECEPTOR-LIKE PROTEIN 44 (RLP44) acts to promote both brassinosteroid and phytosulfokine signalling, which orchestrate diverse cellular responses. However, it is unclear how these activities are coordinated. Here, we show that RLP44 is phosphorylated in its highly conserved cytosolic tail and that this post-translational modification governs its subcellular localization. Whereas phosphorylation is essential for brassinosteroid-associated functions of RLP44, its role in phytosulfokine signalling is not affected by phospho-status. Detailed mutational analysis suggests that phospho-charge, rather than modification of individual amino acids determines routing of RLP44 to its target receptor complexes, providing a framework to understand how a common component of different receptor complexes can get specifically engaged in a particular signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borja Garnelo Gómez
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, University of Heidelberg, INF230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 201602China
| | - Eleonore Holzwart
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, University of Heidelberg, INF230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Chaonan Shi
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 201602China
| | - Rosa Lozano-Durán
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 201602China.,Department of Plant Biochemistry, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard Karls University, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Wolf
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, University of Heidelberg, INF230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Plant Biochemistry, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard Karls University, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
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34
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Kong L, Rodrigues B, Kim JH, He P, Shan L. More than an on-and-off switch: Post-translational modifications of plant pattern recognition receptor complexes. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 63:102051. [PMID: 34022608 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2021.102051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Sensing microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) by cell surface-resident pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) constitutes a core process in launching a successful immune response. Over the last decade, remarkable progress has been made in delineating the mechanisms of PRR-mediated plant immunity. As the frontline of defense, the homeostasis, activities, and subcellular dynamics of PRR and associated regulators are subjected to tight regulations. The layered protein post-translational modifications, particularly the intertwined phosphorylation and ubiquitylation of PRR complexes, play a central role in regulating PRR signaling outputs and plant immune responses. This review provides an update about the PRR complex regulation by various post-translational modifications and discusses how protein phosphorylation and ubiquitylation act in concert to ensure a rapid, proper, and robust immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Kong
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Barbara Rodrigues
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA; Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Jun Hyeok Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Ping He
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Libo Shan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
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35
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DeFalco TA, Zipfel C. Molecular mechanisms of early plant pattern-triggered immune signaling. Mol Cell 2021; 81:3449-3467. [PMID: 34403694 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2021.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
All eukaryotic organisms have evolved sophisticated immune systems to appropriately respond to biotic stresses. In plants and animals, a key part of this immune system is pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Plant PRRs are cell-surface-localized receptor kinases (RKs) or receptor proteins (RPs) that sense microbe- or self-derived molecular patterns to regulate pattern-triggered immunity (PTI), a robust form of antimicrobial immunity. Remarkable progress has been made in understanding how PRRs perceive their ligands, form active protein complexes, initiate cell signaling, and ultimately coordinate the cellular reprogramming that leads to PTI. Here, we discuss the critical roles of PRR complex formation and phosphorylation in activating PTI signaling, as well as the emerging paradigm in which receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases (RLCKs) act as executors of signaling downstream of PRR activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A DeFalco
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
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36
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Gough C, Sadanandom A. Understanding and Exploiting Post-Translational Modifications for Plant Disease Resistance. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1122. [PMID: 34439788 PMCID: PMC8392720 DOI: 10.3390/biom11081122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants are constantly threatened by pathogens, so have evolved complex defence signalling networks to overcome pathogen attacks. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are fundamental to plant immunity, allowing rapid and dynamic responses at the appropriate time. PTM regulation is essential; pathogen effectors often disrupt PTMs in an attempt to evade immune responses. Here, we cover the mechanisms of disease resistance to pathogens, and how growth is balanced with defence, with a focus on the essential roles of PTMs. Alteration of defence-related PTMs has the potential to fine-tune molecular interactions to produce disease-resistant crops, without trade-offs in growth and fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ari Sadanandom
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Stockton Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK;
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37
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Trujillo M. Ubiquitin signalling: controlling the message of surface immune receptors. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:47-53. [PMID: 33792068 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Microbial attack is first detected by immune receptors located at the plasma membrane. Their activation triggers a plethora of signalling cascades that culminate in the immune response. Ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like protein modifiers play key roles in controlling signalling amplitude and intensity, as well as in buffering proteome imbalances caused by pathogen attack. Here I highlight some of the important advances in the field, which are starting to reveal an intertwined and complex signalling circuitry, which regulates cellular dynamics and protein degradation to maintain homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Trujillo
- Faculty of Biology, Cell Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, 79104, Germany
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38
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Yang Q, Guo J, Zeng H, Xu L, Xue J, Xiao S, Li JF. The receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase CDG1 negatively regulates Arabidopsis pattern-triggered immunity and is involved in AvrRpm1-induced RIN4 phosphorylation. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:1341-1360. [PMID: 33619522 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis CDG1 negatively regulates flg22- and chitin-triggered immunity by promoting FLS2 and CERK1 degradation and is partially required for bacterial effector AvrRpm1-induced RIN4 phosphorylation. Negative regulators play indispensable roles in pattern-triggered immunity in plants by preventing sustained immunity impeding growth. Here, we report Arabidopsis thaliana CONSTITUTIVE DIFFERENTIAL GROWTH1 (CDG1), a receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase VII member, as a negative regulator of bacterial flagellin/flg22- and fungal chitin-triggered immunity. CDG1 can interact with the flg22 receptor FLAGELLIN SENSITIVE2 (FLS2) and chitin co-receptor CHITIN ELICITOR RECEPTOR KINASE1 (CERK1). CDG1 overexpression impairs flg22 and chitin responses by promoting the degradation of FLS2 and CERK1. This process requires the kinase activity of MEK KINASE1 (MEKK1), but not the Plant U-Box (PUB) ubiquitin E3 ligases PUB12 and PUB13. Interestingly, the Pseudomonas syringae effector AvrRpm1 can induce CDG1 to interact with its host target RPM1-INTERACTING PROTEIN4 (RIN4), which depends on the ADP-ribosyl transferase activity of AvrRpm1. CDG1 is capable of phosphorylating RIN4 in vitro at multiple sites including Thr166 and the AvrRpm1-induced Thr166 phosphorylation of RIN4 is diminished in cdg1 null plants. Accordingly, CDG1 knockout attenuates AvrRpm1-induced hypersensitive response and increases the growth of AvrRpm1-secreting bacteria in plants. Unexpectedly, AvrRpm1 can also induce FLS2 depletion, which is fully dependent on RIN4 and partially dependent on CDG1, but does not require the kinase activity of MEKK1. Collectively, this study reveals previously unknown functions of CDG1 in both pattern-triggered immunity and effector-triggered susceptibility in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiujiao Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jianhang Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Hairuo Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Lahong Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jiao Xue
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Shi Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jian-Feng Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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39
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Bredow M, Bender KW, Johnson Dingee A, Holmes DR, Thomson A, Ciren D, Tanney CAS, Dunning KE, Trujillo M, Huber SC, Monaghan J. Phosphorylation-dependent subfunctionalization of the calcium-dependent protein kinase CPK28. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2024272118. [PMID: 33941701 PMCID: PMC8126791 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2024272118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+)-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs or CPKs) are a unique family of Ca2+ sensor/kinase-effector proteins with diverse functions in plants. In Arabidopsis thaliana, CPK28 contributes to immune homeostasis by promoting degradation of the key immune signaling receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase BOTRYTIS-INDUCED KINASE 1 (BIK1) and additionally functions in vegetative-to-reproductive stage transition. How CPK28 controls these seemingly disparate pathways is unknown. Here, we identify a single phosphorylation site in the kinase domain of CPK28 (Ser318) that is differentially required for its function in immune homeostasis and stem elongation. We show that CPK28 undergoes intermolecular autophosphorylation on Ser318 and can additionally be transphosphorylated on this residue by BIK1. Analysis of several other phosphorylation sites demonstrates that Ser318 phosphorylation is uniquely required to prime CPK28 for Ca2+ activation at physiological concentrations of Ca2+, possibly through stabilization of the Ca2+-bound active state as indicated by intrinsic fluorescence experiments. Together, our data indicate that phosphorylation of Ser318 is required for the activation of CPK28 at low intracellular [Ca2+] to prevent initiation of an immune response in the absence of infection. By comparison, phosphorylation of Ser318 is not required for stem elongation, indicating pathway-specific requirements for phosphorylation-based Ca2+-sensitivity priming. We additionally provide evidence for a conserved function for Ser318 phosphorylation in related group IV CDPKs, which holds promise for biotechnological applications by generating CDPK alleles that enhance resistance to microbial pathogens without consequences to yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Bredow
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Kyle W Bender
- Department of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
| | | | - Danalyn R Holmes
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Alysha Thomson
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Danielle Ciren
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Cailun A S Tanney
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Katherine E Dunning
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - Marco Trujillo
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - Steven C Huber
- Department of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
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Pardal AJ, Piquerez SJM, Dominguez-Ferreras A, Frungillo L, Mastorakis E, Reilly E, Latrasse D, Concia L, Gimenez-Ibanez S, Spoel SH, Benhamed M, Ntoukakis V. Immunity onset alters plant chromatin and utilizes EDA16 to regulate oxidative homeostasis. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009572. [PMID: 34015058 PMCID: PMC8171942 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Perception of microbes by plants leads to dynamic reprogramming of the transcriptome, which is essential for plant health. The appropriate amplitude of this transcriptional response can be regulated at multiple levels, including chromatin. However, the mechanisms underlying the interplay between chromatin remodeling and transcription dynamics upon activation of plant immunity remain poorly understood. Here, we present evidence that activation of plant immunity by bacteria leads to nucleosome repositioning, which correlates with altered transcription. Nucleosome remodeling follows distinct patterns of nucleosome repositioning at different loci. Using a reverse genetic screen, we identify multiple chromatin remodeling ATPases with previously undescribed roles in immunity, including EMBRYO SAC DEVELOPMENT ARREST 16, EDA16. Functional characterization of the immune-inducible chromatin remodeling ATPase EDA16 revealed a mechanism to negatively regulate immunity activation and limit changes in redox homeostasis. Our transcriptomic data combined with MNase-seq data for EDA16 functional knock-out and over-expressor mutants show that EDA16 selectively regulates a defined subset of genes involved in redox signaling through nucleosome repositioning. Thus, collectively, chromatin remodeling ATPases fine-tune immune responses and provide a previously uncharacterized mechanism of immune regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alonso J. Pardal
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie J. M. Piquerez
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRAE, Université de Paris, Orsay, France
| | | | - Lucas Frungillo
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Emma Reilly
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - David Latrasse
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRAE, Université de Paris, Orsay, France
| | - Lorenzo Concia
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRAE, Université de Paris, Orsay, France
| | - Selena Gimenez-Ibanez
- Plant Molecular Genetics Department, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-CSIC (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Steven H. Spoel
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Moussa Benhamed
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRAE, Université de Paris, Orsay, France
| | - Vardis Ntoukakis
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
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Grubb LE, Derbyshire P, Dunning KE, Zipfel C, Menke FLH, Monaghan J. Large-scale identification of ubiquitination sites on membrane-associated proteins in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 185:1483-1488. [PMID: 33585938 PMCID: PMC8133621 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
An analysis of the identification of ubiquitination sites on proteins found at the cell periphery, including over 100 protein kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Grubb
- Department of Biology, Queen’s University, Kingston, Canada
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Present address: John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Paul Derbyshire
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | | | - Cyril Zipfel
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Frank L H Menke
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Jacqueline Monaghan
- Department of Biology, Queen’s University, Kingston, Canada
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Author for communication: (J.M.)
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Yan W, Ni Y, Liu X, Zhao H, Chen Y, Jia M, Liu M, Liu H, Tian B. The mechanism of sesame resistance against Macrophomina phaseolina was revealed via a comparison of transcriptomes of resistant and susceptible sesame genotypes. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:159. [PMID: 33781203 PMCID: PMC8008628 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-02927-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sesame (Sesamum indicum) charcoal rot, a destructive fungal disease caused by Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid (MP), is a great threat to the yield and quality of sesame. However, there is a lack of information about the gene-for-gene relationship between sesame and MP, and the molecular mechanism behind the interaction is not yet clear. The aim of this study was to interpret the molecular mechanism of sesame resistance against MP in disease-resistant (DR) and disease-susceptible (DS) genotypes based on transcriptomics. This is the first report of the interaction between sesame and MP using this method. RESULTS A set of core genes that response to MP were revealed by comparative transcriptomics and they were preferentially associated with GO terms such as ribosome-related processes, fruit ripening and regulation of jasmonic acid mediated signalling pathway. It is also exhibited that translational mechanism and transcriptional mechanism could co-activate in DR so that it can initiate the immunity to MP more rapidly. According to weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) of differentially expressed gene sets between two genotypes, we found that leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase (LRR-RLK) proteins may assume an important job in sesame resistance against MP. Notably, compared with DS, most key genes were induced in DR such as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and resistance genes, indicating that DR initiated stronger pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI). Finally, the study showed that JA/ET and SA signalling pathways all play an important role in sesame resistance to MP. CONCLUSIONS The defence response to MP of sesame, a complex bioprocess involving many phytohormones and disease resistance-related genes, was illustrated at the transcriptional level in our investigation. The findings shed more light on further understanding of different responses to MP in resistant and susceptible sesame.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqing Yan
- Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Postgraduate T&R Base of Zhengzhou University, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southern Region of North China, Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Yunxia Ni
- Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Postgraduate T&R Base of Zhengzhou University, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southern Region of North China, Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China
| | - Xintao Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Postgraduate T&R Base of Zhengzhou University, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southern Region of North China, Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Postgraduate T&R Base of Zhengzhou University, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southern Region of North China, Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China
| | - Yanhua Chen
- Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Postgraduate T&R Base of Zhengzhou University, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southern Region of North China, Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Min Jia
- Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Postgraduate T&R Base of Zhengzhou University, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southern Region of North China, Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Mingming Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Postgraduate T&R Base of Zhengzhou University, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southern Region of North China, Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Hongyan Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Postgraduate T&R Base of Zhengzhou University, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southern Region of North China, Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China.
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China.
| | - Baoming Tian
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China.
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Yu J, Gonzalez JM, Dong Z, Shan Q, Tan B, Koh J, Zhang T, Zhu N, Dufresne C, Martin GB, Chen S. Integrative Proteomic and Phosphoproteomic Analyses of Pattern- and Effector-Triggered Immunity in Tomato. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:768693. [PMID: 34925416 PMCID: PMC8677958 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.768693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved a two-layered immune system consisting of pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI). PTI and ETI are functionally linked, but also have distinct characteristics. Unraveling how these immune systems coordinate plant responses against pathogens is crucial for understanding the regulatory mechanisms underlying plant defense. Here we report integrative proteomic and phosphoproteomic analyses of the tomato-Pseudomonas syringae (Pst) pathosystem with different Pst mutants that allow the dissection of PTI and ETI. A total of 225 proteins and 79 phosphopeptides differentially accumulated in tomato leaves during Pst infection. The abundances of many proteins and phosphoproteins changed during PTI or ETI, and some responses were triggered by both PTI and ETI. For most proteins, the ETI response was more robust than the PTI response. The patterns of protein abundance and phosphorylation changes revealed key regulators involved in Ca2+ signaling, mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades, reversible protein phosphorylation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and redox homeostasis, transcription and protein turnover, transport and trafficking, cell wall remodeling, hormone biosynthesis and signaling, suggesting their common or specific roles in PTI and/or ETI. A NAC (NAM, ATAF, and CUC family) domain protein and lipid particle serine esterase, two PTI-specific genes identified from previous transcriptomic work, were not detected as differentially regulated at the protein level and were not induced by PTI. Based on integrative transcriptomics and proteomics data, as well as qRT-PCR analysis, several potential PTI and ETI-specific markers are proposed. These results provide insights into the regulatory mechanisms underlying PTI and ETI in the tomato-Pst pathosystem, and will promote future validation and application of the disease biomarkers in plant defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Yu
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Agricultural Microbial Ecology and Technology, College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
- *Correspondence: Juanjuan Yu,
| | - Juan M. Gonzalez
- Department of Biology, Genetics Institute, Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Zhiping Dong
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Agricultural Microbial Ecology and Technology, College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Qianru Shan
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Agricultural Microbial Ecology and Technology, College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Bowen Tan
- Department of Biology, Genetics Institute, Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Jin Koh
- Department of Biology, Genetics Institute, Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Tong Zhang
- Department of Biology, Genetics Institute, Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Ning Zhu
- Department of Biology, Genetics Institute, Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Craig Dufresne
- Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., West Palm Beach, FL, United States
| | - Gregory B. Martin
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, NY, United States
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Sixue Chen
- Department of Biology, Genetics Institute, Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Sixue Chen,
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Martín-Barranco A, Spielmann J, Dubeaux G, Vert G, Zelazny E. Dynamic Control of the High-Affinity Iron Uptake Complex in Root Epidermal Cells. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 184:1236-1250. [PMID: 32873629 PMCID: PMC7608170 DOI: 10.1104/pp.20.00234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In plants, iron uptake from the soil is tightly regulated to ensure optimal growth and development. Iron absorption in Arabidopsis root epidermal cells requires the IRT1 transporter that also allows the entry of certain non-iron metals, such as Zn, Mn, and Co. Recent work demonstrated that IRT1 endocytosis and degradation are controlled by IRT1 non-iron metal substrates in a ubiquitin-dependent manner. To better understand how metal uptake is regulated, we identified IRT1-interacting proteins in Arabidopsis roots by mass spectrometry and established an interactome of IRT1. Interestingly, the AHA2 proton pump and the FRO2 reductase, both of which work in concert with IRT1 in the acidification-reduction-transport strategy of iron uptake, were part of this interactome. We confirmed that IRT1, FRO2, and AHA2 associate through co-immunopurification and split-ubiquitin analyses, and uncovered that they form tripartite direct interactions. We characterized the dynamics of the iron uptake complex and showed that FRO2 and AHA2 ubiquitination is independent of the non-iron metal substrates transported by IRT1. In addition, FRO2 and AHA2 are not largely endocytosed in response to non-iron metal excess, unlike IRT1. Indeed, we provide evidence that the phosphorylation of IRT1 in response to high levels of non-iron metals likely triggers dissociation of the complex. Overall, we propose that a dedicated iron-acquisition protein complex exists at the cell surface of Arabidopsis root epidermal cells to optimize iron uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Martín-Barranco
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, Unité Mixte de Recherche 9198, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives/Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Julien Spielmann
- Plant Science Research Laboratory, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/University of Toulouse 3, 31320 Auzeville Tolosane, France
| | - Guillaume Dubeaux
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Grégory Vert
- Plant Science Research Laboratory, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/University of Toulouse 3, 31320 Auzeville Tolosane, France
| | - Enric Zelazny
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, Unité Mixte de Recherche 9198, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives/Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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45
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Zhang J, Coaker G, Zhou JM, Dong X. Plant Immune Mechanisms: From Reductionistic to Holistic Points of View. MOLECULAR PLANT 2020; 13:1358-1378. [PMID: 32916334 PMCID: PMC7541739 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2020.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
After three decades of the amazing progress made on molecular studies of plant-microbe interactions (MPMI), we have begun to ask ourselves "what are the major questions still remaining?" as if the puzzle has only a few pieces missing. Such an exercise has ultimately led to the realization that we still have many more questions than answers. Therefore, it would be an impossible task for us to project a coherent "big picture" of the MPMI field in a single review. Instead, we provide our opinions on where we would like to go in our research as an invitation to the community to join us in this exploration of new MPMI frontiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, College of Advanced Agricutural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Gitta Coaker
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jian-Min Zhou
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, College of Advanced Agricutural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xinnian Dong
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Department of Biology, Duke University, PO Box 90338, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
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46
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Pan L, De Smet I. Expanding the Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) Universe: An Update on MAP4Ks. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1220. [PMID: 32849755 PMCID: PMC7427426 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorylation-mediated signaling cascades control plant growth and development or the response to stress conditions. One of the best studied signaling cascades is the one regulated by MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASEs (MAPKs). However, MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE KINASE KINASE KINASEs (MAP4Ks) are hardly explored. Here, we will give a comprehensive overview of what is known about plant MAP4Ks and highlight some outstanding questions associated with this largely uncharacterized class of kinases in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Pan
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ive De Smet
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
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47
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Dephosphorylation of LjMPK6 by Phosphatase LjPP2C is Involved in Regulating Nodule Organogenesis in Lotus japonicus. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155565. [PMID: 32756503 PMCID: PMC7432216 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) LjMPK6 is a phosphorylation target of SIP2, a MAPK kinase that interacts with SymRK (symbiosis receptor-like kinase) for regulation of legume-rhizobia symbiosis. Both LjMPK6 and SIP2 are required for nodulation in Lotus japonicus. However, the dephosphorylation of LjMPK6 and its regulatory components in nodule development remains unexplored. By yeast two-hybrid screening, we identified a type 2C protein phosphatase, LjPP2C, that specifically interacts with and dephosphorylates LjMPK6 in vitro. Physiological and biochemical assays further suggested that LjPP2C phosphatase is required for dephosphorylation of LjMPK6 in vivo and for fine-tuning nodule development after rhizobial inoculation. A non-phosphorylatable mutant variant LjMPK6 (T224A Y226F) could mimic LjPP2C functioning in MAPK dephosphorylation required for nodule development in hairy root transformed plants. Collectively, our study demonstrates that interaction with LjPP2C phosphatase is required for dephosphorylation of LjMPK6 to fine tune nodule development in L. japonicus.
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48
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Bai Z, Zhang J, Ning X, Guo H, Xu X, Huang X, Wang Y, Hu Z, Lu C, Zhang L, Chi W. A Kinase-Phosphatase-Transcription Factor Module Regulates Adventitious Root Emergence in Arabidopsis Root-Hypocotyl Junctions. MOLECULAR PLANT 2020; 13:1162-1177. [PMID: 32534220 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2020.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Adventitious roots form from non-root tissues as part of normal development or in response to stress or wounding. The root primordia form in the source tissue, and during emergence the adventitious roots penetrate the inner cell layers and the epidermis; however, the mechanisms underlying this emergence remain largely unexplored. Here, we report that a regulatory module composed of the AP2/ERF transcription factor ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE 4 (ABI4), the MAP kinases MPK3 and MPK6, and the phosphatase PP2C12 plays an important role in the emergence of junction adventitious roots (J-ARs) from the root-hypocotyl junctions in Arabidopsis thaliana. ABI4 negatively regulates J-AR emergence, preventing the accumulation of reactive oxygen species and death of epidermal cells, which would otherwise facilitate J-AR emergence. Phosphorylation by MPK3/MPK6 activates ABI4 and dephosphorylation by PP2C12 inactivates ABI4. MPK3/MPK6 also directly phosphorylate and inactivate PP2C12 during J-AR emergence. We propose that this "double-check" mechanism increases the robustness of MAP kinase signaling and finely regulates the local programmed cell death required for J-AR emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zechen Bai
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanxincun 20, Xiangshan, Beijing 100093, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanxincun 20, Xiangshan, Beijing 100093, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xin Ning
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanxincun 20, Xiangshan, Beijing 100093, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hailong Guo
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanxincun 20, Xiangshan, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Xiumei Xu
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanxincun 20, Xiangshan, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Xiahe Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yingchun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhubing Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Congming Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Lixin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Wei Chi
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanxincun 20, Xiangshan, Beijing 100093, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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49
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Lee D, Lal NK, Lin ZJD, Ma S, Liu J, Castro B, Toruño T, Dinesh-Kumar SP, Coaker G. Regulation of reactive oxygen species during plant immunity through phosphorylation and ubiquitination of RBOHD. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1838. [PMID: 32296066 PMCID: PMC7160206 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15601-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is critical for successful activation of immune responses against pathogen infection. The plant NADPH oxidase RBOHD is a primary player in ROS production during innate immunity. However, how RBOHD is negatively regulated remains elusive. Here we show that RBOHD is regulated by C-terminal phosphorylation and ubiquitination. Genetic and biochemical analyses reveal that the PBL13 receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase phosphorylates RBOHD's C-terminus and two phosphorylated residues (S862 and T912) affect RBOHD activity and stability, respectively. Using protein array technology, we identified an E3 ubiquitin ligase PIRE (PBL13 interacting RING domain E3 ligase) that interacts with both PBL13 and RBOHD. Mimicking phosphorylation of RBOHD (T912D) results in enhanced ubiquitination and decreased protein abundance. PIRE and PBL13 mutants display higher RBOHD protein accumulation, increased ROS production, and are more resistant to bacterial infection. Thus, our study reveals an intricate post-translational network that negatively regulates the abundance of a conserved NADPH oxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- DongHyuk Lee
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Neeraj K Lal
- Department of Plant Biology and the Genome Center, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Zuh-Jyh Daniel Lin
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.,Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St Louis, MO, 63132, USA
| | - Shisong Ma
- Department of Plant Biology and the Genome Center, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.,School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, 230027, Hefei, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.,Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China
| | - Bardo Castro
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Tania Toruño
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Savithramma P Dinesh-Kumar
- Department of Plant Biology and the Genome Center, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Gitta Coaker
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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Albert I, Hua C, Nürnberger T, Pruitt RN, Zhang L. Surface Sensor Systems in Plant Immunity. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 182:1582-1596. [PMID: 31822506 PMCID: PMC7140916 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.01299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Protein complexes at the cell surface facilitate the detection of danger signals from diverse pathogens and initiate a series of complex intracellular signaling events that result in various immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabell Albert
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, Eberhard Karls University, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Chenlei Hua
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, Eberhard Karls University, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thorsten Nürnberger
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, Eberhard Karls University, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2001, South Africa
| | - Rory N Pruitt
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, Eberhard Karls University, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lisha Zhang
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, Eberhard Karls University, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
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