1
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Yi HB, Lee S, Seo K, Kim H, Kim M, Lee HS. Cellular and Biophysical Applications of Genetic Code Expansion. Chem Rev 2024. [PMID: 38753805 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Despite their diverse functions, proteins are inherently constructed from a limited set of building blocks. These compositional constraints pose significant challenges to protein research and its practical applications. Strategically manipulating the cellular protein synthesis system to incorporate novel building blocks has emerged as a critical approach for overcoming these constraints in protein research and application. In the past two decades, the field of genetic code expansion (GCE) has achieved significant advancements, enabling the integration of numerous novel functionalities into proteins across a variety of organisms. This technological evolution has paved the way for the extensive application of genetic code expansion across multiple domains, including protein imaging, the introduction of probes for protein research, analysis of protein-protein interactions, spatiotemporal control of protein function, exploration of proteome changes induced by external stimuli, and the synthesis of proteins endowed with novel functions. In this comprehensive Review, we aim to provide an overview of cellular and biophysical applications that have employed GCE technology over the past two decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Bin Yi
- Department of Chemistry, Sogang University, 35 Baekbeom-ro, Mapo-gu, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungeun Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Sogang University, 35 Baekbeom-ro, Mapo-gu, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungdeok Seo
- Department of Chemistry, Sogang University, 35 Baekbeom-ro, Mapo-gu, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeongjo Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Sogang University, 35 Baekbeom-ro, Mapo-gu, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Minah Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Sogang University, 35 Baekbeom-ro, Mapo-gu, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Soo Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Sogang University, 35 Baekbeom-ro, Mapo-gu, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
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2
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Hao Q, Yang H, Chen S, Zhang C, Chen L, Cao D, Yuan S, Guo W, Yang Z, Huang Y, Qu Y, Qin L, Sheng X, Wang X, Mitra C, Zhong H, Dawson J, Bumann E, Wang W, Jiang Y, Tang G, Carlin R, Chen H, Liu Q, Shan Z, Zhou X. An pair of an atypical NLR encoding genes confer Asian soybean rust resistance in soybean. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3310. [PMID: 38632249 PMCID: PMC11023949 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47611-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Asian soybean rust (ASR), caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi, is a devastating disease that is present in all major soybean-producing regions. The limited availability of resistant germplasm has resulted in a scarcity of commercial soybean cultivars that are resistant to the disease. To date, only the Chinese soybean landrace SX6907 has demonstrated an immune response to ASR. In this study, we present the isolation and characterization of Rpp6907-7 and Rpp6907-4, a gene pair that confer broad-spectrum resistance to ASR. Rpp6907-7 and Rpp6907-4 encode atypic nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) proteins that are found to be required for NLR-mediated immunity. Genetic analysis shows that only Rpp6907-7 confers resistance, while Rpp6907-4 regulates Rpp6907-7 signaling activity by acting as a repressor in the absence of recognized effectors. Our work highlights the potential value of using Rpp6907 in developing resistant soybean cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingnan Hao
- Soybean Genetics and breeding team, Institute of Oil Crops Research, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, China
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory for Biological Sciences of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Hongli Yang
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory for Biological Sciences of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Shuilian Chen
- Soybean Collaborative Innovation Center, Institute of Oil Crops Research, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Chanjuan Zhang
- Soybean Genetics and breeding team, Institute of Oil Crops Research, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Limiao Chen
- Soybean Genetics and breeding team, Institute of Oil Crops Research, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Dong Cao
- Soybean Genetics and breeding team, Institute of Oil Crops Research, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Songli Yuan
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory for Biological Sciences of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory for Biological Sciences of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Zhonglu Yang
- Soybean Collaborative Innovation Center, Institute of Oil Crops Research, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Yi Huang
- Soybean Collaborative Innovation Center, Institute of Oil Crops Research, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Yanhui Qu
- The Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100081, Beijing, China
| | - Lucy Qin
- Syngenta Crop Protection, LLC, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Sheng
- Syngenta Crop Protection, LLC, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Xueyan Wang
- Syngenta Crop Protection, LLC, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Chandrani Mitra
- Syngenta Crop Protection, LLC, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Heng Zhong
- Syngenta Crop Protection, LLC, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27709, USA
| | - John Dawson
- Syngenta Crop Protection, LLC, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Eric Bumann
- Syngenta Crop Protection, LLC, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Wenling Wang
- Syngenta Crop Protection, LLC, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Yaping Jiang
- Syngenta Crop Protection, LLC, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Guozhu Tang
- Syngenta Crop Protection, LLC, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Ryan Carlin
- Syngenta Crop Protection, LLC, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Haifeng Chen
- Soybean Collaborative Innovation Center, Institute of Oil Crops Research, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, China.
| | - Qingli Liu
- Syngenta Crop Protection, LLC, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27709, USA.
| | - Zhihui Shan
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory for Biological Sciences of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, 430062, China.
| | - Xinan Zhou
- Soybean Genetics and breeding team, Institute of Oil Crops Research, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, China.
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3
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Lauber E, González-Fuente M, Escouboué M, Vicédo C, Luneau JS, Pouzet C, Jauneau A, Gris C, Zhang ZM, Pichereaux C, Carrère S, Deslandes L, Noël LD. Bacterial host adaptation through sequence and structural variations of a single type III effector gene. iScience 2024; 27:109224. [PMID: 38439954 PMCID: PMC10909901 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Molecular mechanisms underlying quantitative variations of pathogenicity remain elusive. Here, we identified the Xanthomonas campestris XopJ6 effector that triggers disease resistance in cauliflower and Arabidopsis thaliana. XopJ6 is a close homolog of the Ralstoniapseudosolanacearum PopP2 YopJ family acetyltransferase. XopJ6 is recognized by the RRS1-R/RPS4 NLR pair that integrates a WRKY decoy domain mimicking effector targets. We identified a XopJ6 natural variant carrying a single residue substitution in XopJ6 WRKY-binding site that disrupts interaction with WRKY proteins. This mutation allows XopJ6 to evade immune perception while retaining some XopJ6 virulence functions. Interestingly, xopJ6 resides in a Tn3-family transposon likely contributing to xopJ6 copy number variation (CNV). Using synthetic biology, we demonstrate that xopJ6 CNV tunes pathogen virulence on Arabidopsis through gene dosage-mediated modulation of xopJ6 expression. Together, our findings highlight how sequence and structural genetic variations restricted at a particular effector gene contribute to bacterial host adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Lauber
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement (LIPME), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Manuel González-Fuente
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement (LIPME), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Maxime Escouboué
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement (LIPME), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Céline Vicédo
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement (LIPME), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Julien S. Luneau
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement (LIPME), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Cécile Pouzet
- TRI-FRAIB Imaging Platform Facilities, FRAIB, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31320 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Alain Jauneau
- TRI-FRAIB Imaging Platform Facilities, FRAIB, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31320 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Carine Gris
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement (LIPME), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Zhi-Min Zhang
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Carole Pichereaux
- Fédération de Recherche Agrobiosciences, Interactions et Biodiversité (FRAIB), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université de Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Auzeville-Tolosane, France
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université de Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Toulouse, France
- Infrastructure nationale de protéomique, ProFI, FR 2048, Toulouse, France
| | - Sébastien Carrère
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement (LIPME), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Laurent Deslandes
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement (LIPME), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Laurent D. Noël
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement (LIPME), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
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4
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Palukaitis P, Yoon JY. Defense signaling pathways in resistance to plant viruses: Crosstalk and finger pointing. Adv Virus Res 2024; 118:77-212. [PMID: 38461031 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2024.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Resistance to infection by plant viruses involves proteins encoded by plant resistance (R) genes, viz., nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeats (NLRs), immune receptors. These sensor NLRs are activated either directly or indirectly by viral protein effectors, in effector-triggered immunity, leading to induction of defense signaling pathways, resulting in the synthesis of numerous downstream plant effector molecules that inhibit different stages of the infection cycle, as well as the induction of cell death responses mediated by helper NLRs. Early events in this process involve recognition of the activation of the R gene response by various chaperones and the transport of these complexes to the sites of subsequent events. These events include activation of several kinase cascade pathways, and the syntheses of two master transcriptional regulators, EDS1 and NPR1, as well as the phytohormones salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, and ethylene. The phytohormones, which transit from a primed, resting states to active states, regulate the remainder of the defense signaling pathways, both directly and by crosstalk with each other. This regulation results in the turnover of various suppressors of downstream events and the synthesis of various transcription factors that cooperate and/or compete to induce or suppress transcription of either other regulatory proteins, or plant effector molecules. This network of interactions results in the production of defense effectors acting alone or together with cell death in the infected region, with or without the further activation of non-specific, long-distance resistance. Here, we review the current state of knowledge regarding these processes and the components of the local responses, their interactions, regulation, and crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Palukaitis
- Graduate School of Plant Protection and Quarantine, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ju-Yeon Yoon
- Graduate School of Plant Protection and Quarantine, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Chen J, Zhang X, Bernoux M, Rathjen JP, Dodds PN. Plant Toll/interleukin-1 receptor/resistance protein domains physically associate with enhanced disease susceptibility1 family proteins in immune signaling. iScience 2024; 27:108817. [PMID: 38533452 PMCID: PMC10964261 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.108817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Plant Toll/interleukin-1 receptor/resistance protein (TIR) type nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat immune receptors (NLRs) require enhanced disease susceptibility 1 (EDS1) family proteins and the helper NLRs NRG1 and ADR1 for immune activation. We show that the NbEDS1-NbSAG101b-NbNRG1 signaling pathway in N. benthamiana is necessary for cell death signaling by TIR-NLRs from a range of plant species, suggesting a universal requirement for this module in TIR-NLR-mediated cell death in N. benthamiana. We also find that TIR domains physically associate with NbEDS1, NbPAD4, and NbSAG101 in planta, independently of each other. Furthermore, NbNRG1 associates with NbSAG101b, but not with other EDS1 family members, via its C-terminal EP domain. Physical interaction between activated TIRs and EDS1 signaling complexes may facilitate the transfer of low abundance products of TIR catalytic activity or alter TIR catalytic activity to favor the production of EDS1 heterodimer ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Chen
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - Xiaoxiao Zhang
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - Maud Bernoux
- Laboratoire des interactions plantes-microbes-environnement, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - John P. Rathjen
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - Peter N. Dodds
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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6
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Yang Y, Furzer OJ, Fensterle EP, Lin S, Zheng Z, Kim NH, Wan L, Dangl JL. Paired plant immune CHS3-CSA1 receptor alleles form distinct hetero-oligomeric complexes. Science 2024; 383:eadk3468. [PMID: 38359131 DOI: 10.1126/science.adk3468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Plant intracellular nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) analyzed to date oligomerize and form resistosomes upon activation to initiate immune responses. Some NLRs are encoded in tightly linked co-regulated head-to-head genes whose products function together as pairs. We uncover the oligomerization requirements for different Arabidopsis paired CHS3-CSA1 alleles. These pairs form resting-state heterodimers that oligomerize into complexes distinct from NLRs analyzed previously. Oligomerization requires both conserved and allele-specific features of the respective CHS3 and CSA1 Toll-like interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domains. The receptor kinases BAK1 and BIRs inhibit CHS3-CSA1 pair oligomerization to maintain the CHS3-CSA1 heterodimer in an inactive state. Our study reveals that paired NLRs hetero-oligomerize and likely form a distinctive "dimer of heterodimers" and that structural heterogeneity is expected even among alleles of closely related paired NLRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yang
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Oliver J Furzer
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Eleanor P Fensterle
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Shu Lin
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiyu Zheng
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Nak Hyun Kim
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Li Wan
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jeffery L Dangl
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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7
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Normantovich M, Amitzur A, Offri S, Pashkovsky E, Shnaider Y, Nizan S, Yogev O, Jacob A, Taylor CG, Desbiez C, Whitham SA, Bar-Ziv A, Perl-Treves R. The melon Fom-1-Prv resistance gene pair: Correlated spatial expression and interaction with a viral protein. PLANT DIRECT 2024; 8:e565. [PMID: 38389929 PMCID: PMC10883720 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
The head-to-head oriented pair of melon resistance genes, Fom-1 and Prv, control resistance to Fusarium oxysporum races 0 and 2 and papaya ringspot virus (PRSV), respectively. They encode, via several RNA splice variants, TIR-NBS-LRR proteins, and Prv has a C-terminal extra domain with a second NBS homologous sequence. In other systems, paired R-proteins were shown to operate by "labor division," with one protein having an extra integrated domain that directly binds the pathogen's Avr factor, and the second protein executing the defense response. We report that the expression of the two genes in two pairs of near-isogenic lines was higher in the resistant isoline and inducible by F. oxysporum race 2 but not by PRSV. The intergenic DNA region separating the coding sequences of the two genes acted as a bi-directional promoter and drove GUS expression in transgenic melon roots and transgenic tobacco plants. Expression of both genes was strong in melon root tips, around the root vascular cylinder, and the phloem and xylem parenchyma of tobacco stems and petioles. The pattern of GUS expression suggests coordinated expression of the two genes. In agreement with the above model, Prv's extra domain was shown to interact with the cylindrical inclusion protein of PRSV both in yeast cells and in planta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Normantovich
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences Bar Ilan University Ramat Gan Israel
| | - Arie Amitzur
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences Bar Ilan University Ramat Gan Israel
| | - Sharon Offri
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences Bar Ilan University Ramat Gan Israel
| | - Ekaterina Pashkovsky
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences Bar Ilan University Ramat Gan Israel
| | - Yula Shnaider
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences Bar Ilan University Ramat Gan Israel
| | - Shahar Nizan
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences Bar Ilan University Ramat Gan Israel
| | - Ohad Yogev
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences Bar Ilan University Ramat Gan Israel
| | - Avi Jacob
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences Bar Ilan University Ramat Gan Israel
| | | | | | - Steven A Whitham
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology Iowa State University Ames Iowa USA
| | - Amalia Bar-Ziv
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences Bar Ilan University Ramat Gan Israel
| | - Rafael Perl-Treves
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences Bar Ilan University Ramat Gan Israel
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8
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Contreras MP, Lüdke D, Pai H, Toghani A, Kamoun S. NLR receptors in plant immunity: making sense of the alphabet soup. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e57495. [PMID: 37602936 PMCID: PMC10561179 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202357495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants coordinately use cell-surface and intracellular immune receptors to perceive pathogens and mount an immune response. Intracellular events of pathogen recognition are largely mediated by immune receptors of the nucleotide binding and leucine rich-repeat (NLR) classes. Upon pathogen perception, NLRs trigger a potent broad-spectrum immune reaction, usually accompanied by a form of programmed cell death termed the hypersensitive response. Some plant NLRs act as multifunctional singleton receptors which combine pathogen detection and immune signaling. However, NLRs can also function in higher order pairs and networks of functionally specialized interconnected receptors. In this article, we cover the basic aspects of plant NLR biology with an emphasis on NLR networks. We highlight some of the recent advances in NLR structure, function, and activation and discuss emerging topics such as modulator NLRs, pathogen suppression of NLRs, and NLR bioengineering. Multi-disciplinary approaches are required to disentangle how these NLR immune receptor pairs and networks function and evolve. Answering these questions holds the potential to deepen our understanding of the plant immune system and unlock a new era of disease resistance breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Lüdke
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
| | - Hsuan Pai
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
| | | | - Sophien Kamoun
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
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9
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Förderer A, Kourelis J. NLR immune receptors: structure and function in plant disease resistance. Biochem Soc Trans 2023; 51:1473-1483. [PMID: 37602488 PMCID: PMC10586772 DOI: 10.1042/bst20221087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) are a diverse family of intracellular immune receptors that play crucial roles in recognizing and responding to pathogen invasion in plants. This review discusses the overall model of NLR activation and provides an in-depth analysis of the different NLR domains, including N-terminal executioner domains, the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) module, and the leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domain. Understanding the structure-function relationship of these domains is essential for developing effective strategies to improve plant disease resistance and agricultural productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Förderer
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jiorgos Kourelis
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, NR4 7UH Norwich, U.K
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10
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Nizan S, Amitzur A, Dahan-Meir T, Benichou JIC, Bar-Ziv A, Perl-Treves R. Mutagenesis of the melon Prv gene by CRISPR/Cas9 breaks papaya ringspot virus resistance and generates an autoimmune allele with constitutive defense responses. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:4579-4596. [PMID: 37137337 PMCID: PMC10433930 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The majority of plant disease resistance (R) genes encode nucleotide binding-leucine-rich repeat (NLR) proteins. In melon, two closely linked NLR genes, Fom-1 and Prv, were mapped and identified as candidate genes that control resistance to Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. melonis races 0 and 2, and to papaya ringspot virus (PRSV), respectively. In this study, we validated the function of Prv and showed that it is essential for providing resistance against PRSV infection. We generated CRISPR/Cas9 [clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9] mutants using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of a PRSV-resistant melon genotype, and the T1 progeny proved susceptible to PRSV, showing strong disease symptoms and viral spread upon infection. Three alleles having 144, 154, and ~3 kb deletions, respectively, were obtained, all of which caused loss of resistance. Interestingly, one of the Prv mutant alleles, prvΔ154, encoding a truncated product, caused an extreme dwarf phenotype, accompanied by leaf lesions, high salicylic acid levels, and defense gene expression. The autoimmune phenotype observed at 25 °C proved to be temperature dependent, being suppressed at 32 °C. This is a first report on the successful application of CRISPR/Cas9 to confirm R gene function in melon. Such validation opens up new opportunities for molecular breeding of disease resistance in this important vegetable crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahar Nizan
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar Ilan University, Israel
| | - Arie Amitzur
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar Ilan University, Israel
| | - Tal Dahan-Meir
- Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel
| | | | - Amalia Bar-Ziv
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar Ilan University, Israel
| | - Rafael Perl-Treves
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar Ilan University, Israel
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11
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Shepherd S, Yuen ELH, Carella P, Bozkurt TO. The wheels of destruction: Plant NLR immune receptors are mobile and structurally dynamic disease resistance proteins. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 74:102372. [PMID: 37172365 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2023.102372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) proteins are intracellular immune receptors that restrict plant invasion by pathogens. Most NLRs operate in intricate networks to detect pathogen effectors in a robust and efficient manner. NLRs are not static sensors; rather, they exhibit remarkable mobility and structural plasticity during the innate immune response. Inactive NLRs localize to diverse subcellular compartments where they are poised to sense pathogen effectors. During pathogen attack, some NLRs relocate toward the plant-pathogen interface, possibly to ensure their timely activation. Activated NLRs reorganize into wheel-shaped oligomers, some of which then form plasma membrane pores that promote calcium influx and programmed cell death. The emerging paradigm is that this variable and dynamic nature underpins effective NLR-mediated immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Shepherd
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Tolga O Bozkurt
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom.
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12
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Hou W, Lu Q, Ma L, Sun X, Wang L, Nie J, Guo P, Liu T, Li Z, Sun C, Ren Y, Wang X, Yang J, Chen F. Mapping of quantitative trait loci for leaf rust resistance in the wheat population 'Xinmai 26/Zhoumai 22'. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:3019-3032. [PMID: 36879436 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Leaf rust, caused by the fungal pathogen Puccinia triticina (Pt), is one of the major and dangerous diseases of wheat, and has caused serious yield loss of wheat worldwide. Here, we investigated adult-plant resistance (APR) to leaf rust in a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from 'Xinmai 26' and 'Zhoumai 22' over 3 years. Linkage mapping for APR to leaf rust revealed four quantitative trait loci (QTL) in this RIL population. Two QTL, QLr.hnau-2BS and QLr.hnau-3BS were contributed by 'Zhoumai22', whereas QLr.hnau-2DS and QLr.hnau-5AL were contributed by 'Xinmai 26'. The QLr.hnau-2BS covering a race-specific resistance gene Lr13 showed the most stable APR to leaf rust. Overexpression of Lr13 significantly increased APR to leaf rust. Interestingly, we found that a CNL(coiled coil-nucleotide-binding site-leucine-rich repeat)-like gene, TaCN, in QLr.hnau-2BS completely co-segregated with leaf rust resistance. The resistant haplotype TaCN-R possessed half the sequence of the coiled-coil domain of TaCN protein. Lr13 strongly interacted with TaCN-R, but did not interact with the full-length TaCN (TaCN-S). In addition, TaCN-R was significantly induced after Pt inoculation and changed the sub-cellular localization of Lr13 after interaction. Therefore, we hypothesized that TaCN-R mediated leaf rust resistance possibly by interacting with Lr13. This study provides important QTL for APR to leaf rust, and new insights into understanding how a CNL gene modulates disease resistance in common wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixiu Hou
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/ CIMMYT-China Wheat and Maize Joint Research Center/Agronomy College, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Qisen Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agroproducts, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Lin Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/ CIMMYT-China Wheat and Maize Joint Research Center/Agronomy College, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Xiaonan Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/ CIMMYT-China Wheat and Maize Joint Research Center/Agronomy College, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Liyan Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/ CIMMYT-China Wheat and Maize Joint Research Center/Agronomy College, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Jingyun Nie
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/ CIMMYT-China Wheat and Maize Joint Research Center/Agronomy College, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Peng Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/ CIMMYT-China Wheat and Maize Joint Research Center/Agronomy College, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Ti Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/ CIMMYT-China Wheat and Maize Joint Research Center/Agronomy College, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Zaifeng Li
- College of Plant Protection, State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei 071001, China
| | - Congwei Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/ CIMMYT-China Wheat and Maize Joint Research Center/Agronomy College, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Yan Ren
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/ CIMMYT-China Wheat and Maize Joint Research Center/Agronomy College, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- College of Plant Protection, State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei 071001, China
| | - Jian Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agroproducts, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Feng Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/ CIMMYT-China Wheat and Maize Joint Research Center/Agronomy College, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
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13
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Diplock N, Baudin M, Harden L, Silva CJ, Erickson-Beltran ML, Hassan JA, Lewis JD. Utilising natural diversity of kinases to rationally engineer interactions with the angiosperm immune receptor ZAR1. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023. [PMID: 37157998 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The highly conserved angiosperm immune receptor HOPZ-ACTIVATED RESISTANCE1 (ZAR1) recognises the activity of diverse pathogen effector proteins by monitoring the ZED1-related kinase (ZRK) family. Understanding how ZAR1 achieves interaction specificity for ZRKs may allow for the expansion of the ZAR1-kinase recognition repertoire to achieve novel pathogen recognition outside of model species. We took advantage of the natural diversity of Arabidopsis thaliana kinases to probe the ZAR1-kinase interaction interface and found that A. thaliana ZAR1 (AtZAR1) can interact with most ZRKs, except ZRK7. We found evidence of alternative splicing of ZRK7, resulting in a protein that can interact with AtZAR1. Despite high sequence conservation of ZAR1, interspecific ZAR1-ZRK pairings resulted in the autoactivation of cell death. We showed that ZAR1 interacts with a greater diversity of kinases than previously thought, while still possessing the capacity for specificity in kinase interactions. Finally, using AtZAR1-ZRK interaction data, we rationally increased ZRK10 interaction strength with AtZAR1, demonstrating the feasibility of the rational design of a ZAR1-interacting kinase. Overall, our findings advance our understanding of the rules governing ZAR1 interaction specificity, with promising future directions for expanding ZAR1 immunodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Diplock
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Maël Baudin
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Leslie Harden
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Western Regional Research Center, Albany, California, USA
| | - Christopher J Silva
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Western Regional Research Center, Albany, California, USA
| | - Melissa L Erickson-Beltran
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Western Regional Research Center, Albany, California, USA
| | - Jana A Hassan
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Jennifer D Lewis
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Plant Gene Expression Center, Albany, California, USA
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14
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Bernoux M, Chen J, Zhang X, Newell K, Hu J, Deslandes L, Dodds P. Subcellular localization requirements and specificities for plant immune receptor Toll-interleukin-1 receptor signaling. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023. [PMID: 36932864 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Recent work shed light on how plant intracellular immune receptors of the nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) family are activated upon pathogen effector recognition to trigger immune responses. Activation of Toll-interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain-containing NLRs (TNLs) induces receptor oligomerization and close proximity of the TIR domain, which is required for TIR enzymatic activity. TIR-catalyzed small signaling molecules bind to EDS1 family heterodimers and subsequently activate downstream helper NLRs, which function as Ca2+ permeable channel to activate immune responses eventually leading to cell death. Subcellular localization requirements of TNLs and signaling partners are not well understood, although they are required to understand fully the mechanisms underlying NLR early signaling. TNLs show diverse subcellular localization while EDS1 shows nucleocytosolic localization. Here, we studied the impact of TIR and EDS1 mislocalization on the signaling activation of different TNLs. In Nicotiana benthamiana, our results suggest that close proximity of TIR domains isolated from flax L6 and Arabidopsis RPS4 and SNC1 TNLs drives signaling activation from different cell compartments. Nevertheless, both Golgi-membrane anchored L6 and nucleocytosolic RPS4 have the same requirements for EDS1 subcellular localization in Arabidopsis thaliana. By using mislocalized variants of EDS1, we found that autoimmune L6 and RPS4 TIR domain can induce seedling cell death when EDS1 is present in the cytosol. However, when EDS1 is restricted to the nucleus, both induce a stunting phenotype but no cell death. Our data point out the importance of thoroughly investigating the dynamics of TNLs and signaling partners subcellular localization to understand TNL signaling fully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maud Bernoux
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement (LIPME), UMR 2594/441 CNRS, INRAE, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Jian Chen
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Xiaoxiao Zhang
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Kim Newell
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Jian Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094, People's Republic of China
| | - Laurent Deslandes
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement (LIPME), UMR 2594/441 CNRS, INRAE, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Peter Dodds
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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15
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Mostaffa NH, Suhaimi AH, Al-Idrus A. Interactomics in plant defence: progress and opportunities. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:4605-4618. [PMID: 36920596 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08345-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Interactomics is a branch of systems biology that deals with the study of protein-protein interactions and how these interactions influence phenotypes. Identifying the interactomes involved during host-pathogen interaction events may bring us a step closer to deciphering the molecular mechanisms underlying plant defence. Here, we conducted a systematic review of plant interactomics studies over the last two decades and found that while a substantial progress has been made in the field, plant-pathogen interactomics remains a less-travelled route. As an effort to facilitate the progress in this field, we provide here a comprehensive research pipeline for an in planta plant-pathogen interactomics study that encompasses the in silico prediction step to the validation step, unconfined to model plants. We also highlight four challenges in plant-pathogen interactomics with plausible solution(s) for each.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Hikmah Mostaffa
- Programme of Genetics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Husaini Suhaimi
- Programme of Genetics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Aisyafaznim Al-Idrus
- Programme of Genetics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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16
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Mermigka G, Michalopoulou VA, Amartolou A, Mentzelopoulou A, Astropekaki N, Sarris PF. Assassination tango: an NLR/NLR-ID immune receptors pair of rapeseed co-operates inside the nucleus to activate cell death. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 113:1211-1222. [PMID: 36628462 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Plant immunity largely relies on intracellular nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat (NLR) immune receptors. Some plant NLRs carry integrated domains (IDs) that mimic authentic pathogen effector targets. We report here the identification of a genetically linked NLR-ID/NLR pair: BnRPR1 and BnRPR2 in Brassica napus. The NLR-ID carries two ID fusions and the mode of action of the pair conforms to the proposed "integrated sensor/decoy" model. The two NLRs interact and the heterocomplex localizes in the plant-cell nucleus and nucleolus. However, the BnRPRs pair does not operate through a negative regulation as it was previously reported for other NLR-IDs. Cell death is induced only upon co-expression of the two proteins and is dependent on the helper genes, EDS1 and NRG1. The nuclear localization of both proteins seems to be essential for cell death activation, while the IDs of BnRPR1 are dispensable for this purpose. In summary, we describe a new pair of NLR-IDs with interesting features in relation to its regulation and the cell death activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glykeria Mermigka
- Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, 70013, Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Vassiliki A Michalopoulou
- Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, 70013, Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Argyro Amartolou
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Crete, 714 09 Heraklion, Greece
| | | | - Niki Astropekaki
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Crete, 714 09 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Panagiotis F Sarris
- Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, 70013, Crete, Heraklion, Greece
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Crete, 714 09 Heraklion, Greece
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, EX4 4QD, Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, UK
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17
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Wei W, Wu X, Garcia A, McCoppin N, Viana JPG, Murad PS, Walker DR, Hartman GL, Domier LL, Hudson ME, Clough SJ. An NBS-LRR protein in the Rpp1 locus negates the dominance of Rpp1-mediated resistance against Phakopsora pachyrhizi in soybean. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 113:915-933. [PMID: 36424366 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The soybean Rpp1 locus confers resistance to Phakopsora pachyrhizi, causal agent of rust, and resistance is usually dominant over susceptibility. However, dominance of Rpp1-mediated resistance is lost when a resistant genotype (Rpp1 or Rpp1b) is crossed with susceptible line TMG06_0011, and the mechanism of this dominant susceptibility (DS) is unknown. Sequencing the Rpp1 region reveals that the TMG06_0011 Rpp1 locus has a single nucleotide-binding site leucine-rich repeat (NBS-LRR) gene (DS-R), whereas resistant PI 594760B (Rpp1b) is similar to PI 200492 (Rpp1) and has three NBS-LRR resistance gene candidates. Evidence that DS-R is the cause of DS was reflected in virus-induced gene silencing of DS-R in Rpp1b/DS-R or Rpp1/DS-R heterozygous plants with resistance partially restored. In heterozygous Rpp1b/DS-R plants, expression of Rpp1b candidate genes was not significantly altered, indicating no effect of DS-R on transcription. Physical interaction of the DS-R protein with candidate Rpp1b resistance proteins was supported by yeast two-hybrid studies and in silico modeling. Thus, we conclude that suppression of resistance most likely does not occur at the transcript level, but instead probably at the protein level, possibly with Rpp1 function inhibited by binding to the DS-R protein. The DS-R gene was found in other soybean lines, with an estimated allele frequency of 6% in a diverse population, and also found in wild soybean (Glycine soja). The identification of a dominant susceptible NBS-LRR gene provides insight into the behavior of NBS-LRR proteins and serves as a reminder to breeders that the dominance of an R gene can be influenced by a susceptibility allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, 1102 S Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Xing Wu
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, 1102 S Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, 260 Whitney Ave # 266, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Alexandre Garcia
- Tropical Melhoramento e Genética, LTDA, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Km 87, Cambé, PR, CEP: 86183-600, Brazil
| | - Nancy McCoppin
- Soybean/Maize Germplasm, Pathology and Genetics Research Unit, US Department of Agriculture, 1101 W. Peabody Dr, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - João Paulo Gomes Viana
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, 1102 S Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Praerona S Murad
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, 1102 S Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - David R Walker
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, 1102 S Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Soybean/Maize Germplasm, Pathology and Genetics Research Unit, US Department of Agriculture, 1101 W. Peabody Dr, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Glen L Hartman
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, 1102 S Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Soybean/Maize Germplasm, Pathology and Genetics Research Unit, US Department of Agriculture, 1101 W. Peabody Dr, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Leslie L Domier
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, 1102 S Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Soybean/Maize Germplasm, Pathology and Genetics Research Unit, US Department of Agriculture, 1101 W. Peabody Dr, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Matthew E Hudson
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, 1102 S Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Steven J Clough
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, 1102 S Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Soybean/Maize Germplasm, Pathology and Genetics Research Unit, US Department of Agriculture, 1101 W. Peabody Dr, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
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18
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Lažetić V, Blanchard MJ, Bui T, Troemel ER. Multiple pals gene modules control a balance between immunity and development in Caenorhabditis elegans. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.15.524171. [PMID: 36711775 PMCID: PMC9882112 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.15.524171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The immune system continually battles against pathogen-induced pressures, which often leads to the evolutionary expansion of immune gene families in a species-specific manner. For example, the pals gene family expanded to 39 members in the Caenorhabditis elegans genome, in comparison to a single mammalian pals ortholog. Our previous studies have revealed that two members of this family, pals-22 and pals-25 , act as antagonistic paralogs to control the Intracellular Pathogen Response (IPR). The IPR is a protective transcriptional response, which is activated upon infection by two molecularly distinct natural intracellular pathogens of C. elegans - the Orsay virus and the fungus Nematocida parisii from the microsporidia phylum. In this study, we identify a previously uncharacterized member of the pals family, pals-17 , as a newly described negative regulator of the IPR. pals-17 mutants show constitutive upregulation of IPR gene expression, increased immunity against intracellular pathogens, as well as impaired development and reproduction. We also find that two other previously uncharacterized pals genes, pals-20 and pals-16 , are positive regulators of the IPR, acting downstream of pals-17 . These positive regulators reverse the effects caused by the loss of pals-17 on IPR gene expression, immunity and development. We show that the negative IPR regulator protein PALS-17 and the positive IPR regulator protein PALS-20 colocalize inside intestinal epithelial cells, which are the sites of infection for IPR-inducing pathogens. In summary, our study demonstrates that several pals genes from the expanded pals gene family act as ON/OFF switch modules to regulate a balance between organismal development and immunity against natural intracellular pathogens in C. elegans . AUTHOR SUMMARY Immune responses to pathogens induce extensive rewiring of host physiology. In the short term, these changes are generally beneficial as they can promote resistance against infection. However, prolonged activation of immune responses can have serious negative consequences on host health, including impaired organismal development and fitness. Therefore, the balance between activating the immune system and promoting development must be precisely regulated. In this study, we used genetics to identify a gene in the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans called pals-17 that acts as a repressor of the Intracellular Pathogen Response (IPR), a defense response against viral and microsporidian infections. We also found that pals-17 is required for the normal development of these animals. Furthermore, we identified two other pals genes, pals-20 and pals-16 , as suppressors of pals-17 mutant phenotypes. Finally, we found that PALS-17 and PALS-20 proteins colocalize inside intestinal cells, where viruses and microsporidia invade and replicate in the host. Taken together, our study demonstrates a balance between organismal development and immunity that is regulated by several genetic ON/OFF switch 'modules' in C. elegans .
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Lažetić
- School of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Michael J. Blanchard
- School of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Theresa Bui
- School of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Emily R. Troemel
- School of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States,Corresponding author
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19
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Allelic variation in the Arabidopsis TNL CHS3/CSA1 immune receptor pair reveals two functional cell-death regulatory modes. Cell Host Microbe 2022; 30:1701-1716.e5. [PMID: 36257318 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2022.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Some plant NLR immune receptors are encoded in head-to-head "sensor-executor" pairs that function together. Alleles of the NLR pair CHS3/CSA1 form three clades. The clade 1 sensor CHS3 contains an integrated domain (ID) with homology to regulatory domains, which is lacking in clades 2 and 3. In this study, we defined two cell-death regulatory modes for CHS3/CSA1 pairs. One is mediated by ID domain on clade 1 CHS3, and the other relies on CHS3/CSA1 pairs from all clades detecting perturbation of an associated pattern-recognition receptor (PRR) co-receptor. Our data support the hypothesis that an ancestral Arabidopsis CHS3/CSA1 pair gained a second recognition specificity and regulatory mechanism through ID acquisition while retaining its original specificity as a "guard" against PRR co-receptor perturbation. This likely comes with a cost, since both ID and non-ID alleles of the pair persist in diverse Arabidopsis populations through balancing selection.
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20
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Waheed A, Haxim Y, Islam W, Kahar G, Liu X, Zhang D. Role of pathogen's effectors in understanding host-pathogen interaction. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2022; 1869:119347. [PMID: 36055522 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2022.119347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Pathogens can pose challenges to plant growth and development at various stages of their life cycle. Two interconnected defense strategies prevent the growth of pathogens in plants, i.e., molecular patterns triggered immunity (PTI) and pathogenic effector-triggered immunity (ETI) that often provides resistance when PTI no longer functions as a result of pathogenic effectors. Plants may trigger an ETI defense response by directly or indirectly detecting pathogen effectors via their resistance proteins. A typical resistance protein is a nucleotide-binding receptor with leucine-rich sequences (NLRs) that undergo structural changes as they recognize their effectors and form associations with other NLRs. As a result of dimerization or oligomerization, downstream components activate "helper" NLRs, resulting in a response to ETI. It was thought that ETI is highly dependent on PTI. However, recent studies have found that ETI and PTI have symbiotic crosstalk, and both work together to create a robust system of plant defense. In this article, we have summarized the recent advances in understanding the plant's early immune response, its components, and how they cooperate in innate defense mechanisms. Moreover, we have provided the current perspective on engineering strategies for crop protection based on up-to-date knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Waheed
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Plant Gene Resources, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology & Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; Turpan Eremophytes Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Turpan 838008, China
| | - Yakupjan Haxim
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Plant Gene Resources, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology & Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; Turpan Eremophytes Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Turpan 838008, China
| | - Waqar Islam
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Plant Gene Resources, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology & Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Desert Plant Roots Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Gulnaz Kahar
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Plant Gene Resources, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology & Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; Turpan Eremophytes Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Turpan 838008, China
| | - Xiaojie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Plant Gene Resources, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology & Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; Turpan Eremophytes Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Turpan 838008, China
| | - Daoyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Plant Gene Resources, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology & Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; Turpan Eremophytes Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Turpan 838008, China.
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21
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Sett S, Prasad A, Prasad M. Resistance genes on the verge of plant-virus interaction. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 27:1242-1252. [PMID: 35902346 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2022.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Viruses are acellular pathogens that cause severe infections in plants, resulting in worldwide crop losses every year. The lack of chemical agents to control viral diseases exacerbates the situation. Thus, to devise proper management strategies, it is important that the defense mechanisms of plants against viruses are understood. Resistance (R) genes regulate plant defense against invading pathogens by eliciting a hypersensitive response (HR). Compatible interaction between plant R gene and viral avirulence (Avr) protein activates the necrotic cell death response at the site of infection, resulting in the cessation of disease. Here, we review different aspects of R gene-mediated dominant resistance against plant viruses in dicotyledonous plants and possible ways for developing crops with better disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susmita Sett
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Ashish Prasad
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Manoj Prasad
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India; Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India.
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22
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Zönnchen J, Gantner J, Lapin D, Barthel K, Eschen-Lippold L, Erickson JL, Villanueva SL, Zantop S, Kretschmer C, Joosten MHAJ, Parker JE, Guerois R, Stuttmann J. EDS1 complexes are not required for PRR responses and execute TNL-ETI from the nucleus in Nicotiana benthamiana. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 236:2249-2264. [PMID: 36151929 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Heterodimeric complexes incorporating the lipase-like proteins EDS1 with PAD4 or SAG101 are central hubs in plant innate immunity. EDS1 functions encompass signal relay from TIR domain-containing intracellular NLR-type immune receptors (TNLs) towards RPW8-type helper NLRs (RNLs) and, in Arabidopsis thaliana, bolstering of signaling and resistance mediated by cell-surface pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Increasing evidence points to the activation of EDS1 complexes by small molecule binding. We used CRISPR/Cas-generated mutant lines and agroinfiltration-based complementation assays to interrogate functions of EDS1 complexes in Nicotiana benthamiana. We did not detect impaired PRR signaling in N. benthamiana lines deficient in EDS1 complexes or RNLs. Intriguingly, in assays monitoring functions of SlEDS1-NbEDS1 complexes in N. benthamiana, mutations within the SlEDS1 catalytic triad could abolish or enhance TNL immunity. Furthermore, nuclear EDS1 accumulation was sufficient for N. benthamiana TNL (Roq1) immunity. Reinforcing PRR signaling in Arabidopsis might be a derived function of the TNL/EDS1 immune sector. Although Solanaceae EDS1 functionally depends on catalytic triad residues in some contexts, our data do not support binding of a TNL-derived small molecule in the triad environment. Whether and how nuclear EDS1 activity connects to membrane pore-forming RNLs remains unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josua Zönnchen
- Department of Plant Genetics, Institute for Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Johannes Gantner
- Department of Plant Genetics, Institute for Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Dmitry Lapin
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, D-50829, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Biology, Plant-Microbe Interactions, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Karen Barthel
- Department of Plant Genetics, Institute for Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Lennart Eschen-Lippold
- Department of Crop Physiology, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120, Halle, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry of Plant Interactions, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, D-06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Jessica L Erickson
- Department of Biochemistry of Plant Interactions, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, D-06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Sergio Landeo Villanueva
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Stefan Zantop
- Department of Plant Genetics, Institute for Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Carola Kretschmer
- Department of Plant Genetics, Institute for Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Matthieu H A J Joosten
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jane E Parker
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, D-50829, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne-Düsseldorf Cluster of Excellence in Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Raphael Guerois
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), IBITECS, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Johannes Stuttmann
- Department of Plant Genetics, Institute for Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120, Halle, Germany
- Institute for Biosafety in Plant Biotechnology, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Julius Kühn-Institute (JKI), 06484, Quedlinburg, Germany
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23
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Kourelis J, Adachi H. Activation and Regulation of NLR Immune Receptor Networks. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 63:1366-1377. [PMID: 35941738 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcac116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plants have many types of immune receptors that recognize diverse pathogen molecules and activate the innate immune system. The intracellular immune receptor family of nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat-containing proteins (NLRs) perceives translocated pathogen effector proteins and executes a robust immune response, including programmed cell death. Many plant NLRs have functionally specialized to sense pathogen effectors (sensor NLRs) or to execute immune signaling (helper NLRs). Sub-functionalized NLRs form a network-type receptor system known as the NLR network. In this review, we highlight the concept of NLR networks, discussing how they are formed, activated and regulated. Two main types of NLR networks have been described in plants: the ACTIVATED DISEASE RESISTANCE 1/N REQUIREMENT GENE 1 network and the NLR-REQUIRED FOR CELL DEATH network. In both networks, multiple helper NLRs function as signaling hubs for sensor NLRs and cell-surface-localized immune receptors. Additionally, the networks are regulated at the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels, and are also modulated by other host proteins to ensure proper network activation and prevent autoimmunity. Plant pathogens in turn have converged on suppressing NLR networks, thereby facilitating infection and disease. Understanding the NLR immune system at the network level could inform future breeding programs by highlighting the appropriate genetic combinations of immunoreceptors to use while avoiding deleterious autoimmunity and suppression by pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiorgos Kourelis
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Hiroaki Adachi
- Laboratory of Crop Evolution, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Mozume, Muko, Kyoto, 617-0001 Japan
- JST-PRESTO, 4-1-8, Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012 Japan
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24
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Song I, Hong S, Huh SU. Identification and Expression Analysis of the Solanum tuberosum StATG8 Family Associated with the WRKY Transcription Factor. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:2858. [PMID: 36365311 PMCID: PMC9659186 DOI: 10.3390/plants11212858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily well-conserved cellular catabolic pathway in eukaryotic cells and plays an important role in cellular processes. Autophagy is regulated by autophagy-associated (ATG) proteins. Among these ATG proteins, the ubiquitin-like protein ATG8/LC3 is essential for autophagosome formation and function. In this study, the potato StATG8 family showed clade I and clade II with significantly different sequences. Expression of the StATG8 family was also increased in senescence. Interestingly, the expression of the StATG8 and other core StATG genes decreased in potato tubers as the tubers matured. The StATG8 family also responded to a variety of stresses such as heat, wounding, salicylic acid, and salt stress. We also found that some Arabidopsis WRKY transcription factors interacted with the StATG8 protein in planta. Based on group II-a WRKY, StATG8-WRKY interaction is independent of the ATG8 interacting motif (AIM) or LC3 interacting region (LIR) motif. This study showed that the StATG8 family had diverse functions in tuber maturation and multiple stress responses in potatoes. Additionally, StATG8 may have an unrelated autophagy function in the nucleus with the WRKY transcription factor.
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25
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Gang SS, Grover M, Reddy KC, Raman D, Chang YT, Ekiert DC, Barkoulas M, Troemel ER. A pals-25 gain-of-function allele triggers systemic resistance against natural pathogens of C. elegans. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010314. [PMID: 36191002 PMCID: PMC9560605 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of immunity throughout an organism is critical for host defense. Previous studies in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans have described an "ON/OFF" immune switch comprised of the antagonistic paralogs PALS-25 and PALS-22, which regulate resistance against intestinal and epidermal pathogens. Here, we identify and characterize a PALS-25 gain-of-function mutant protein with a premature stop (Q293*), which we find is freed from physical repression by its negative regulator, the PALS-22 protein. PALS-25(Q293*) activates two related gene expression programs, the Oomycete Recognition Response (ORR) against natural pathogens of the epidermis, and the Intracellular Pathogen Response (IPR) against natural intracellular pathogens of the intestine. A subset of ORR/IPR genes is upregulated in pals-25(Q293*) mutants, and they are resistant to oomycete infection in the epidermis, and microsporidia and virus infection in the intestine, but without compromising growth. Surprisingly, we find that activation of PALS-25 seems to primarily stimulate the downstream bZIP transcription factor ZIP-1 in the epidermis, with upregulation of gene expression in both the epidermis and in the intestine. Interestingly, we find that PALS-22/25-regulated epidermal-to-intestinal signaling promotes resistance to the N. parisii intestinal pathogen, demonstrating cross-tissue protective immune induction from one epithelial tissue to another in C. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer S. Gang
- School of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Manish Grover
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kirthi C. Reddy
- School of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Deevya Raman
- School of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Ya-Ting Chang
- Departments of Cell Biology and Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Damian C. Ekiert
- Departments of Cell Biology and Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Emily R. Troemel
- School of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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26
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Lüdke D, Yan Q, Rohmann PFW, Wiermer M. NLR we there yet? Nucleocytoplasmic coordination of NLR-mediated immunity. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 236:24-42. [PMID: 35794845 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant intracellular nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat immune receptors (NLRs) perceive the activity of pathogen-secreted effector molecules that, when undetected, promote colonisation of hosts. Signalling from activated NLRs converges with and potentiates downstream responses from activated pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that sense microbial signatures at the cell surface. Efficient signalling of both receptor branches relies on the host cell nucleus as an integration point for transcriptional reprogramming, and on the macromolecular transport processes that mediate the communication between cytoplasm and nucleoplasm. Studies on nuclear pore complexes (NPCs), the nucleoporin proteins (NUPs) that compose NPCs, and nuclear transport machinery constituents that control nucleocytoplasmic transport, have revealed that they play important roles in regulating plant immune responses. Here, we discuss the contributions of nucleoporins and nuclear transport receptor (NTR)-mediated signal transduction in plant immunity with an emphasis on NLR immune signalling across the nuclear compartment boundary and within the nucleus. We also highlight and discuss cytoplasmic and nuclear functions of NLRs and their signalling partners and further consider the potential implications of NLR activation and resistosome formation in both cellular compartments for mediating plant pathogen resistance and programmed host cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Lüdke
- Molecular Biology of Plant-Microbe Interactions Research Group, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Qiqi Yan
- Molecular Biology of Plant-Microbe Interactions Research Group, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Philipp F W Rohmann
- Molecular Biology of Plant-Microbe Interactions Research Group, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Marcel Wiermer
- Molecular Biology of Plant-Microbe Interactions Research Group, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
- Biochemistry of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 12-16, 14195, Berlin, Germany
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27
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Xi Y, Cesari S, Kroj T. Insight into the structure and molecular mode of action of plant paired NLR immune receptors. Essays Biochem 2022; 66:513-526. [PMID: 35735291 PMCID: PMC9528088 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20210079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The specific recognition of pathogen effectors by intracellular nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) is an important component of plant immunity. NLRs have a conserved modular architecture and can be subdivided according to their signaling domain that is mostly a coiled-coil (CC) or a Toll/Interleukin1 receptor (TIR) domain into CNLs and TNLs. Single NLR proteins are often sufficient for both effector recognition and immune activation. However, sometimes, they act in pairs, where two different NLRs are required for disease resistance. Functional studies have revealed that in these cases one NLR of the pair acts as a sensor (sNLR) and one as a helper (hNLR). The genes corresponding to such resistance protein pairs with one-to-one functional co-dependence are clustered, generally with a head-to-head orientation and shared promoter sequences. sNLRs in such functional NLR pairs have additional, non-canonical and highly diverse domains integrated in their conserved modular architecture, which are thought to act as decoys to trap effectors. Recent structure-function studies on the Arabidopsis thaliana TNL pair RRS1/RPS4 and on the rice CNL pairs RGA4/RGA5 and Pik-1/Pik-2 are unraveling how such protein pairs function together. Focusing on these model NLR pairs and other recent examples, this review highlights the distinctive features of NLR pairs and their various fascinating mode of action in pathogen effector perception. We also discuss how these findings on NLR pairs pave the way toward improved plant disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Xi
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Stella Cesari
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Thomas Kroj
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Montpellier, France
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28
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Direct recognition of pathogen effectors by plant NLR immune receptors and downstream signalling. Essays Biochem 2022; 66:471-483. [PMID: 35731245 PMCID: PMC9528080 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20210072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Plants deploy extracellular and intracellular immune receptors to sense and restrict pathogen attacks. Rapidly evolving pathogen effectors play crucial roles in suppressing plant immunity but are also monitored by intracellular nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich repeat immune receptors (NLRs), leading to effector-triggered immunity (ETI). Here, we review how NLRs recognize effectors with a focus on direct interactions and summarize recent research findings on the signalling functions of NLRs. Coiled-coil (CC)-type NLR proteins execute immune responses by oligomerizing to form membrane-penetrating ion channels after effector recognition. Some CC-NLRs function in sensor-helper networks with the sensor NLR triggering oligomerization of the helper NLR. Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR)-type NLR proteins possess catalytic activities that are activated upon effector recognition-induced oligomerization. Small molecules produced by TIR activity are detected by additional signalling partners of the EDS1 lipase-like family (enhanced disease susceptibility 1), leading to activation of helper NLRs that trigger the defense response.
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29
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Dongus JA, Bhandari DD, Penner E, Lapin D, Stolze SC, Harzen A, Patel M, Archer L, Dijkgraaf L, Shah J, Nakagami H, Parker JE. Cavity surface residues of PAD4 and SAG101 contribute to EDS1 dimer signaling specificity in plant immunity. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 110:1415-1432. [PMID: 35324052 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis pathogen effector-triggered immunity (ETI) is controlled by a family of three lipase-like proteins (EDS1, PAD4, and SAG101) and two subfamilies of HET-S/LOB-B (HeLo)-domain "helper" nucleotide-binding/leucine-rich repeats (ADR1s and NRG1s). EDS1-PAD4 dimers cooperate with ADR1s, and EDS1-SAG101 dimers with NRG1s, in two separate defense-promoting modules. EDS1-PAD4-ADR1 and EDS1-SAG101-NRG1 complexes were detected in immune-activated leaf extracts but the molecular determinants for specific complex formation and function remain unknown. EDS1 signaling is mediated by a C-terminal EP domain (EPD) surface surrounding a cavity formed by the heterodimer. Here we investigated whether the EPDs of PAD4 and SAG101 contribute to EDS1 dimer functions. Using a structure-guided approach, we undertook a comprehensive mutational analysis of Arabidopsis PAD4. We identify two conserved residues (Arg314 and Lys380) lining the PAD4 EPD cavity that are essential for EDS1-PAD4-mediated pathogen resistance, but are dispensable for the PAD4-mediated restriction of green peach aphid infestation. Positionally equivalent Met304 and Arg373 at the SAG101 EPD cavity are required for EDS1-SAG101 promotion of ETI-related cell death. In a PAD4 and SAG101 interactome analysis of ETI-activated tissues, PAD4R314A and SAG101M304R EPD variants maintain interaction with EDS1 but lose association, respectively, with helper nucleotide-binding/leucine-rich repeats ADR1-L1 and NRG1.1, and other immune-related proteins. Our data reveal a fundamental contribution of similar but non-identical PAD4 and SAG101 EPD surfaces to specific EDS1 dimer protein interactions and pathogen immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joram A Dongus
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6700, AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Deepak D Bhandari
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
- Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, 612, Wilson Road, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
| | - Eva Penner
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Dmitry Lapin
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584, CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sara C Stolze
- Protein Mass Spectrometry, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Anne Harzen
- Protein Mass Spectrometry, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Monika Patel
- Department of Biological Sciences and BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, 1511 West Sycamore, Denton, 76201, Texas, USA
| | - Lani Archer
- Department of Biological Sciences and BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, 1511 West Sycamore, Denton, 76201, Texas, USA
| | - Lucas Dijkgraaf
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584, CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jyoti Shah
- Department of Biological Sciences and BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, 1511 West Sycamore, Denton, 76201, Texas, USA
| | - Hirofumi Nakagami
- Protein Mass Spectrometry, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jane E Parker
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne-Düsseldorf Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
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30
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Huh SU. Optimization of immune receptor-related hypersensitive cell death response assay using agrobacterium-mediated transient expression in tobacco plants. PLANT METHODS 2022; 18:57. [PMID: 35501866 PMCID: PMC9063123 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-022-00893-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The study of the regulatory mechanisms of evolutionarily conserved Nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) resistance (R) proteins in animals and plants is of increasing importance due to understanding basic immunity and the value of various crop engineering applications of NLR immune receptors. The importance of temperature is also emerging when applying NLR to crops responding to global climate change. In particular, studies of pathogen effector recognition and autoimmune activity of NLRs in plants can quickly and easily determine their function in tobacco using agro-mediated transient assay. However, there are conditions that should not be overlooked in these cell death-related assays in tobacco. RESULTS Environmental conditions play an important role in the immune response of plants. The system used in this study was to establish conditions for optimal hypertensive response (HR) cell death analysis by using the paired NLR RPS4/RRS1 autoimmune and AvrRps4 effector recognition system. The most suitable greenhouse temperature for growing plants was fixed at 22 °C. In this study, RPS4/RRS1-mediated autoimmune activity, RPS4 TIR domain-dependent cell death, and RPS4/RRS1-mediated HR cell death upon AvrRps4 perception significantly inhibited under conditions of 65% humidity. The HR is strongly activated when the humidity is below 10%. Besides, the leaf position of tobacco is important for HR cell death. Position #4 of the leaf from the top in 4-5 weeks old tobacco plants showed the most effective HR cell death. CONCLUSIONS As whole genome sequencing (WGS) or resistance gene enrichment sequencing (RenSeq) of various crops continues, different types of NLRs and their functions will be studied. At this time, if we optimize the conditions for evaluating NLR-mediated HR cell death, it will help to more accurately identify the function of NLRs. In addition, it will be possible to contribute to crop development in response to global climate change through NLR engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Un Huh
- Department of Biological Science, Kunsan National University, Gunsan, 54150, Republic of Korea.
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31
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Mukhi N, Brown H, Gorenkin D, Ding P, Bentham AR, Stevenson CEM, Jones JDG, Banfield MJ. Perception of structurally distinct effectors by the integrated WRKY domain of a plant immune receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2113996118. [PMID: 34880132 PMCID: PMC8685902 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2113996118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants use intracellular nucleotide-binding domain (NBD) and leucine-rich repeat (LRR)-containing immune receptors (NLRs) to detect pathogen-derived effector proteins. The Arabidopsis NLR pair RRS1-R/RPS4 confers disease resistance to different bacterial pathogens by perceiving the structurally distinct effectors AvrRps4 from Pseudomonas syringae pv. pisi and PopP2 from Ralstonia solanacearum via an integrated WRKY domain in RRS1-R. How the WRKY domain of RRS1 (RRS1WRKY) perceives distinct classes of effector to initiate an immune response is unknown. Here, we report the crystal structure of the in planta processed C-terminal domain of AvrRps4 (AvrRps4C) in complex with RRS1WRKY Perception of AvrRps4C by RRS1WRKY is mediated by the β2-β3 segment of RRS1WRKY that binds an electronegative patch on the surface of AvrRps4C Structure-based mutations that disrupt AvrRps4C-RRS1WRKY interactions in vitro compromise RRS1/RPS4-dependent immune responses. We also show that AvrRps4C can associate with the WRKY domain of the related but distinct RRS1B/RPS4B NLR pair, and the DNA-binding domain of AtWRKY41, with similar binding affinities and how effector binding interferes with WRKY-W-box DNA interactions. This work demonstrates how integrated domains in plant NLRs can directly bind structurally distinct effectors to initiate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitika Mukhi
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolism, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah Brown
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Danylo Gorenkin
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolism, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Pingtao Ding
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Adam R Bentham
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolism, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Clare E M Stevenson
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolism, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan D G Jones
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Mark J Banfield
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolism, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom;
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Qi G, Chen H, Wang D, Zheng H, Tang X, Guo Z, Cheng J, Chen J, Wang Y, Bai MY, Liu F, Wang D, Fu ZQ. The BZR1-EDS1 module regulates plant growth-defense coordination. MOLECULAR PLANT 2021; 14:2072-2087. [PMID: 34416351 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2021.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Plants have developed sophisticated strategies to coordinate growth and immunity, but our understanding of the underlying mechanism remains limited. In this study, we identified a novel molecular module that regulates plant growth and defense in both compatible and incompatible infections. This module consisted of BZR1, a key transcription factor in brassinosteroid (BR) signaling, and EDS1, an essential positive regulator of plant innate immunity. We found that EDS1 interacts with BZR1 and suppresses its transcriptional activities. Consistently, upregulation of EDS1 function by a virulent Pseudomonas syringae strain or salicylic acid treatment inhibited BZR1-regulated expression of BR-responsive genes and BR-promoted growth. Furthermore, we showed that the cytoplasmic fraction of BZR1 positively regulates effector-triggered immunity (ETI) controlled by the TIR-NB-LRR protein RPS4, which is attenuated by BZR1's nuclear translocation. Mechanistically, cytoplasmic BZR1 facilitated AvrRps4-triggered dissociation of EDS1 and RPS4 by binding to EDS1, thus leading to efficient activation of RPS4-controlled ETI. Notably, transgenic expression of a mutant BZR1 that accumulates exclusively in the cytoplasm improved pathogen resistance without compromising plant growth. Collectively, these results shed new light on plant growth-defense coordination and reveal a previously unknown function for the cytoplasmic fraction of BZR1. The BZR1-EDS1 module may be harnessed for the simultaneous improvement of crop productivity and pathogen resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Agronomy, and Center for Crop Genome Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Huan Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA; Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Dian Wang
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Hongyuan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Agronomy, and Center for Crop Genome Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Xianfeng Tang
- Qingdao Institute of BioEnergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Zhengzheng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Agronomy, and Center for Crop Genome Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Jiayu Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Agronomy, and Center for Crop Genome Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA; Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Yiping Wang
- Qingdao Institute of BioEnergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Ming-Yi Bai
- Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environment Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, China
| | - Fengquan Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Daowen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Agronomy, and Center for Crop Genome Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Zheng Qing Fu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
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Huh SU. PopP2 interacts with PAD4 in an acetyltransferase activity-dependent manner and affects plant immunity. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2021; 16:2017631. [PMID: 34978271 PMCID: PMC9208800 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2021.2017631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plant pathogenic bacteria inject many of the effector proteins into host cell to manipulate host protein and promote pathogen development. Only a few effectors can be recognized by plant immune receptors called nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat-containing proteins (NLRs). Enhanced disease susceptibility1 (EDS1) is an important regulator of plant basal and NLR receptor-triggered immunity. EDS1/PAD4 or EDS1/SAG101 heterodimers are recruited by Toll-interleukin1-receptor domain NLRs (TNLs) to transcriptionally mobilize resistance pathways. Type III effector PopP2 contributes to Ralstonia solanacearum virulence. PopP2 has an acetyltransferase activity and is recognized by Arabidopsis NLR pair RPS4/RRS1-R. On the other hand, PopP2 avirulence function is dependent on its enzymatic activity but target proteins in the host cell are still largely unknown. In this study, we found EDS1 and PAD4 are new host targets of PopP2 effector. Arabidopsis PAD4 lipase-like domain protein physically associates with enzymatic active PopP2 protein but not inactive PopP2C321A. PAD4-PopP2 interaction is disrupted by EDS1 immune regulator but not SAG101. We propose that acetyltransferase activity of PopP2 might confer specificity to PAD4 to manipulate plant immunity. As a counter strategy, EDS1 associates with PAD4 to form heterodimeric immune regulator complexes for activating basal resistance and interfering PopP2 physical interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Un Huh
- Department of Biology, Kunsan National University, Gunsan, Republic of Korea
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34
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Zhang Q, Wang Y, Wei H, Fan W, Xu C, Li T. CC R -NB-LRR proteins MdRNL2 and MdRNL6 interact physically to confer broad-spectrum fungal resistance in apple (Malus × domestica). THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 108:1522-1538. [PMID: 34610171 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Apple leaf spot, a disease caused by Alternaria alternata f. sp. mali and other fungal species, leads to severe defoliation and results in tremendous losses to the apple (Malus × domestica) industry in China. We previously identified three RPW8, nucleotide-binding, and leucine-rich repeat domain CCR -NB-LRR proteins (RNLs), named MdRNL1, MdRNL2, and MdRNL3, that contribute to Alternaria leaf spot (ALT1) resistance in apple. However, the role of NB-LRR proteins in resistance to fungal diseases in apple remains poorly understood. We therefore used MdRNL1/2/3 as baits to screen ALT1-inoculated leaves for interacting proteins and identified only MdRNL6 (another RNL) as an interactor of MdRNL2. Protein interaction assays demonstrated that MdRNL2 and MdRNL6 interact through their NB-ARC domains. Transient expression assays in apple indicated that complexes containing both MdRNL2 and MdRNL6 are necessary for resistance to Alternaria leaf spot. Intriguingly, the same complexes were also required to confer resistance to Glomerella leaf spot and Marssonina leaf spot in transient expression assays. Furthermore, stable transgenic apple plants with suppressed expression of MdRNL6 showed hypersensitivity to Alternaria leaf spot, Glomerella leaf spot, and Marssonina leaf spot; these effects were similar to the effects of suppressing MdRNL2 expression in transgenic apple plantlets. The identification of these novel broad-spectrum fungal resistance genes will facilitate breeding for fungal disease resistance in apple.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiulei Zhang
- Laboratory of Fruit Cell and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yuanhua Wang
- Jiangsu Polytechnic College of Agriculture and Forestry, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212400, China
| | - Haiyang Wei
- Laboratory of Fruit Cell and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wenqi Fan
- Laboratory of Fruit Cell and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Chaoran Xu
- Laboratory of Fruit Cell and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Tianzhong Li
- Laboratory of Fruit Cell and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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35
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Li L, Weigel D. One Hundred Years of Hybrid Necrosis: Hybrid Autoimmunity as a Window into the Mechanisms and Evolution of Plant-Pathogen Interactions. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 59:213-237. [PMID: 33945695 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-020620-114826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid necrosis in plants refers to a genetic autoimmunity syndrome in the progeny of interspecific or intraspecific crosses. Although the phenomenon was first documented in 1920, it has been unequivocally linked to autoimmunity only recently, with the discovery of the underlying genetic and biochemical mechanisms. The most common causal loci encode immune receptors, which are known to differ within and between species. One mechanism can be explained by the guard hypothesis, in which a guard protein, often a nucleotide-binding site-leucine-rich repeat protein, is activated by interaction with a plant protein that mimics standard guardees modified by pathogen effector proteins. Another surprising mechanism is the formation of inappropriately active immune receptor complexes. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge of hybrid necrosis and discuss how its study is not only informing the understanding of immune gene evolution but also revealing new aspects of plant immune signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; ,
| | - Detlef Weigel
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; ,
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36
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Chae HB, Kim MG, Kang CH, Park JH, Lee ES, Lee SU, Chi YH, Paeng SK, Bae SB, Wi SD, Yun BW, Kim WY, Yun DJ, Mackey D, Lee SY. Redox sensor QSOX1 regulates plant immunity by targeting GSNOR to modulate ROS generation. MOLECULAR PLANT 2021; 14:1312-1327. [PMID: 33962063 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2021.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen signaling regulates numerous biological processes, including stress responses in plants. Redox sensors transduce reactive oxygen signals into cellular responses. Here, we present biochemical evidence that a plant quiescin sulfhydryl oxidase homolog (QSOX1) is a redox sensor that negatively regulates plant immunity against a bacterial pathogen. The expression level of QSOX1 is inversely correlated with pathogen-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. Interestingly, QSOX1 both senses and regulates ROS levels by interactingn with and mediating redox regulation of S-nitrosoglutathione reductase, which, consistent with previous findings, influences reactive nitrogen-mediated regulation of ROS generation. Collectively, our data indicate that QSOX1 is a redox sensor that negatively regulates plant immunity by linking reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen signaling to limit ROS production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Byoung Chae
- Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21) and PMBBRC, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Min Gab Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Chang Ho Kang
- Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21) and PMBBRC, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Joung Hun Park
- Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21) and PMBBRC, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Eun Seon Lee
- Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21) and PMBBRC, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Sang-Uk Lee
- School of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Yong Hun Chi
- Plant Propagation Team, Plant Production Division, Sejong National Arboretum, Sejong 30106, Korea
| | - Seol Ki Paeng
- Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21) and PMBBRC, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Su Bin Bae
- Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21) and PMBBRC, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Seong Dong Wi
- Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21) and PMBBRC, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Byung-Wook Yun
- School of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Woe-Yeon Kim
- Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21) and PMBBRC, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Dae-Jin Yun
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - David Mackey
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, Department of Molecular Genetics, and Center for Applied Plant Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Sang Yeol Lee
- Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21) and PMBBRC, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, P.R. China.
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37
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Schultink A, Steinbrenner AD. A playbook for developing disease-resistant crops through immune receptor identification and transfer. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 62:102089. [PMID: 34333377 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2021.102089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plants are resistant to most pathogens because of an immune system that perceives invading microbes and activates defense. A large repertoire of innate immune receptors mediates specific direct or indirect recognition of pathogen-derived molecules. Disease is often a consequence of insufficient immune surveillance, and the transfer of immune receptor genes from resistant plants to susceptible crop varieties is an effective strategy for combating disease outbreaks. We discuss approaches for identifying intracellular and cell surface immune receptors, with particular focus on recently developed and emerging methodologies. We also review considerations for the transfer of immune receptor genes into crop species, including additional host factors that may be required for immune receptor function. Together, these concepts lay out a broadly applicable playbook for developing crop varieties with durable disease resistance.
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38
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Xing Y, Xu N, Bhandari DD, Lapin D, Sun X, Luo X, Wang Y, Cao J, Wang H, Coaker G, Parker JE, Liu J. Bacterial effector targeting of a plant iron sensor facilitates iron acquisition and pathogen colonization. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:2015-2031. [PMID: 33751120 PMCID: PMC8290286 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Acquisition of nutrients from different species is necessary for pathogen colonization. Iron is an essential mineral nutrient for nearly all organisms, but little is known about how pathogens manipulate plant hosts to acquire iron. Here, we report that AvrRps4, an effector protein delivered by Pseudomonas syringae bacteria to plants, interacts with and targets the plant iron sensor protein BRUTUS (BTS) to facilitate iron uptake and pathogen proliferation in Arabidopsis thaliana. Infection of rps4 and eds1 by P. syringae pv. tomato (Pst) DC3000 expressing AvrRps4 resulted in iron accumulation, especially in the plant apoplast. AvrRps4 alleviates BTS-mediated degradation of bHLH115 and ILR3(IAA-Leucine resistant 3), two iron regulatory proteins. In addition, BTS is important for accumulating immune proteins Enhanced Disease Susceptibility1 (EDS1) at both the transcriptional and protein levels upon Pst (avrRps4) infections. Our findings suggest that AvrRps4 targets BTS to facilitate iron accumulation and BTS contributes to RPS4/EDS1-mediated immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ning Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Deepak D Bhandari
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Lab, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Dmitry Lapin
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Cologne 50829, Germany
| | - Xinhua Sun
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Xuming Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yeqiong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jidong Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hongbin Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Physiology and Ecology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Gitta Coaker
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Jane E Parker
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Cologne 50829, Germany
| | - Jun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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39
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Duxbury Z, Wu CH, Ding P. A Comparative Overview of the Intracellular Guardians of Plants and Animals: NLRs in Innate Immunity and Beyond. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 72:155-184. [PMID: 33689400 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-080620-104948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) play important roles in the innate immune systems of both plants and animals. Recent breakthroughs in NLR biochemistry and biophysics have revolutionized our understanding of how NLR proteins function in plant immunity. In this review, we summarize the latest findings in plant NLR biology and draw direct comparisons to NLRs of animals. We discuss different mechanisms by which NLRs recognize their ligands in plants and animals. The discovery of plant NLR resistosomes that assemble in a comparable way to animal inflammasomes reinforces the striking similarities between the formation of plant and animal NLR complexes. Furthermore, we discuss the mechanisms by which plant NLRs mediate immune responses and draw comparisons to similar mechanisms identified in animals. Finally, we summarize the current knowledge of the complex genetic architecture formed by NLRs in plants and animals and the roles of NLRs beyond pathogen detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zane Duxbury
- Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Syngenta, Bracknell RG42 6EY, United Kingdom;
| | - Chih-Hang Wu
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan;
| | - Pingtao Ding
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
- Current affiliation: Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden 2333 BE, The Netherlands;
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40
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Development of a New DNA Marker for Fusarium Yellows Resistance in Brassica rapa Vegetables. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10061082. [PMID: 34072246 PMCID: PMC8229042 DOI: 10.3390/plants10061082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In vegetables of Brassica rapa L., Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. rapae (For) or F. oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans (Foc) cause Fusarium yellows. A resistance gene against Foc (FocBr1) has been identified, and deletion of this gene results in susceptibility (focbr1-1). In contrast, a resistance gene against For has not been identified. Inoculation tests showed that lines resistant to Foc were also resistant to For, and lines susceptible to Foc were susceptible to For. However, prediction of disease resistance by a dominant DNA marker on FocBr1 (Bra012688m) was not associated with disease resistance of For in some komatsuna lines using an inoculation test. QTL-seq using four F2 populations derived from For susceptible and resistant lines showed one causative locus on chromosome A03, which covers FocBr1. Comparison of the amino acid sequence of FocBr1 between susceptible and resistant alleles (FocBr1 and FocBo1) showed that six amino acid differences were specific to susceptible lines. The presence and absence of FocBr1 is consistent with For resistance in F2 populations. These results indicate that FocBr1 is essential for For resistance, and changed amino acid sequences result in susceptibility to For. This susceptible allele is termed focbr1-2, and a new DNA marker (focbr1-2m) for detection of the focbr1-2 allele was developed.
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41
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Schreiber KJ, Chau-Ly IJ, Lewis JD. What the Wild Things Do: Mechanisms of Plant Host Manipulation by Bacterial Type III-Secreted Effector Proteins. Microorganisms 2021; 9:1029. [PMID: 34064647 PMCID: PMC8150971 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9051029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytopathogenic bacteria possess an arsenal of effector proteins that enable them to subvert host recognition and manipulate the host to promote pathogen fitness. The type III secretion system (T3SS) delivers type III-secreted effector proteins (T3SEs) from bacterial pathogens such as Pseudomonas syringae, Ralstonia solanacearum, and various Xanthomonas species. These T3SEs interact with and modify a range of intracellular host targets to alter their activity and thereby attenuate host immune signaling. Pathogens have evolved T3SEs with diverse biochemical activities, which can be difficult to predict in the absence of structural data. Interestingly, several T3SEs are activated following injection into the host cell. Here, we review T3SEs with documented enzymatic activities, as well as T3SEs that facilitate virulence-promoting processes either indirectly or through non-enzymatic mechanisms. We discuss the mechanisms by which T3SEs are activated in the cell, as well as how T3SEs modify host targets to promote virulence or trigger immunity. These mechanisms may suggest common enzymatic activities and convergent targets that could be manipulated to protect crop plants from infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl J. Schreiber
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94710, USA; (K.J.S.); (I.J.C.-L.)
| | - Ilea J. Chau-Ly
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94710, USA; (K.J.S.); (I.J.C.-L.)
| | - Jennifer D. Lewis
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94710, USA; (K.J.S.); (I.J.C.-L.)
- Plant Gene Expression Center, United States Department of Agriculture, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94710, USA
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42
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Ordon J, Martin P, Erickson JL, Ferik F, Balcke G, Bonas U, Stuttmann J. Disentangling cause and consequence: genetic dissection of the DANGEROUS MIX2 risk locus, and activation of the DM2h NLR in autoimmunity. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 106:1008-1023. [PMID: 33629456 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding domain-leucine-rich repeat-type immune receptors (NLRs) protect plants against pathogenic microbes through intracellular detection of effector proteins. However, this comes at a cost, as NLRs can also induce detrimental autoimmunity in genetic interactions with foreign alleles. This may occur when independently evolved genomes are combined in inter- or intraspecific crosses, or when foreign alleles are introduced by mutagenesis or transgenesis. Most autoimmunity-inducing NLRs are encoded within highly variable NLR gene clusters with no known immune functions, which were termed autoimmune risk loci. Whether risk NLRs differ from sensor NLRs operating in natural pathogen resistance and how risk NLRs are activated in autoimmunity is unknown. Here, we analyzed the DANGEROUS MIX2 risk locus, a major autoimmunity hotspot in Arabidopsis thaliana. By gene editing and heterologous expression, we show that a single gene, DM2h, is necessary and sufficient for autoimmune induction in three independent cases of autoimmunity in accession Landsberg erecta. We focus on autoimmunity provoked by an EDS1-yellow fluorescent protein (YFP)NLS fusion protein to characterize DM2h functionally and determine features of EDS1-YFPNLS activating the immune receptor. Our data suggest that risk NLRs function in a manner reminiscent of sensor NLRs, while autoimmunity-inducing properties of EDS1-YFPNLS in this context are unrelated to the protein's functions as an immune regulator. We propose that autoimmunity, at least in some cases, may be caused by spurious, stochastic interactions of foreign alleles with coincidentally matching risk NLRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Ordon
- Institute for Biology, Department of Plant Genetics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg 10, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany
| | - Patrick Martin
- Institute for Biology, Department of Plant Genetics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg 10, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany
| | - Jessica Lee Erickson
- Institute for Biology, Department of Plant Genetics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg 10, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany
| | - Filiz Ferik
- Institute for Biology, Department of Plant Genetics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg 10, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany
| | - Gerd Balcke
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany
| | - Ulla Bonas
- Institute for Biology, Department of Plant Genetics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg 10, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany
| | - Johannes Stuttmann
- Institute for Biology, Department of Plant Genetics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg 10, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany
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Nguyen QM, Iswanto ABB, Son GH, Kim SH. Recent Advances in Effector-Triggered Immunity in Plants: New Pieces in the Puzzle Create a Different Paradigm. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4709. [PMID: 33946790 PMCID: PMC8124997 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants rely on multiple immune systems to protect themselves from pathogens. When pattern-triggered immunity (PTI)-the first layer of the immune response-is no longer effective as a result of pathogenic effectors, effector-triggered immunity (ETI) often provides resistance. In ETI, host plants directly or indirectly perceive pathogen effectors via resistance proteins and launch a more robust and rapid defense response. Resistance proteins are typically found in the form of nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich-repeat-containing receptors (NLRs). Upon effector recognition, an NLR undergoes structural change and associates with other NLRs. The dimerization or oligomerization of NLRs signals to downstream components, activates "helper" NLRs, and culminates in the ETI response. Originally, PTI was thought to contribute little to ETI. However, most recent studies revealed crosstalk and cooperation between ETI and PTI. Here, we summarize recent advancements in our understanding of the ETI response and its components, as well as how these components cooperate in the innate immune signaling pathways. Based on up-to-date accumulated knowledge, this review provides our current perspective of potential engineering strategies for crop protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quang-Minh Nguyen
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Korea; (Q.-M.N.); (A.B.B.I.); (G.H.S.)
| | - Arya Bagus Boedi Iswanto
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Korea; (Q.-M.N.); (A.B.B.I.); (G.H.S.)
| | - Geon Hui Son
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Korea; (Q.-M.N.); (A.B.B.I.); (G.H.S.)
| | - Sang Hee Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Korea; (Q.-M.N.); (A.B.B.I.); (G.H.S.)
- Division of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Korea
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Chen Y, Zhong G, Cai H, Chen R, Liu N, Wang W, Tang D. A Truncated TIR-NBS Protein TN10 Pairs with Two Clustered TIR-NBS-LRR Immune Receptors and Contributes to Plant Immunity in Arabidopsis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4004. [PMID: 33924478 PMCID: PMC8069298 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The encoding genes of plant intracellular nucleotide-binding site (NBS) and leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domain receptors (NLRs) often exist in the form of a gene cluster. Several recent studies demonstrated that the truncated Toll/interleukin-1 receptor-NBS (TIR-NBS) proteins play important roles in immunity. In this study, we identified a large TN gene cluster on Arabidopsis ecotype Col-0 chromosome 1, which included nine TN genes, TN4 to TN12. Interestingly, this cluster also contained two typical TIR-NBS-LRR genes: At1g72840 and At1g72860 (hereinafter referred to as TNL40 and TNL60, respectively), which formed head-to-head genomic arrangement with TN4 to TN12. However, the functions of these TN and TNL genes in this cluster are still unknown. Here, we showed that the TIR domains of both TNL40 and TNL60 associated with TN10 specifically. Furthermore, both TNL40TIR and TNL60TIR induced cell death in Nicotiana tabacum leaves. Subcellular localization showed that TNL40 mainly localized in the cytoplasm, whereas TNL60 and TN10 localized in both the cytoplasm and nucleus. Additionally, the expression of TNL40, TNL60, and TN10 were co-regulated after inoculated with bacterial pathogens. Taken together, our study indicates that the truncated TIR-NBS protein TN10 associates with two clustered TNL immune receptors, and may work together in plant disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.C.); (G.Z.); (H.C.); (R.C.); (N.L.)
| | - Guitao Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.C.); (G.Z.); (H.C.); (R.C.); (N.L.)
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Huiren Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.C.); (G.Z.); (H.C.); (R.C.); (N.L.)
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Renjie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.C.); (G.Z.); (H.C.); (R.C.); (N.L.)
| | - Na Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.C.); (G.Z.); (H.C.); (R.C.); (N.L.)
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.C.); (G.Z.); (H.C.); (R.C.); (N.L.)
| | - Dingzhong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.C.); (G.Z.); (H.C.); (R.C.); (N.L.)
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Guo H, Wang S, Jones JDG. Autoactive Arabidopsis RPS4 alleles require partner protein RRS1-R. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 185:761-764. [PMID: 33793895 PMCID: PMC8133560 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiaa076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Autoactivity of an executor immune receptor due to mutations in putative ATP hydrolysis motifs requires the full-length allele of the cognate sensor immune receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Guo
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Shanshan Wang
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Jonathan D G Jones
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
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Zou X, Zhao K, Liu Y, Du M, Zheng L, Wang S, Xu L, Peng A, He Y, Long Q, Chen S. Overexpression of Salicylic Acid Carboxyl Methyltransferase ( CsSAMT1) Enhances Tolerance to Huanglongbing Disease in Wanjincheng Orange ( Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck). Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22062803. [PMID: 33802058 PMCID: PMC7999837 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrus Huanglongbing (HLB) disease or citrus greening is caused by Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (Las) and is the most devastating disease in the global citrus industry. Salicylic acid (SA) plays a central role in regulating plant defenses against pathogenic attack. SA methyltransferase (SAMT) modulates SA homeostasis by converting SA to methyl salicylate (MeSA). Here, we report on the functions of the citrus SAMT (CsSAMT1) gene from HLB-susceptible Wanjincheng orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) in plant defenses against Las infection. The CsSAMT1 cDNA was expressed in yeast. Using in vitro enzyme assays, yeast expressing CsSAMT1 was confirmed to specifically catalyze the formation of MeSA using SA as a substrate. Transgenic Wanjincheng orange plants overexpressing CsSAMT1 had significantly increased levels of SA and MeSA compared to wild-type controls. HLB resistance was evaluated for two years and showed that transgenic plants displayed significantly alleviated symptoms including a lack of chlorosis, low bacterial counts, reduced hyperplasia of the phloem cells, and lower levels of starch and callose compared to wild-type plants. These data confirmed that CsSAMT1 overexpression confers an enhanced tolerance to Las in citrus fruits. RNA-seq analysis revealed that CsSAMT1 overexpression significantly upregulated the citrus defense response by enhancing the transcription of disease resistance genes. This study provides insight for improving host resistance to HLB by manipulation of SA signaling in citrus fruits.
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Saucet SB, Esmenjaud D, Van Ghelder C. Integrity of the Post-LRR Domain Is Required for TIR-NB-LRR Function. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2021; 34:286-296. [PMID: 33197377 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-06-20-0156-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plants trigger appropriate defense responses, notably, through intracellular nucleotide-binding (NB) and leucine-rich repeat (LRR)-containing receptors (NLRs) that detect secreted pathogen effector proteins. In NLR resistance genes, the toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR)-NB-LRR proteins (TNLs) are an important subfamily, out of which approximately half the members carry a post-LRR (PL) domain of unknown role. We first investigated the requirement of the PL domain for TNL-mediated immune response by mutating the most conserved amino acids across PL domains of Arabidopsis thaliana TNLs. We identified several amino acids in the PL domain of RPS4, required for its ability to trigger a hypersensitive response to AvrRps4 in a Nicotiana tabacum transient assay. Mutating the corresponding amino acids within the PL domain of the tobacco TNL gene N also affected its function. Consequently, our results indicate that the integrity of the PL domain at conserved positions is crucial for at least two unrelated TNLs. We then tested the PL domain specificity for function by swapping PL domains between the paralogs RPS4 and RPS4B. Our results suggest that the PL domain is involved in their TNL pair specificity, 'off state' stability, and NLR complex activation. Considering genetically paired Arabidopsis TNLs, we finally compared the PL and TIR domains of their sensor and executor sequences, respectively. While TIR and PL domains from executors present complete motifs, sensors showed a lack of conservation with degenerated motifs. We here provide a contribution to the functional analysis of the PL domain in order to decipher its role for TNL function.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon B Saucet
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, INRAE, Université Nice Côte d'Azur, Sophia Antipolis 06903, France
| | - Daniel Esmenjaud
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, INRAE, Université Nice Côte d'Azur, Sophia Antipolis 06903, France
| | - Cyril Van Ghelder
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, INRAE, Université Nice Côte d'Azur, Sophia Antipolis 06903, France
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Calvo-Baltanás V, Wang J, Chae E. Hybrid Incompatibility of the Plant Immune System: An Opposite Force to Heterosis Equilibrating Hybrid Performances. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 11:576796. [PMID: 33717206 PMCID: PMC7953517 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.576796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hybridization is a core element in modern rice breeding as beneficial combinations of two parental genomes often result in the expression of heterosis. On the contrary, genetic incompatibility between parents can manifest as hybrid necrosis, which leads to tissue necrosis accompanied by compromised growth and/or reduced reproductive success. Genetic and molecular studies of hybrid necrosis in numerous plant species revealed that such self-destructing symptoms in most cases are attributed to autoimmunity: plant immune responses are inadvertently activated in the absence of pathogenic invasion. Autoimmunity in hybrids predominantly occurs due to a conflict involving a member of the major plant immune receptor family, the nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat containing protein (NLR; formerly known as NBS-LRR). NLR genes are associated with disease resistance traits, and recent population datasets reveal tremendous diversity in this class of immune receptors. Cases of hybrid necrosis involving highly polymorphic NLRs as major causes suggest that diversified R gene repertoires found in different lineages would require a compatible immune match for hybridization, which is a prerequisite to ensure increased fitness in the resulting hybrids. In this review, we overview recent genetic and molecular findings on hybrid necrosis in multiple plant species to provide an insight on how the trade-off between growth and immunity is equilibrated to affect hybrid performances. We also revisit the cases of hybrid weakness in which immune system components are found or implicated to play a causative role. Based on our understanding on the trade-off, we propose that the immune system incompatibility in plants might play an opposite force to restrict the expression of heterosis in hybrids. The antagonism is illustrated under the plant fitness equilibrium, in which the two extremes lead to either hybrid necrosis or heterosis. Practical proposition from the equilibrium model is that breeding efforts for combining enhanced disease resistance and high yield shall be achieved by balancing the two forces. Reverse breeding toward utilizing genomic data centered on immune components is proposed as a strategy to generate elite hybrids with balanced immunity and growth.
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Wan WL, Kim ST, Castel B, Charoennit N, Chae E. Genetics of autoimmunity in plants: an evolutionary genetics perspective. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:1215-1233. [PMID: 32970825 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmunity in plants has been found in numerous hybrids as a form of hybrid necrosis and mutant panels. Uncontrolled cell death is a main cellular outcome of autoimmunity, which negatively impacts growth. Its occurrence highlights the vulnerable nature of the plant immune system. Genetic investigation of autoimmunity in hybrid plants revealed that extreme variation in the immune receptor repertoire is a major contributor, reflecting an evolutionary conundrum that plants face in nature. In this review, we discuss natural variation in the plant immune system and its contribution to fitness. The value of autoimmunity genetics lies in its ability to identify combinations of a natural immune receptor and its partner that are predisposed to triggering autoimmunity. The network of immune components for autoimmunity becomes instrumental in revealing mechanistic details of how immune receptors recognize cellular invasion and activate signaling. The list of autoimmunity-risk variants also allows us to infer evolutionary processes contributing to their maintenance in the natural population. Our approach to autoimmunity, which integrates mechanistic understanding and evolutionary genetics, has the potential to serve as a prognosis tool to optimize immunity in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Lin Wan
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117558, Singapore
| | - Sang-Tae Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, South Korea
| | - Baptiste Castel
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117558, Singapore
| | - Nuri Charoennit
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117558, Singapore
| | - Eunyoung Chae
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117558, Singapore
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50
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Zhang J, He S. Tobacco System for Studying Protein Colocalization and Interactions. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2297:167-174. [PMID: 33656681 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1370-2_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Transient protein expression in a heterologous system has been very useful in many research fields. As a plant expression system, tobacco has some unique advantages including big leaves, simple infiltration and transformation, high activity in expressing transgenes, and easy sampling for microscopy. Because of these advantages, tobacco system has been extensively used for many purposes, such as large-scale expression and purification of proteins of interest, protein colocalization, protein degradation, protein-protein interaction assays including co-immunoprecipitation (CoIP), fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC), transcription regulation, plant-pathogen interactions, and functional verification of small RNAs. A large number of publications have used this system and generated critical results to support their conclusions. The results obtained from tobacco system are highly reproducible and mostly consistent with those generated from traditional techniques, indicating its reliability. Here we describe a protocol for studying protein-protein interactions in tobacco system, which could be applied to multiple experimental purposes as the procedure of tobacco leaf infiltration is basically shared among them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Zhang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, UK
| | - Shengbo He
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, UK.
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