1
|
da Rocha Silva FB, Miguel DC, Minori K, Grazzia N, Machado VE, de Oliveira CM, Tosta CD, Pinto MC. Attractiveness of Golden Hamster infected with Leishmania amazonensis (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) to laboratory-reared Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae). Acta Trop 2024; 255:107238. [PMID: 38710262 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Lutzomyia longipalpis is the primary vector of Leishmania infantum in the Americas and a permissive vector for Leishmania amazonensis. Previous studies showed that Leishmania infantum-infected hosts can release different volatile organic compounds (VOCs) compared with uninfected hosts, presenting a higher attractiveness to vectors. In this study, we aimed to evaluate a possible effect of L. amazonensis infection of golden hamsters in three parameters: attractiveness to Lu. longipalpis females; blood volume ingested by sand fly females; and VOCs released by the animals.. Attractiveness was measured indirectly by the number of Lu. longipalpis females that blood fed in each L. amazonensis-infected and uninfected animal. For VOCs extraction, solid phase micro extraction fibers were used, which were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Behavioral trials did not show any effect of L. amazonensis infection on the attraction of sand flies nor difference on blood meal rates of Lu. longipalpis fed in both goups of hamsters. Additionally, there was no difference between the VOCs profiles of L. amazonensis-infected or uninfected hamsters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Flávia Benini da Rocha Silva
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Câmpus Araraquara, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brasil.
| | - Danilo Ciccone Miguel
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Karen Minori
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Nathália Grazzia
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Vicente Estevam Machado
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Câmpus Araraquara, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Cíntia Marcelo de Oliveira
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Câmpus Araraquara, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Christiann Davis Tosta
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de São Paulo (IFSP), Câmpus Matão, Matão, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Mara Cristina Pinto
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Câmpus Araraquara, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bezerra-Santos MA, Benelli G, Germinara GS, Volf P, Otranto D. Smelly interactions: host-borne volatile organic compounds triggering behavioural responses in mosquitoes, sand flies, and ticks. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:227. [PMID: 38755646 PMCID: PMC11100076 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06299-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are chemicals emitted as products of cell metabolism, which reflects the physiological and pathological conditions of any living organisms. These compounds play a key role as olfactory cues for arthropod vectors such as mosquitoes, sand flies, and ticks, which act in the transmission of pathogens to many animal species, including humans. Some VOCs may influence arthropod behaviour, e.g., host preference and oviposition site selection for gravid females. Furthermore, deadly vector-borne pathogens such as Plasmodium falciparum and Leishmania infantum are suggested to manipulate the VOCs profile of the host to make them more attractive to mosquitoes and sand fly vectors, respectively. Under the above circumstances, studies on these compounds have demonstrated their potential usefulness for investigating the behavioural response of mosquitoes, sand flies, and ticks toward their vertebrate hosts, as well as potential tools for diagnosis of vector-borne diseases (VBDs). Herein, we provide an account for scientific data available on VOCs to study the host seeking behaviour of arthropod vectors, and their usefulness as attractants, repellents, or tools for an early diagnosis of VBDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Giovanni Benelli
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Petr Volf
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Domenico Otranto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy.
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Santos NAF, Silva-Junior FF, Silva FBR, Tosta CD, Moura KD, Jeraldo VLS, Madi RR, Pinto MC, Melo CM. Spatial analysis of the risk for canine visceral leishmaniasis in an urban area in the State of Sergipe. BRAZ J BIOL 2024; 83:e275439. [PMID: 38422263 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.275439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Visceral Leishmaniasis is included among the neglected tropical diseases, being directly related to conditions of social vulnerability, in urban environments, dogs act as important reservoirs. The aim of the study was to evaluate the distribution of dogs, related risk factors and identify of volatile organic compounds from infected dogs. Peripheral blood samples from 72 dogs were collected for detection using the ELISA test, in addition to hair samples for analysis by GC-MS. Of the evaluated dogs, 13 (18.05%/72) were reactive for canine VL, seven in Aracaju and six in Propriá. Factors related to vegetation, age, place where the dog stays and free access to the street, were associated with a greater chance of the dog becoming infected. Fifty-three compounds were identified from ten canine hair samples, among which 2-butoxyethanol, benzaldehyde, decane, 2-phenylacetaldehyde, nonan-1-ol, 2-phenoxyethanol, nonanoic acid, 8-heptadecene and eicosane were found in seropositive dogs for leishmaniasis. The guardian's posture has been increasingly important, requiring more attention to the dog's health and actions aimed at environmental management in an attempt to reduce cases of canine VL in the state. Even though the identified VOCs have not been associated with leishmanial infection, it is of great use for understanding canine hair substances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N A F Santos
- Universidade Tiradentes - UNIT, Programa de Pós-graduação em Saúde e Ambiente, Aracaju, SE, Brasil
| | - F F Silva-Junior
- Universidade Tiradentes - UNIT, Curso de Biomedicina, Aracaju, SE, Brasil
| | - F B R Silva
- Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" - UNESP, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Biociências e Biotecnologia Aplicada a Farmácia, Araraquara, SP, Brasil
| | - C D Tosta
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de São Paulo - IFSP, Matão, SP, Brasil
| | - K D Moura
- Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de Sergipe, Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública de Sergipe - LACEN, Aracaju, SE, Brasil
| | - V L S Jeraldo
- Universidade Tiradentes - UNIT, Programa de Pós-graduação em Saúde e Ambiente, Aracaju, SE, Brasil
- Instituto de Tecnologia e Pesquisa - ITP, Aracaju, SE, Brasil
| | - R R Madi
- Universidade Tiradentes - UNIT, Programa de Pós-graduação em Saúde e Ambiente, Aracaju, SE, Brasil
- Instituto de Tecnologia e Pesquisa - ITP, Aracaju, SE, Brasil
| | - M C Pinto
- Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" - UNESP, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Biociências e Biotecnologia Aplicada a Farmácia, Araraquara, SP, Brasil
| | - C M Melo
- Universidade Tiradentes - UNIT, Programa de Pós-graduação em Saúde e Ambiente, Aracaju, SE, Brasil
- Instituto de Tecnologia e Pesquisa - ITP, Aracaju, SE, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zribi L, El Houda Ben-Fayala N, Aissi W, Ben-Abid M, Souissi O, Hamdi N, Boulehmi N, Ghrab J, Jemni A, Jamel A, Handous M, Bouratbine A, Oliva G, Aoun K. Canine Leishmania spp. infection in two distinct foci of visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis in Tunisia. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2023; 44:100906. [PMID: 37652625 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2023.100906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL) caused by Leishmania (L.) infantum and L. major, respectively, are endemic in Tunisia. The aim of the study was to assess canine Leishmania spp. infection prevalence as well as to identify the Leishmania species involved in two well-documented and geographically distinct VL and ZCL foci. One hundred seventy-six dogs were randomly recruited in the VL focus of Sbikha-Zaghouan (n = 100) and the ZCL focus of Echrarda-Nasrallah (n = 76). Physical examination and blood collection were systemically performed. Needle aspiration was done in case of lymph node (LN) enlargement. All sera were tested by ELISA. kDNA RT-PCR was performed on DNA extracts from (i) buffy coats of seropositive dogs and (ii) LN aspirates. Leishmania species identification was done by ITS1 PCR-sequencing. Thirty-three dogs (18.8%) were infected by Leishmania; 30 having anti-Leishmania antibodies and 3 were seronegative dogs with Leishmania DNA in LN aspirates. Prevalence of infection was significantly higher in VL foci than in ZCL foci (27% versus 7.9%, p = 0.002). Leishmania species was identified in 11 dogs and corresponded to L. infantum. Combination of serology and qPCR on LN aspirates seems to be the best option for canine leishmaniasis diagnosis. Infection is more frequent in VL foci and L. infantum is the only identified species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lilia Zribi
- Lab of Medical Parasitology, Biotechnology & Biomolecules LR 20-IPT-06, Institut Pasteur of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 1002 Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Nour El Houda Ben-Fayala
- Lab of Medical Parasitology, Biotechnology & Biomolecules LR 20-IPT-06, Institut Pasteur of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 1002 Tunis, Tunisia; University Federico II, 80137 Naples, Italy
| | - Wafa Aissi
- National Center of Promotion of Organs Transplant, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 1006 Bab Saadoun, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Meriem Ben-Abid
- Lab of Medical Parasitology, Biotechnology & Biomolecules LR 20-IPT-06, Institut Pasteur of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 1002 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Olfa Souissi
- Lab of Medical Parasitology, Biotechnology & Biomolecules LR 20-IPT-06, Institut Pasteur of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 1002 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Noureddine Hamdi
- Regional Commissariat for Agricultural Development-Ministry of Agriculture (CRDA), 3100 Kairouan, Tunisia
| | - Nada Boulehmi
- Lab of Medical Parasitology, Biotechnology & Biomolecules LR 20-IPT-06, Institut Pasteur of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 1002 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Jamila Ghrab
- Lab of Medical Parasitology, Biotechnology & Biomolecules LR 20-IPT-06, Institut Pasteur of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 1002 Tunis, Tunisia
| | | | | | - Meriem Handous
- Lab of rabies, Institut Pasteur of Tunis, 1002 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Aïda Bouratbine
- Lab of Medical Parasitology, Biotechnology & Biomolecules LR 20-IPT-06, Institut Pasteur of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 1002 Tunis, Tunisia
| | | | - Karim Aoun
- Lab of Medical Parasitology, Biotechnology & Biomolecules LR 20-IPT-06, Institut Pasteur of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 1002 Tunis, Tunisia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ligda P, Gizzarelli M, Kostopoulou D, Foglia Manzillo V, Saratsis A, Saratsi K, Michler S, Ringeisen H, Boegel A, Schunack B, Pollmeier M, Kontrafouris M, Tsatsaki O, Oliva G, Sotiraki S. Determination of the effect of collars containing 10% w/w imidacloprid and 4.5% w/w flumethrin (Seresto®) on the incidence of Leishmania and other canine vector-borne pathogen infections in Greece. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:89. [PMID: 36882870 PMCID: PMC9990277 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05678-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this field study was to assess the effect of treating a considerable portion of a dog population naturally exposed to canine vector-borne pathogens (CVBPs) in endemic areas with a 10% w/w imidacloprid/4.5% w/w flumethrin collar (Seresto®) on the transmission of CVBPs and the resulting incidence of infection. METHODS A total of 479 dogs from two sites were enrolled in the study. Collars were placed on all dogs continuously for 21 months, with replacement of the collar every 7 months. All dogs were examined, including body weight and blood/conjunctival swab collections, every 7 months. Serum samples were analysed for the presence of antibodies against Leishmania infantum, Ehrlichia canis and Anaplasma phagocytophilum. PCR assays were also performed on blood samples and conjunctival swab collected from the dogs for the presence of L. infantum, and on blood samples only for the presence of Ehrlichia spp. and Anaplasma spp. Sand flies were collected, identified to species level and molecularly tested for L. infantum throughout two vector activity seasons. RESULTS The results showed that the Seresto collar was safe with continuous use. At study inclusion, 419, 370 and 453 dogs tested negative for L. infantum, Ehrlichia spp. and Anaplasma spp., respectively (353 dogs tested negative for any pathogen). Overall, 90.2% of the dogs were protected from L. infantum infection on both sites combined. The entomological survey confirmed the presence of competent vectors of L. infantum at all monitored locations, namely the sand flies Phlebotomus neglectus and Phlebotomus tobbi, both of which are regarded as the most important competent vectors in the Mediterranean basin. All captured sand flies tested negative for L. infantum. Protection against ticks and fleas was high, with only two dogs showing a low number of ticks and seven dogs having low numbers of fleas at single evaluation time points. Across the entire study population, a number of dogs became infected with tick-transmitted pathogens, but prevention of transmission was 93% for E. canis and 87.2% for Anaplasma spp. when all cases from both sites were combined. CONCLUSIONS The Seresto® (10% w/w imidacloprid/4.5% w/w flumethrin) collar significantly reduced the risk of CVBP transmission when compared to previously observed incidences of CVBP infections in two highly endemic areas under field conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Panagiota Ligda
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organization-Demeter, 57001, Thermi, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Manuela Gizzarelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, 80137, Naples, Italy
| | - Despoina Kostopoulou
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organization-Demeter, 57001, Thermi, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Valentina Foglia Manzillo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, 80137, Naples, Italy
| | - Anastasios Saratsis
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organization-Demeter, 57001, Thermi, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Katerina Saratsi
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organization-Demeter, 57001, Thermi, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Gaetano Oliva
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, 80137, Naples, Italy.
| | - Smaragda Sotiraki
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organization-Demeter, 57001, Thermi, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Vadmal GM, Glidden CK, Han BA, Carvalho BM, Castellanos AA, Mordecai EA. Data-driven predictions of potential Leishmania vectors in the Americas. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0010749. [PMID: 36809249 PMCID: PMC9983874 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of vector-borne diseases is rising as deforestation, climate change, and globalization bring humans in contact with arthropods that can transmit pathogens. In particular, incidence of American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (ACL), a disease caused by parasites transmitted by sandflies, is increasing as previously intact habitats are cleared for agriculture and urban areas, potentially bringing people into contact with vectors and reservoir hosts. Previous evidence has identified dozens of sandfly species that have been infected with and/or transmit Leishmania parasites. However, there is an incomplete understanding of which sandfly species transmit the parasite, complicating efforts to limit disease spread. Here, we apply machine learning models (boosted regression trees) to leverage biological and geographical traits of known sandfly vectors to predict potential vectors. Additionally, we generate trait profiles of confirmed vectors and identify important factors in transmission. Our model performed well with an average out of sample accuracy of 86%. The models predict that synanthropic sandflies living in areas with greater canopy height, less human modification, and within an optimal range of rainfall are more likely to be Leishmania vectors. We also observed that generalist sandflies that are able to inhabit many different ecoregions are more likely to transmit the parasites. Our results suggest that Psychodopygus amazonensis and Nyssomia antunesi are unidentified potential vectors, and should be the focus of sampling and research efforts. Overall, we found that our machine learning approach provides valuable information for Leishmania surveillance and management in an otherwise complex and data sparse system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gowri M. Vadmal
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Caroline K. Glidden
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Barbara A. Han
- Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, New York, United States of America
| | - Bruno M. Carvalho
- Climate and Health Program, Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Erin A. Mordecai
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Nguyen NTT, Nguyen LM, Nguyen TTT, Tran UPN, Nguyen DTC, Tran TV. A critical review on the bio-mediated green synthesis and multiple applications of magnesium oxide nanoparticles. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 312:137301. [PMID: 36410506 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, advancements in nanotechnology have efficiently solved many global problems, such as environmental pollution, climate change, and infectious diseases. Nano-scaled materials have played a central role in this evolution. Chemical synthesis of nanomaterials, however, required hazardous chemicals, unsafe, eco-unfriendly, and cost-ineffective, calling for green synthesis methods. Here, we review the green synthesis of MgO nanoparticles and their applications in biochemical, environmental remediation, catalysis, and energy production. Green MgO nanoparticles can be safely produced using biomolecules extracted from plants, fungus, bacteria, algae, and lichens. They exhibited fascinating and unique properties in morphology, surface area, particle size, and stabilization. Green MgO nanoparticles served as excellent antimicrobial agents, adsorbents, colorimetric sensors, and had enormous potential in biomedical therapies against cancers, oxidants, diseases, and the sensing detection of dopamine. In addition, green MgO nanoparticles are of great interests in plant pathogens, phytoremediation, plant cell and organ culture, and seed germination in the agricultural sector. This review also highlighted recent advances in using green MgO nanoparticles as nanocatalysts, nano-fertilizers, and nano-pesticides. Thanks to many emerging applications, green MgO nanoparticles can become a promising platform for future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ngoan Thi Thao Nguyen
- Institute of Applied Technology and Sustainable Development, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, 298-300A Nguyen Tat Thanh, District 4, Ho Chi Minh City, 755414, Viet Nam; Department of Chemical Engineering and Processing, Nong Lam University, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Viet Nam
| | - Luan Minh Nguyen
- Institute of Applied Technology and Sustainable Development, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, 298-300A Nguyen Tat Thanh, District 4, Ho Chi Minh City, 755414, Viet Nam; Department of Chemical Engineering and Processing, Nong Lam University, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Viet Nam
| | - Thuy Thi Thanh Nguyen
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Processing, Nong Lam University, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Viet Nam; Faculty of Science, Nong Lam University, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Viet Nam
| | - Uyen P N Tran
- Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Van Hien University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Duyen Thi Cam Nguyen
- Institute of Applied Technology and Sustainable Development, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, 298-300A Nguyen Tat Thanh, District 4, Ho Chi Minh City, 755414, Viet Nam; NTT Hi-Tech Institute, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, 298-300A Nguyen Tat Thanh, District 4, Ho Chi Minh City, 755414, Viet Nam.
| | - Thuan Van Tran
- Institute of Applied Technology and Sustainable Development, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, 298-300A Nguyen Tat Thanh, District 4, Ho Chi Minh City, 755414, Viet Nam; NTT Hi-Tech Institute, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, 298-300A Nguyen Tat Thanh, District 4, Ho Chi Minh City, 755414, Viet Nam.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wijerathna T, Wickramasinghe K, Gunathilaka N, Perera A, Bandara S. The epidemiological trend of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Kegalle district, Sri Lanka: a newly established disease focus and assessment of bioclimatic suitability for disease establishment using ecological niche modelling. Acta Trop 2022; 237:106719. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
9
|
Bongiorno G, Meyer L, Evans A, Lekouch N, Doherty P, Chiummo R, Gradoni L. Insecticidal efficacy against Phlebotomus perniciosus in dogs treated orally with fluralaner in two different parallel-group, negative-control, random and masked trials. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:18. [PMID: 34998427 PMCID: PMC8742344 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-05128-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dogs are the reservoir host of Leishmania infantum, the agent of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (VL), which is transmitted by the bite of phlebotomine sand flies. The sand fly Phlebotomus perniciosus is the main vector of zoonotic VL in the western Mediterranean region. Fluralaner has been shown to effectively kill this vector. The aim of this study was to evaluate the insecticidal efficacy of oral fluralaner in dogs bitten by P. perniciosus. Methods Two parallel-group, negative-controlled, randomized, masked laboratory trials with equivalent designs were performed in two different locations using two different pathogen-free laboratory-bred P. perniciosus strains for the challenge. In each trial, 12 purpose-bred beagles, initially ranked on natural attractiveness to sand flies, were randomly allocated to two groups (6 animals/group). Dogs in one group received fluralaner orally at the approved dose on day 0, and dogs in the control group were not treated. Each dog was subsequently exposed to an average of 70 unfed live sand fly females on days 1, 28, 56 and 84. Viability of blood-fed females was then evaluated for up to 96 h after exposure, and insecticidal efficacy was measured as the survival rate of flies fed on the fluralaner-treated dogs versus that of dogs in the control group. Significance was calculated for the proportion of live fed sand fly counts from treated versus control group dogs. Results Comparison of the survival proportions between treated and control groups showed that fluralaner insecticidal efficacy was highly significant in both trials (P < 0.001 or P < 0.01 in different assessments) through to day 56. In the first trial, efficacy reached 100% on days 1 and 28, and 99.1% on day 56; in the second trial, the insecticidal efficacy was 98.5, 100 and 85.9%, respectively on the same days. On day 84, efficacy was in the range of 53–57% (P < 0.05) in the first trial and 0% in the second trial. Conclusion A single oral fluralaner administration to dogs under laboratory conditions results in strong and reproducible insecticidal efficacy against P. perniciosus for at least 8 weeks. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gioia Bongiorno
- Unit of Vector-Borne Diseases, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Padraig Doherty
- Iorras Product Development Limited, Glenamoy-Ballina, Co. Mayo, F26Y286, Ireland
| | - Rafael Chiummo
- MSD Animal Health Innovation GmbH, 55270, Schwabenheim an der Selz, Germany
| | - Luigi Gradoni
- Unit of Vector-Borne Diseases, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|