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Winkelman JW, Wipper B, Zackon J, Hoeppner BB. Lack of Efficacy of Suvorexant in People with Insomnia and Poorly Controlled Type 2 Diabetes. Nat Sci Sleep 2023; 15:1117-1128. [PMID: 38152441 PMCID: PMC10752032 DOI: 10.2147/nss.s434058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective/Background Sleep disturbance is a common and underappreciated feature of diabetes and sleep may contribute to glycemic control in people with type 2 diabetes (T2D). We conducted a 3-month trial to examine the efficacy of suvorexant in improving sleep and health outcomes in people with suboptimally controlled T2D and insomnia. Participants/Methods This parallel, double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial was conducted using the sequential parallel comparison design (SPCD). Sixty-nine people with poorly controlled T2D (HbA1c ≥ 6.5) were randomized to placebo and/or suvorexant (10-20 mg). The primary outcome was subjective total sleep time (sTST), and secondary outcomes were Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) score and wake time after sleep onset (WASO). Exploratory outcomes included sleep efficiency, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), and C-reactive protein (CRP). Exploratory analyses were conducted on relationships between sleep and diabetes outcomes. Results There were no significant improvements in sTST (p = 0.27), ISI (p = 0.86), or WASO (p = 0.94) among participants taking suvorexant compared to placebo. There were also no significant changes in any of the exploratory endpoints. Improvements in sleep were associated with improvements in both objective (ie, HbA1c) and subjective (ie, Diabetes Distress Scale) measures of diabetes, as well as reductions in depressive symptoms, independent of treatment assignment. Conclusion The study did not find evidence that suvorexant is efficacious for insomnia in people with poorly controlled T2D. The associations of improved sleep with improvements in both diabetes-related metrics and depressive symptoms across groups highlight the importance of identifying and treating sleeping difficulties in this population. CT Registration # Nct03818581.
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Grants
- research grant from Investigator-Initiated Studies Program of Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC, a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA
- this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC, a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Winkelman
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Jordana Zackon
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bettina B Hoeppner
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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Faber J, Ballegaard S, Ørsted N, Eldrup E, Karpatschof B, Gyntelberg F, Hecquet SK, Gjedde A. In Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, normalization of hemoglobin A1c accompanies reduced sensitivity to pressure at the sternum. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1067098. [PMID: 37389368 PMCID: PMC10303981 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1067098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The autonomic nervous system (ANS) maintains glucose homeostasis. While higher than normal glucose levels stimulate the ANS toward reduction, previous findings suggest an association between sensitivity to, or pain from, pressure at the chest bone (pressure or pain sensitivity, PPS) and activity of the ANS. A recent randomized controlled trial (RCT) of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) suggested that addition of an experimental, non-pharmacological intervention more effectively than conventional treatment lowered the levels of both PPS and HbA1c. Materials and analyses We tested the null hypothesis that conventional treatment (n = 60) would reveal no association between baseline HbA1c and normalization of HbA1c in 6 months, related to change of PPS. We compared the changes of HbA1c in PPS reverters who experienced a minimum reduction of 15 units of PPS and in PPS non-reverters who experienced no reduction. Depending on the result, we tested the association in a second group of participants with addition of the experimental program (n = 52). Results In the conventional group, PPS reverters experienced normalization of HbA1c that corrected the basal increase, thus disproving the null hypothesis. With the addition of the experimental program, PPS reverters experienced similar reduction. The reduction of HbA1c among reverters averaged 0.62 mmol/mol per mmol/mol increase of baseline HbA1c (P < 0.0001 compared to non-reverters). For baseline HbA1c ≥ 64 mmol/mol, reverters averaged 22% reduction of HbA1c (P < 0.01). Conclusion In consecutive analyses of two different populations of individuals with T2DM, we demonstrated that the higher the baseline HbA1c, the greater the reduction of HbA1c but only in individuals with a concomitant reduction of sensitivity to PPS, suggesting a homeostatic effect of the autonomic nervous system on glucose metabolism. As such, ANS function, measured as PPS, is an objective measure of HbA1c homeostasis. This observation may be of great clinical importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Faber
- Department of Endocrinology, Herlev-Gentofte University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren Ballegaard
- Department of Endocrinology, Herlev-Gentofte University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Nanna Ørsted
- Department of Endocrinology, Herlev-Gentofte University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Ebbe Eldrup
- Department of Endocrinology, Herlev-Gentofte University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Benny Karpatschof
- Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Finn Gyntelberg
- The National Research Center for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Albert Gjedde
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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3
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St-Onge MP, Cherta-Murillo A, Darimont C, Mantantzis K, Martin FP, Owen L. The interrelationship between sleep, diet, and glucose metabolism. Sleep Med Rev 2023; 69:101788. [PMID: 37156196 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2023.101788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) are increasingly common worldwide. While these disorders have increased in prevalence over the past several decades, there has been a concomitant reduction in sleep duration. Short sleep duration has been associated with higher rates of obesity and T2D, and the causality of these associations and their directionality, continue to necessitate evaluation. In this review we consider the evidence that sleep is an intrinsic factor in the development of obesity and chronic metabolic disorders, such as insulin resistance and T2D, while evaluating a potential bi-directional association. We consider the evidence that diet and meal composition, which are known to impact glycemic control, may have both chronic and acute impact upon sleep. Moreover, we consider that postprandial nocturnal metabolism and peripheral glycemia may affect sleep quality. We propose putative mechanisms whereby acute effects of nighttime glucose excursions may lead to increased sleep fragmentation. We conclude that dietary manipulations, particularly with respect to carbohydrate quality, may confer sleep benefits. Future research may seek to evaluate the effectiveness of synergistic nutrient strategies to promote sleep quality, with particular attention to carbohydrate quality, quantity, and availability as well as carbohydrate to protein ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Pierre St-Onge
- Division of General Medicine and Center of Excellence for Sleep & Circadian Research, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | | | - Christian Darimont
- Nestlé Research, Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Lauren Owen
- Nestlé Research, Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Lausanne, Switzerland
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4
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Li Z, Wang W, Li J, Ru S. New insight on the mechanism of eating disorder in females based on metabolic differences of bisphenol S in female and male zebrafish. Environ Pollut 2023; 317:120820. [PMID: 36493936 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The different capacity of glucuronic acid metabolism might lead to the difference of bisphenol S (BPS) residual in tissues of male and female zebrafish. This may be the fundamental reason why BPS causes different effects in females and males. Here, adult zebrafish are exposed to 1, 10 and 100 μg/L BPS for 35 days to explore the main effect on females. After exposure, the liver of females showed stronger BPS metabolism ability than males, resulting in the accumulation of BPS in the gut of females. The results of neurotransmitters in gut of females revealed that the content of serotonin was decreased by BPS treatments. In addition, the mRNA expression levels of tryptophan 5-monooxygenase (Tph1) that regulated serotonin synthesis was reduced in gut of females in all BPS groups, and Tph1 protein has very high affinity with BPS molecule. Adult females treated with BPS exhibited symptoms including overeating, a decrease of serotonin in the gut, hypoglycemia and hyperlipidemia, a similar effect of Tph1 protein inhibitor LP533401 on adult females. This hypoglycemia stimulates brain agrp/pomc and orexin neurons to induce overfeeding behavior, causing intestinal homeostasis imbalance and hyperlipidemia. Our data elucidate a potential pathogenesis of eating disorder under pollutant stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Li
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Jiali Li
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Shaoguo Ru
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
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Garella R, Cassioli E, Chellini F, Tani A, Rossi E, Idrizaj E, Guasti D, Comeglio P, Palmieri F, Parigi M, Vignozzi L, Baccari MC, Ricca V, Sassoli C, Castellini G, Squecco R. Defining the Molecular Mechanisms of the Relaxant Action of Adiponectin on Murine Gastric Fundus Smooth Muscle: Potential Translational Perspectives on Eating Disorder Management. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021082. [PMID: 36674598 PMCID: PMC9867455 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Adiponectin (ADPN), a hormone produced by adipose tissue, facilitates gastric relaxation and can be a satiety signal in the network connecting peripheral organs and the central nervous system for feeding behavior control. Here, we performed preclinical research by morpho-functional analyses on murine gastric fundus smooth muscle to add insights into the molecular mechanisms underpinning ADPN action. Moreover, we conducted a clinical study to evaluate the potential use of ADPN as a biomarker for eating disorders (ED) based on the demonstrated gastric alterations and hormone level fluctuations that are often associated with ED. The clinical study recruited patients with ED and healthy controls who underwent blood draws for ADPN dosage and psychopathology evaluation tests. The findings of this basic research support the ADPN relaxant action, as indicated by the smooth muscle cell membrane pro-relaxant effects, with mild modifications of contractile apparatus and slight inhibitory effects on gap junctions. All of these actions engaged the ADPN/nitric oxide/guanylate cyclase pathway. The clinical data failed to unravel a correlation between ADPN levels and the considered ED, thus negating the potential use of ADPN as a valid biomarker for ED management for the moment. Nevertheless, this adipokine can modulate physiological eating behavior, and its effects deserve further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachele Garella
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Physiological Sciences, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Emanuele Cassioli
- Department of Health Sciences, Psychiatry Unit, University of Florence, 50134 Firenze, Italy
| | - Flaminia Chellini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Anatomy and Histology, Imaging Platform, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Alessia Tani
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Anatomy and Histology, Imaging Platform, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Eleonora Rossi
- Department of Health Sciences, Psychiatry Unit, University of Florence, 50134 Firenze, Italy
| | - Eglantina Idrizaj
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Physiological Sciences, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Daniele Guasti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Anatomy and Histology, Imaging Platform, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Paolo Comeglio
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Francesco Palmieri
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Physiological Sciences, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Martina Parigi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Anatomy and Histology, Imaging Platform, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Linda Vignozzi
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Caterina Baccari
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Physiological Sciences, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Valdo Ricca
- Department of Health Sciences, Psychiatry Unit, University of Florence, 50134 Firenze, Italy
| | - Chiara Sassoli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Anatomy and Histology, Imaging Platform, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Giovanni Castellini
- Department of Health Sciences, Psychiatry Unit, University of Florence, 50134 Firenze, Italy
| | - Roberta Squecco
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Physiological Sciences, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-055-2751632
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6
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Kim HJJ, Dickie SA, Laprairie RB. Estradiol-dependent hypocretinergic/orexinergic behaviors throughout the estrous cycle. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2023; 240:15-25. [PMID: 36571628 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-022-06296-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The female menstrual or estrous cycle and its associated fluctuations in circulating estradiol (E2), progesterone, and other gonadal hormones alter orexin or hypocretin peptide production and receptor activity. Depending on the estrous cycle phase, the transcription of prepro-orexin mRNA, post-translational modification of orexin peptide, and abundance of orexin receptors change in a brain region-specific manner. The most dramatic changes occur in the hypothalamus, which is considered the starting point of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis as well as the hub of orexin-producing neurons. Thus, hypothalamus-regulated behaviors, including arousal, feeding, reward processing, and the stress response depend on coordinated efforts between E2, progesterone, and the orexin system. Given the rise of orexin therapeutics for various neuropsychiatric conditions including insomnia and affective disorders, it is important to delineate the behavioral outcomes of this drug class in both sexes, as well as within different time points of the female reproductive cycle. OBJECTIVES Summarize how the menstrual or estrous cycle affects orexin system functionality in animal models in order to predict how orexin pharmacotherapies exert varying degrees of behavioral effects across the dynamic hormonal milieu.
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7
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Tsuneki H, Maeda T, Takata S, Sugiyama M, Otsuka K, Ishizuka H, Onogi Y, Tokai E, Koshida C, Kon K, Takasaki I, Hamashima T, Sasahara M, Rudich A, Koya D, Sakurai T, Yanagisawa M, Yamanaka A, Wada T, Sasaoka T. Hypothalamic orexin prevents non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma in obesity. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111497. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Abstract
The lateral habenula (LHb) is a tiny structure that acts as a hub, relaying signals from the limbic forebrain structures and basal ganglia to the brainstem modulatory area. Facilitated by updated knowledge and more precise manipulation of circuits, the progress in figuring out the neural circuits and functions of the LHb has increased dramatically over the past decade. Importantly, LHb is found to play an integrative role and has profound effects on a variety of behaviors associated with pain, including depression-like and anxiety-like behaviors, antireward or aversion, aggression, defensive behavior, and substance use disorder. Thus, LHb is a potential target for improving pain management and related disorders. In this review, we focused on the functions, related circuits, and neurotransmissions of the LHb in pain processing and related behaviors. A comprehensive understanding of the relationship between the LHb and pain will help to find new pain treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danqing Dai
- Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, No. 1481, Xinshi North Road, Shanghai 200434, China
- Clinical Research Center for Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Tongji University, No. 1279, Sanmen Road, Shanghai 200434, China
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Shanghai Fourth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, No. 1279, Sanmen Road, Shanghai 200434, China
| | - Wanrong Li
- Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, No. 1481, Xinshi North Road, Shanghai 200434, China
- Clinical Research Center for Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Tongji University, No. 1279, Sanmen Road, Shanghai 200434, China
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Shanghai Fourth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, No. 1279, Sanmen Road, Shanghai 200434, China
| | - Aiwen Chen
- Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, No. 1481, Xinshi North Road, Shanghai 200434, China
- Clinical Research Center for Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Tongji University, No. 1279, Sanmen Road, Shanghai 200434, China
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Shanghai Fourth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, No. 1279, Sanmen Road, Shanghai 200434, China
| | - Xiao-Fei Gao
- Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, No. 1481, Xinshi North Road, Shanghai 200434, China
- Clinical Research Center for Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Tongji University, No. 1279, Sanmen Road, Shanghai 200434, China
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Shanghai Fourth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, No. 1279, Sanmen Road, Shanghai 200434, China
| | - Lize Xiong
- Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, No. 1481, Xinshi North Road, Shanghai 200434, China
- Clinical Research Center for Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Tongji University, No. 1279, Sanmen Road, Shanghai 200434, China
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Shanghai Fourth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, No. 1279, Sanmen Road, Shanghai 200434, China
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9
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Ramser A, Dridi S. Avian Orexin: Feed Intake Regulator or Something Else? Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9030112. [PMID: 35324840 PMCID: PMC8950792 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9030112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Originally named for its expression in the posterior hypothalamus in rats and after the Greek word for “appetite”, hypocretin, or orexin, as it is known today, gained notoriety as a neuropeptide regulating feeding behavior, energy homeostasis, and sleep. Orexin has been proven to be involved in both central and peripheral control of neuroendocrine functions, energy balance, and metabolism. Since its discovery, its ability to increase appetite as well as regulate feeding behavior has been widely explored in mammalian food production animals such as cattle, pigs, and sheep. It is also linked to neurological disorders, leading to its intensive investigation in humans regarding narcolepsy, depression, and Alzheimer’s disease. However, in non-mammalian species, research is limited. In the case of avian species, orexin has been shown to have no central effect on feed-intake, however it was found to be involved in muscle energy metabolism and hepatic lipogenesis. This review provides current knowledge and summarizes orexin’s physiological roles in livestock and pinpoints the present lacuna to facilitate further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Ramser
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA;
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Sami Dridi
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA;
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(479)-575-2583; Fax: +1-(479)-575-7139
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London E, Stratakis CA. The regulation of PKA signaling in obesity and in the maintenance of metabolic health. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 237:108113. [PMID: 35051439 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) system represents a primary cell-signaling pathway throughout systems and across species. PKA facilitates the actions of hormones, neurotransmitters and other signaling molecules that bind G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR) to modulate cAMP levels. Through its control of synaptic events, exocytosis, transcriptional regulation, and more, PKA signaling regulates cellular metabolism and emotional and stress responses making it integral in the maintenance and dysregulation of energy homeostasis. Neural PKA signaling is regulated by afferent and peripheral efferent signals that link specific neural cell populations to the regulation of metabolic processes in adipose tissue, liver, pancreas, adrenal, skeletal muscle, and gut. Mouse models have provided invaluable information on the roles for PKA subunits in brain and key metabolic organs. While limited, human studies infer differential regulation of the PKA system in obese compared to lean individuals. Variants identified in PKA subunit genes cause Cushing syndrome that is characterized by metabolic dysregulation associated with endogenous glucocorticoid excess. Under healthy physiologic conditions, the PKA system is exquisitely regulated by stimuli that activate GPCRs to alter intracellular cAMP concentrations, and by PKA cellular localization and holoenzyme stability. Adenylate cyclase activity generates cAMP while phosphodiesterase-mediated cAMP degradation to AMP decreases cAMP levels downstream of GPCRs. Chronic perturbations in PKA signaling appear to be capable of resetting PKA regulation at several levels; in addition, sex differences in PKA signaling regulation, while not well understood, impact the physiologic consequences of metabolic dysregulation and obesity. This review explores the roles for PKA signaling in the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases including obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus and associated co-morbidities through neural-peripheral crosstalk and cAMP/PKA signaling pathway targets that hold therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edra London
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, USA.
| | - Constantine A Stratakis
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, USA; Human Genetics & Precision Medicine, IMBB, Foundation for Research & Technology Hellas, Greece; Research Institute, ELPEN, SA, Athens, Greece
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11
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Xiao X, Yeghiazaryan G, Hess S, Klemm P, Sieben A, Kleinridders A, Morgan DA, Wunderlich FT, Rahmouni K, Kong D, Scammell TE, Lowell BB, Kloppenburg P, Brüning JC, Hausen AC. Orexin receptors 1 and 2 in serotonergic neurons differentially regulate peripheral glucose metabolism in obesity. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5249. [PMID: 34475397 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25380-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The wake-active orexin system plays a central role in the dynamic regulation of glucose homeostasis. Here we show orexin receptor type 1 and 2 are predominantly expressed in dorsal raphe nucleus-dorsal and -ventral, respectively. Serotonergic neurons in ventral median raphe nucleus and raphe pallidus selectively express orexin receptor type 1. Inactivation of orexin receptor type 1 in serotonin transporter-expressing cells of mice reduced insulin sensitivity in diet-induced obesity, mainly by decreasing glucose utilization in brown adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. Selective inactivation of orexin receptor type 2 improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in obese mice, mainly through a decrease in hepatic gluconeogenesis. Optogenetic activation of orexin neurons in lateral hypothalamus or orexinergic fibers innervating raphe pallidus impaired or improved glucose tolerance, respectively. Collectively, the present study assigns orexin signaling in serotonergic neurons critical, yet differential orexin receptor type 1- and 2-dependent functions in the regulation of systemic glucose homeostasis. The wake-active orexin system plays a central role in the dynamic regulation of glucose homeostasis. Here the authors report that inactivation of the orexin receptor type 1 or 2 in serotonergic neurons differentially regulate systemic glucose homeostasis in the context of diet induced obesity.
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12
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Siddappaji KK, Gopal S. Molecular mechanisms in Alzheimer's disease and the impact of physical exercise with advancements in therapeutic approaches. AIMS Neurosci 2021; 8:357-389. [PMID: 34183987 PMCID: PMC8222772 DOI: 10.3934/neuroscience.2021020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common, severe neurodegenerative brain disorder characterized by the accumulation of amyloid-beta plaques, neurofibrillary tangles in the brain causing neural disintegration, synaptic dysfunction, and neuronal death leading to dementia. Although many US-FDA-approved drugs like Donepezil, Rivastigmine, Galantamine are available in the market, their consumption reduces only the symptoms of the disease but fails in potency to cure the disease. This disease affects many individuals with aging. Combating the disease tends to be very expensive. This review focuses on biochemical mechanisms in the neuron both at normal and AD state with relevance to the tau hypothesis, amyloid hypothesis, the risk factors influencing dementia, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation altogether integrated with neurodegeneration. A brief survey is carried out on available biomarkers in the diagnosis of the disease, drugs used for the treatment, and the challenges in approaching therapeutic targets in inhibiting the disease pathologies. This review conjointly assesses the demerits with the inefficiency of drugs to reach targets, their side effects, and toxicity. Optimistically, this review directs on the advantageous strategies in using nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems to cross the blood-brain barrier for improving the efficacy of drugs combined with a novel neuronal stem cell therapy approach. Determinately, this review aims at the natural, non-therapeutic healing impact of physical exercise on different model organisms and the effect of safe neuromodulation treatments using repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS), transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) in humans to control the disease pathologies prominent in enhancing the synaptic function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shubha Gopal
- Department of Studies in Microbiology, University of Mysore, Mysuru, 570006, Karnataka, India
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Greene ES, Zampiga M, Sirri F, Ohkubo T, Dridi S. Orexin system is expressed in avian liver and regulates hepatic lipogenesis via ERK1/2 activation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19191. [PMID: 33154530 PMCID: PMC7645691 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76329-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Orexins are originally characterized as orexigenic hypothalamic neuropeptides in mammals. Subsequent studies found orexin to be expressed and perform pleiotropic functions in multiple tissues in mammals. In avian (non-mammalian) species, however, orexin seemed to not affect feeding behavior and its physiological roles are poorly understood. Here, we provide evidence that orexin and its related receptors are expressed in chicken hepatocytes. Double immunofluorescence staining showed that orexin is localized in the ER, Golgi, and in the lysosomes in LMH cells. Brefeldin A treatment reduced orexin levels in the culture media, but increased it in the cell lysates. Administration of recombinant orexins upregulated the expression of orexin system in the liver of 9-day old chicks, but did not affect feed intake. Recombinant orexins increased fatty acid synthase (FASN) protein levels in chicken liver, activated acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCα), and increased FASN, ATP citrate lyase(ACLY), and malic enzyme (ME) protein expression in LMH cells. Blockade ERK1/2 activation by PD98059 attenuated these stimulating effects of orexin on lipogenic factors. Overexpression of ERK1/2 increased the expression of lipogenic genes, and orexin treatment induced the phosphorylated levels of ERK1/2Thr202/Tyr204, but not that of p38 Thr180/Tyr182 or JNK1/2 Thr183/Tyr185 in chicken liver and LMH cells. Taken together, this is the first report evidencing that orexin is expressed and secreted from chicken hepatocytes, and that orexin induced hepatic lipogenesis via activation of ERK1/2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Greene
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, 1260 W. Maple Street, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - M Zampiga
- Dipartimento Di Scienze E Tecnologie Agro-Alimentari, Alma Mater Studiorum-Università Di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - F Sirri
- Dipartimento Di Scienze E Tecnologie Agro-Alimentari, Alma Mater Studiorum-Università Di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - T Ohkubo
- College of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, Ibaraki, 300-0393, Japan
| | - Sami Dridi
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, 1260 W. Maple Street, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA.
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Romanova IV, Morina IY, Shpakov AO. Localization of 5-HT2C and
5-HT1B Serotonin Receptors in Orexinergic
Neurons of the Hypothlamic Perifornical Area of Rodents. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093020020076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Tanaka S, Honda Y, Takaku S, Koike T, Oe S, Hirahara Y, Yoshida T, Takizawa N, Takamori Y, Kurokawa K, Kodama T, Yamada H. Involvement of PLAGL1/ZAC1 in hypocretin/orexin transcription. Int J Mol Med 2019; 43:2164-2176. [PMID: 30896835 PMCID: PMC6445593 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2019.4143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypocretin/orexin neuropeptide system coordinates the regulation of various physiological processes. Our previous study reported that a reduction in the expression of pleomorphic adenoma gene-like 1 (Plagl1), which encodes a C2H2 zinc-finger transcription factor, occurs in hypocretin neuron-ablated transgenic mice, suggesting that PLAGL1 is co-expressed in hypocretin neurons and regulates hypocretin transcription. The present study examined whether canonical prepro-hypocretin transcription is functionally modulated by PLAGL1. Double immunostaining indicated that the majority of hypocretin neurons were positive for PLAGL1 immunore-activity in the nucleus. Notably, PLAGL1 immunoreactivity in hypocretin neurons was altered in response to several conditions affecting hypocretin function. An uneven localization of PLAGL1 was detected in the nuclei of hypocretin neurons following sleep deprivation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation revealed that endogenous PLAGL1 may bind to a putative PLAGL1-binding site in the proximal region of the hypocretin gene, in the murine hypothalamus. In addition, electroporation of the PLAGL1 expression vector into the fetal hypothalamus promoted hypothalamic hypocretin transcription. These results suggested that PLAGL1 may regulate hypothalamic hypocretin transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Tanaka
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Science, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka 573‑1010, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Honda
- SLEEP Disorders Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156‑8506, Japan
| | - Shizuka Takaku
- SLEEP Disorders Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156‑8506, Japan
| | - Taro Koike
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Science, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka 573‑1010, Japan
| | - Souichi Oe
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Science, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka 573‑1010, Japan
| | - Yukie Hirahara
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Science, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka 573‑1010, Japan
| | - Takashi Yoshida
- Department of Urology and Andrology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka 573‑1191, Japan
| | - Nae Takizawa
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Science, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka 573‑1010, Japan
| | - Yasuharu Takamori
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Science, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka 573‑1010, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Kurokawa
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Science, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka 573‑1010, Japan
| | - Tohru Kodama
- SLEEP Disorders Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156‑8506, Japan
| | - Hisao Yamada
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Science, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka 573‑1010, Japan
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16
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Toi N, Inaba M, Kurajoh M, Morioka T, Hayashi N, Hirota T, Miyaoka D, Emoto M, Yamada S. Improvement of glycemic control by treatment for insomnia with suvorexant in type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Clin Transl Endocrinol 2018; 15:37-44. [PMID: 30619717 PMCID: PMC6306692 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcte.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Acute and chronic insomnia can exacerbate type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We investigated suvorexant (an anti-insomnia drug that targets the orexin system) effects on sleep architecture and glucose metabolism in T2DM patients with insomnia. Materials and methods This 7 day open-label, single-arm, intervention trial included 18 subjects with T2DM and insomnia. After 1 day acclimatization, daily glucose levels, sleep architecture, and autonomic nervous function were evaluated by continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), single-channel electroencephalography, and accelerometry, respectively. Results Suvorexant treatment for 3 days significantly increased total sleep time and sleep efficiency, with partial suppression of sympathetic nerve activity. CGM-measured 24 h mean glucose level decreased significantly from 157.7 ± 22.9 to 152.3 ± 17.8 mg/dL, especially in the early glucose surge after the midnight nadir (from 28.3 ± 15.0 to 18.2 ± 9.9 mg/dL), and until supper with a significant improvement in homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance from 4.0 ± 2.8 to 2.9 ± 1.6, respectively. Conclusions Suvorexant treatment for insomnia of subjects with T2DM significantly improved CGM-measured daily glycemic control, which was associated with changes in sympathomimetic tone and/or improved insulin sensitivity. The amelioration of insomnia may therefore be a target for improving glycemic control in T2DM patients with insomnia.
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Key Words
- AHI, Apnea–Hypopnea Index
- AUC, area under the curve
- Autonomic nervous function
- BMI, body mass index
- CGM, continuous glucose monitoring
- CPR, C-peptide immunoreactivity
- CVR-R, coefficient of variation of RR intervals
- DSM-5, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition
- Dawn phenomenon
- EEG, electroencephalography
- Glycemic control
- HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance
- HR, heart rate
- HRV, heart rate variability
- HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin A1c
- IQR, interquartile range
- IRI, immunoreactive insulin
- Insulin resistance
- PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index
- REM, rapid eye movement
- SAS, Sleep Apnea Syndrome
- SD, standard deviation
- SDNN, standard deviation of the NN (i.e., R-R) intervals
- T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus
- Therapy for insomnia
- Type 2 diabetes mellitus
- bpm, beats per minute
- eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration ratio
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Affiliation(s)
- Norikazu Toi
- Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Masaaki Inaba
- Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Masafumi Kurajoh
- Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Morioka
- Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Hayashi
- Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Tomoe Hirota
- Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Daichi Miyaoka
- Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Masanori Emoto
- Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Yamada
- Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
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17
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Ickin Gulen M, Guven Bagla A, Yavuz O, Hismiogullari AA. Orexin and adiponectin in high fat diet–induced insulin resistance. J Histotechnol 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/01478885.2018.1520952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meltem Ickin Gulen
- School of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey
| | - Aysel Guven Bagla
- School of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey
| | - Ozlem Yavuz
- Gulhane School of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Saglik Bilimleri University, Ankara, Turkey
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18
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Wang C, Wang Q, Ji B, Pan Y, Xu C, Cheng B, Bai B, Chen J. The Orexin/Receptor System: Molecular Mechanism and Therapeutic Potential for Neurological Diseases. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:220. [PMID: 30002617 PMCID: PMC6031739 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Orexins, also known as hypocretins, are two neuropeptides secreted from orexin-containing neurons, mainly in the lateral hypothalamus (LH). Orexins orchestrate their effects by binding and activating two G-protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs), orexin receptor type 1 (OX1R) and type 2 (OX2R). Orexin/receptor pathways play vital regulatory roles in many physiological processes, especially feeding behavior, sleep–wake rhythm, reward and addiction and energy balance. Furthermore several reports showed that orexin/receptor pathways are involved in pathological processes of neurological diseases such as narcolepsy, depression, ischemic stroke, drug addiction and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). This review article summarizes the expression patterns, physiological functions and potential molecular mechanisms of the orexin/receptor system in neurological diseases, providing an overall framework for considering these pathways from the standpoints of basic research and clinical treatment of neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Wang
- Neurobiology Key Laboratory of Jining Medical University in Colleges of Shandong, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Qinqin Wang
- Neurobiology Key Laboratory of Jining Medical University in Colleges of Shandong, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Bingyuan Ji
- Neurobiology Key Laboratory of Jining Medical University in Colleges of Shandong, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Yanyou Pan
- Neurobiology Key Laboratory of Jining Medical University in Colleges of Shandong, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Chao Xu
- Neurobiology Key Laboratory of Jining Medical University in Colleges of Shandong, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Baohua Cheng
- Neurobiology Key Laboratory of Jining Medical University in Colleges of Shandong, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Bo Bai
- Neurobiology Key Laboratory of Jining Medical University in Colleges of Shandong, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Neurobiology Key Laboratory of Jining Medical University in Colleges of Shandong, Jining Medical University, Jining, China.,Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
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19
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Tsuneki H, Wada T, Sasaoka T. Chronopathophysiological implications of orexin in sleep disturbances and lifestyle-related disorders. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 186:25-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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20
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Davenport CA, Maity A, Sullivan PF, Tzeng JY. A Powerful Test for SNP Effects on Multivariate Binary Outcomes using Kernel Machine Regression. Stat Biosci 2018; 10:117-138. [PMID: 30420901 PMCID: PMC6226013 DOI: 10.1007/s12561-017-9189-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Evaluating multiple binary outcomes is common in genetic studies of complex diseases. These outcomes are often correlated because they are collected from the same individual and they may share common marker effects. In this paper, we propose a procedure to test for effect of a SNP-set on multiple, possibly correlated, binary responses. We develop a score-based test using a nonparametric modeling framework that jointly models the global effect of the marker set. We account for the nonlinear effects and potentially complicated interaction between markers using reproducing kernels. Our testing procedure only requires estimation under the null hypothesis and we use multivariate generalized estimating equations (GEEs) to estimate the model components to account for the correlation among the outcomes. We evaluate finite sample performance of our test via simulation study and demonstrated our methods using the CATIE antibody study data and the CoLaus Study data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemontina A Davenport
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Arnab Maity
- Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Patrick F Sullivan
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jung-Ying Tzeng
- Department of Statistics, Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA. Department of Statistics, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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21
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Abstract
The neuropeptide hypocretin is also commonly referred to as orexin, since its orexigenic action was recognized early. Orexin/hypocretin (OX) neurons project widely throughout the brain and the physiologic and behavioral functions of OX are much more complex than initially conceived based upon the stimulation of feeding. OX most notably controls functions relevant to attention, alertness, and motivation. OX also plays multiple crucial roles in the control of food intake, metabolism, and overall energy balance in mammals. OX signaling not only promotes food-seeking behavior upon short-term fasting to increase food intake and defend body weight, but, conversely, OX signaling also supports energy expenditure to protect against obesity. Furthermore, OX modulates the autonomic nervous system to control glucose metabolism, including during the response to hypoglycemia. Consistently, a variety of nutritional cues (including the hormones leptin and ghrelin) and metabolites (e.g., glucose, amino acids) control OX neurons. In this chapter, we review the control of OX neurons by nutritional/metabolic cues, along with our current understanding of the mechanisms by which OX and OX neurons contribute to the control of energy balance and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulette B Goforth
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, 1000 Wall St, 5131 Brehm Tower, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA
| | - Martin G Myers
- Departments of Internal Medicine, and Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, 1000 Wall St, 6317 Brehm Tower, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA.
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22
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Abstract
Migraine headache and its associated symptoms have plagued humans for two millennia. It is manifest throughout the world, and affects more than 1/6 of the global population. It is the most common brain disorder, and is characterized by moderate to severe unilateral headache that is accompanied by vomiting, nausea, photophobia, phonophobia, and other hypersensitive symptoms of the senses. While there is still a clear lack of understanding of its neurophysiology, it is beginning to be understood, and it seems to suggest migraine is a disorder of brain sensory processing, characterized by a generalized neuronal hyperexcitability. The complex symptomatology of migraine indicates that multiple neuronal systems are involved, including brainstem and diencephalic systems, which function abnormally, resulting in premonitory symptoms, ultimately evolving to affect the dural trigeminovascular system, and the pain phase of migraine. The migraineur also seems to be particularly sensitive to fluctuations in homeostasis, such as sleep, feeding and stress, reflecting the abnormality of functioning in these brainstem and diencephalic systems. Implications for therapeutic development have grown out of our understanding of migraine neurophysiology, leading to major drug classes, such as triptans, calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor antagonists, and 5-HT1F receptor agonists, as well as neuromodulatory approaches, with the promise of more to come. The present review will discuss the current understanding of the neurophysiology of migraine, particularly migraine headache, and novel insights into the complex neural networks responsible for associated neurological symptoms, and how interaction of these networks with migraine pain pathways has implications for the development of novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Akerman
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Radiology and Medicine, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA.
| | - Marcela Romero-Reyes
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Radiology and Medicine, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Philip R Holland
- Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
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23
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Abstract
Plaguing humans for more than two millennia, manifest on every continent studied, and with more than one billion patients having an attack in any year, migraine stands as the sixth most common cause of disability on the planet. The pathophysiology of migraine has emerged from a historical consideration of the "humors" through mid-20th century distraction of the now defunct Vascular Theory to a clear place as a neurological disorder. It could be said there are three questions: why, how, and when? Why: migraine is largely accepted to be an inherited tendency for the brain to lose control of its inputs. How: the now classical trigeminal durovascular afferent pathway has been explored in laboratory and clinic; interrogated with immunohistochemistry to functional brain imaging to offer a roadmap of the attack. When: migraine attacks emerge due to a disorder of brain sensory processing that itself likely cycles, influenced by genetics and the environment. In the first, premonitory, phase that precedes headache, brain stem and diencephalic systems modulating afferent signals, light-photophobia or sound-phonophobia, begin to dysfunction and eventually to evolve to the pain phase and with time the resolution or postdromal phase. Understanding the biology of migraine through careful bench-based research has led to major classes of therapeutics being identified: triptans, serotonin 5-HT1B/1D receptor agonists; gepants, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor antagonists; ditans, 5-HT1F receptor agonists, CGRP mechanisms monoclonal antibodies; and glurants, mGlu5 modulators; with the promise of more to come. Investment in understanding migraine has been very successful and leaves us at a new dawn, able to transform its impact on a global scale, as well as understand fundamental aspects of human biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Goadsby
- Basic and Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Department of Neurology, University of Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; and Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bern-Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Philip R Holland
- Basic and Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Department of Neurology, University of Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; and Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bern-Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Margarida Martins-Oliveira
- Basic and Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Department of Neurology, University of Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; and Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bern-Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jan Hoffmann
- Basic and Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Department of Neurology, University of Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; and Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bern-Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Schankin
- Basic and Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Department of Neurology, University of Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; and Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bern-Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Simon Akerman
- Basic and Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Department of Neurology, University of Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; and Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bern-Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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24
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Tsuneki H, Kon K, Ito H, Yamazaki M, Takahara S, Toyooka N, Ishii Y, Sasahara M, Wada T, Yanagisawa M, Sakurai T, Sasaoka T. Timed Inhibition of Orexin System by Suvorexant Improved Sleep and Glucose Metabolism in Type 2 Diabetic db/db Mice. Endocrinology 2016; 157:4146-4157. [PMID: 27631554 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Sleep disturbances are associated with type 2 diabetes; therefore, the amelioration of sleep may improve metabolic disorders. To investigate this possibility, we here examined the effects of suvorexant, an antiinsomnia drug targeting the orexin system, on sleep and glucose metabolism in type 2 diabetic mice. Diabetic db/db mice had a longer wakefulness time during the resting period, as compared with nondiabetic db/m+ control mice. The single or 7-day administration of suvorexant at lights-on (ie, the beginning of the resting phase) increased nonrapid eye movement sleep time during the resting phase and, as a consequence, reduced awake time. The daily resting-phase administration of suvorexant for 2-4 weeks improved impaired glucose tolerance in db/db mice without affecting body weight gain, food intake, systemic insulin sensitivity, or serum insulin, and glucagon levels. No changes were detected in the markers of lipid metabolism and inflammation, such as the hepatic triglyceride content and Tnf-α mRNA levels in liver and adipose tissues. The improving effect of suvorexant on glucose tolerance was associated with a reduction in the expression levels of hepatic gluconeogenic factors, including phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α in the liver in the resting phase. In contrast, the daily awake-phase administration of suvorexant had no beneficial effect on glucose metabolism. These results suggest that the suvorexant-induced increase of sleep time at the resting phase improved hepatic glucose metabolism in db/db mice. Our results provide insight into the development of novel pharmacological interventions for type 2 diabetes that target the orexin-operated sleep/wake regulatory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Tsuneki
- Departments of Clinical Pharmacology (H.T., K.K., T.W., T.Sas.) and Anesthesiology (H.I., M.Yam.), Graduate School of Science and Technology, and Graduate School of Innovative Life Science (S.T., N.T.), and Department of Pathology (Y.I., M.S.), University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan; and International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS) (M.Yan., T.Sak.), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan
| | - Kanta Kon
- Departments of Clinical Pharmacology (H.T., K.K., T.W., T.Sas.) and Anesthesiology (H.I., M.Yam.), Graduate School of Science and Technology, and Graduate School of Innovative Life Science (S.T., N.T.), and Department of Pathology (Y.I., M.S.), University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan; and International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS) (M.Yan., T.Sak.), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan
| | - Hisakatsu Ito
- Departments of Clinical Pharmacology (H.T., K.K., T.W., T.Sas.) and Anesthesiology (H.I., M.Yam.), Graduate School of Science and Technology, and Graduate School of Innovative Life Science (S.T., N.T.), and Department of Pathology (Y.I., M.S.), University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan; and International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS) (M.Yan., T.Sak.), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan
| | - Mitsuaki Yamazaki
- Departments of Clinical Pharmacology (H.T., K.K., T.W., T.Sas.) and Anesthesiology (H.I., M.Yam.), Graduate School of Science and Technology, and Graduate School of Innovative Life Science (S.T., N.T.), and Department of Pathology (Y.I., M.S.), University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan; and International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS) (M.Yan., T.Sak.), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan
| | - Satoyuki Takahara
- Departments of Clinical Pharmacology (H.T., K.K., T.W., T.Sas.) and Anesthesiology (H.I., M.Yam.), Graduate School of Science and Technology, and Graduate School of Innovative Life Science (S.T., N.T.), and Department of Pathology (Y.I., M.S.), University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan; and International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS) (M.Yan., T.Sak.), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan
| | - Naoki Toyooka
- Departments of Clinical Pharmacology (H.T., K.K., T.W., T.Sas.) and Anesthesiology (H.I., M.Yam.), Graduate School of Science and Technology, and Graduate School of Innovative Life Science (S.T., N.T.), and Department of Pathology (Y.I., M.S.), University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan; and International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS) (M.Yan., T.Sak.), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yoko Ishii
- Departments of Clinical Pharmacology (H.T., K.K., T.W., T.Sas.) and Anesthesiology (H.I., M.Yam.), Graduate School of Science and Technology, and Graduate School of Innovative Life Science (S.T., N.T.), and Department of Pathology (Y.I., M.S.), University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan; and International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS) (M.Yan., T.Sak.), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan
| | - Masakiyo Sasahara
- Departments of Clinical Pharmacology (H.T., K.K., T.W., T.Sas.) and Anesthesiology (H.I., M.Yam.), Graduate School of Science and Technology, and Graduate School of Innovative Life Science (S.T., N.T.), and Department of Pathology (Y.I., M.S.), University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan; and International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS) (M.Yan., T.Sak.), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Wada
- Departments of Clinical Pharmacology (H.T., K.K., T.W., T.Sas.) and Anesthesiology (H.I., M.Yam.), Graduate School of Science and Technology, and Graduate School of Innovative Life Science (S.T., N.T.), and Department of Pathology (Y.I., M.S.), University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan; and International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS) (M.Yan., T.Sak.), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan
| | - Masashi Yanagisawa
- Departments of Clinical Pharmacology (H.T., K.K., T.W., T.Sas.) and Anesthesiology (H.I., M.Yam.), Graduate School of Science and Technology, and Graduate School of Innovative Life Science (S.T., N.T.), and Department of Pathology (Y.I., M.S.), University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan; and International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS) (M.Yan., T.Sak.), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan
| | - Takeshi Sakurai
- Departments of Clinical Pharmacology (H.T., K.K., T.W., T.Sas.) and Anesthesiology (H.I., M.Yam.), Graduate School of Science and Technology, and Graduate School of Innovative Life Science (S.T., N.T.), and Department of Pathology (Y.I., M.S.), University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan; and International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS) (M.Yan., T.Sak.), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan
| | - Toshiyasu Sasaoka
- Departments of Clinical Pharmacology (H.T., K.K., T.W., T.Sas.) and Anesthesiology (H.I., M.Yam.), Graduate School of Science and Technology, and Graduate School of Innovative Life Science (S.T., N.T.), and Department of Pathology (Y.I., M.S.), University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan; and International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS) (M.Yan., T.Sak.), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan
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25
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Gaetani S, Romano A, Provensi G, Ricca V, Lutz T, Passani MB. Eating disorders: from bench to bedside and back. J Neurochem 2016; 139:691-699. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Gaetani
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”; Sapienza University of Rome; Rome Italy
| | - Adele Romano
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”; Sapienza University of Rome; Rome Italy
| | - Gustavo Provensi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Discovery and Child Health (NEUROFARBA); University of Florence; Florence Italy
| | - Valdo Ricca
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Discovery and Child Health (NEUROFARBA); University of Florence; Florence Italy
| | - Thomas Lutz
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology; Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
- Center of Integrative Human Physiology; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
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26
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Wang Z, Wu H, Stone WS, Zhuang J, Qiu L, Xu X, Wang Y, Zhao Z, Han F, Zhao Z. Body weight and basal metabolic rate in childhood narcolepsy: a longitudinal study. Sleep Med 2016; 25:139-144. [PMID: 27823707 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2016.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Abstract
Modern lifestyles prolong daily activities into the nighttime, disrupting circadian rhythms, which may cause sleep disturbances. Sleep disturbances have been implicated in the dysregulation of blood glucose levels and reported to increase the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and diabetic complications. Sleep disorders are treated using anti-insomnia drugs that target ionotropic and G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), including γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) agonists, melatonin agonists, and orexin receptor antagonists. A deeper understanding of the effects of these medications on glucose metabolism and their underlying mechanisms of action is crucial for the treatment of diabetic patients with sleep disorders. In this review we focus on the beneficial impact of sleep on glucose metabolism and suggest a possible strategy for therapeutic intervention against sleep-related metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Tsuneki
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Toshiyasu Sasaoka
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Sakurai
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.
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28
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Zhang C, Sun C, Wang B, Yan P, Wu A, Yang G, Li W. Orexin-A stimulates the expression of GLUT4 in a glucose dependent manner in the liver of orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2016; 199:95-104. [PMID: 27264958 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Orexins are hypothalamic neuropeptides involved in the central regulation of feeding behavior, sleep-wake cycle and other physiological functions. Orexin-A can regulate energy metabolism and increase glucose uptake, suggesting a role in glucose metabolism. In this study, we investigated the effects of orexin-A on GLUT4 mRNA and protein levels and the intracellular signaling mechanisms mediating orexin-A activity in the hepatocytes of grouper. Our results demonstrate that intraperitoneal injection of orexin-A increased the expression of GLUT4 in the liver, and this effect was significantly enhanced by co-injection of glucose. Treatment of primary cultured hepatocytes with either orexin-A or glucose alone had no effect on the expression of GLUT4, while co-treatment with orexin-A and glucose significantly increased the expression of GLUT4. This stimulatory effect was partially blocked by inhibitors to ERK1/2, JNK or p38 MAPK and was further blocked by an orexin receptor antagonist, which indicates that orexin-A could stimulate the expression of GLUT4 in a glucose dependent manner in primary hepatocytes via ERK1/2, JNK and p38 signaling. Our results suggest that orexin-A could play a pivotal role in stimulating glucose utilization in grouper, for a long-term goal, which might be useful in reducing costs in the aquaculture industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Collaborative Innovation Center, Research Institute of Sun Yat-Sen University in Shen Zhen, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Caiyun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Collaborative Innovation Center, Research Institute of Sun Yat-Sen University in Shen Zhen, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Bin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Collaborative Innovation Center, Research Institute of Sun Yat-Sen University in Shen Zhen, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Peipei Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Collaborative Innovation Center, Research Institute of Sun Yat-Sen University in Shen Zhen, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Amin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Collaborative Innovation Center, Research Institute of Sun Yat-Sen University in Shen Zhen, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Guokun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Collaborative Innovation Center, Research Institute of Sun Yat-Sen University in Shen Zhen, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Wensheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Collaborative Innovation Center, Research Institute of Sun Yat-Sen University in Shen Zhen, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
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29
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Alò R, Avolio E, Mele M, Fazzari G, Carelli A, Facciolo RM, Canonaco M. Role of Leptin and Orexin-A Within the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus on Anxiety-Like Behaviors in Hamsters. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 54:2674-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9847-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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30
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Liu Y, Zhao Y, Guo L. Effects of orexin A on glucose metabolism in human hepatocellular carcinoma in vitro via PI3K/Akt/mTOR-dependent and -independent mechanism. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 420:208-16. [PMID: 26549689 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 10/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Orexins are hypothalamic neuropeptides that regulate food intake, energy homeostasis, reward system and sleep/wakefulness states. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of orexin A on glucose metabolism in human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line, Hep3B, and determine the possible mechanisms. Hep3B cells were incubated with different concentrations of orexin A (10(-9)-10(-7) M) in vitro in the presence or absence of the orexin receptor 1 (OX1R) inhibitor (SB334867), Akt inhibitor (PF-04691502) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor (temsirolimus). Subsequently, OX1R protein expression, glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) expression, glucose uptake, the mRNA expression of lactate dehydrogenase (LDHA), pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 (PDK1) and pyruvate dehydrogenase B (PDHB), lactate generation and mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) enzyme activity were measured. The activity of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mTOR signaling was also determined. OX1R was expressed in hepatoma tissues and Hep3B cells. Stimulation of the Hep3B cells with orexin A resulted in a dose-dependent increase of GLUT1 expression and glucose uptake, which was associated with the activation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. Further, orexin A increased PDHB expression and PDH enzyme activity, decreased LDHA, PDK1 mRNA levels and lactate generation independent of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. Our results demonstrated that orexin A directed the cellular metabolism towards mitochondrial glucose oxidation rather than glycolysis. These findings provide functional evidence of the metabolic actions of orexin A in hepatocellular carcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, PR China
| | - Yuyan Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, PR China
| | - Lei Guo
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, PR China.
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31
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Tsuneki H, Nagata T, Fujita M, Kon K, Wu N, Takatsuki M, Yamaguchi K, Wada T, Nishijo H, Yanagisawa M, Sakurai T, Sasaoka T. Nighttime Administration of Nicotine Improves Hepatic Glucose Metabolism via the Hypothalamic Orexin System in Mice. Endocrinology 2016; 157:195-206. [PMID: 26492471 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine is known to affect the metabolism of glucose; however, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Therefore, we here investigated whether nicotine promoted the central regulation of glucose metabolism, which is closely linked to the circadian system. The oral intake of nicotine in drinking water, which mainly occurred during the nighttime active period, enhanced daily hypothalamic prepro-orexin gene expression and reduced hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetic db/db mice without affecting body weight, body fat content, and serum levels of insulin. Nicotine administered at the active period appears to be responsible for the effect on blood glucose, because nighttime but not daytime injections of nicotine lowered blood glucose levels in db/db mice. The chronic oral treatment with nicotine suppressed the mRNA levels of glucose-6-phosphatase, the rate-limiting enzyme of gluconeogenesis, in the liver of db/db and wild-type control mice. In the pyruvate tolerance test to evaluate hepatic gluconeogenic activity, the oral nicotine treatment moderately suppressed glucose elevations in normal mice and mice lacking dopamine receptors, whereas this effect was abolished in orexin-deficient mice and hepatic parasympathectomized mice. Under high-fat diet conditions, the oral intake of nicotine lowered blood glucose levels at the daytime resting period in wild-type, but not orexin-deficient, mice. These results indicated that the chronic daily administration of nicotine suppressed hepatic gluconeogenesis via the hypothalamic orexin-parasympathetic nervous system. Thus, the results of the present study may provide an insight into novel chronotherapy for type 2 diabetes that targets the central cholinergic and orexinergic systems.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Crosses, Genetic
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/blood
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
- Diet, High-Fat/adverse effects
- Drug Chronotherapy
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Gluconeogenesis/drug effects
- Hyperglycemia/prevention & control
- Hypoglycemic Agents/administration & dosage
- Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use
- Hypothalamus/drug effects
- Hypothalamus/metabolism
- Insulin Resistance
- Liver/drug effects
- Liver/metabolism
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Nicotine/administration & dosage
- Nicotine/therapeutic use
- Nicotinic Agonists/administration & dosage
- Nicotinic Agonists/therapeutic use
- Obesity/complications
- Obesity/etiology
- Orexins/agonists
- Orexins/genetics
- Orexins/metabolism
- Receptors, Dopamine D1/genetics
- Receptors, Dopamine D1/metabolism
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/genetics
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Tsuneki
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology (H.T., T.N., M.F., K.K., N.W., M.T., K.Y., T.W., T.Sas.) and System Emotional Science (H.N.), University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan; International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS) (M.Y.), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan; Department of Molecular Genetics (M.Y.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390; and Department of Molecular Neuroscience and Integrative Physiology (T.Sak.), Faculty of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Takashi Nagata
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology (H.T., T.N., M.F., K.K., N.W., M.T., K.Y., T.W., T.Sas.) and System Emotional Science (H.N.), University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan; International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS) (M.Y.), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan; Department of Molecular Genetics (M.Y.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390; and Department of Molecular Neuroscience and Integrative Physiology (T.Sak.), Faculty of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Mikio Fujita
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology (H.T., T.N., M.F., K.K., N.W., M.T., K.Y., T.W., T.Sas.) and System Emotional Science (H.N.), University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan; International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS) (M.Y.), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan; Department of Molecular Genetics (M.Y.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390; and Department of Molecular Neuroscience and Integrative Physiology (T.Sak.), Faculty of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Kanta Kon
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology (H.T., T.N., M.F., K.K., N.W., M.T., K.Y., T.W., T.Sas.) and System Emotional Science (H.N.), University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan; International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS) (M.Y.), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan; Department of Molecular Genetics (M.Y.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390; and Department of Molecular Neuroscience and Integrative Physiology (T.Sak.), Faculty of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Naizhen Wu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology (H.T., T.N., M.F., K.K., N.W., M.T., K.Y., T.W., T.Sas.) and System Emotional Science (H.N.), University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan; International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS) (M.Y.), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan; Department of Molecular Genetics (M.Y.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390; and Department of Molecular Neuroscience and Integrative Physiology (T.Sak.), Faculty of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Mayumi Takatsuki
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology (H.T., T.N., M.F., K.K., N.W., M.T., K.Y., T.W., T.Sas.) and System Emotional Science (H.N.), University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan; International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS) (M.Y.), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan; Department of Molecular Genetics (M.Y.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390; and Department of Molecular Neuroscience and Integrative Physiology (T.Sak.), Faculty of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Kaoru Yamaguchi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology (H.T., T.N., M.F., K.K., N.W., M.T., K.Y., T.W., T.Sas.) and System Emotional Science (H.N.), University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan; International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS) (M.Y.), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan; Department of Molecular Genetics (M.Y.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390; and Department of Molecular Neuroscience and Integrative Physiology (T.Sak.), Faculty of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Wada
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology (H.T., T.N., M.F., K.K., N.W., M.T., K.Y., T.W., T.Sas.) and System Emotional Science (H.N.), University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan; International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS) (M.Y.), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan; Department of Molecular Genetics (M.Y.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390; and Department of Molecular Neuroscience and Integrative Physiology (T.Sak.), Faculty of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Hisao Nishijo
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology (H.T., T.N., M.F., K.K., N.W., M.T., K.Y., T.W., T.Sas.) and System Emotional Science (H.N.), University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan; International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS) (M.Y.), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan; Department of Molecular Genetics (M.Y.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390; and Department of Molecular Neuroscience and Integrative Physiology (T.Sak.), Faculty of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Masashi Yanagisawa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology (H.T., T.N., M.F., K.K., N.W., M.T., K.Y., T.W., T.Sas.) and System Emotional Science (H.N.), University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan; International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS) (M.Y.), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan; Department of Molecular Genetics (M.Y.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390; and Department of Molecular Neuroscience and Integrative Physiology (T.Sak.), Faculty of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Takeshi Sakurai
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology (H.T., T.N., M.F., K.K., N.W., M.T., K.Y., T.W., T.Sas.) and System Emotional Science (H.N.), University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan; International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS) (M.Y.), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan; Department of Molecular Genetics (M.Y.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390; and Department of Molecular Neuroscience and Integrative Physiology (T.Sak.), Faculty of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Toshiyasu Sasaoka
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology (H.T., T.N., M.F., K.K., N.W., M.T., K.Y., T.W., T.Sas.) and System Emotional Science (H.N.), University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan; International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS) (M.Y.), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan; Department of Molecular Genetics (M.Y.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390; and Department of Molecular Neuroscience and Integrative Physiology (T.Sak.), Faculty of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
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32
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Greene E, Khaldi S, Ishola P, Bottje W, Ohkubo T, Anthony N, Dridi S. Heat and oxidative stress alter the expression of orexin and its related receptors in avian liver cells. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2016; 191:18-24. [PMID: 26419694 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2015.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Orexins (A and B) or hypocretins (1 and 2) are hypothalamic orexigenic neuropeptides that are involved in the regulation of several physiological processes in mammals. Recently, orexin has been shown to activate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) stress axis and emerging evidences identify it as a stress modulator in mammals. However, the regulation of orexin system by stress itself remains unclear. Here, we investigate the effects of heat, 4-Hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) stress on the hepatic expression of orexin (ORX) and its related receptors (ORXR1/2) in avian species. Using in vivo and in vitro models, we found that heat stress significantly down-regulated ORX and ORXR1/2 mRNA and protein abundances in quail liver and LMH cells. H2O2, however, decreased ORX protein and increased ORX mRNA levels in a dose dependent manner (P<0.05). The absence of correlation between orexin mRNA and protein levels suggests that H2O2 treatment modulates post-transcriptional mechanisms. 4-HNE had a biphasic effect on orexin system expression, with a significant up-regulation at low doses (10 and 20μM) and a significant down-regulation at a high dose (30μM). Taken together, our data indicated that hepatic orexin system could be a molecular signature in the heat and oxidative stress response.
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33
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Ustabaş Kahraman F, Vehapoğlu A, Özgen İT, Terzioğlu Ş, Cesur Y, Dündaröz R. Correlation of Brain Neuropeptide (Nesfatin-1 and Orexin-A) Concentrations with Anthropometric and Biochemical Parameters in Malnourished Children. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2015; 7:197-202. [PMID: 26831553 PMCID: PMC4677554 DOI: 10.4274/jcrpe.1930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Malnutrition continues to be a leading cause of stunted growth in many countries. This study aimed to investigate serum nesfatin-1 and orexin-A levels in underweight children and the potential correlations of these levels with anthropometric and nutritional parameters. METHODS The study enrolled 44 prepubertal children (between 2 and 12 years of age) with thinness grades of 1-3 and 41 healthy age- and gender-matched children. The demographic, clinical and laboratory parameters including nesfatin-1 and orexin-A concentrations were compared between the two groups. The correlations of nesfatin-1 and orexin-A with biochemical and anthropometric parameters were investigated. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis were also performed for evaluating nesfatin-1 and orexin-A in distinguishing children with malnutrition from healthy controls. RESULTS Thyroid-stimulating hormone, vitamin B12 and insulin levels were significantly lower in the study group than controls (p=0.001, p=0.049 and p=0.033, respectively). Mean nesfatin-1 levels in the malnourished group was also significantly lower compared to the healthy controls (3871.2 ± 1608.8 vs. 5515.0 ± 3816.4 pg/mL, p=0.012). No significant difference was observed in the orexin-A levels between the two groups (malnourished vs. control groups: 1135.7 ± 306.0 vs. 1025.7 ± 361.6 pg/mL, p=0.141). Correlation analyses revealed a positive correlation of nesfatin-1 and a negative correlation of orexin-A with body mass index (BMI) z-score. ROC analysis demonstrated that nesfatin-1 and orexin-A cannot be used to distinguish children with malnutrition from healthy controls (AUC: 0.620, p=0.061 for nesfatin-1 and AUC: 0.584, p=0.190 for orexin-A). CONCLUSION The positive correlation of nesfatin-1 and the negative correlation of orexin-A with BMI suggest that these neuropeptides may be a part of a protective mechanism in the maintenance of nutritional status and that they may have a role in regulating food intake in undernourished children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feyza Ustabaş Kahraman
- Bezmialem Vakıf University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, İstanbul, Turkey Phone: +90 532 513 30 14 E-mail:
| | - Aysel Vehapoğlu
- Bezmialem Vakıf University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - İlker Tolga Özgen
- Bezmialem Vakıf University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Şule Terzioğlu
- Bezmialem Vakıf University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicinal Biology, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Yaşar Cesur
- Bezmialem Vakıf University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Ruşen Dündaröz
- Bezmialem Vakıf University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, İstanbul, Turkey
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Romano A, Tempesta B, Provensi G, Passani MB, Gaetani S. Central mechanisms mediating the hypophagic effects of oleoylethanolamide and N-acylphosphatidylethanolamines: different lipid signals? Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:137. [PMID: 26167152 PMCID: PMC4481858 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The spread of “obesity epidemic” and the poor efficacy of many anti-obesity therapies in the long-term highlight the need to develop novel efficacious therapy. This necessity stimulates a large research effort to find novel mechanisms controlling feeding and energy balance. Among these mechanisms a great deal of attention has been attracted by a family of phospholipid-derived signaling molecules that play an important role in the regulation of food-intake. They include N-acylethanolamines (NAEs) and N-acylphosphatidylethanolamines (NAPEs). NAPEs have been considered for a long time simply as phospholipid precursors of the lipid mediator NAEs, but increasing body of evidence suggest a role in many physiological processes including the regulation of feeding behavior. Several observations demonstrated that among NAEs, oleoylethanolamide (OEA) acts as a satiety signal, which is generated in the intestine, upon the ingestion of fat, and signals to the central nervous system. At this level different neuronal pathways, including oxytocinergic, noradrenergic, and histaminergic neurons, seem to mediate its hypophagic action. Similarly to NAEs, NAPE (with particular reference to the N16:0 species) levels were shown to be regulated by the fed state and this finding was initially interpreted as fluctuations of NAE precursors. However, the observation that exogenously administered NAPEs are able to inhibit food intake, not only in normal rats and mice but also in mice lacking the enzyme that converts NAPEs into NAEs, supported the hypothesis of a role of NAPE in the regulation of feeding behavior. Indirect observations suggest that the hypophagic action of NAPEs might involve central mechanisms, although the molecular target remains unknown. The present paper reviews the role that OEA and NAPEs play in the mechanisms that control food intake, further supporting this group of phospholipids as optimal candidate for the development of novel anti-obesity treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adele Romano
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome , Rome,Italy
| | - Bianca Tempesta
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome , Rome,Italy
| | - Gustavo Provensi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Discovery and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence , Florence, Italy
| | - Maria B Passani
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Discovery and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence , Florence, Italy
| | - Silvana Gaetani
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome , Rome,Italy
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Li AJ, Wang Q, Davis H, Wang R, Ritter S. Orexin-A enhances feeding in male rats by activating hindbrain catecholamine neurons. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2015; 309:R358-67. [PMID: 26062632 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00065.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Both lateral hypothalamic orexinergic neurons and hindbrain catecholaminergic neurons contribute to control of feeding behavior. Orexin fibers and terminals are present in close proximity to hindbrain catecholaminergic neurons, and fourth ventricular (4V) orexin injections that increase food intake also increase c-Fos expression in hindbrain catecholamine neurons, suggesting that orexin neurons may stimulate feeding by activating catecholamine neurons. Here we examine that hypothesis in more detail. We found that 4V injection of orexin-A (0.5 nmol/rat) produced widespread activation of c-Fos in hindbrain catecholamine cell groups. In the A1 and C1 cell groups in the ventrolateral medulla, where most c-Fos-positive neurons were also dopamine β hydroxylase (DBH) positive, direct injections of a lower dose (67 pmol/200 nl) of orexin-A also increased food intake in intact rats. Then, with the use of the retrogradely transported immunotoxin, anti-DBH conjugated to saporin (DSAP), which targets and destroys DBH-expressing catecholamine neurons, we examined the hypothesis that catecholamine neurons are required for orexin-induced feeding. Rats given paraventricular hypothalamic injections of DSAP, or unconjugated saporin (SAP) as control, were implanted with 4V or lateral ventricular (LV) cannulas and tested for feeding in response to ventricular injection of orexin-A (0.5 nmol/rat). Both LV and 4V orexin-A stimulated feeding in SAP controls, but DSAP abolished these responses. These results reveal for the first time that catecholamine neurons are required for feeding induced by injection of orexin-A into either LV or 4V.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Jun Li
- Programs in Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - Qing Wang
- Programs in Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - Hana Davis
- Programs in Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - Rong Wang
- Programs in Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - Sue Ritter
- Programs in Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
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Tsuneki H, Tokai E, Nakamura Y, Takahashi K, Fujita M, Asaoka T, Kon K, Anzawa Y, Wada T, Takasaki I, Kimura K, Inoue H, Yanagisawa M, Sakurai T, Sasaoka T. Hypothalamic orexin prevents hepatic insulin resistance via daily bidirectional regulation of autonomic nervous system in mice. Diabetes 2015; 64:459-70. [PMID: 25249578 DOI: 10.2337/db14-0695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Circadian rhythm is crucial for preventing hepatic insulin resistance, although the mechanism remains uncovered. Here we report that the wake-active hypothalamic orexin system plays a key role in this regulation. Wild-type mice showed that a daily rhythm in blood glucose levels peaked at the awake period; however, the glucose rhythm disappeared in orexin knockout mice despite normal feeding rhythm. Central administration of orexin A during nighttime awake period acutely elevated blood glucose levels but subsequently lowered daytime glucose levels in normal and diabetic db/db mice. The glucose-elevating and -lowering effects of orexin A were suppressed by adrenergic antagonists and hepatic parasympathectomy, respectively. Moreover, the expression levels of hepatic gluconeogenic genes, including Pepck, were increased and decreased by orexin A at nanomolar and femtomolar doses, respectively. These results indicate that orexin can bidirectionally regulate hepatic gluconeogenesis via control of autonomic balance, leading to generation of the daily blood glucose oscillation. Furthermore, during aging, orexin deficiency enhanced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in the liver and caused impairment of hepatic insulin signaling and abnormal gluconeogenic activity in pyruvate tolerance test. Collectively, the daily glucose rhythm under control of orexin appears to be important for maintaining ER homeostasis, thereby preventing insulin resistance in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Tsuneki
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Emi Tokai
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Yuya Nakamura
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Keisuke Takahashi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Mikio Fujita
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Takehiro Asaoka
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Kanta Kon
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Yuuki Anzawa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Wada
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Ichiro Takasaki
- Division of Molecular Genetics Research, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Kumi Kimura
- Frontier Science Organization, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Inoue
- Frontier Science Organization, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Masashi Yanagisawa
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Takeshi Sakurai
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience and Integrative Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Toshiyasu Sasaoka
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
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Lassiter K, Greene E, Piekarski A, Faulkner OB, Hargis BM, Bottje W, Dridi S. Orexin system is expressed in avian muscle cells and regulates mitochondrial dynamics. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2014; 308:R173-87. [PMID: 25502749 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00394.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Orexin A and B, orexigenic peptides produced primarily by the lateral hypothalamus that signal through two G protein-coupled receptors, orexin receptors 1/2, have been implicated in the regulation of several physiological processes in mammals. In avian (nonmammalian vertebrates) species; however, the physiological roles of orexin are not well defined. Here, we provide novel evidence that not only is orexin and its related receptors 1/2 (ORXR1/2) expressed in chicken muscle tissue and quail muscle (QM7) cell line, orexin appears to be a secretory protein in QM7 cells. In vitro administration of recombinant orexin A and B (rORX-A and B) differentially regulated prepro-orexin expression in a dose-dependent manner with up-regulation for rORX-A (P < 0.05) and downregulation for rORX-B (P < 0.05) in QM7 cells. While both peptides upregulated ORXR1 expression, only a high dose of rORX-B decreased the expression of ORXR2 (P < 0.05). The presence of orexin and its related receptors and the regulation of its own system in avian muscle cells indicate that orexin may have autocrine, paracrine, and/or endocrine roles. rORXs differentially regulated mitochondrial dynamics network. While rORX-A significantly induced the expression of mitochondrial fission-related genes (DNM1, MTFP1, MTFR1), rORX-B increased the expression of mitofusin 2, OPA1, and OMA1 genes that are involved in mitochondrial fusion. Concomitant with these changes, rORXs differentially regulated the expression of several mitochondrial metabolic genes (av-UCP, av-ANT, Ski, and NRF-1) and their related transcriptional regulators (PPARγ, PPARα, PGC-1α, PGC-1β, and FoxO-1) without affecting ATP synthesis. Taken together, our data represent the first evidence of the presence and secretion of orexin system in the muscle of nonmammalian species and its role in mitochondrial fusion and fission, probably through mitochondrial-related genes and their related transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentu Lassiter
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Elizabeth Greene
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Alissa Piekarski
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Olivia B Faulkner
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Billy M Hargis
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Walter Bottje
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Sami Dridi
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
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Zink AN, Perez-Leighton CE, Kotz CM. The orexin neuropeptide system: physical activity and hypothalamic function throughout the aging process. Front Syst Neurosci 2014; 8:211. [PMID: 25408639 PMCID: PMC4219460 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2014.00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a rising medical need for novel therapeutic targets of physical activity. Physical activity spans from spontaneous, low intensity movements to voluntary, high-intensity exercise. Regulation of spontaneous and voluntary movement is distributed over many brain areas and neural substrates, but the specific cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for mediating overall activity levels are not well understood. The hypothalamus plays a central role in the control of physical activity, which is executed through coordination of multiple signaling systems, including the orexin neuropeptides. Orexin producing neurons integrate physiological and metabolic information to coordinate multiple behavioral states and modulate physical activity in response to the environment. This review is organized around three questions: (1) How do orexin peptides modulate physical activity? (2) What are the effects of aging and lifestyle choices on physical activity? (3) What are the effects of aging on hypothalamic function and the orexin peptides? Discussion of these questions will provide a summary of the current state of knowledge regarding hypothalamic orexin regulation of physical activity during aging and provide a platform on which to develop improved clinical outcomes in age-associated obesity and metabolic syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia N Zink
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - Catherine M Kotz
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN, USA ; GRECC (11G), Minneapolis VA Healthcare System Minneapolis, MN, USA ; Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota Saint Paul, MN, USA
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Donjacour CEHM, Aziz NA, Overeem S, Kalsbeek A, Pijl H, Lammers GJ. Glucose and fat metabolism in narcolepsy and the effect of sodium oxybate: a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp study. Sleep 2014; 37:795-801. [PMID: 24899766 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.3592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Narcolepsy is associated with obesity though it is uncertain whether this is caused by changes in glucose and fat metabolism. Therefore, we performed a detailed analysis of systemic energy homeostasis in narcolepsy patients, and additionally, investigated whether it was affected by three months of sodium oxybate (SXB) treatment. METHODS Nine hypocretin deficient patients with narcolepsy-cataplexy, and nine healthy sex, age, and BMI matched controls were enrolled. A hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp combined with stable isotopes ([6,6-(2)H2]-glucose and [(2)H5]- glycerol) was performed at baseline. In seven patients a second study was performed after three months of SXB treatment. RESULTS Glucose disposal rate (GDR) per unit serum insulin was significantly higher in narcolepsy patients compared to matched controls (1.6 ± 0.2 vs. 1.1 ± 0.3 μmol/kgFFM/min/mU×L; P = 0.024), whereas β-cell function was similar (P = 0.50). Basal steady state glycerol appearance rate tended to be lower in narcolepsy patients (5.2 ± 0.4 vs. 7.5 ± 1.3 μmol/kgFM/min; P = 0.058), suggesting a lower rate of lipolysis. SXB treatment induced a trend in reduction of the GDR (1.4 ± 0.1 vs. 1.1 ± 0.2 μmol/kgFFM/min/mU×L; P = 0.063) and a reduction in endogenous glucose production (0.24 ± 0.03 vs. 0.16 ± 0.03 μmol/kgFFM/min/mU×L: P = 0.028) per unit serum insulin. After SXB treatment lipolysis increased (4.9 ± 0.4 vs. 6.5 ± 0.6 μmol/kgFM/min; P = 0.018), and body weight decreased in narcolepsy patients (99.2 ± 6.0 vs. 94.0 ± 5.4 kg; P = 0.044). CONCLUSION We show that narcolepsy patients are more insulin sensitive and may have a lower rate of lipolysis than matched controls. SXB stimulated lipolysis in narcolepsy patients, possibly accounting for the weight loss after treatment. While sodium oxybate tended to decrease systemic insulin sensitivity, it increased hepatic insulin sensitivity, suggesting tissue-specific effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - N Ahmad Aziz
- Department of Neurology Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastiaan Overeem
- Department of Neurology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands ; Sleep Medicine Centre "Kempenhaeghe," Heeze, The Netherlands
| | - Andries Kalsbeek
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms, Amsterdam, The Netherlands ; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Centre of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hanno Pijl
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gert Jan Lammers
- Department of Neurology Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands ; Sleep Wake Center SEIN, Heemstede, The Netherlands
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Liu Z, Jiang L, Zhu F, Fu C, Lu S, Zhou J, Wu X, Bai C, Li S. Chronic intermittent hypoxia and the expression of orexin and its receptors in the brains of rats. Sleep Biol Rhythms 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/sbr.12043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zilong Liu
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine; Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University; Shanghai China
- Clinical Center for Sleep Breathing Disorder and Snoring; Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University; Shanghai China
| | - Liyan Jiang
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine; Shanghai Chest Hospital; Shanghai Jiaotong University; Shanghai China
| | - Fen Zhu
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine; Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University; Shanghai China
- Clinical Center for Sleep Breathing Disorder and Snoring; Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University; Shanghai China
| | - Cuiping Fu
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine; Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University; Shanghai China
- Clinical Center for Sleep Breathing Disorder and Snoring; Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University; Shanghai China
| | - Shenyuan Lu
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine; Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University; Shanghai China
- Clinical Center for Sleep Breathing Disorder and Snoring; Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University; Shanghai China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine; Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University; Shanghai China
- Clinical Center for Sleep Breathing Disorder and Snoring; Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University; Shanghai China
| | - Xiaodan Wu
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine; Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University; Shanghai China
- Clinical Center for Sleep Breathing Disorder and Snoring; Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University; Shanghai China
| | - Chunxue Bai
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine; Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University; Shanghai China
| | - Shanqun Li
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine; Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University; Shanghai China
- Clinical Center for Sleep Breathing Disorder and Snoring; Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University; Shanghai China
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Tsuneki H, Sasaoka T. [Hypothalamic orexin system regulates energy and glucose metabolism]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2013; 142:316-317. [PMID: 24334931 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.142.316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
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Shen Y, Zhao Y, Zheng D, Chang X, Ju S, Guo L. Effects of orexin A on GLUT4 expression and lipid content via MAPK signaling in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 138:376-83. [PMID: 23907013 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Orexin A regulates food intake, energy metabolism and gastrointestinal function; it also increases glucose uptake and inhibits lipolysis, suggesting a role for orexin A in glucose and lipid metabolism. In this study, the effects of orexin A on glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) mRNA level and lipid content were explored in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and adipocytes. Orexin receptor 1 (OX1R) protein expression was determined in the adipose tissue of normal and obese rats. In addition, 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes were incubated with different concentrations of orexin A (10(-9) to 10(-7)M), without or with OX1R specific antagonist, then the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ2 (PPARγ2) mRNA expression was analyzed. Differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes were exposed to orexin A, without or with MAPK and OX1R antagonist, after which the GLUT4 and ERK1/2, JNK, and p38 MAPK activation, and triglyceride (TG) content were measured. We observed that OX1R protein expression was decreased in obese rats, and OX1R protein level was negatively correlated with body fat, Lee's index, TG, total cholesterol, and fasting insulin levels. Orexin A enhanced PPARγ2 mRNA expression in a dose-dependent manner in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes through OX1R. In differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes, orexin A significantly increased GLUT4 mRNA levels, which was blocked by the ERK1/2, JNK, and p38 MAPK inhibitors as well as OX1R antagonist. Furthermore, orexin A increased cellular TG content via ERK1/2, JNK, and p38 MAPK as well as OX1R. Thus, orexin A increases GLUT4 mRNA expression and lipid accumulation in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes via ERK1/2, JNK, and p38 MAPK signaling. In addition, orexin A increases PPARγ2 mRNA expression in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Further studies are necessary to elucidate the impact of orexin A in metabolic disorders and adipocyte differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Shen
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, PR China
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Spruijt-Metz D, Belcher BR, Hsu YW, McClain AD, Chou CP, Nguyen-Rodriguez S, Weigensberg MJ, Goran MI. Temporal relationship between insulin sensitivity and the pubertal decline in physical activity in peripubertal Hispanic and African American females. Diabetes Care 2013; 36:3739-45. [PMID: 23846812 PMCID: PMC3816891 DOI: 10.2337/dc13-0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Little attention has been paid to possible intrinsic biological mechanisms for the decline in physical activity that occurs during puberty. This longitudinal observational study examined the association between baseline insulin sensitivity (SI) and declines in physical activity and increases in sedentary behavior in peripubertal minority females over a year. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Participants were Hispanic and African American girls (n = 55; 76% Hispanic; mean age 9.4 years; 36% obese). SI and other insulin indices were measured at baseline using the frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test. Physical activity was measured on a quarterly basis by accelerometry and self-report. RESULTS Physical activity declined by 25% and time spent in sedentary behaviors increased by ∼13% over 1 year. Lower baseline SI predicted the decline in physical activity measured by accelerometry, whereas higher baseline acute insulin response to glucose predicted the decline in physical activity measured by self-report. Time spent in sedentary behavior increased by ~13% over 1 year, and this was predicted by lower baseline SI. All models controlled for adiposity, age, pubertal stage, and ethnicity. CONCLUSIONS When evaluated using a longitudinal design with strong outcome measures, this study suggests that lower baseline SI predicts a greater decline in physical activity in peripubertal minority females.
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Esmaeili-Mahani S, Vazifekhah S, Pasban-Aliabadi H, Abbasnejad M, Sheibani V. Protective effect of orexin-A on 6-hydroxydopamine-induced neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y human dopaminergic neuroblastoma cells. Neurochem Int 2013; 63:719-25. [PMID: 24135219 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2013.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Revised: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive and selective death of midbrain dopaminergic neurons. Pharmacologic treatment of PD can be divided into symptomatic and neuroprotective therapies. Orexin-A (hypocretin-1) is a hypothalamic peptide that exerts its biological effects by stimulation of two specific, membrane-bound orexin receptors. Recent studies have shown that orexin-A has a protective role during neuronal damage. Here, we investigated the effects of orexin-A on 6-OHDA-induced neurotoxicity in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell line as an in vitro model of Parkinson's disease. Cell damage was induced by 150μM 6-OHDA and the cells viability was examined by MTT assay. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) was determined by fluorescence spectrophotometry method. Immunoblotting and DNA analysis were also employed to determine the levels of biochemical markers of apoptosis in the cells. The data showed that 6-OHDA could decrease the viability of the cells. In addition, intracellular ROS, activated caspase 3, Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, cytochrome c as well as DNA fragmentation were significantly increased in 6-OHDA-treated cells. Pretreatment of cells with orexin-A (80pM) elicited protective effect and reduced biochemical markers of cell death. The results suggest that orexin-A has protective effects against 6-OHDA-induced neurotoxicity and its protective effects are accompanied by its antioxidant and anti-apoptotic properties and contribute to our knowledge of the pharmacology of orexin-A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Esmaeili-Mahani
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Kerman Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran.
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Tsuneki H, Tokai E, Sugawara C, Wada T, Sakurai T, Sasaoka T. Hypothalamic orexin prevents hepatic insulin resistance induced by social defeat stress in mice. Neuropeptides 2013; 47:213-9. [PMID: 23510906 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Depression is associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, although the molecular mechanism behind the pathological link remains unclear. Orexin, a hypothalamic neuropeptide regulating energy and glucose homeostasis, has been implicated in the endogenous antidepressant mechanism. To clarify whether orexin is involved in the coordination between mental and metabolic functions, we investigated the influence of orexin deficiency on social interaction behavior and glucose metabolism in mice subjected to chronic social defeat stress. Chronic stress-induced glucose intolerance and systemic insulin resistance as well as social avoidance were ameliorated by calorie restriction in an orexin-dependent manner. Moreover, orexin-deficient mice maintained under ad libitum-fed conditions after defeat stress exhibited hyperinsulinemia and elevated HOMA-IR (homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance), despite normal fasting blood glucose levels. In a pyruvate tolerance test to evaluate hepatic insulin sensitivity, chronic stress-induced abnormal glucose elevation was observed in orexin-deficient but not wild-type mice, although both types of mice were susceptible to chronic stress. In addition, insulin-induced phosphorylation of Akt in the liver was impaired in orexin-deficient but not wild-type mice after chronic stress. These results demonstrate that the central physiological actions of orexin under ad libitum-fed conditions are required for the adaptive response to chronic defeat stress, which can prevent the development of hepatic insulin resistance but not social avoidance behavior. Moreover, calorie restriction, a paradigm to strongly activate orexin neurons, appears to prevent the persistence of depression-like behavior per se, leading to the amelioration of impaired glucose metabolism after chronic stress; therefore, we suggest that hypothalamic orexin system is the key for inhibiting the exacerbating link between depression and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Tsuneki
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, Japan.
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Leak RK, Moore RY. Innervation of ventricular and periventricular brain compartments. Brain Res 2012; 1463:51-62. [PMID: 22575559 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.04.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Revised: 04/22/2012] [Accepted: 04/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Synaptic transmission is divided into two broad categories on the basis of the distance over which neurotransmitters travel. Wiring transmission is the release of transmitter into synaptic clefts in close apposition to receptors. Volume transmission is the release of transmitters or modulators over varying distances before interacting with receptors. One case of volume transmission over potentially long distances involves release into cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The CSF contains neuroactive substances that affect brain function and range in size from small molecule transmitters to peptides and large proteins. CSF-contacting neurons are a well-known and universal feature of non-mammalian vertebrates, but only supra- and subependymal serotonergic plexuses are a commonly studied feature in mammals. The origin of most other neuroactive substances in CSF is unknown. In order to determine which brain regions communicate with CSF, we describe the distribution of retrograde neuronal labeling in the rat brain following ventricular injection of Cholera toxin, ß subunit (CTß), a tracer frequently used in brain circuit analysis. Within 15 to 30 min following intraventricular injection, there is only diffuse, non-specific staining adjacent to the ventricular surface. Within 2 to 10 days, however, there is extensive labeling of neuronal perikarya in specific nuclear groups in the telencephalon, thalamus, hypothalamus and brainstem, many at a considerable distance from the ventricles. These observations support the view that ventricular CSF is a significant channel for volume transmission and identifies those brain regions most likely to be involved in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehana K Leak
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mylan School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA.
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