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Schüß C, Behr V, Beck-Sickinger AG. Illuminating the neuropeptide Y 4 receptor and its ligand pancreatic polypeptide from a structural, functional, and therapeutic perspective. Neuropeptides 2024; 105:102416. [PMID: 38430725 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2024.102416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
The neuropeptide Y4 receptor (Y4R), a rhodopsin-like G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) and the hormone pancreatic polypeptide (PP) are members of the neuropeptide Y family consisting of four receptors (Y1R, Y2R, Y4R, Y5R) and three highly homologous peptide ligands (neuropeptide Y, peptide YY, PP). In this family, the Y4R is of particular interest as it is the only subtype with high affinity to PP over NPY. The Y4R, as a mediator of PP signaling, has a pivotal role in appetite regulation and energy homeostasis, offering potential avenues for the treatment of metabolic disorders such as obesity. PP as anorexigenic peptide is released postprandial from the pancreas in response to food intake, induces satiety signals and contributes to hamper excessive food intake. Moreover, this system was also described to be associated with different types of cancer: overexpression of Y4R have been found in human adenocarcinoma cells, while elevated levels of PP are related to the development of pancreatic endocrine tumors. The pharmacological relevance of the Y4R advanced the search for potent and selective ligands for this receptor subtype, which will be significantly progressed through the elucidation of the active state PP-Y4R cryo-EM structure. This review summarizes the development of novel PP-derived ligands, like Obinepitide as dual Y2R/Y4R agonist in clinical trials or UR-AK86c as small hexapeptide agonist with picomolar affinity, as well as the first allosteric modulators that selectively target the Y4R, e.g. VU0506013 as potent Y4R positive allosteric modulator or (S)-VU0637120 as allosteric antagonist. Here, we provide valuable insights into the complex physiological functions of the Y4R and PP and the pharmacological relevance of the system in appetite regulation to open up new avenues for the development of tool compounds for targeted therapies with potential applications in metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna Schüß
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Germany.
| | - Victoria Behr
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Germany
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2
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Roy DS, Gozzi M, Engberg O, Adler J, Huster D, Maiti S. Membrane-Mediated Allosteric Action of Serotonin on a Noncognate G-Protein-Coupled Receptor. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:1711-1718. [PMID: 38319949 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
The structure and dynamics of the lipid membrane can affect the activity of membrane proteins. Therefore, small lipophilic molecules that alter membrane properties (such as the neurotransmitter serotonin) can potentially modulate receptor activity without binding to the receptor. Here, we investigated how the activity of neuropeptide Y type 4 receptor (Y4R, reconstituted in lipid bicelles) is modulated by serotonin, which has no known interaction with Y4R. We found a serotonin-concentration-dependent decrease (down to 0.1 mM of serotonin) in the ligand affinity of Y4R. This effect correlates with a serotonin-induced reduction of the resistance of the bilayer to indentation (measured by atomic force microscopy) and bilayer thickness (measured by solid state NMR) in two different types of zwitterionic lipid bicelles. Our findings indicate a "membrane-mediated allosteric effect" of serotonin on the activation of Y4R and suggest the potential for developing pharmacophores, which can modulate cellular signaling without directly interacting with any receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debsankar Saha Roy
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai 400005, India
| | - Marta Gozzi
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical Department, Leipzig University, Härtelstr. 16-18, D-04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Oskar Engberg
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical Department, Leipzig University, Härtelstr. 16-18, D-04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Juliane Adler
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical Department, Leipzig University, Härtelstr. 16-18, D-04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Daniel Huster
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai 400005, India
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical Department, Leipzig University, Härtelstr. 16-18, D-04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sudipta Maiti
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai 400005, India
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3
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Schüß C, Vu O, Mishra NM, Tough IR, Du Y, Stichel J, Cox HM, Weaver CD, Meiler J, Emmitte KA, Beck-Sickinger AG. Structure-Activity Relationship Study of the High-Affinity Neuropeptide Y 4 Receptor Positive Allosteric Modulator VU0506013. J Med Chem 2023. [PMID: 37339079 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Positive allosteric modulators targeting the Y4 receptor (Y4R), a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) involved in the regulation of satiety, offer great potential in anti-obesity research. In this study, we selected 603 compounds by using quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models and tested them in high-throughput screening (HTS). Here, the novel positive allosteric modulator (PAM) VU0506013 was identified, which exhibits nanomolar affinity and pronounced selectivity toward the Y4R in engineered cell lines and mouse descending colon mucosa natively expressing the Y4R. Based on this lead structure, we conducted a systematic SAR study in two regions of the scaffold and presented a series of 27 analogues with modifications in the N- and C-terminal heterocycles of the molecule to obtain insight into functionally relevant positions. By mutagenesis and computational docking, we present a potential binding mode of VU0506013 in the transmembrane core of the Y4R. VU0506013 presents a promising scaffold for developing in vivo tools to move toward anti-obesity drug research focused on the Y4R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna Schüß
- Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Oanh Vu
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Nigam M Mishra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNT System College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas 76107, United States
| | - Iain R Tough
- King's College London, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London SE1 1UL, U.K
| | - Yu Du
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Jan Stichel
- Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Helen M Cox
- King's College London, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London SE1 1UL, U.K
| | - C David Weaver
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Jens Meiler
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Institute for Drug Discovery, Leipzig University, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Kyle A Emmitte
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNT System College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas 76107, United States
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4
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Ponti G, Bo E, Bonaldo B, Farinetti A, Marraudino M, Panzica G, Gotti S. Perinatal exposure to tributyltin affects feeding behavior and expression of hypothalamic neuropeptide Y in the paraventricular nucleus of adult mice. J Anat 2022; 242:235-244. [PMID: 36073672 PMCID: PMC9877477 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Organotins such as tributyltin chloride (TBT), are highly diffused environmental pollutants, which act as metabolism disrupting chemicals, i.e. may interfere with fat tissue differentiation, as well as with neuroendocrine circuits, thus impairing the control of energetic balance. We have previously demonstrated that adult exposure to TBT altered the expression of neuropeptides in the hypothalamus. In this study, we orally administered daily a solution containing oil, or TBT (0.25, 2.5, or 25 μg/kg body weight/day) to pregnant females from gestational day 8 until birth, and to their pups from day 0 until post-natal day 21. Our results showed that TBT exposure of female mice during gestation and of pups during lactation permanently altered the feeding efficiency of pups of both sexes and subcutaneous fat distribution in adult males. In addition, the neuropeptide Y system was affected at the level of the paraventricular nucleus, with a decrease in immunoreactivity in both sexes (significant in females for all TBT doses and in males only for intermediate TBT doses), while no effect was observed in other hypothalamic areas (arcuate, ventromedial and dorsomedial nuclei). Metabolic syndrome, as well as obesity and diabetes, which are significant health issues, are considered multifactorial diseases and may be caused by exposure to metabolic disruptors, both in adults and during perinatal life. In addition, our work indicates that TBT doses defined as the tolerably daily intake had a profound and sex-specific long-term effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Ponti
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO)OrbassanoItaly
| | - Elisabetta Bo
- Department of Neuroscience “Rita Levi‐Montalcini”University of TorinoTorinoItaly
| | - Brigitta Bonaldo
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO)OrbassanoItaly,Department of Neuroscience “Rita Levi‐Montalcini”University of TorinoTorinoItaly
| | - Alice Farinetti
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO)OrbassanoItaly,Department of Neuroscience “Rita Levi‐Montalcini”University of TorinoTorinoItaly
| | - Marilena Marraudino
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO)OrbassanoItaly,Department of Neuroscience “Rita Levi‐Montalcini”University of TorinoTorinoItaly
| | - Giancarlo Panzica
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO)OrbassanoItaly,Department of Neuroscience “Rita Levi‐Montalcini”University of TorinoTorinoItaly
| | - Stefano Gotti
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO)OrbassanoItaly,Department of Neuroscience “Rita Levi‐Montalcini”University of TorinoTorinoItaly
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5
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Tang T, Tan Q, Han S, Diemar A, Löbner K, Wang H, Schüß C, Behr V, Mörl K, Wang M, Chu X, Yi C, Keller M, Kofoed J, Reedtz-Runge S, Kaiser A, Beck-Sickinger AG, Zhao Q, Wu B. Receptor-specific recognition of NPY peptides revealed by structures of NPY receptors. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabm1232. [PMID: 35507650 PMCID: PMC9067930 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm1232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In response to three highly conserved neuropeptides, neuropeptide Y (NPY), peptide YY, and pancreatic polypeptide (PP), four G protein-coupled receptors mediate multiple essential physiological processes, such as food intake, vasoconstriction, sedation, and memory retention. Here, we report the structures of the human Y1, Y2, and Y4 receptors in complex with NPY or PP, and the Gi1 protein. These structures reveal distinct binding poses of the peptide upon coupling to different receptors, reflecting the importance of the conformational plasticity of the peptide in recognizing the NPY receptors. The N terminus of the peptide forms extensive interactions with the Y1 receptor, but not with the Y2 and Y4 receptors. Supported by mutagenesis and functional studies, subtype-specific interactions between the receptors and peptides were further observed. These findings provide insight into key factors that govern NPY signal recognition and transduction, and would enable development of selective drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Tang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiuxiang Tan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuo Han
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Anne Diemar
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kristin Löbner
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hongyu Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Corinna Schüß
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Victoria Behr
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Karin Mörl
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mu Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojing Chu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Cuiying Yi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Max Keller
- Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry II, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jacob Kofoed
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, Måløv, Denmark
| | | | - Anette Kaiser
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Qiang Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan, China
| | - Beili Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
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6
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Zhong W, Shahbaz O, Teskey G, Beever A, Kachour N, Venketaraman V, Darmani NA. Mechanisms of Nausea and Vomiting: Current Knowledge and Recent Advances in Intracellular Emetic Signaling Systems. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5797. [PMID: 34071460 PMCID: PMC8198651 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nausea and vomiting are common gastrointestinal complaints that can be triggered by diverse emetic stimuli through central and/or peripheral nervous systems. Both nausea and vomiting are considered as defense mechanisms when threatening toxins/drugs/bacteria/viruses/fungi enter the body either via the enteral (e.g., the gastrointestinal tract) or parenteral routes, including the blood, skin, and respiratory systems. While vomiting is the act of forceful removal of gastrointestinal contents, nausea is believed to be a subjective sensation that is more difficult to study in nonhuman species. In this review, the authors discuss the anatomical structures, neurotransmitters/mediators, and corresponding receptors, as well as intracellular emetic signaling pathways involved in the processes of nausea and vomiting in diverse animal models as well as humans. While blockade of emetic receptors in the prevention of vomiting is fairly well understood, the potential of new classes of antiemetics altering postreceptor signal transduction mechanisms is currently evolving, which is also reviewed. Finally, future directions within the field will be discussed in terms of important questions that remain to be resolved and advances in technology that may help provide potential answers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixia Zhong
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 East Second Street, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (W.Z.); (G.T.); (V.V.)
| | - Omar Shahbaz
- School of Medicine, Universidad Iberoamericana, Av. Francia 129, Santo Domingo 10203, Dominican Republic;
| | - Garrett Teskey
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 East Second Street, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (W.Z.); (G.T.); (V.V.)
| | - Abrianna Beever
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (A.B.); (N.K.)
| | - Nala Kachour
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (A.B.); (N.K.)
| | - Vishwanath Venketaraman
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 East Second Street, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (W.Z.); (G.T.); (V.V.)
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (A.B.); (N.K.)
| | - Nissar A. Darmani
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 East Second Street, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (W.Z.); (G.T.); (V.V.)
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7
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Gershkovich MM, Groß VE, Vu O, Schoeder CT, Meiler J, Prömel S, Kaiser A. Structural Perspective on Ancient Neuropeptide Y-like System reveals Hallmark Features for Peptide Recognition and Receptor Activation. J Mol Biol 2021; 433:166992. [PMID: 33865871 PMCID: PMC8380825 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2021.166992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The neuropeptide Y (NPY) family is a peptide-activated G protein-coupled receptor system conserved across all bilaterians, and is involved in food intake, learning, and behavior. We hypothesized that comparing the NPY system in evolutionarily ancient organisms can reveal structural determinants of peptide recognition and receptor activation conserved in evolution. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the homologous FLP/NPR system of the protostome C.elegans. For three prototypic peptide-receptor complexes representing different ligand types, we integrate extensive functional data into structural models of the receptors. Common features include acidic patches in the extracellular loops (ECLs) of the receptors that cooperatively 'draw' the peptide into the binding pocket, which was functionally validated in vivo. A structurally conserved glutamate in the ECL2 anchors the peptides by a conserved salt bridge to the arginine of the RFamide motif. Beyond this conserved interaction, peptide binding show variability enabled by receptor-specific interactions. The family-conserved residue Q3.32 is a key player for peptide binding and receptor activation. Altered interaction patterns at Q3.32 may drastically increase the efficacy to activate the receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miron Mikhailowitsch Gershkovich
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Brüderstr. 34, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Department of Chemistry, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, 465 21st Ave South, BIOSCI/MRBIII, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Victoria Elisabeth Groß
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Oanh Vu
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, 465 21st Ave South, BIOSCI/MRBIII, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Clara Tabea Schoeder
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, 465 21st Ave South, BIOSCI/MRBIII, Nashville, TN 37235, USA; Institute for Drug Discovery, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Brüderstr. 34, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jens Meiler
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, 465 21st Ave South, BIOSCI/MRBIII, Nashville, TN 37235, USA; Institute for Drug Discovery, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Brüderstr. 34, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Simone Prömel
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anette Kaiser
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Brüderstr. 34, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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8
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Schüß C, Vu O, Schubert M, Du Y, Mishra NM, Tough IR, Stichel J, Weaver CD, Emmitte KA, Cox HM, Meiler J, Beck-Sickinger AG. Highly Selective Y 4 Receptor Antagonist Binds in an Allosteric Binding Pocket. J Med Chem 2021; 64:2801-2814. [PMID: 33595306 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c02000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Human neuropeptide Y receptors (Y1R, Y2R, Y4R, and Y5R) belong to the superfamily of G protein-coupled receptors and play an important role in the regulation of food intake and energy metabolism. We identified and characterized the first selective Y4R allosteric antagonist (S)-VU0637120, an important step toward validating Y receptors as therapeutic targets for metabolic diseases. To obtain insight into the antagonistic mechanism of (S)-VU0637120, we conducted a variety of in vitro, ex vivo, and in silico studies. These studies revealed that (S)-VU0637120 selectively inhibits native Y4R function and binds in an allosteric site located below the binding pocket of the endogenous ligand pancreatic polypeptide in the core of the Y4R transmembrane domains. Taken together, our studies provide a first-of-its-kind tool for probing Y4R function and improve the general understanding of allosteric modulation, ultimately contributing to the rational development of allosteric modulators for peptide-activated G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna Schüß
- Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Oanh Vu
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Mario Schubert
- Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Yu Du
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Nigam M Mishra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNT System College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas 76107, United States
| | - Iain R Tough
- King's College London, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London SE1 1UL, U.K
| | - Jan Stichel
- Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - C David Weaver
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States.,Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States.,Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Kyle A Emmitte
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNT System College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas 76107, United States
| | - Helen M Cox
- King's College London, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London SE1 1UL, U.K
| | - Jens Meiler
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States.,Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States.,Institute for Drug Discovery, Leipzig University, Leipzig 04103, Germany
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9
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Structural basis for ligand recognition of the neuropeptide Y Y 2 receptor. Nat Commun 2021; 12:737. [PMID: 33531491 PMCID: PMC7854658 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21030-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The human neuropeptide Y (NPY) Y2 receptor (Y2R) plays essential roles in food intake, bone formation and mood regulation, and has been considered an important drug target for obesity and anxiety. However, development of drugs targeting Y2R remains challenging with no success in clinical application yet. Here, we report the crystal structure of Y2R bound to a selective antagonist JNJ-31020028 at 2.8 Å resolution. The structure reveals molecular details of the ligand-binding mode of Y2R. Combined with mutagenesis studies, the Y2R structure provides insights into key factors that define antagonistic activity of diverse antagonists. Comparison with the previously determined antagonist-bound Y1R structures identified receptor-ligand interactions that play different roles in modulating receptor activation and mediating ligand selectivity. These findings deepen our understanding about molecular mechanisms of ligand recognition and subtype specificity of NPY receptors, and would enable structure-based drug design. The human neuropeptide Y receptor Y2 (Y2R) is a drug target for the treatment of obesity and anxiety. Crystal structure of Y2R bound to a selective antagonist and accompanying mutagenesis provide insights into ligand recognition and subtype specificity of NPY receptors.
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10
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Richardson RR, Groenen M, Liu M, Mountford SJ, Briddon SJ, Holliday ND, Thompson PE. Heterodimeric Analogues of the Potent Y1R Antagonist 1229U91, Lacking One of the Pharmacophoric C-Terminal Structures, Retain Potent Y1R Affinity and Show Improved Selectivity over Y4R. J Med Chem 2020; 63:5274-5286. [PMID: 32364733 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The cyclic dimeric peptide 1229U91 (GR231118) has an unusual structure and displays potent, insurmountable antagonism of the Y1 receptor. To probe the structural basis for this activity, we have prepared ring size variants and heterodimeric compounds, identifying the specific residues underpinning the mechanism of 1229U91 binding. The homodimeric structure was shown to be dispensible, with analogues lacking key pharmacophoric residues in one dimer arm retaining high antagonist affinity. Compounds 11d-h also showed enhanced Y1R selectivity over Y4R compared to 1229U91.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel R Richardson
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Institute of Cell Signalling, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, U.K
| | - Marleen Groenen
- Institute of Cell Signalling, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, U.K
| | - Mengjie Liu
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Simon J Mountford
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Stephen J Briddon
- Institute of Cell Signalling, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, U.K
| | - Nicholas D Holliday
- Institute of Cell Signalling, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, U.K
| | - Philip E Thompson
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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11
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Sloop KW, Briere DA, Emmerson PJ, Willard FS. Beyond Glucagon-like Peptide-1: Is G-Protein Coupled Receptor Polypharmacology the Path Forward to Treating Metabolic Diseases? ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2018; 1:3-11. [PMID: 32219200 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.8b00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) is a class B G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) that has proven to be an effective target for developing medicines that treat type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). GLP-1R agonists improve T2DM by enhancing glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, delaying gastric transit, decreasing glucagon levels, and reducing body weight due to anorexigenic actions. The therapeutic successes of these agents helped inspire the design of new multifunctional molecules that are GLP-1R agonists but also activate receptors linked to pathways that enhance insulin sensitization and/or energy expenditure. Herein, these agents are discussed in the context of polypharmacological approaches that may enable even further improvement in treatment outcomes. Moreover, we revisit classical polypharmaceutical GPCR approaches and how they may be utilized for treatment of T2DM. To determine optimal combination regimens, changes in drug discovery practices are likely needed because compensatory mechanisms appear to underlie progression of T2DM and limit the ability of current therapies to induce disease regression or remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle W Sloop
- Diabetes and Complications and Quantitative Biology, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Daniel A Briere
- Diabetes and Complications and Quantitative Biology, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Paul J Emmerson
- Diabetes and Complications and Quantitative Biology, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Francis S Willard
- Diabetes and Complications and Quantitative Biology, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
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12
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Xu B, Vasile S, Østergaard S, Paulsson JF, Pruner J, Åqvist J, Wulff BS, Gutiérrez-de-Terán H, Larhammar D. Elucidation of the Binding Mode of the Carboxyterminal Region of Peptide YY to the Human Y 2 Receptor. Mol Pharmacol 2018; 93:323-334. [PMID: 29367257 DOI: 10.1124/mol.117.110627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the agonist-receptor interactions in the neuropeptide Y (NPY)/peptide YY (PYY) signaling system is fundamental for the design of novel modulators of appetite regulation. We report here the results of a multidisciplinary approach to elucidate the binding mode of the native peptide agonist PYY to the human Y2 receptor, based on computational modeling, peptide chemistry and in vitro pharmacological analyses. The preserved binding orientation proposed for full-length PYY and five analogs, truncated at the amino terminus, explains our pharmacological results where truncations of the N-terminal proline helix showed little effect on peptide affinity. This was followed by receptor mutagenesis to investigate the roles of several receptor positions suggested by the modeling. As a complement, PYY-(3-36) analogs were synthesized with modifications at different positions in the common PYY/NPY C-terminal fragment (32TRQRY36-amide). The results were assessed and interpreted by molecular dynamics and Free Energy Perturbation (FEP) simulations of selected mutants, providing a detailed map of the interactions of the PYY/NPY C-terminal fragment with the transmembrane cavity of the Y2 receptor. The amidated C-terminus would be stabilized by polar interactions with Gln2886.55 and Tyr2195.39, while Gln1303.32 contributes to interactions with Q34 in the peptide and T32 is close to the tip of TM7 in the receptor. This leaves the core, α-helix of the peptide exposed to make potential interactions with the extracellular loops. This model agrees with most experimental data available for the Y2 system and can be used as a basis for optimization of Y2 receptor agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Xu
- Departments of Neuroscience (B.X., J.P., D.L.) and Cell and Molecular Biology (S.V., J.Å., H.G.-T.), Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; and Protein and Peptide Chemistry 2 (S.Ø.) and Obesity Research (J.F.P., B.S.W.), Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Silvana Vasile
- Departments of Neuroscience (B.X., J.P., D.L.) and Cell and Molecular Biology (S.V., J.Å., H.G.-T.), Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; and Protein and Peptide Chemistry 2 (S.Ø.) and Obesity Research (J.F.P., B.S.W.), Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Søren Østergaard
- Departments of Neuroscience (B.X., J.P., D.L.) and Cell and Molecular Biology (S.V., J.Å., H.G.-T.), Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; and Protein and Peptide Chemistry 2 (S.Ø.) and Obesity Research (J.F.P., B.S.W.), Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Johan F Paulsson
- Departments of Neuroscience (B.X., J.P., D.L.) and Cell and Molecular Biology (S.V., J.Å., H.G.-T.), Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; and Protein and Peptide Chemistry 2 (S.Ø.) and Obesity Research (J.F.P., B.S.W.), Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Jasna Pruner
- Departments of Neuroscience (B.X., J.P., D.L.) and Cell and Molecular Biology (S.V., J.Å., H.G.-T.), Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; and Protein and Peptide Chemistry 2 (S.Ø.) and Obesity Research (J.F.P., B.S.W.), Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Johan Åqvist
- Departments of Neuroscience (B.X., J.P., D.L.) and Cell and Molecular Biology (S.V., J.Å., H.G.-T.), Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; and Protein and Peptide Chemistry 2 (S.Ø.) and Obesity Research (J.F.P., B.S.W.), Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Birgitte S Wulff
- Departments of Neuroscience (B.X., J.P., D.L.) and Cell and Molecular Biology (S.V., J.Å., H.G.-T.), Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; and Protein and Peptide Chemistry 2 (S.Ø.) and Obesity Research (J.F.P., B.S.W.), Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Hugo Gutiérrez-de-Terán
- Departments of Neuroscience (B.X., J.P., D.L.) and Cell and Molecular Biology (S.V., J.Å., H.G.-T.), Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; and Protein and Peptide Chemistry 2 (S.Ø.) and Obesity Research (J.F.P., B.S.W.), Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Dan Larhammar
- Departments of Neuroscience (B.X., J.P., D.L.) and Cell and Molecular Biology (S.V., J.Å., H.G.-T.), Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; and Protein and Peptide Chemistry 2 (S.Ø.) and Obesity Research (J.F.P., B.S.W.), Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
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13
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Han J, Zuo J, Zhu D, Gao C. The correlation between SNPs within the gene of adrenergic receptor and neuropeptide Y and risk of cervical vertigo. J Clin Lab Anal 2017; 32:e22366. [PMID: 29197114 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.22366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current investigation was aimed to explore the potential associations of SNPs within ADRB2, ADRB1, NPY, and ADRA1A with risk and prognosis of cervical vertigo. METHODS Altogether 216 patients with cervical vertigo and 204 healthy controls were gathered, and their DNAs were extracted utilizing the whole-blood DNA extraction kit. Besides, the PCR reactions were conducted using the TaqManR single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping assays, and the SNPs were detected on the 7900HT real-time fluorogenic quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) instrument. Finally, the severity of cervical vertigo was classified according to the JOA scoring, and the recovery rate (RR) of cervical vertigo was calculated in light of the formula as: [Formula: see text] RESULTS: The SNPs within ADRA1A [rs1048101 (T>C) and rs3802241 (C>T)], NPY [rs16476 (A>C), rs16148 (T>C), and rs5574 (C>T)], ADRB1 [rs28365031 (A>G)] and ADRB2 [rs2053044 (A>G)] were all significantly associated with regulated risk of cervical vertigo (all P < .05). Haplotypes of ADRA1A [CT and TC] and NPY [CCT and ATT] were also suggested as the susceptible factors of cervical vertigo in comparison with other haplotypes. Furthermore, the SNPs within ADRA1A [rs1048101 (T>C)], NPY [rs16476 (A>C), rs16148 (T>C)], as well as ADRB1 [rs28365031 (A>G)] all appeared to predict the prognosis of cervical vertigo in a relatively accurate way (all P < .05). Ultimately, the haplotypes of ADRA1A (CC) and NPY (CCT) tended to decrease the RR. CONCLUSIONS The SNPs within ADRB2, ADRB1, NPY, and ADRA1A might act as the diagnostic biomarkers and treatment targets for cervical vertigo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlong Han
- Department of Orthopedics, the Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan City, Shandong Province, China.,Department of Orthopedics, the Fourth Hospital of Jinan, Jinan City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jinliang Zuo
- Department of Orthopedics, the Fourth Hospital of Jinan, Jinan City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Dengsong Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, the Fourth Hospital of Jinan, Jinan City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Chunzheng Gao
- Department of Orthopedics, the Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan City, Shandong Province, China
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14
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Schubert M, Stichel J, Du Y, Tough IR, Sliwoski G, Meiler J, Cox HM, Weaver CD, Beck-Sickinger AG. Identification and Characterization of the First Selective Y4 Receptor Positive Allosteric Modulator. J Med Chem 2017; 60:7605-7612. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Schubert
- Faculty
of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Jan Stichel
- Faculty
of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Yu Du
- Department
of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Iain R. Tough
- Wolfson
Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus, London SE1 1UL, U.K
| | - Gregory Sliwoski
- Department
of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Jens Meiler
- Department
of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
- Vanderbilt
Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Helen M. Cox
- Wolfson
Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus, London SE1 1UL, U.K
| | - C. David Weaver
- Department
of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt
Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Annette G. Beck-Sickinger
- Faculty
of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Leipzig 04103, Germany
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15
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Shettar V, Patel S, Kidambi S. Epidemiology of Obesity and Pharmacologic Treatment Options. Nutr Clin Pract 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/0884533617713189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarang Patel
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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16
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C-terminal motif of human neuropeptide Y 4 receptor determines internalization and arrestin recruitment. Cell Signal 2016; 29:233-239. [PMID: 27818291 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The human neuropeptide Y4 receptor is a rhodopsin-like G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), which contributes to anorexigenic signals. Thus, this receptor is a highly interesting target for metabolic diseases. As GPCR internalization and trafficking affect receptor signaling and vice versa, we aimed to investigate the molecular mechanism of hY4R desensitization and endocytosis. The role of distinct segments of the hY4R carboxyl terminus was investigated by fluorescence microscopy, binding assays, inositol turnover experiments and bioluminescence resonance energy transfer assays to examine the internalization behavior of hY4R and its interaction with arrestin-3. Based on results of C-terminal deletion mutants and substitution of single amino acids, the motif 7.78EESEHLPLSTVHTEVSKGS7.96 was identified, with glutamate, threonine and serine residues playing key roles, based on site-directed mutagenesis. Thus, we identified the internalization motif for the human neuropeptide Y4 receptor, which regulates arrestin-3 recruitment and receptor endocytosis.
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17
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Shipp SL, Cline MA, Gilbert ER. Recent advances in the understanding of how neuropeptide Y and α-melanocyte stimulating hormone function in adipose physiology. Adipocyte 2016; 5:333-350. [PMID: 27994947 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2016.1208867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Communication between the brain and the adipose tissue has been the focus of many studies in recent years, with the "brain-fat axis" identified as a system that orchestrates the assimilation and usage of energy to maintain body mass and adequate fat stores. It is now well-known that appetite-regulating peptides that were studied as neurotransmitters in the central nervous system can act both on the hypothalamus to regulate feeding behavior and also on the adipose tissue to modulate the storage of energy. Energy balance is thus partly controlled by factors that can alter both energy intake and storage/expenditure. Two such factors involved in these processes are neuropeptide Y (NPY) and α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH). NPY, an orexigenic factor, is associated with promoting adipogenesis in both mammals and chickens, while α-MSH, an anorexigenic factor, stimulates lipolysis in rodents. There is also evidence of interaction between the 2 peptides. This review aims to summarize recent advances in the study of NPY and α-MSH regarding their role in adipose tissue physiology, with an emphasis on the cellular and molecular mechanisms. A greater understanding of the brain-fat axis and regulation of adiposity by bioactive peptides may provide insights on strategies to prevent or treat obesity and also enhance nutrient utilization efficiency in agriculturally-important species.
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18
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Sliwoski G, Schubert M, Stichel J, Weaver D, Beck-Sickinger AG, Meiler J. Discovery of Small-Molecule Modulators of the Human Y4 Receptor. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157146. [PMID: 27294784 PMCID: PMC4905667 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The human neuropeptide Y4 receptor (Y4R) and its native ligand, pancreatic polypeptide, are critically involved in the regulation of human metabolism by signaling satiety and regulating food intake, as well as increasing energy expenditure. Thus, this receptor represents a putative target for treatment of obesity. With respect to new approaches to treat complex metabolic disorders, especially in multi-receptor systems, small molecule allosteric modulators have been in the focus of research in the last years. However, no positive allosteric modulators or agonists of the Y4R have been described so far. In this study, small molecule compounds derived from the Niclosamide scaffold were identified by high-throughput screening to increase Y4R activity. Compounds were characterized for their potency and their effects at the human Y4R and as well as their selectivity towards Y1R, Y2R and Y5R. These compounds provide a structure-activity relationship profile around this common scaffold and lay the groundwork for hit-to-lead optimization and characterization of positive allosteric modulators of the Y4R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Sliwoski
- Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
- Center for Structural Biology, Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Mario Schubert
- Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jan Stichel
- Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - David Weaver
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Annette G. Beck-Sickinger
- Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
- * E-mail: (JM); (ABS)
| | - Jens Meiler
- Center for Structural Biology, Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JM); (ABS)
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19
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Hallberg M. Neuropeptides: metabolism to bioactive fragments and the pharmacology of their receptors. Med Res Rev 2015; 35:464-519. [PMID: 24894913 DOI: 10.1002/med.21323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
The proteolytic processing of neuropeptides has an important regulatory function and the peptide fragments resulting from the enzymatic degradation often exert essential physiological roles. The proteolytic processing generates, not only biologically inactive fragments, but also bioactive fragments that modulate or even counteract the response of their parent peptides. Frequently, these peptide fragments interact with receptors that are not recognized by the parent peptides. This review discusses tachykinins, opioid peptides, angiotensins, bradykinins, and neuropeptide Y that are present in the central nervous system and their processing to bioactive degradation products. These well-known neuropeptide systems have been selected since they provide illustrative examples that proteolytic degradation of parent peptides can lead to bioactive metabolites with different biological activities as compared to their parent peptides. For example, substance P, dynorphin A, angiotensin I and II, bradykinin, and neuropeptide Y are all degraded to bioactive fragments with pharmacological profiles that differ considerably from those of the parent peptides. The review discusses a selection of the large number of drug-like molecules that act as agonists or antagonists at receptors of neuropeptides. It focuses in particular on the efforts to identify selective drug-like agonists and antagonists mimicking the effects of the endogenous peptide fragments formed. As exemplified in this review, many common neuropeptides are degraded to a variety of smaller fragments but many of the fragments generated have not yet been examined in detail with regard to their potential biological activities. Since these bioactive fragments contain a small number of amino acid residues, they provide an ideal starting point for the development of drug-like substances with ability to mimic the effects of the degradation products. Thus, these substances could provide a rich source of new pharmaceuticals. However, as discussed herein relatively few examples have so far been disclosed of successful attempts to create bioavailable, drug-like agonists or antagonists, starting from the structure of endogenous peptide fragments and applying procedures relying on stepwise manipulations and simplifications of the peptide structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Hallberg
- Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, Uppsala, Sweden
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20
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Mörl K, Beck-Sickinger AG. Intracellular Trafficking of Neuropeptide Y Receptors. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2015; 132:73-96. [PMID: 26055055 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The multireceptor multiligand system of neuropeptide Y receptors and their ligands is involved in the regulation of a multitude of physiological and pathophysiological processes. Specific expression patterns, ligand-binding modes, and signaling properties contribute to the complex network regulating distinct cellular responses. Intracellular trafficking processes are important key steps that are regulated in context with accessory proteins. These proteins exert their influence by interacting directly or indirectly with the receptors, causing modification of the receptors, or operating as scaffolds for the assembly of larger signaling complexes. On the intracellular receptor faces, sequence-specific motifs have been identified that play an important role in this process. Interestingly, it is also possible to influence the receptor internalization by modification of the peptide ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Mörl
- Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, Institute of Biochemistry, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Annette G Beck-Sickinger
- Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, Institute of Biochemistry, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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21
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Merlino DJ, Blomain ES, Aing AS, Waldman SA. Gut-Brain Endocrine Axes in Weight Regulation and Obesity Pharmacotherapy. J Clin Med 2014; 3:763-94. [PMID: 26237477 PMCID: PMC4449653 DOI: 10.3390/jcm3030763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the obesity epidemic has developed into a major health crisis both in the United States as well as throughout the developed world. With current treatments limited to expensive, high-risk surgery and minimally efficacious pharmacotherapy, new therapeutic options are urgently needed to combat this alarming trend. This review focuses on the endogenous gut-brain signaling axes that regulate appetite under physiological conditions, and discusses their clinical relevance by summarizing the clinical and preclinical studies that have investigated manipulation of these pathways to treat obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dante J Merlino
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust Street, JAH 368, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
| | - Erik S Blomain
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust Street, JAH 368, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
| | - Amanda S Aing
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust Street, JAH 368, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
| | - Scott A Waldman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust Street, JAH 368, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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22
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Mountford SJ, Liu M, Zhang L, Groenen M, Herzog H, Holliday ND, Thompson PE. Synthetic routes to the Neuropeptide Y Y1 receptor antagonist 1229U91 and related analogues for SAR studies and cell-based imaging. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:3271-81. [PMID: 24733083 DOI: 10.1039/c4ob00176a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The potent Y1 receptor antagonist, 1229U91 has an unusual cyclic dimer structure that makes syntheses of analogue series quite challenging. We have examined three new routes to the synthesis of such peptides that has given access to novel structural variants including heterodimeric compounds, ring size variants and labelled conjugates. These compounds, including a fluorescently labelled analogue VIII show potent antagonism that can be utilised in studying Y1 receptor pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J Mountford
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.
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23
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Association of age at onset in Huntington disease with functional promoter variations in NPY and NPY2R. J Mol Med (Berl) 2013; 92:177-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s00109-013-1092-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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24
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Babilon S, Mörl K, Beck-Sickinger AG. Towards improved receptor targeting: anterograde transport, internalization and postendocytic trafficking of neuropeptide Y receptors. Biol Chem 2013; 394:921-36. [DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2013-0123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The neuropeptide Y system is known to be involved in the regulation of many central physiological and pathophysiological processes, such as energy homeostasis, obesity, cancer, mood disorders and epilepsy. Four Y receptor subtypes have been cloned from human tissue (hY1, hY2, hY4 and hY5) that form a multiligand/multireceptor system together with their three peptidic agonists (NPY, PYY and PP). Addressing this system for medical application requires on the one hand detailed information about the receptor-ligand interaction to design subtype-selective compounds. On the other hand comprehensive knowledge about alternative receptor signaling, as well as desensitization, localization and downregulation is crucial to circumvent the development of undesired side-effects and drug resistance. By bringing such knowledge together, highly potent and long-lasting drugs with minimized side-effects can be engineered. Here, current knowledge about Y receptor export, internalization, recycling, and degradation is summarized, with a focus on the human Y receptor subtypes, and is discussed in terms of its impact on therapeutic application.
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25
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Chai W, Wong VD, Nepomuceno D, Bonaventure P, Lovenberg TW, Carruthers NI. The discovery of potent selective NPY Y2 antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:4141-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The obesity epidemic over the world has called to attention different ways to manage this development. As bariatric surgery today is the only manner by which rapid and sustained weight control can be achieved, new ways of treating obesity are under investigation. This review focuses on today's knowledge on satiety signaling as a means to combat obesity. RECENT FINDINGS The combined knowledge achieved from obesity surgery with gastric bypass and duodenal switch together with the pharmacological treatment of type 2 diabetes have given us some clues of how to manage obesity. The basis for our understanding is the present research focusing on the gut peptide hormones that are released in response to food intake, and the paucity of satiety signaling seems to prevail in obesity. This means that obese patients experience less activation of higher brain centers in association with a meal and therefore compensate with increased meal size or frequent food intake. SUMMARY Altered satiety signaling primarily emanating from the gastrointestinal tract seems to lead to the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Pharmacological tools that enhance the gut hormone signaling are in focus for the upcoming venues of treatment.
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Hsieh YS, Chen PN, Kuo MH, Kuo DY. Neuropeptide Y Y1 receptor knockdown can modify glutathione peroxidase and c-AMP response element-binding protein in phenylpropanolamine-treated rats. Arch Toxicol 2013; 87:469-79. [PMID: 23052195 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-012-0947-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
It has been reported that antioxidative enzymes, neuropeptide Y (NPY), and c-AMP response element-binding protein (CREB) are involved in regulating phenylpropanolamine (PPA)-mediated appetite suppression. Here, we investigated whether Y1 receptor (Y1R) might be involved in this regulation. Rats were daily treated with PPA for 4 days. Changes in the contents of NPY, Y1R, glutathione peroxidase (GP), and CREB were assessed and compared. Results showed that Y1R, GP, and CREB increased, with a maximal increase about 100, 200, and 150 %, respectively, on Day 2. By contrast, NPY decreased with a biggest reduction about 48 % on Day 2 and the pattern of expression during PPA treatment was opposite to those of Y1R, GP, and CREB. Central knockdown (using antisense) or inhibition (using antagonist) of Y1R expression modulated the anorectic response of PPA and the reciprocal regulation between NPY and GP (or CREB), revealing an essential role of Y1R in regulating NPY, GP, and CREB. These results suggest that Y1R participates in the reciprocal regulation of NPY, GP, and CREB in the hypothalamus during PPA treatment in conscious rats. The present results may aid the therapeutic research of PPA and related antiobesity drugs.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Appetite Depressants/pharmacology
- Appetite Regulation/drug effects
- Arginine/analogs & derivatives
- Arginine/pharmacology
- Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein/metabolism
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Down-Regulation
- Eating/drug effects
- Gene Knockdown Techniques
- Glutathione Peroxidase/metabolism
- Hypothalamus/drug effects
- Hypothalamus/enzymology
- Injections, Intraventricular
- Male
- Neuropeptide Y/metabolism
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/administration & dosage
- Phenylpropanolamine/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/genetics
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Receptors, Neuropeptide/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Neuropeptide/genetics
- Receptors, Neuropeptide/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Yih-Shou Hsieh
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University and Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City, 40201, Taiwan, ROC
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28
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Coccaro EF, Lee R, Liu T, Mathé AA. Cerebrospinal fluid neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity correlates with impulsive aggression in human subjects. Biol Psychiatry 2012; 72:997-1003. [PMID: 22985695 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Revised: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurochemical studies have pointed to a modulatory role in human aggression for a number of central neurotransmitters; some (e.g., serotonin) appear to play an inhibitory role, while others (e.g., vasopressin) appear to play a facilitator role in the modulation of aggression. While recent animal studies of neuropeptide Y (NPY) have suggested a facilitator role for central NPY in the modulation of aggression, no human studies of central NPY have yet been reported regarding aggression. METHODS Basal lumbar cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was obtained from 60 physically healthy subjects with personality disorder (PD) (n=40) and from healthy volunteers (n=20). These samples were then assessed for CSF NPY-like immunoreactivity (NPY-LI) and other neurotransmitter-related species in CSF and correlated with measures of aggression and impulsivity. RESULTS Cerebrospinal fluid NPY-LI was higher in PD subjects compared with healthy volunteers and in subjects with intermittent explosive disorder compared with those without intermittent explosive disorder. In PD subjects, CSF NPY-LI was directly correlated with composite measures of aggression and impulsivity and a composite measure of impulsive aggression. Group differences in CSF NPY-LI concentration were accounted for by measures of impulsive aggression. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest a direct relationship between CSF NPY-immunoreactivity concentration and measures of impulsive aggression in human subjects. This adds to the complex picture of the central neuromodulatory role of impulsive aggression in human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil F Coccaro
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Clinical Neuroscience Research Unit, Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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29
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Abstract
The main benefit of natural peptides, peptide analogs and newly designed peptides as therapeutics, lies in their high selectivity and affinity, which are frequently in the nanomolar range. New drugs targeting protein–protein interactions often require larger interaction sites than small molecules can offer. Thus, many peptidic drugs are already applied in therapy at the current state. The next generation of peptide-based therapeutic agents is currently on its way from basic research to clinical studies and eventually to the pharmaceutical market. Development of more robust and long-lasting drugs owing to well-known and new stabilization strategies is yielding novel and continuously improving peptide drugs. The introduction of smart linkers that exhibit stability towards blood plasma but intracellular lability will lead to target-oriented activity, which might successfully decrease side effects. In this review, peptidic therapeutics on the market, in clinical studies and some of those in basic research are characterized. Stabilization strategies and intelligent linkers are discussed with respect to their use in peptide drug therapy.
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30
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Maron JL, Johnson KL, Dietz JA, Chen ML, Bianchi DW. Neuropeptide Y2 receptor (NPY2R) expression in saliva predicts feeding immaturity in the premature neonate. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37870. [PMID: 22629465 PMCID: PMC3357390 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The current practice in newborn medicine is to subjectively assess when a premature infant is ready to feed by mouth. When the assessment is inaccurate, the resulting feeding morbidities may be significant, resulting in long-term health consequences and millions of health care dollars annually. We hypothesized that the developmental maturation of hypothalamic regulation of feeding behavior is a predictor of successful oral feeding in the premature infant. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed the gene expression of neuropeptide Y2 receptor (NPY2R), a known hypothalamic regulator of feeding behavior, in neonatal saliva to determine its role as a biomarker in predicting oral feeding success in the neonate. Methodology/Principal Findings Salivary samples (n = 116), were prospectively collected from 63 preterm and 13 term neonates (post-conceptual age (PCA) 26 4/7 to 41 4/7 weeks) from five predefined feeding stages. Expression of NPY2R in neonatal saliva was determined by multiplex RT-qPCR amplification. Expression results were retrospectively correlated with feeding status at time of sample collection. Statistical analysis revealed that expression of NPY2R had a 95% positive predictive value for feeding immaturity. NPY2R expression statistically significantly decreased with advancing PCA (Wilcoxon test p value<0.01), and was associated with feeding status (chi square p value = 0.013). Conclusions/Significance Developmental maturation of hypothalamic regulation of feeding behavior is an essential component of oral feeding success in the newborn. NPY2R expression in neonatal saliva is predictive of an immature feeding pattern. It is a clinically relevant biomarker that may be monitored in saliva to improve clinical care and reduce significant feeding-associated morbidities that affect the premature neonate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill L Maron
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Floating Hospital for Children at Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
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31
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Funkelstein L, Lu WD, Koch B, Mosier C, Toneff T, Taupenot L, O'Connor DT, Reinheckel T, Peters C, Hook V. Human cathepsin V protease participates in production of enkephalin and NPY neuropeptide neurotransmitters. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:15232-41. [PMID: 22393040 PMCID: PMC3346103 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.310607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Revised: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteases are required for processing precursors into active neuropeptides that function as neurotransmitters for cell-cell communication. This study demonstrates the novel function of human cathepsin V protease for producing the neuropeptides enkephalin and neuropeptide Y (NPY). Cathepsin V is a human-specific cysteine protease gene. Findings here show that expression of cathepsin V in neuroendocrine PC12 cells and human neuronal SK-N-MC cells results in production of (Met)enkephalin from proenkephalin. Gene silencing of cathepsin V by siRNA in human SK-N-MC cells results in reduction of (Met)enkephalin by more than 80%, illustrating the prominent role of cathepsin V for neuropeptide production. In vitro processing of proenkephalin by cathepsin V occurs at dibasic residue sites to generate enkephalin-containing peptides and an ∼24-kDa intermediate present in human brain. Cathepsin V is present in human brain cortex and hippocampus where enkephalin and NPY are produced and is present in purified human neuropeptide secretory vesicles. Colocalization of cathepsin V with enkephalin and NPY in secretory vesicles of human neuroblastoma cells was illustrated by confocal microscopy. Furthermore, expression of cathepsin V with proNPY results in NPY production. These findings indicate the unique function of human cathepsin V for producing enkephalin and NPY neuropeptides required for neurotransmission in health and neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydiane Funkelstein
- From the Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, California 92093
| | - W. Douglas Lu
- From the Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, California 92093
| | - Britta Koch
- the Institut für Molekulare Medizin und Zellforschung, Albert-Ludwigs Universitat, Freiburg, Germany D-79104 Freiburg
| | - Charles Mosier
- From the Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, California 92093
| | - Thomas Toneff
- From the Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, California 92093
| | - Laurent Taupenot
- the Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California 92093
| | - Daniel T. O'Connor
- the Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California 92093
| | - Thomas Reinheckel
- the Institut für Molekulare Medizin und Zellforschung, Albert-Ludwigs Universitat, Freiburg, Germany D-79104 Freiburg
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany, and
| | - Christoph Peters
- the Institut für Molekulare Medizin und Zellforschung, Albert-Ludwigs Universitat, Freiburg, Germany D-79104 Freiburg
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany, and
| | - Vivian Hook
- From the Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, California 92093
- the Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California 92093
- the Departments of of Neurosciences, Pharmacology, and Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
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32
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Mittapalli GK, Vellucci D, Yang J, Toussaint M, Brothers SP, Wahlestedt C, Roberts E. Synthesis and SAR of selective small molecule neuropeptide Y Y2 receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:3916-20. [PMID: 22607676 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.04.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Highly potent and selective small molecule neuropeptide Y Y2 receptor antagonists are reported. The systematic SAR exploration of a hit molecule N-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-4-[hydroxy(diphenyl)methyl]piperidine-1-carbothioamide, identified from HTS, led to the discovery of highly potent NPY Y2 antagonists 16 (CYM 9484) and 54 (CYM 9552) with IC(50) values of 19 nM and 12 nM respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopi Kumar Mittapalli
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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33
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Discovery and evaluation of spirocyclic derivatives as antagonists of the neuropeptide Y5 receptor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:2738-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.02.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Revised: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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34
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Hu S, Huang Y, Deshpande M, Luo G, Bruce MA, Chen L, Mattson G, Iben LG, Zhang J, Russell JW, Clarke WJ, Hogan J, Ortiz A, Flint O, Henwood A, Gao Q, Antal-Zimanyi I, Poindexter GS. Discovery of a Novel Class of Bicyclo[3.1.0]hexanylpiperazines as Noncompetitive Neuropeptide Y Y1 Antagonists. ACS Med Chem Lett 2012; 3:222-6. [PMID: 24900458 PMCID: PMC4025839 DOI: 10.1021/ml200265m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel class of bicyclo[3.1.0]hexanylpiperazine neuropeptide Y (NPY) Y1 antagonists has been designed and synthesized. Scatchard binding analysis showed these compounds to be noncompetitive with [(125)I]PYY binding to the Y1 receptor. The most potent member, 1-((1α,3α,5α,6β)-6-(3-ethoxyphenyl)-3-methylbicyclo[3.1.0]hexan-6-yl)-4-phenylpiperazine (2) had an IC50 = 62 nM and displayed excellent oral bioavailability in rat (% F po = 80), as well as good brain penetration (B/P ratio = 0.61). In a spontaneous nocturnal feeding study with male Sprague-Dawley rats, 2 significantly reduced food intake during a 12 h period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuanghua Hu
- Research
& Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Yazhong Huang
- Research
& Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Milind Deshpande
- Research
& Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Guanglin Luo
- Research
& Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Marc A. Bruce
- Research
& Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Ling Chen
- Research
& Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Gail Mattson
- Research
& Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Lawrence G. Iben
- Research
& Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Jie Zhang
- Research
& Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - John W. Russell
- Research
& Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Wendy J. Clarke
- Research
& Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - John
B. Hogan
- Research
& Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Astrid Ortiz
- Research
& Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Oliver Flint
- Research
& Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Andrew Henwood
- Research
& Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Qi Gao
- Research
& Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Ildiko Antal-Zimanyi
- Research
& Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Graham S. Poindexter
- Research
& Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
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35
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Wu L, Lu K, Packiarajan M, Jubian V, Chandrasena G, Wolinsky TC, Walker MW. Indolyl and dihydroindolyl N-glycinamides as potent and in vivo active NPY5 antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:2167-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.01.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Revised: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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36
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Xie F, Zhang R, Yang C, Xu Y, Wang N, Sun L, Liu J, Sun L, Wei R, Ai J. Long-term neuropeptide Y administration in the periphery induces abnormal baroreflex sensitivity and obesity in rats. Cell Physiol Biochem 2012; 29:111-20. [PMID: 22415080 DOI: 10.1159/000337592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is an important neuronal element involved in cardiovascular regulation. Since elevated plasma levels of NPY have been observed in numerous pathological situations, this study aimed to determine whether long-term elevated plasma concentrations of NPY could result in aberrant baroreflex sensitivity. Mini-osmotic pump containing NPY (85 μg per 30 days) was subcutaneously implanted between scapulae in male rats for 4 months. The rats treated with NPY showed the following characters compared with control group: (1) attenuated heart rate responding to the increases in mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) induced by phenylephrine, but enhanced heart rate responding to the decreases in MABP induced by sodium nitroprusside; (2) decreased protein levels of substance P (SP) and GluR2, while increased the expression of γ-aminobutyric acid A receptor (GABA(A)R) in brainstem; (3) abdominal obesity indicated by increased body weight and accumulated fat mass in peritoneal cavity; (4) significant increases in total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low density lipoprotein levels in the periphery. These findings indicate that long-term NPY administration in the periphery leads to abnormal baroreflex sensitivity due, at least in part, to the down-regulated expression of SP/GluR2 and elevated expression of GABA(A)R in both protein and RNA levels, which indicate the alternations in glutamate function and GABA action in the nucleus tractus solitarii in NPY-treated rats. Furthermore, long-term NPY administration results in abdominal obesity and dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Xie
- Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University (the State-Province Key Laboratory of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), Harbin, China
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37
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Fällmar H, Åkerberg H, Gutiérrez-de-Terán H, Lundell I, Mohell N, Larhammar D. Identification of positions in the human neuropeptide Y/peptide YY receptor Y2 that contribute to pharmacological differences between receptor subtypes. Neuropeptides 2011; 45:293-300. [PMID: 21696823 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2011.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Revised: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The members of the neuropeptide Y (NPY) family are key players in food-intake regulation. In humans this family consists of NPY, peptide YY (PYY) and pancreatic polypeptide (PP) which interact with distinct preference for the four receptors showing very low sequence identity, i.e. Y1, Y2, Y4 and Y5. The binding of similar peptides to these divergent receptors makes them highly interesting for mutagenesis studies. We present here a site-directed mutagenesis study of four amino acid positions in the human Y2 receptor. T(3.40) was selected based on sequence alignments both between subtypes and between species and G(2.68), L(4.60) and Q(6.55) also on previous binding studies of the corresponding positions in the Y1 receptor. The mutated receptors were characterized pharmacologically with the peptide agonists NPY, PYY, PYY(3-36), NPY(13-36) and the non-peptide antagonist BIIE0246. Interestingly, the affinity of NPY and PYY(3-36) increased for the mutants T(3.40)I and Q(6.55)A. Increased affinity was also observed for PYY to Q(6.55)A. PYY(3-36) displayed decreased affinity for G(2.68)N and L(4.60)A whereas binding of NPY(13-36) was unaffected by all mutations. The antagonist BIIE0246 showed decreased affinity for T(3.40)I, L(4.60)A and Q(6.55)A. Although all positions investigated were found important for interaction with at least one of the tested ligands the corresponding positions in hY1 seem to be of greater importance for ligand binding. Furthermore these data indicate that binding of the agonists and the antagonist differs in their points of interaction. The increase in the binding affinity observed may reflect an indirect effect caused by a conformational change of the receptor. These findings will help to improve the structural models of the human NPY receptors.
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38
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Swanson DM, Wong VD, Jablonowski JA, Shah C, Rudolph DA, Dvorak CA, Seierstad M, Dvorak LK, Morton K, Nepomuceno D, Atack JR, Bonaventure P, Lovenberg TW, Carruthers NI. The discovery and synthesis of JNJ 31020028, a small molecule antagonist of the Neuropeptide Y Y₂ receptor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:5552-6. [PMID: 21802951 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.06.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Revised: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A series of small molecules based on a chemotype identified from our compound collection were synthesized and tested for binding affinity (IC(50)) at the human Neuropeptide Y Y(2) receptor (NPY Y(2)). Six of the 23 analogs tested possessed an NPY Y(2) IC(50) ≤ 15 nM. One member of this series, JNJ 31020028, is a selective, high affinity, receptor antagonist existing as a racemic mixture. As such a synthetic route to the desired enantiomer was designed starting from commercially available (S)-(+)-mandelic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin M Swanson
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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39
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Pop N, Igel P, Brennauer A, Cabrele C, Bernhardt G, Seifert R, Buschauer A. Functional reconstitution of human neuropeptide Y (NPY) Y2and Y4receptors in Sf9 insect cells. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2011; 31:271-85. [DOI: 10.3109/10799893.2011.583253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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40
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N-Heteroaryl glycinamides and glycinamines as potent NPY5 antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:5573-6. [PMID: 21782430 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.06.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Subtype specific ligands are needed to evaluate the therapeutic potential of modulating the brain's neuropeptide Y system. The benzothiazepine glycinamide 1a was identified as an NPY5 antagonist lead. While having acceptable solubility, the compound was found to suffer from high clearance and poor exposure. Optimization efforts are described targeting improvements in potency, microsomal stability, and PK properties. The low microsomal stability and poor PK properties were addressed through the optimization of the sulfonyl urea and replacement of the benzothiazepinone with other N-heteroaryl glycinamides. For example, the analogous benzoxazine glycinamide 2e has improvements in both affinity (human Y5 K(i) 4 nM vs 1a 27 nM) and microsomal stability (human CL(int) 2.5 L/min vs 1a 35L/min). However the brain penetration (B/P 43/430 nM at 10 mg/kg PO) remained an unresolved issue. Further optimization by decreasing the hydrogen bond donating properties and PSA provided potent and brain penetrant NPY5 antagonists such as 5f (human Y5 K(i) 9 nM, B/P 520/840 nM 10 mg/kg PO).
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41
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Lundell I, Rabe Bernhardt N, Johnsson AK, Larhammar D. Internalization studies of chimeric neuropeptide Y receptors Y1 and Y2 suggest complex interactions between cytoplasmic domains. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 168:50-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2011.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2011] [Revised: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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42
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Walther C, Mörl K, Beck-Sickinger AG. Neuropeptide Y receptors: ligand binding and trafficking suggest novel approaches in drug development. J Pept Sci 2011; 17:233-46. [PMID: 21351324 DOI: 10.1002/psc.1357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Revised: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
NPY, PYY and PP constitute the so-called NPY hormone family, which exert its biological functions in humans through YRs (Y₁, Y₂, Y₄ and Y₅). Systematic modulation of YR function became important as this multireceptor/multiligand system is known to mediate various essential physiological key functions and is involved in a variety of major human diseases such as epilepsy, obesity and cancer. As several YRs have been found to be overexpressed on different types of malignant tumors they emerge as promising target in modern drug development. Here, we summarize the current understanding of YRs function and the molecular mechanisms of ligand binding and trafficking. We further address recent advances in YR-based drug design, the development of promising future drug candidates and novel approaches in YR-targeted tumor diagnostics and therapy opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Walther
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
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43
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Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is widely distributed in the human body and contributes to a vast number of physiological processes. Since its discovery, NPY has been implicated in metabolic regulation and, although interest in its role in central mechanisms related to food intake and obesity has somewhat diminished, the topic remains a strong focus of research concerning NPY signalling. In addition, a number of other uses for modulators of NPY receptors have been implied in a range of diseases, although the development of NPY receptor ligands has been slow, with no clinically approved receptor therapeutics currently available. Nevertheless, several interesting small molecule compounds, notably Y2 receptor antagonists, have been published recently, fueling optimism in the field. Herein we review the role of NPY in the pathophysiology of a number of diseases and highlight instances where NPY receptor signalling systems are attractive therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun P Brothers
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
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Abstract
The growing worldwide obesity epidemic and obesity-related disorders present a huge unmet medical need for safe and effective anti-obesity medications. The discovery of leptin in 1994 was rapidly succeeded by a wave of related discoveries leading to the elaboration of a hypothalamic melanocortinergic neuronal circuit regulated by leptin and other central and peripheral signaling molecules to control energy homeostasis. The identification of specific neuronal subtypes along with their unique connections and expression products generated a rich target menu for anti-obesity drug discovery programs. Over the course of the last decade, several new chemical entities aimed at these targets have reached various stages or successfully completed the drug discovery/regulatory process only to be dropped or taken off the market. There are now in fact fewer options for anti-obesity drug therapies in late 2010 than were available in 2000. The challenge to discover safe and effective anti-obesity drugs is alive and well.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert George MacKenzie
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-313-577-0677; Fax: +1-313-577-9469
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Lunniss GE, Barnes AA, Barton N, Biagetti M, Bianchi F, Blowers SM, Caberlotto LL, Emmons A, Holmes IP, Montanari D, Norris R, Puckey GV, Walters DJ, Watson SP, Willis J. The identification of a series of novel, soluble non-peptidic neuropeptide Y Y2 receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:7341-4. [PMID: 21074426 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.10.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2010] [Revised: 10/13/2010] [Accepted: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The identification and subsequent optimisation of a selective non-peptidic NPY Y2 antagonist series is described. This led to the development of amine 2, a selective, soluble NPY Y2 receptor antagonist with enhanced CNS exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian E Lunniss
- GlaxoSmithKline, Neurosciences Centre of Excellence for Drug Discovery, New Frontiers Science Park, Harlow, UK.
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Behavioural satiety sequence (BSS): Separating wheat from chaff in the behavioural pharmacology of appetite. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2010; 97:3-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2010.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2009] [Revised: 02/15/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Biagetti M, Leslie CP, Mazzali A, Seri C, Pizzi DA, Bentley J, Genski T, Di Fabio R, Zonzini L, Caberlotto L. Synthesis and structure-activity relationship of N-(3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hex-6-ylmethyl)-5-(2-pyridinyl)-1,3-thiazol-2-amines derivatives as NPY Y5 antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:4741-4. [PMID: 20630754 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.06.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2010] [Revised: 06/25/2010] [Accepted: 06/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A novel class of small molecule NPY Y5 antagonists based around an azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane scaffold was identified through modification of a screening hit. Structure-activity relationships and efforts undertaken to achieve a favourable pharmacokinetic profile in rat are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Biagetti
- GlaxoSmithKline, Neurosciences Centre of Excellence for Drug Discovery, Medicines Research Centre, Verona, Italy.
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