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Li W, Yang Y, Lin Y, Mu D. In Vitro Study of Thymosin Beta 4 Promoting Transplanted Fat Survival by Regulating Adipose-Derived Stem Cells. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2024; 48:2179-2189. [PMID: 38409346 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-024-03861-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autologous fat grafting (AFG) has emerged as a highly sought-after plastic surgery procedure, although its success has been hampered by the uncertain fat survival rate. Current evidence suggests that adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) may contribute to fat retention in AFG. In previous studies, it was confirmed that thymosin beta 4 (Tβ4) could enhance fat survival in vivo, although the precise mechanism remains unclear. METHODS ADSCs were isolated from patients undergoing liposuction and their proliferation, apoptosis, anti-apoptosis, and migration were analyzed under Tβ4 stimulation using cell counting kit-8, flow cytometry, wound healing assay, and real-time quantitative PCR. The mRNA levels of genes relating to angiogenesis and Hippo signaling were also determined. RESULTS Tβ4 at 100 ng/mL (p-value = 0.0171) and 1000 ng/mL (p-value = 0.0054) significantly increased ADSC proliferation from day 1 compared to the control group (0 ng/mL). In addition, the mRNA levels of proliferation-associated genes were elevated in the Tβ4 group. Furthermore, Tβ4 enhanced the anti-apoptotic ability of ADSCs when stimulated with Tβ4 and an apoptotic induction reagent (0 ng/mL vs. 1000 ng/mL, p-value = 0.011). Crucially, the mRNA expression levels of angiogenesis-related genes and critical genes in the Hippo pathway were affected by Tβ4 in ADSCs. CONCLUSIONS Tβ4 enhances adipose viability in AFG via facilitating ADSC proliferation and reducing apoptosis, and acts as a crucial positive regulator of ADSC-associated angiogenesis. Additionally, Tβ4 could be accountable for the phenotypic adjustment of ADSCs by regulating the Hippo pathway. NO LEVEL ASSIGNED This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each submission to which Evidence-Based Medicine rankings are applicable. This excludes Review Articles, Book Reviews, and manuscripts that concern Basic Science, Animal Studies, Cadaver Studies, and Experimental Studies. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Wandi Li
- Senior Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Fourth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, No. 51 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100048, People's Republic of China
- Department of Aesthetic and Reconstructive Breast Surgery, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 33 Badachu Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100144, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Yang
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No. 87 Xiangya Road, Kaifu District, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Lin
- Department of Aesthetic and Reconstructive Breast Surgery, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 33 Badachu Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100144, People's Republic of China
| | - Dali Mu
- Department of Aesthetic and Reconstructive Breast Surgery, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 33 Badachu Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100144, People's Republic of China.
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Sosne G, Berger EA. Thymosin beta 4: A potential novel adjunct treatment for bacterial keratitis. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 118:109953. [PMID: 37018981 PMCID: PMC10403815 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Microbial keratitis is a rapidly progressing, visually debilitating infection of the cornea that can lead to corneal scarring, endophthalmitis, and perforation. Corneal opacification or scarring, a complication of keratitis, is among the leading causes of legal blindness worldwide, second to cataracts.Pseudomonas aeruginosaandStaphylococcus aureusare the two bacteria most commonly associated with this type of infection. Risk factors include patients who are immunocompromised, those who have undergone refractive corneal surgery, and those with prior penetrating keratoplasty, as well as extended wear contact lens users. Current treatment of microbial keratitis primarily addresses the pathogen using antibiotics. Bacterial clearance is of utmost importance yet does not guarantee good visual outcome. Clinicians are often left to rely upon the eye's innate ability to heal itself, as there are limited options beyond antibiotics and corticosteroids for treating patients with corneal infection. Beyond antibiotics, agents in use, such as lubricating ointments, artificial tears, and anti-inflammatory drops, do not fully accommodate clinical needs and have many potential harmful complications. To this end, treatments are needed that both regulate the inflammatory response and promote corneal wound healing to resolve visual disturbances and improve quality of life. Thymosin beta 4 is a small, naturally occurring 43-amino-acid protein that promotes wound healing and reduces corneal inflammation and is currently in Phase 3 human clinical trials for dry eye disease. Our previous work has shown that topical Tβ4 as an adjunct to ciprofloxacin treatment reduces inflammatory mediators and inflammatory cell infiltrates (neutrophils/PMN and macrophages) while enhancing bacterial killing and wound healing pathway activation in an experimental model ofP. aeruginosa-induced keratitis. Adjunctive thymosin beta 4 treatment holds novel therapeutic potential to regulate and, optimally, resolve disease pathogenesis in the cornea and perhaps other infectious and immune-based inflammatory disease. We plan to establish the importance of thymosin beta 4 as a therapeutic agent in conjunction with antibiotics with high impact for immediate clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Sosne
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual & Anatomical Sciences, Kresge Eye Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 4717 St. Antoine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
| | - Elizabeth A Berger
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual & Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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Li W, Yang Y, Zhang X, Lin Y, Li H, Yao Y, Mu D. The preliminary study of exosomes derived from thymosin beta 4-treated adipose-derived stem cells in fat grafting. Genes Genomics 2023; 45:413-427. [PMID: 36445571 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-022-01329-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The retention rate in autologous fat grafting is an increasing concern for surgeons and patients. Our previous research verified that thymosin beta 4 (Tβ4) positively affected fat survival, while the mechanism was unknown. The endothelial cells (ECs) and exosomes derived from adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) were regarded to play a critical role in fat transplantation. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the effect of exosomes derived from Tβ4-treated ADSCs on EC proliferation and to identify the exosomal microRNA (miRNA) profile compared with the Tβ4-untreated group. Additionally, this research intended to recognize the related molecules and signaling pathways in the Tβ4-treated group with potential roles in fat transplants. METHODS ADSCs were collected from patients who underwent liposuction surgery. Depending on whether the medium was supplemented with exogenous Tβ4 or not, exosomes derived from cultured ADSCs were divided into the Tβ4-Exos group and Con-Exos group. Exosome uptake and cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assays assessed the influence of Tβ4-Exos on EC proliferation. The exosomal miRNAs of the two groups were analyzed by next-generation sequencing. With the criteria at the |log2 (fold change)| ≥ 1 and p-value < 0.05, up-regulated and down-regulated differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs) were obtained. Prediction databases were used to predict the downstream mRNAs for DEMs. And then, overlapping genes for the up-regulated DEMs and the down-regulated were screened out, followed by enrichment analysis, protein-protein interaction network construction, and the gene cluster and hub gene identification. RESULTS ADSCs were obtained from four female patients. The exosome uptake and CCK-8 assays showed that the Tβ4-Exos could increase cell growth rate compared with the control group (DMEM-H + PBS). In Tβ4-Exos and Con-Exos groups, 2651 exosomal miRNAs were recognized, with 80 up-regulated and 99 down-regulated DEMs according to the criteria. After the prediction, 621 overlapping genes for the up-regulated and 572 for the down-regulated DEMs were screened. The subsequent bioinformatics analysis found specific molecules and pathways related to the positive effect on fat survival. CONCLUSIONS The exosomes derived from Tβ4-treated ADSCs probably positively affect EC proliferation. Compared with the Con-Exos group, several exosomal DEMs, genes, and pathways were distinguished. These findings of this exploratory study provide the potential direction for future in-depth research on fat grafting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wandi Li
- Department of Aesthetic and Reconstructive Breast Surgery, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100144, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Yang
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- Department of Aesthetic and Reconstructive Breast Surgery, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100144, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Lin
- Department of Aesthetic and Reconstructive Breast Surgery, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100144, People's Republic of China
| | - Haoran Li
- Department of Aesthetic and Reconstructive Breast Surgery, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100144, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Yao
- Department of Aesthetic and Reconstructive Breast Surgery, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100144, People's Republic of China
| | - Dali Mu
- Department of Aesthetic and Reconstructive Breast Surgery, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100144, People's Republic of China.
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Prepared for special issue on thymosins Thymosin β4 and the anti-fibrotic switch. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 115:109628. [PMID: 36580759 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Wound healing involves a rapid response to the injury by circulating cells, followed by inflammation with an influx of inflammatory cells that release various factors. Soon after, cellular proliferation begins to replace the damaged cells and extracellular matrix, and then tissue remodeling restores normal tissue function. Various factors can lead to pathological wound healing when excessive and irreversible connective tissue/extracellular matrix deposition occurs, resulting in fibrosis. The process is initiated when immune cells, such as macrophages, release soluble factors that stimulate fibroblasts. TGFβ is the most well-characterized macrophage derived pro-fibrotic mediator. Other soluble mediators of fibrosis include connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and interleukin 10 (IL-10). Thymosin β4 (Tβ4) has shown therapeutic benefit in preventing fibrosis/scarring in various animal models of fibrosis/scarring. The mechanism of action of Tβ4 appears related, in part, to a reduction in the inflammatory response, including a reduction in macrophage infiltration, decreased levels of TGFβ and IL-10, and reduced CTGF activation, resulting in both prevention of fibroblast conversion to myofibroblasts and production of normally aligned collagen fibers. The amino N-terminal end of Tβ4, SDKP (serine-aspartate-lysine-proline), appears to contain the majority of anti-fibrotic activity and has shown excellent efficacy in many animal models of fibrosis, including liver, lung, heart, and kidney fibrosis. Ac-SDKP not only prevents fibrosis but can reverse fibrosis. Unanswered questions and future directions will be presented with regard to therapeutic uses alone and in combination with already approved drugs for fibrosis.
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0.1% RGN-259 (Thymosin ß4) Ophthalmic Solution Promotes Healing and Improves Comfort in Neurotrophic Keratopathy Patients in a Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Masked Phase III Clinical Trial. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010554. [PMID: 36613994 PMCID: PMC9820614 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We determined the efficacy and safety of 0.1% RGN-259 ophthalmic solution (containing the regenerative protein thymosin ß4) in promoting the healing of persistent epithelial defects in patients with Stages 2 and 3 neurotrophic keratopathy. Complete healing occurred after 4 weeks in 6 of the 10 RGN-259-treated subjects and in 1 of the 8 placebo-treated subjects (p = 0.0656), indicating a strong efficacy trend. Additional efficacy was seen in the significant healing (p = 0.0359) with no recurrent defects observed at day 43, two weeks after cessation of treatment, while the one healed placebo-treated subject at day 28 suffered a recurrence at day 43. The Mackie classification disease stage improved in the RGN-259-treated group at Days 29, 36, and 43 (p = 0.0818, 0.0625, and 0.0467, respectively). Time to complete healing also showed a trend towards efficacy (p = 0.0829, Kaplan-Meier) with 0.1% RGN-259. RGN-259-treated subjects had significant improvements at multiple time points in ocular discomfort, foreign body sensation, and dryness which were not seen in the placebo group. No significant adverse effects were observed. In summary, the use of 0.1% RGN-259 promotes rapid healing of epithelial defects in neurotrophic keratopathy, improves ocular comfort, and is safe for treating this challenging population of patients.
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Parvin S, Arabfard M, Ghazvini A, Ghanei M, Najafi A. Comparative proteomic analysis of mustard lung as a complicated disease using systems biology approach. BMC Pulm Med 2022; 22:437. [PMID: 36419000 PMCID: PMC9686120 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-022-02240-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
During Iraq-Iran conflict, chemical weapons, particularly SM gas, were used numerous times, whose aftereffects are still present. This study aimed to compare serum proteome in the chronic ML (n = 10) and HC (n = 10). TMT label-based quantitative proteomics was used to examine serums from two groups. Among total significant proteins, 14 proteins were upregulated (log2 ≥ FC 0.5, p 0.05), and 6 proteins were downregulated (log2 ≤ FC - 0.5, p 0.05). By helping PPI network, and EA, 11 main pathways connected to significantly different protein expression levels were discovered, including inflammatory and cell adhesion signaling pathways. It may be deduced that the wounded organs of exposed individuals experience poor repair cycles of cell degeneration and regeneration because certain repair signals were elevated while other structural and adhesion molecules were downregulated. The systems biology approach can help enhance our basic knowledge of biological processes, and contribute to a deeper understanding of pathophysiological mechanisms, as well as the identification of potential biomarkers of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahram Parvin
- grid.420169.80000 0000 9562 2611Education Office, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Arabfard
- grid.411521.20000 0000 9975 294XChemical Injuries Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Ghazvini
- grid.411521.20000 0000 9975 294XChemical Injuries Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Ghanei
- grid.411521.20000 0000 9975 294XChemical Injuries Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Najafi
- grid.411521.20000 0000 9975 294XMolecular Biology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Li L, Zhao C, Kong F, Li YC, Wang C, Chen S, Tan HY, Liu Y, Wang D. Calf Thymus Polypeptide Restrains the Growth of Colorectal Tumor via Regulating the Intestinal Microbiota-Mediated Immune Function. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:898906. [PMID: 35662701 PMCID: PMC9160181 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.898906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Calf thymus polypeptide (CTP), with a molecular mass of <10 kDa, is prepared from the thymus of less than 30-day-old newborn cattle. In the present study, the inhibitory function of CTP in colorectal cancer (CRC) was investigated in B6/JGpt-Apcem1Cin(MinC)/Gpt (ApcMin/+) mice. CTP hampered tumor development and enhanced the ratio of CD3e−NK1.1+ cells by 113.0% and CD3e+CD28+ cells by 84.7% in the peripheral blood of ApcMin/+ mice. CTP improved the richness, diversity, and evenness of the intestinal microbiota of ApcMin/+ mice, particularly by regulating the abundance of immune-related microorganisms. CTP effectively regulated the expression of immune-related cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-2 (15.19% increment), IL-12 (17.47% increment), and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β (11.19% reduction). Additionally, it enhanced the levels of CD4 and CD8, as well as the ratio of helper T lymphocytes (Th)1/Th2 in the spleen and tumors of ApcMin/+ mice. In CTP-treated mice, reduced levels of programmed death-1 (PD-1), programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA4), activated nuclear factor of activated T cells 1 (NFAT1), and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) p65 signaling were noted. Collectively, the anti-CRC effect of CTP is related to the modulation of intestinal microbiota-mediated immune function, which provides a reference for CTP as a therapeutic drug or a combination drug used in CRC treatment in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanzhou Li
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chenfei Zhao
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Fange Kong
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yi-Cong Li
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Chunxia Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Shanshan Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hor-Yue Tan
- Centre for Chinese Herbal Medicine Drug Development, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Di Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Zhai Y, Zheng X, Mao Y, Li K, Liu Y, Gao Y, Zhao M, Yang R, Yu R, Chen W. Recombinant Human Thymosin β4 (rhTβ4) Modulates the Anti-Inflammatory Responses to Alleviate Benzalkonium Chloride (BAC)-Induced Dry Eye Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105458. [PMID: 35628276 PMCID: PMC9141377 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Dry eye disease (DED) is a multifactorial ocular disorder that interferes with daily living and reduces quality of life. However, there is no most ideal therapeutic treatment to address all the deleterious defects of DED. The purpose of this study was to investigate the ability of recombinant human thymosin β4 (rhTβ4) to promote healing in a benzalkonium chloride (BAC)-induced mice DED model and the anti-inflammatory effects involved in that process. Eye drops consisting of 0.05% and 0.1% rhTβ4 were used for treatment of DED. Tear volume and corneal staining scores were measured after 7 days. Periodic acid-Schiff staining for gobleT cells in conjunctiva, immunohistochemical staining for CD4+ T cells, TUNEL assay for apoptotic positive cells in cornea and conjunctiva, qRT-PCR and ELISA assays for multiple cytokines were performed. All clinical parameters showed improvement in both the 0.05% and 0.1% rhTβ4 groups. Specifically, topical application of rhTβ4 significantly increased conjunctival gobleT cells and reduced apoptotic cells in conjunctiva. Mechanically, the rhTβ4 groups showed significantly reduced inflammatory cytokine levels and CD4+ T cells in conjunctiva by blocking NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa B) activation, suggesting that 0.05–0.1% rhTβ4 eye drops may be used as a potential therapeutic treatment for DED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfang Zhai
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.M.); (K.L.); (Y.L.); (Y.G.); (M.Z.); (R.Y.)
| | - Xiaoxiang Zheng
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University & Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361104, China;
| | - Yunyun Mao
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.M.); (K.L.); (Y.L.); (Y.G.); (M.Z.); (R.Y.)
| | - Kai Li
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.M.); (K.L.); (Y.L.); (Y.G.); (M.Z.); (R.Y.)
| | - Yanhong Liu
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.M.); (K.L.); (Y.L.); (Y.G.); (M.Z.); (R.Y.)
| | - Yuemei Gao
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.M.); (K.L.); (Y.L.); (Y.G.); (M.Z.); (R.Y.)
| | - Mengsu Zhao
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.M.); (K.L.); (Y.L.); (Y.G.); (M.Z.); (R.Y.)
| | - Rui Yang
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.M.); (K.L.); (Y.L.); (Y.G.); (M.Z.); (R.Y.)
| | - Rui Yu
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.M.); (K.L.); (Y.L.); (Y.G.); (M.Z.); (R.Y.)
- Correspondence: (R.Y.); (W.C.)
| | - Wei Chen
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.M.); (K.L.); (Y.L.); (Y.G.); (M.Z.); (R.Y.)
- Correspondence: (R.Y.); (W.C.)
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Asimakopoulou E, Andreou A, Patelarou A, Patelarou E, Sopjani I, Argyriadis A. Epidermolysis Bullosa: A case study in Cyprus and the nursing care plan. Int J Nurs Knowl 2022; 33:312-320. [PMID: 35302717 DOI: 10.1111/2047-3095.12364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To present a case study with Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) in Cyprus and to determine the nursing care plan, explaining the nursing interventions and showing the importance of nursing care of patients with EB. METHODS Literature review on EB and semi-structured interviews commenced through a direct discussion with open-ended questions to the research subject as well as to a close relative describing his feelings, experiences, and concerns about the disease. FINDINGS Thematic analysis approach was used to identify and analyze patterns in the data. Then, data were synthesized using the standardized nursing terminology of NANDA-I and the Nursing Interventions Classification. The accuracy of the diagnoses and the appropriateness of the nursing interventions were supported by the positive health outcomes of the patient. CONCLUSIONS Nurses should apply evidence-based practice interventions for EB wound care, pain management, nutrition, psychological and social support to these patients. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE Although EB is classified in the category of rare diseases, the presentation of a case study in Cyprus and the nursing care plan contribute further bibliographically to the holistic and at the same time individualized nursing practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aspasia Andreou
- Nursing Department, School of Health Sciences, Frederick University, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Athina Patelarou
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Crete, Greece
| | - Evridiki Patelarou
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Crete, Greece
| | | | - Alexandros Argyriadis
- Nursing Department, School of Health Sciences, Frederick University, Nicosia, Cyprus
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Abstract
Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) is a heterogeneous group of rare inherited blistering skin disorders characterized by skin fragility following minor trauma, usually present since birth. EB can be categorized into four classical subtypes, EB simplex, junctional EB, dystrophic EB and Kindler EB, distinguished on clinical features, plane of blister formation in the skin, and molecular pathology. Treatment for EB is mostly supportive, focusing on wound care and patient symptoms such as itch or pain. However, therapeutic advances have also been made in targeting the primary genetic abnormalities as well as the secondary inflammatory footprint of EB. Pre-clinical or clinical testing of gene therapies (gene replacement, gene editing, RNA-based therapy, natural gene therapy), cell-based therapies (fibroblasts, bone marrow transplantation, mesenchymal stromal cells, induced pluripotential stem cells), recombinant protein therapies, and small molecule and drug repurposing approaches, have generated new hope for better patient care. In this article, we review advances in translational research that are impacting on the quality of life for people living with different forms of EB and which offer hope for improved clinical management.
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Druzina AA, Shmalko AV, Sivaev IB, Bregadze VI. Cyclic oxonium derivatives of cobalt and iron bis(dicarbollides) and their use in organic synthesis. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr5000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Suresh V, Mohanty V, Avula K, Ghosh A, Singh B, Reddy RK, Parida D, Suryawanshi AR, Raghav SK, Chattopadhyay S, Prasad P, Swain RK, Dash R, Parida A, Syed GH, Senapati S. Quantitative proteomics of hamster lung tissues infected with SARS-CoV-2 reveal host factors having implication in the disease pathogenesis and severity. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21713. [PMID: 34105201 PMCID: PMC8206718 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100431r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Syrian golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) infected by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) manifests lung pathology. In this study, efforts were made to check the infectivity of a local SARS‐CoV‐2 isolate in a self‐limiting and non‐lethal hamster model and evaluate the differential expression of lung proteins during acute infection and convalescence. The findings of this study confirm the infectivity of this isolate in vivo. Analysis of clinical parameters and tissue samples show the pathophysiological manifestation of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection similar to that reported earlier in COVID‐19 patients and hamsters infected with other isolates. However, diffuse alveolar damage (DAD), a common histopathological feature of human COVID‐19 was only occasionally noticed. The lung‐associated pathological changes were very prominent on the 4th day post‐infection (dpi), mostly resolved by 14 dpi. Here, we carried out the quantitative proteomic analysis of the lung tissues from SARS‐CoV‐2‐infected hamsters on day 4 and day 14 post‐infection. This resulted in the identification of 1585 proteins of which 68 proteins were significantly altered between both the infected groups. Pathway analysis revealed complement and coagulation cascade, platelet activation, ferroptosis, and focal adhesion as the top enriched pathways. In addition, we also identified altered expression of two pulmonary surfactant‐associated proteins (Sftpd and Sftpb), known for their protective role in lung function. Together, these findings will aid in understanding the mechanism(s) involved in SARS‐CoV‐2 pathogenesis and progression of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Voddu Suresh
- Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India.,Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, India
| | | | - Kiran Avula
- Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India.,Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, India
| | - Arup Ghosh
- Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India.,Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Bharati Singh
- Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India.,Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneswar, India
| | | | - Deepti Parida
- Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India.,Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Rupesh Dash
- Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Ajay Parida
- Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
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13
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Utilizing Developmentally Essential Secreted Peptides Such as Thymosin Beta-4 to Remind the Adult Organs of Their Embryonic State-New Directions in Anti-Aging Regenerative Therapies. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061343. [PMID: 34071596 PMCID: PMC8228050 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Our dream of defeating the processes of aging has occupied the curious and has challenged scientists globally for hundreds of years. The history is long, and sadly, the solution is still elusive. Our endeavors to reverse the magnitude of damaging cellular and molecular alterations resulted in only a few, yet significant advancements. Furthermore, as our lifespan increases, physicians are facing more mind-bending questions in their routine practice than ever before. Although the ultimate goal is to successfully treat the body as a whole, steps towards regenerating individual organs are even considered significant. As our initial approach to enhance the endogenous restorative capacity by delivering exogenous progenitor cells appears limited, we propose, utilizing small molecules critical during embryonic development may prove to be a powerful tool to increase regeneration and to reverse the processes associated with aging. In this review, we introduce Thymosin beta-4, a 43aa secreted peptide fulfilling our hopes and capable of numerous regenerative achievements via systemic administration in the heart. Observing the broad capacity of this small, secreted peptide, we believe it is not the only molecule which nature conceals to our benefit. Hence, the discovery and postnatal administration of developmentally relevant agents along with other approaches may result in reversing the aging process.
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14
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Ectopic Expression of Human Thymosin β4 Confers Resistance to Legionella pneumophila during Pulmonary and Systemic Infection in Mice. Infect Immun 2021; 89:IAI.00735-20. [PMID: 33468581 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00735-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymosin beta-4 (Tβ4) is an actin-sequestering peptide that plays important roles in regeneration and remodeling of injured tissues. However, its function in a naturally occurring pathogenic bacterial infection model has remained elusive. We adopted Tβ4-overexpressing transgenic (Tg) mice to investigate the role of Tβ4 in acute pulmonary infection and systemic sepsis caused by Legionella pneumophila Upon infection, Tβ4-Tg mice demonstrated significantly lower bacterial loads in the lung, less hyaline membranes and necrotic abscess, with lower interstitial infiltration of neutrophils, CD4+, and CD8+ T cells. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of Tβ4-Tg mice possessed higher bactericidal activity against exogenously added L. pneumophila, suggesting that constitutive expression of Tβ4 could efficiently control L. pneumophila Furthermore, qPCR analysis of lung homogenates demonstrated significant reduction of interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), which primarily originate from lung macrophages, in Tβ4-Tg mice after pulmonary infection. Upon L. pneumophila challenge of bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) in vitro, secretion of IL-1β and TNF-α proteins was also reduced in Tβ4-Tg macrophages, without affecting their survival. The anti-inflammatory effects of BMDM in Tβ4-Tg mice on each cytokine were affected when triggering with tlr2, tlr4, tlr5, or tlr9 ligands, suggesting that anti-inflammatory effects of Tβ4 are likely mediated by the reduced activation of Toll-like receptors (TLR). Finally, Tβ4-Tg mice in a systemic sepsis model were protected from L. pneumophila-induced lethality compared to wild-type controls. Therefore, Tβ4 confers effective resistance against L. pneumophila via two pathways, a bactericidal and an anti-inflammatory pathway, which can be harnessed to treat acute pneumonia and septic conditions caused by L. pneumophila in humans.
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15
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Xing Y, Ye Y, Zuo H, Li Y. Progress on the Function and Application of Thymosin β4. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:767785. [PMID: 34992578 PMCID: PMC8724243 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.767785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymosin β4 (Tβ4) is a multifunctional and widely distributed peptide that plays a pivotal role in several physiological and pathological processes in the body, namely, increasing angiogenesis and proliferation and inhibiting apoptosis and inflammation. Moreover, Tβ4 is effectively utilized for several indications in animal experiments or clinical trials, such as myocardial infarction and myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, xerophthalmia, liver and renal fibrosis, ulcerative colitis and colon cancer, and skin trauma. Recent studies have reported the potential application of Tβ4 and its underlying mechanisms. The present study reveals the progress regarding functions and applications of Tβ4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Xing
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Yumeng Ye
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyan Zuo
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Hongyan Zuo, ; Yang Li,
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
- Academy of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei City, China
- *Correspondence: Hongyan Zuo, ; Yang Li,
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16
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Padmanabhan K, Grobe H, Cohen J, Soffer A, Mahly A, Adir O, Zaidel-Bar R, Luxenburg C. Thymosin β4 is essential for adherens junction stability and epidermal planar cell polarity. Development 2020; 147:dev.193425. [PMID: 33310787 PMCID: PMC7758630 DOI: 10.1242/dev.193425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Planar cell polarity (PCP) is essential for tissue morphogenesis and homeostasis; however, the mechanisms that orchestrate the cell shape and packing dynamics required to establish PCP are poorly understood. Here, we identified a major role for the globular (G)-actin-binding protein thymosin-β4 (TMSB4X) in PCP establishment and cell adhesion in the developing epidermis. Depletion of Tmsb4x in mouse embryos hindered eyelid closure and hair-follicle angling owing to PCP defects. Tmsb4x depletion did not preclude epidermal cell adhesion in vivo or in vitro; however, it resulted in abnormal structural organization and stability of adherens junction (AJ) due to defects in filamentous (F)-actin and G-actin distribution. In cultured keratinocytes, TMSB4X depletion increased the perijunctional G/F-actin ratio and decreased G-actin incorporation into junctional actin networks, but it did not change the overall actin expression level or cellular F-actin content. A pharmacological treatment that increased the G/F-actin ratio and decreased actin polymerization mimicked the effects of Tmsb4x depletion on both AJs and PCP. Our results provide insights into the regulation of the actin pool and its involvement in AJ function and PCP establishment. Highlighted Article: By regulating actin pool distribution and incorporation into junctional actin networks, thymosin β4 regulates cell–cell adhesion, planar cell polarity and epidermal morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnanand Padmanabhan
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, P.O. Box 39040, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Hanna Grobe
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, P.O. Box 39040, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Jonathan Cohen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, P.O. Box 39040, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Arad Soffer
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, P.O. Box 39040, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Adnan Mahly
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, P.O. Box 39040, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Orit Adir
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, P.O. Box 39040, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Ronen Zaidel-Bar
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, P.O. Box 39040, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Chen Luxenburg
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, P.O. Box 39040, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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17
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Zhang GH, Murthy KD, Binti Pare R, Qian YH. Protective effect of Tβ4 on central nervous system tissues and its developmental prospects. EUR J INFLAMM 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/2058739220934559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue repair and regeneration in the central nervous system (CNS) remains a serious medical problem. CNS diseases such as traumatic and neurological brain injuries have a high mortality and disability rate, thereby bringing a considerable amount of economic burden to society and families. How to treat traumatic and neurological brain injuries has always been a serious issue faced by neurosurgeons. The global incidence of traumatic and neurological brain injuries has gradually increased and become a global challenge. Thymosin β4 (Tβ4) is the main G-actin variant molecule in eukaryotic cells. During the development of the CNS, Tβ4 regulates neurogenesis, tangential expansion, tissue growth, and cerebral hemisphere folding. In addition, Tβ4 has anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory properties. It promotes angiogenesis, wound healing, stem/progenitor cell differentiation, and other characteristics of cell migration and survival, providing a scientific basis for the repair and regeneration of injured nerve tissue. This review provides evidence to support the role of Tβ4 in the protection and repair of nervous tissue in CNS diseases, especially with the potential to control brain inflammatory processes, and thus open up new therapeutic applications for a series of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-hong Zhang
- School of Medicine, Xi’an International University, Xi’an, China
- Department of Biomedical Science and Therapeutic, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (FPSK), Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS), Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | - Krishna Dilip Murthy
- Department of Biomedical Science and Therapeutic, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (FPSK), Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS), Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | - Rahmawati Binti Pare
- Department of Biomedical Science and Therapeutic, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (FPSK), Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS), Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | - Yi-hua Qian
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
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18
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Yang HM, Kang SW, Sung J, Kim K, Kleinman H. Purinergic Signaling Involvement in Thymosin β4-mediated Corneal Epithelial Cell Migration. Curr Eye Res 2020; 45:1352-1358. [PMID: 32223337 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2020.1748891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: This study aimed to determine the effect of thymosin beta 4 (Tβ4) on human corneal epithelial cell migration and the downstream signaling pathways. Tβ4 has a role in tissue development, cell migration, inflammation, and wound healing. A previous study showed that Tβ4 directly binds to F0-F1 ATP synthase. Other studies reported the role of extracellular ATP and purinergic receptors in cell migration with several cell types. Despite advancing to the clinical stage for treatment of eye disorders, the effect of Tβ4 on human corneal epithelial cell (HCEC) migration and proliferation and the precise downstream signaling pathway(s) have not been identified. Methods: Various concentrations of Tβ4 were tested in vitro on human corneal epithelial cell proliferation using the CCK-8 Kit and on cell migration using the gap closure migration assay. Additionally, ATP levels at various time points were determined using the ATP Lite One-Step Kit. The Fluo 8 NO Wash Calcium Assay Kit was used to measure the intracellular Ca2+ concentration after treatment with various concentrations of Tβ4. P2X7 inhibitors were tested on ATP signaling and migration. Total- and phospho-ERK1/2 levels were determined in western blot. Results: Tβ4 enhanced HCEC proliferation and migration in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Moreover, these functions were related to increased extracellular ATP levels, intracellular Ca2+ influx, and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Tβ4-mediated HCEC migration was inhibited by specific P2X7 purinergic receptor antagonists suggesting the role of this receptor in Tβ4-mediated human corneal epithelial cell migration. Conclusions: These results suggest that Tβ4-mediated HCEC proliferation and migration are associated with increased ATP levels, P2X7 R-mediated Ca2+ influx, and the ERK1/2 signaling pathway. This study begins to describe the mechanisms for Tβ4-mediated corneal healing and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heung-Mo Yang
- Department of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine , Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea.,Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Institute, Samsung Medical Center , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Jihye Sung
- GtreeBNT Co., Ltd ., Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeongsoon Kim
- GtreeBNT Co., Ltd ., Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea.,Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Inje University , Gimhae-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Hynda Kleinman
- The Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, NIH, NIDCR , Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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19
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Lachowicz JI, Jaremko M, Jaremko L, Pichiri G, Coni P, Piludu M. Metal coordination of thymosin β4: Chemistry and possible implications. Coord Chem Rev 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2019.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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20
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Fink K, Boratyński J, Paprocka M, Goszczyński TM. Metallacarboranes as a tool for enhancing the activity of therapeutic peptides. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2019; 1457:128-141. [PMID: 31407357 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Metallacarboranes are anionic boron clusters with high affinity to serum albumin, ability to cross biological membranes, and no apparent toxicity in vitro and in vivo. Thus, conjugation with cobalt bis(1,2-dicarbollide), [COSAN]- , ([3,3'-Co(1,2-C2 B9 H11 )2 ]- ) may improve the properties of therapeutic peptides or proteins at both molecular and systemic levels. Here, we conjugated [COSAN]- with the therapeutic peptide thymosin β4 (Tβ4), which has a pleiotropic activity that results in enhanced healing and regeneration of injured tissues. Using fluorescence quenching of human serum albumin and surface plasmon resonance techniques, we showed that the conjugates have a high affinity to human serum albumin. Using an in vitro wound closure assay, we showed that conjugation with [COSAN]- enhances the activity of Tβ4 toward fibroblasts (MSU1.1 cell line). These results indicate an application of metallacarboranes in the development of analogs of various therapeutic peptides/proteins with superior pharmacological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Fink
- Laboratory of Biomedical Chemistry, Department of Experimental Oncology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy PAS, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Janusz Boratyński
- Laboratory of Biomedical Chemistry, Department of Experimental Oncology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy PAS, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Maria Paprocka
- Laboratory of Biology of Stem and Neoplastic Cells, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy PAS, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Tomasz M Goszczyński
- Laboratory of Biomedical Chemistry, Department of Experimental Oncology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy PAS, Wrocław, Poland
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21
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Renga G, Oikonomou V, Stincardini C, Pariano M, Borghi M, Costantini C, Bartoli A, Garaci E, Goldstein AL, Romani L. Thymosin β4 limits inflammation through autophagy. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2019; 18:171-175. [PMID: 30063848 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2018.1473854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Thymosin β4 (Tβ4) is a thymic hormone with multiple and different intracellular and extracellular activities affecting wound healing, inflammation, fibrosis and tissue regeneration. As the failure to resolve inflammation leads to uncontrolled inflammatory pathology which underlies many chronic diseases, the endogenous pathway through which Tβ4 may promote inflammation resolution becomes of great interest. In this review, we discuss data highlighting the efficacy of Tβ4 in resolving inflammation by restoring autophagy. AREAS COVERED The authors provide an overview of the Tβ4's anti-inflammatory properties in several pathologies and provide preliminary evidence on the ability of Tβ4 to resolve inflammation via the promotion of non-canonical autophagy associated with the activation of the DAP kinase anti-inflammatory function. EXPERT OPINION Based on its multitasking activity in various animal studies, including tissue repair and prevention of chronic inflammation, Tβ4 may represent a potential, novel treatment for inflammatory diseases associated with defective autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Renga
- a Department of Experimental Medicine , University of Perugia , Perugia , Italy
| | - Vasilis Oikonomou
- a Department of Experimental Medicine , University of Perugia , Perugia , Italy
| | - Claudia Stincardini
- a Department of Experimental Medicine , University of Perugia , Perugia , Italy
| | - Marilena Pariano
- a Department of Experimental Medicine , University of Perugia , Perugia , Italy
| | - Monica Borghi
- a Department of Experimental Medicine , University of Perugia , Perugia , Italy
| | - Claudio Costantini
- a Department of Experimental Medicine , University of Perugia , Perugia , Italy
| | - Andrea Bartoli
- a Department of Experimental Medicine , University of Perugia , Perugia , Italy
| | - Enrico Garaci
- b University San Raffaele and IRCCS San Raffaele , Rome , Italy
| | - Allan L Goldstein
- c Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine , the George Washington University, School of Medicine and Health Sciences , Washington , DC , USA
| | - Luigina Romani
- a Department of Experimental Medicine , University of Perugia , Perugia , Italy
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22
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Pardon MC. Anti-inflammatory potential of thymosin β4 in the central nervous system: implications for progressive neurodegenerative diseases. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2019; 18:165-169. [PMID: 30063850 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2018.1486817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The actin-sequestering thymosin beta4 (Tβ4) is the most abundant member of the β-thymosins, and is widely expressed in the central nervous system (CNS), but its functions in the healthy and diseased brain are poorly understood. The expression of Tβ4 in neurons and microglia, the resident immune cells of the brain, suggests that it can play a role in modulating behavioral processes and immunological mechanisms in the brain. The purpose of this review is to shed lights on the role of Tβ4 in CNS function and diseases without antecedent autoimmune inflammation or injury, and to question its therapeutic potential for neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease. AREAS COVERED This review presents the evidence supporting a role for Tβ4 in behaviors that are affected in CNS disorders, as well as studies linking Tβ4 upregulation in microglia to neuroinflammatory processes associated with these disorders. Finally, the implication of Tβ4 in the process of microglial activation and the mechanisms underlying its ability to suppress pro-inflammatory signaling in microglia are discussed. EXPERT OPINION Tβ4 has the potential to control inflammatory processes in the brain, opening avenues for new therapeutic applications to a range of neurodegenerative conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Christine Pardon
- a School of Life Sciences, Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Queens Medical Centre , The University of Nottingham Medical School , Nottingham , UK
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23
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Severa M, Zhang J, Giacomini E, Rizzo F, Etna MP, Cruciani M, Garaci E, Chopp M, Coccia EM. Thymosins in multiple sclerosis and its experimental models: moving from basic to clinical application. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2019; 27:52-60. [PMID: 30317071 PMCID: PMC7104151 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2018.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) afflicts more than 2.5 million individuals worldwide and this number is increasing over time. Within the past years, a great number of disease-modifying treatments have emerged; however, efficacious treatments and a cure for MS await discovery. Thymosins, soluble hormone-like peptides produced by the thymus gland, can mediate immune and non-immune physiological processes and have gained interest in recent years as therapeutics in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. METHODS Pubmed was searched with no time constraints for articles using a combination of the keywords "thymosin/s" or "thymus factor/s" AND "multiple sclerosis", mesh terms with no language restriction. RESULTS Here, we review the state-of-the-art on the effects of thymosins on MS and its experimental models. In particular, we describe what is known in this field on the roles of thymosin-α1 (Tα1) and -β4 (Tβ4) as potential anti-inflammatory as well as neuroprotective and remyelinating molecules and their mechanisms of action. CONCLUSION Based on the data that Tα1 and Tβ4 act as anti-inflammatory molecules and as inducers of myelin repair and neuronal protection, respectively, a possible therapeutic application in MS for Tα1 and Tβ4 alone or combined with other approved drugs may be envisaged. This approach is reasonable in light of the current clinical usage of Tα1 and data demonstrating the safety, tolerability and efficacy of Tβ4 in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Severa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Elena Giacomini
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabiana Rizzo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Marilena Paola Etna
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Melania Cruciani
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico Garaci
- University San Raffaele and IRCCS San Raffaele, Rome, Italy
| | - Michael Chopp
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA,Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA
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24
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Fink K, Kobak K, Kasztura M, Boratyński J, Goszczyński TM. Synthesis and Biological Activity of Thymosin β4-Anionic Boron Cluster Conjugates. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:3509-3515. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Fink
- Laboratory of Biomedical Chemistry, Department of Experimental Oncology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy PAS, 12 Rudolf Weigl Street, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Kamil Kobak
- Laboratory for Applied Research on Cardiovascular System, Department of Heart Diseases, Wrocław Medical University, 5 Rudolf Weigl Street, 50-981 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Monika Kasztura
- Laboratory for Applied Research on Cardiovascular System, Department of Heart Diseases, Wrocław Medical University, 5 Rudolf Weigl Street, 50-981 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Janusz Boratyński
- Laboratory of Biomedical Chemistry, Department of Experimental Oncology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy PAS, 12 Rudolf Weigl Street, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Tomasz M. Goszczyński
- Laboratory of Biomedical Chemistry, Department of Experimental Oncology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy PAS, 12 Rudolf Weigl Street, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland
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25
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Hotez PJ. Advancing biological therapies against a rising tide of American anti-science and other external threats. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2018; 18:5-7. [PMID: 30063855 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2018.1478963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Hotez
- a Texas Children's Center for Vaccine Development, National School of Tropical Medicine , Baylor College of Medicine , Houston , TX , USA.,b Department of Biology , Baylor University , Waco , TX , USA.,c James A Baker III Institute for Public Policy , Rice University , Houston , TX , USA.,d Scowcroft Institute for International Affairs , The Bush School of Government and Public Service , College Station , TX , USA
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26
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Abstract
Moonlighting proteins exhibit multiple activities in different cellular compartments, and their abnormal regulation could play an important role in many diseases. To date, many proteins have been identified with moonlighting activity, and more such proteins are being gradually identified. Among the proteins that possess moonlighting activity, several secreted proteins exhibit multiple activities in different cellular locations, such as the extracellular matrix, nucleus, and cytoplasm. While acute inflammation starts rapidly and generally disappears in a few days, chronic inflammation can last for months or years. This is generally because of the failure to eliminate the cause of inflammation, along with repeated exposure to the inflammatory agent. Chronic inflammation is now considered as an overwhelming burden to the general wellbeing of patients and noted as an underlying cause of several diseases. Moonlighting proteins can contribute to the process of chronic inflammation; therefore, it is imperative to overview some proteins that exhibit multiple functions in inflammatory diseases. In this review, we will focus on inflammation, particularly unravelling several well-known secreted proteins with multiple functions in different cellular locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo Heon Yoon
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Junsun Ryu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Center for Thyroid Cancer, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Seung Joon Baek
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
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Tan WKY, Purnamawati K, Pakkiri LS, Tan SH, Yang X, Chan MY, Drum CL. Sources of variability in quantifying circulating thymosin beta-4: literature review and recommendations. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2018; 18:141-147. [DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2018.1448382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Warren K. Y. Tan
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Kristy Purnamawati
- Translational Laboratory in Genetic Medicine, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Leroy S. Pakkiri
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Sock Hwee Tan
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Xiaoxun Yang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Mark Y. Chan
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Chester L. Drum
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University Health System, Singapore
- Translational Laboratory in Genetic Medicine, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Chen X, Wo F, Chen J, Tan J, Wang T, Liang X, Wu J. Ratiometric Mass Spectrometry for Cell Identification and Quantitation Using Intracellular "Dual-Biomarkers". Sci Rep 2017; 7:17432. [PMID: 29234137 PMCID: PMC5727126 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17812-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This study proposed an easy-to-use method for cell identification and quantitation by ratiometric matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Two pairs of MS peaks in the molecular fingerprint of cells were selected as intracellular dual-biomarkers due to the stability and specificity of their ratio values in different types of hepatocellular cancer (HCC) cell lines. Five types of HCC cells can be thereafter differentiated based on these two pairs of intracellular peptides/proteins. Two types of HCC cells, Huh7 and LM3 were co-cultured as a model to test whether the method is feasible for cell quantitation. The results indicated that the ratiometric peak intensity of the two pair biomarkers exhibits linear relationship with the proportion of Huh7 cells. Furthermore, tumor heterogeneity was simulated by subcutaneously injecting the co-cultured cells into nude mice. The cell type and proportion in the section of grown tumor tissue can be discriminated using the ratiometric MALDI imaging approach. LC-MS/MS detection revealed that one of the biomarker pairs belongs to thymosin family, β4 and β10. The ratiometric MS spectral approach using intracellular dual-biomarkers might become a pervasive strategy for high-throughput cell identification and quantitation, which is vital in tumor heterogeneity study, clinical diagnosis and drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Chen
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Fangjie Wo
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jiang Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Jie Tan
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xiao Liang
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China.
| | - Jianmin Wu
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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Topical treatment of corneal alkali burns with Gly-thymosin β 4 solutions and in situ hydrogels via inhibiting corneal neovascularization and improving corneal epidermal recovery in experimental rabbits. Burns 2017; 43:1742-1747. [DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Thymosin β4 attenuates liver fibrosis via suppressing Notch signaling. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 493:1396-1401. [PMID: 28965947 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.09.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Thymosin β4 (Tβ4) has been shown to have beneficial effects in a number of pathological processes. Although there was research reporting the endogenous expression of Tβ4 influences hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) activation, the effect of exogenous administration of Tβ4 in hepatic fibrosis remains unclear. In the current study, we used CCl4-induced liver fibrosis model mice to investigate the effect of Tβ4 administration on fibrosis in vivo and the underlying mechanism. Our study indicates that Tβ4 attenuates hepatic fibrosis and down-regulates the expression of fibrogenic genes in hepatic liver. In addition, Tβ4 inhibits the expression of pro fibrogenic and proliferation genes in activated HSCs. Further study revealed that Tβ4 attenuates liver fibrosis through inhibition of the Notch signaling, as Tβ4 significantly reduces the expression of Notch2 and Notch 3 that were increased in hepatic liver. Our data indicate that Tβ4 might be an effective anti-fibrotic drug for the treatment of liver fibrosis.
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Liang J, Cai W, Han T, Jing L, Ma Z, Gao Y. The expression of thymosin β4 in chronic hepatitis B combined nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e5763. [PMID: 28033294 PMCID: PMC5207590 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000005763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to detect the expression level of thymosin β4 (Tβ4) in serum and tissues of patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) combined nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The effects of Tβ4 in hepatic steatosis, chronic inflammation, and fibrosis development in CHB combined NAFLD patients were also discussed. The study included 46 patients in the case group with CHB and NAFLD and 42 patients in the control group with CHB. ELISA was applied to detect serum Tβ4 and TNF-α level. Furthermore, the correlation analysis of Tβ4 levels with biochemical index, pathological index, and TNF-α level was performed. The Tβ4 immunohistochemical levels of different inflammation fibrosis levels were compared, and the correlation analysis with TNF expression was performed. The Tβ4 levels in patients with CHB combined NAFLD showed no statistical difference when compared to the control group. In patients with CHB combined NAFLD group, the Tβ4 level had no correlation with ALT, AST, TG, FGP, hepatitis B virus (HBV)-DNA levels, and fat grading, but had negative correlation with inflammation score and fibrosis score (P <0.01). The immunohistochemical results of hepatic tissues showed that the expression intensity of severe inflammation fibrosis group had statistical significance compared with that of slight group, and the Tβ4 expression both in serum and in liver tissue negatively correlated with TNF-α expression. Tβ4 could be involved in the regulation of chronic inflammation and fibrosis and plays a defense role in the disease progression of CHB combined NAFLD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Third Central Hospital
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Artificial Cell
- Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center of Public Health Ministry, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenjuan Cai
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin First Central Hospital
| | - Tao Han
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Third Central Hospital
| | - Li Jing
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Tianjin Third Central Hospital
| | - Zhe Ma
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Third Central Hospital
| | - Yingtang Gao
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Tianjin Third Central Hospital
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Epidermolysis bullosa is a hereditary skin disorder characterized by skin fragility. However, the disease can manifest in many different organ systems, therefore children born with epidermolysis bullosa may have life long, complex medical needs. In this review, we will use a system-based approach to highlight important aspects of disease management and recent advancements in each of the areas. In addition, we will overview some of the cutting edge therapeutic developments in epidermolysis bullosa. RECENT FINDINGS Recent advancements in supportive care of epidermolysis bullosa with focus on wound, pain, pruritus and nutrition status were discussed. Clinical surveillance and complication prevention are critical to improve clinical outcomes. Generalized epidermolysis bullosa is a systemic disease with increased morbidity and mortality; therefore, complex care using a multidisciplinary approach will provide the greatest benefits for patients. Current targeted treatments for epidermolysis bullosa aim at restoring the skin integrity using protein, cell, and gene therapies. SUMMARY Improvement in care of epidermolysis bullosa in recent years results from keen clinical observation, novel molecular targeting, and the embracement of translational research.
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Janarthini R, Wang X, Chen L, Gao L, Zhao L. A Tobacco-Derived Thymosin β4 Concatemer Promotes Cell Proliferation and Wound Healing in Mice. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:1973413. [PMID: 27493953 PMCID: PMC4963596 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1973413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Thymosin β4 (Tβ4) is a peptide that is known to play important roles in protection, regeneration, and remodeling of injured tissues in humans, and that shows great promise in a range of clinical applications. However, current strategies to Tβ4 are insufficient to meet growing demand and have a number of limitations. In this current study we investigated whether expression of recombinant Tβ4 in plants, specifically in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) leaves, represents an effective approach. To address this question, a 168 bp Tβ4 gene optimized for tobacco codon usage bias was constitutively expressed in tobacco as a 4-unit repeat concatemer, fused to a polyhistidine tag. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analyses were used to verify 4×Tβ4 expression in 14 transgenic tobacco lines and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay analysis indicated 4×Tβ4 protein concentrations as high as 3 μg/g of fresh weight in the leaves. We observed that direct administration of tobacco-derived Tβ4 was more effective than Tβ4 either obtained commercially or derived from expression in Escherichia coli at promoting splenocyte proliferation in vitro and wound healing in mice through an endothelial migration assay. This study provides new insights into the development of plant-derived therapeutic proteins and their application by direct administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rylosona Janarthini
- Joint Tomato Research Institute, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Plant Biotechnology Research Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiaolei Wang
- Joint Tomato Research Institute, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Plant Biotechnology Research Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Lulu Chen
- Joint Tomato Research Institute, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Plant Biotechnology Research Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Lei Gao
- Joint Tomato Research Institute, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Plant Biotechnology Research Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Lingxia Zhao
- Joint Tomato Research Institute, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Plant Biotechnology Research Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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Renault L. Intrinsic, Functional, and Structural Properties of β-Thymosins and β-Thymosin/WH2 Domains in the Regulation and Coordination of Actin Self-Assembly Dynamics and Cytoskeleton Remodeling. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2016; 102:25-54. [PMID: 27450729 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
β-Thymosins are a family of heat-stable multifunctional polypeptides that are expressed as small proteins of about 5kDa (~45 amino acids) almost exclusively in multicellular animals. They were first isolated from the thymus. As full-length or truncated polypeptides, they appear to stimulate a broad range of extracellular activities in various signaling pathways, including tissue repair and regeneration, inflammation, cell migration, and immune defense. However, their cell surface receptors and structural mechanisms of regulations in these multiple pathways remain still poorly understood. Besides their extracellular activities, they belong to a larger family of small, intrinsically disordered actin-binding domains called WH2/β-thymosin domains that have been identified in more than 1800 multidomain proteins found in different taxonomic domains of life and involved in various actin-based motile processes including cell morphogenesis, motility, adhesions, tissue development, intracellular trafficking, or pathogen infections. This review briefly surveys the main recent findings to understand how these small, intrinsically disordered but functional domains can interact with many unrelated partners and can thus integrate and coordinate various intracellular activities in actin self-assembly dynamics and cell signaling pathways linked to their cytoskeleton remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Renault
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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Abstract
No agent has been identified that significantly accelerates the repair of chronic dermal wounds in humans. Thymosin beta 4 (Tβ4) is a small, abundant, naturally occurring regenerative protein that is found in body fluids and inside cells. It was found to have angiogenic and antiinflammatory activity and to be high in platelets that aggregate at the wound site. Thus we used Tβ4 initially in dermal healing. It has since been shown to have many activities important in tissue protection, repair, and regeneration. Tβ4 increases the rate of dermal healing in various preclinical animal models, including diabetic and aged animals, and is active for burns as well. Tβ4 also accelerated the rate of repair in phase 2 trials with patients having pressure ulcers, stasis ulcers, and epidermolysis bullosa wounds. It is safe and well tolerated and will likely have additional uses in the skin and in injured organs for tissue repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- H K Kleinman
- George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States.
| | - G Sosne
- Kresge Eye Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
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