1
|
Xie P. Modeling Studies of the Mechanism of Context-Dependent Bidirectional Movements of Kinesin-14 Motors. Molecules 2024; 29:1792. [PMID: 38675612 PMCID: PMC11055046 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29081792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Kinesin-14s, a subfamily of the large superfamily of kinesin motor proteins, function mainly in spindle assembly and maintenance during mitosis and meiosis. KlpA from Aspergillus nidulans and GiKIN14a from Giardia intestinalis are two types of kinesin-14s. Available experimental results puzzlingly showed that while KlpA moves preferentially toward the minus end in microtubule-gliding setups and inside parallel microtubule overlaps, it moves preferentially toward the plus end on single microtubules. More puzzlingly, the insertion of an extra polypeptide linker in the central region of the neck stalk switches the motility direction of KlpA on single microtubules to the minus end. Prior experimental results showed that GiKIN14a moves preferentially toward the minus end on single microtubules in either tailless or full-length forms. The tail not only greatly enhances the processivity but also accelerates the ATPase rate and velocity of GiKIN14a. The insertion of an extra polypeptide linker in the central region of the neck stalk reduces the ATPase rate of GiKIN14a. However, the underlying mechanism of these puzzling dynamical features for KlpA and GiKIN14a is unclear. Here, to understand this mechanism, the dynamics of KlpA and GiKIN14a were studied theoretically on the basis of the proposed model, incorporating potential changes between the kinesin head and microtubule, as well as the potential between the tail and microtubule. The theoretical results quantitatively explain the available experimental results and provide predicted results. It was found that the elasticity of the neck stalk determines the directionality of KlpA on single microtubules and affects the ATPase rate and velocity of GiKIN14a on single microtubules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Xie
- Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Xie P. Molecular mechanism of interaction between kinesin motors affecting their residence times on microtubule lattice and end. J Theor Biol 2023; 571:111556. [PMID: 37301429 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2023.111556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Kinesin superfamily can be classified into 14 subfamilies. Some families of kinesin motors such as kinesin-1 are responsible for long-distance intracellular transports and thus the motors are required to reside on the microtubule (MT) lattice for a longer time than at the end. Some families such as kinesin-8 Kip3 and kinesin-5 Eg5 are responsible for the regulation of MT length by depolymerizing or polymerizing the MT from the plus end and thus the motors are required to reside at the MT end for a long time. Under the crowded condition of the motors, it was found experimentally that the residence times of the kinesin-8 Kip3 and kinesin-5 Eg5 at the MT end are reduced greatly compared to the single-motor case. However, the underlying mechanism of different families of kinesin motors having different MT-end residence times is unknown. The molecular mechanism by which the interaction between the two motors greatly reduces the residence time of the motor at the MT end is elusive. In addition, during the processive stepping on the MT lattice, when two kinesin motors meet it is unknown how the interaction between them affects their dissociation rates. To address the above unclear issues, here we make a consistent and theoretical study of the residence times of the kinesin-1, kinesin-8 Kip3 and kinesin-5 Eg5 motors on the MT lattice and at the end under both the single-motor condition and multiple-motors or crowded condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Xie
- Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100190, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Azimi FC, Dean TT, Minari K, Basso LGM, Vance TDR, Serrão VHB. A Frame-by-Frame Glance at Membrane Fusion Mechanisms: From Viral Infections to Fertilization. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1130. [PMID: 37509166 PMCID: PMC10377500 DOI: 10.3390/biom13071130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral entry and fertilization are distinct biological processes that share a common mechanism: membrane fusion. In viral entry, enveloped viruses attach to the host cell membrane, triggering a series of conformational changes in the viral fusion proteins. This results in the exposure of a hydrophobic fusion peptide, which inserts into the host membrane and brings the viral and host membranes into close proximity. Subsequent structural rearrangements in opposing membranes lead to their fusion. Similarly, membrane fusion occurs when gametes merge during the fertilization process, though the exact mechanism remains unclear. Structural biology has played a pivotal role in elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying membrane fusion. High-resolution structures of the viral and fertilization fusion-related proteins have provided valuable insights into the conformational changes that occur during this process. Understanding these mechanisms at a molecular level is essential for the development of antiviral therapeutics and tools to influence fertility. In this review, we will highlight the biological importance of membrane fusion and how protein structures have helped visualize both common elements and subtle divergences in the mechanisms behind fusion; in addition, we will examine the new tools that recent advances in structural biology provide researchers interested in a frame-by-frame understanding of membrane fusion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farshad C Azimi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Trevor T Dean
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Karine Minari
- Biomolecular Cryo-Electron Microscopy Facility, University of California-Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Luis G M Basso
- Laboratório de Ciências Físicas, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Tyler D R Vance
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Vitor Hugo B Serrão
- Biomolecular Cryo-Electron Microscopy Facility, University of California-Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California-Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liu H, Shima T. Preference of CAMSAP3 for expanded microtubule lattice contributes to stabilization of the minus end. Life Sci Alliance 2023; 6:e202201714. [PMID: 36894175 PMCID: PMC9998277 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202201714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
CAMSAPs are proteins that show microtubule minus-end-specific localization, decoration, and stabilization. Although the mechanism for minus-end recognition via their C-terminal CKK domain has been well described in recent studies, it is unclear how CAMSAPs stabilize microtubules. Our several binding assays revealed that the D2 region of CAMSAP3 specifically binds to microtubules with the expanded lattice. To investigate the relationship between this preference and the stabilization effect of CAMSAP3, we precisely measured individual microtubule lengths and found that D2 binding expanded the microtubule lattice by ∼3%. Consistent with the notion that the expanded lattice is a common feature of stable microtubules, the presence of D2 slowed the microtubule depolymerization rate to ∼1/20, suggesting that the D2-triggered lattice expansion stabilizes microtubules. Combining these results, we propose that CAMSAP3 stabilizes microtubules by lattice expansion upon D2 binding, which further accelerates the recruitment of other CAMSAP3 molecules. Because only CAMSAP3 has D2 and the highest microtubule-stabilizing effect among mammalian CAMSAPs, our model also explains the molecular basis for the functional diversity of CAMSAP family members.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanjin Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Shima
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Effect of the Neck Linker on Processive Stepping of Kinesin Motor. BIOPHYSICA 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/biophysica3010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Kinesin motor protein, which is composed of two catalytic domains connected together by a long coiled-coil stalk via two flexible neck linkers (NLs), can step processively on a microtubule towards the plus end by hydrolyzing adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules. To understand what the role is that the NL plays in the processive stepping, the dynamics of the kinesin motor are studied theoretically here by considering the mutation or deletion of an N-terminal cover strand that contributes to the docking of the NL in kinesin-1, the extension of the NL in kinesin-1, the mutation of the NL in kinesin-1, the swapping of the NL of kinesin-2 with that of kinesin-1, the joining of the stalk and neck of Ncd that moves towards the minus end of MT to the catalytic domain of kinesin-1, the replacement of catalytic domain of kinesin-1 with that of Ncd, and so on. The theoretical results give a consistent and quantitative explanation of various available experimental results about the effects of these mutations on motor dynamics and, moreover, provide predicted results. Additionally, the processive motility of kinesin-6 MKLP2 without NL docking is also explained. The available experimental data about the effect of NL mutations on the dynamics of the bi-directional kinesin-5 Cin8 are also explained. The studies are critically implicative to the mechanism of the stepping of the kinesin motor.
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang C, Guo C, Russell RW, Quinn CM, Li M, Williams JC, Gronenborn AM, Polenova T. Magic-angle-spinning NMR structure of the kinesin-1 motor domain assembled with microtubules reveals the elusive neck linker orientation. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6795. [PMID: 36357375 PMCID: PMC9649657 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34026-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubules (MTs) and their associated proteins play essential roles in maintaining cell structure, organelle transport, cell motility, and cell division. Two motors, kinesin and cytoplasmic dynein link the MT network to transported cargos using ATP for force generation. Here, we report an all-atom NMR structure of nucleotide-free kinesin-1 motor domain (apo-KIF5B) in complex with paclitaxel-stabilized microtubules using magic-angle-spinning (MAS) NMR spectroscopy. The structure reveals the position and orientation of the functionally important neck linker and how ADP induces structural and dynamic changes that ensue in the neck linker. These results demonstrate that the neck linker is in the undocked conformation and oriented in the direction opposite to the KIF5B movement. Chemical shift perturbations and intensity changes indicate that a significant portion of ADP-KIF5B is in the neck linker docked state. This study also highlights the unique capability of MAS NMR to provide atomic-level information on dynamic regions of biological assemblies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunting Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Changmiao Guo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Ryan W Russell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Caitlin M Quinn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Mingyue Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - John C Williams
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA.
| | - Angela M Gronenborn
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Pittsburgh Center for HIV Protein Interactions, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 1051 Biomedical Science Tower 3, 3501 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
| | - Tatyana Polenova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA.
- Pittsburgh Center for HIV Protein Interactions, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 1051 Biomedical Science Tower 3, 3501 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
Kinesin-14s constitute a subfamily of the large superfamily of adenosine triphosphate-dependent microtubule-based motor proteins. Kinesin-14s have the motor domain at the C-terminal end of the peptide, playing key roles during spindle assembly and maintenance. Some of them are nonprocessive motors, whereas others can move processively on microtubules. Here, we take budding yeast Cik1-Kar3 and human HSET as examples to study theoretically the dynamics of the processive kinesin-14 motor moving on the single microtubule under load, the dynamics of the motor coupled with an Ndc80 protein moving on the single microtubule, the dynamics of the motor moving in microtubule arrays, and so on. The dynamics of the nonprocessive Drosophila Ncd motor is also discussed. The studies explain well the available experimental data and, moreover, provide predicted results. We show that the processive kinesin-14 motors can move efficiently in microtubule arrays toward the minus ends, and after reaching the minus ends, they can stay there stably, thus performing the function of organizing the microtubules in the bipolar spindle into polar arrays at the spindle poles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Xie
- Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100190, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hoff KJ, Neumann AJ, Moore JK. The molecular biology of tubulinopathies: Understanding the impact of variants on tubulin structure and microtubule regulation. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:1023267. [PMID: 36406756 PMCID: PMC9666403 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.1023267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterozygous, missense mutations in both α- and β-tubulin genes have been linked to an array of neurodevelopment disorders, commonly referred to as "tubulinopathies." To date, tubulinopathy mutations have been identified in three β-tubulin isotypes and one α-tubulin isotype. These mutations occur throughout the different genetic domains and protein structures of these tubulin isotypes, and the field is working to address how this molecular-level diversity results in different cellular and tissue-level pathologies. Studies from many groups have focused on elucidating the consequences of individual mutations; however, the field lacks comprehensive models for the molecular etiology of different types of tubulinopathies, presenting a major gap in diagnosis and treatment. This review highlights recent advances in understanding tubulin structural dynamics, the roles microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) play in microtubule regulation, and how these are inextricably linked. We emphasize the value of investigating interactions between tubulin structures, microtubules, and MAPs to understand and predict the impact of tubulinopathy mutations at the cell and tissue levels. Microtubule regulation is multifaceted and provides a complex set of controls for generating a functional cytoskeleton at the right place and right time during neurodevelopment. Understanding how tubulinopathy mutations disrupt distinct subsets of those controls, and how that ultimately disrupts neurodevelopment, will be important for establishing mechanistic themes among tubulinopathies that may lead to insights in other neurodevelopment disorders and normal neurodevelopment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jeffrey K. Moore
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Multiple roles for the cytoskeleton in ALS. Exp Neurol 2022; 355:114143. [PMID: 35714755 PMCID: PMC10163623 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease caused by more than sixty genes identified through classic linkage analysis and new sequencing methods. Yet no clear mechanism of onset, cure, or effective treatment is known. Popular discourse classifies the proteins encoded from ALS-related genes into four disrupted processes: proteostasis, mitochondrial function and ROS, nucleic acid regulation, and cytoskeletal dynamics. Surprisingly, the mechanisms detailing the contribution of the neuronal cytoskeletal in ALS are the least explored, despite involvement in these cell processes. Eight genes directly regulate properties of cytoskeleton function and are essential for the health and survival of motor neurons, including: TUBA4A, SPAST, KIF5A, DCTN1, NF, PRPH, ALS2, and PFN1. Here we review the properties and studies exploring the contribution of each of these genes to ALS.
Collapse
|
10
|
Budaitis BG, Badieyan S, Yue Y, Blasius TL, Reinemann DN, Lang MJ, Cianfrocco MA, Verhey KJ. A kinesin-1 variant reveals motor-induced microtubule damage in cells. Curr Biol 2022; 32:2416-2429.e6. [PMID: 35504282 PMCID: PMC9993403 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Kinesins drive the transport of cellular cargoes as they walk along microtubule tracks; however, recent work has suggested that the physical act of kinesins walking along microtubules can stress the microtubule lattice. Here, we describe a kinesin-1 KIF5C mutant with an increased ability to generate damage sites in the microtubule lattice as compared with the wild-type motor. The expression of the mutant motor in cultured cells resulted in microtubule breakage and fragmentation, suggesting that kinesin-1 variants with increased damage activity would have been selected against during evolution. The increased ability to damage microtubules is not due to the enhanced motility properties of the mutant motor, as the expression of the kinesin-3 motor KIF1A, which has similar single-motor motility properties, also caused increased microtubule pausing, bending, and buckling but not breakage. In cells, motor-induced microtubule breakage could not be prevented by increased α-tubulin K40 acetylation, a post-translational modification known to increase microtubule flexibility. In vitro, lattice damage induced by wild-type KIF5C was repaired by soluble tubulin and resulted in increased rescues and overall microtubule growth, whereas lattice damage induced by the KIF5C mutant resulted in larger repair sites that made the microtubule vulnerable to breakage and fragmentation when under mechanical stress. These results demonstrate that kinesin-1 motility causes defects in and damage to the microtubule lattice in cells. While cells have the capacity to repair lattice damage, conditions that exceed this capacity result in microtubule breakage and fragmentation and may contribute to human disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Breane G Budaitis
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Somayesadat Badieyan
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yang Yue
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - T Lynne Blasius
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Dana N Reinemann
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Matthew J Lang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Michael A Cianfrocco
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Kristen J Verhey
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kumari D, Ray K. Phosphoregulation of Kinesins Involved in Long-Range Intracellular Transport. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:873164. [PMID: 35721476 PMCID: PMC9203973 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.873164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinesins, the microtubule-dependent mechanochemical enzymes, power a variety of intracellular movements. Regulation of Kinesin activity and Kinesin-Cargo interactions determine the direction, timing and flux of various intracellular transports. This review examines how phosphorylation of Kinesin subunits and adaptors influence the traffic driven by Kinesin-1, -2, and -3 family motors. Each family of Kinesins are phosphorylated by a partially overlapping set of serine/threonine kinases, and each event produces a unique outcome. For example, phosphorylation of the motor domain inhibits motility, and that of the stalk and tail domains induces cargo loading and unloading effects according to the residue and context. Also, the association of accessory subunits with cargo and adaptor proteins with the motor, respectively, is disrupted by phosphorylation. In some instances, phosphorylation by the same kinase on different Kinesins elicited opposite outcomes. We discuss how this diverse range of effects could manage the logistics of Kinesin-dependent, long-range intracellular transport.
Collapse
|
12
|
Morikawa M, Jerath NU, Ogawa T, Morikawa M, Tanaka Y, Shy ME, Zuchner S, Hirokawa N. A neuropathy-associated kinesin KIF1A mutation hyper-stabilizes the motor-neck interaction during the ATPase cycle. EMBO J 2022; 41:e108899. [PMID: 35132656 PMCID: PMC8886545 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021108899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanochemical coupling of ATPase hydrolysis and conformational dynamics in kinesin motors facilitates intramolecular interaction cycles between the kinesin motor and neck domains, which are essential for microtubule-based motility. Here, we characterized a charge-inverting KIF1A-E239K mutant that we identified in a family with axonal-type Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease and also in 24 cases in human neuropathies including spastic paraplegia and hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy. We show that Glu239 in the β7 strand is a key residue of the motor domain that regulates the motor-neck interaction. Expression of the KIF1A-E239K mutation has decreased ability to complement Kif1a+/- neurons, and significantly decreases ATPase activity and microtubule gliding velocity. X-ray crystallography shows that this mutation causes an excess positive charge on β7, which may electrostatically interact with a negative charge on the neck. Quantitative mass spectrometric analysis supports that the mutation hyper-stabilizes the motor-neck interaction at the late ATP hydrolysis stage. Thus, the negative charge of Glu239 dynamically regulates the kinesin motor-neck interaction, promoting release of the neck from the motor domain upon ATP hydrolysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manatsu Morikawa
- Department of Cell Biology and AnatomyGraduate School of MedicineThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Nivedita U Jerath
- Department of NeurologyCarver College of MedicineUniversity of IowaIowa CityIAUSA,Neuromuscular DivisionAdventHealth OrlandoWinter ParkFLUSA
| | - Tadayuki Ogawa
- Department of Cell Biology and AnatomyGraduate School of MedicineThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan,Research Center for Advanced Medical ScienceDokkyo Medical UniversityMibuJapan
| | - Momo Morikawa
- Department of Cell Biology and AnatomyGraduate School of MedicineThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan,Department of Anatomy and NeuroscienceFaculty of MedicineUniversity of TsukubaTsukubaJapan
| | - Yosuke Tanaka
- Department of Cell Biology and AnatomyGraduate School of MedicineThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Michael E Shy
- Department of NeurologyCarver College of MedicineUniversity of IowaIowa CityIAUSA
| | - Stephan Zuchner
- Department of Human Genetics and Hussman Institute for Human GenomicsMiller School of MedicineUniversity of MiamiMiamiFLUSA
| | - Nobutaka Hirokawa
- Department of Cell Biology and AnatomyGraduate School of MedicineThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Xie P. Dynamics of kinesin motor proteins under longitudinal and sideways loads. J Theor Biol 2021; 530:110879. [PMID: 34437882 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2021.110879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The available single-molecule data showed that different species of N-terminal kinesin molecular motors have very different features on dependences of run length and dissociation rate upon longitudinal load acting on stalks of the motors. The prior single-molecule data for Loligo pealei kinesin-1 indicated that the sideways load has only a weak effect on the velocity, but even a small sideways load can cause a large reduction in the run length. However, these puzzling experimental data remain to be explained and the underlying physical mechanisms are unclear. Here, based on our proposed model we study analytically the dynamics of the N-terminal kinesin motors such as Loligo pealei kinesin-1, Drosophila kinesin-1, truncated kinesin-5/Eg5, truncated kinesin-12/Kif15, kinesin-2/Kif17 and kinesin-2/Kif3AB dimers under both longitudinal and sideways loads. The theoretical results explain quantitatively the available experimental data and provide predictions. The physical mechanism of different kinesin species showing very different features on the load-dependent dynamics and the physical mechanism of the effect of the sideways load on the dynamics are revealed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Xie
- Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100190, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Motor usage imprints microtubule stability along the shaft. Dev Cell 2021; 57:5-18.e8. [PMID: 34883065 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Tubulin dimers assemble into dynamic microtubules, which are used by molecular motors as tracks for intracellular transport. Organization and dynamics of the microtubule network are commonly thought to be regulated at the polymer ends, where tubulin dimers can be added or removed. Here, we show that molecular motors running on microtubules cause exchange of dimers along the shaft in vitro and in cells. These sites of dimer exchange act as rescue sites where depolymerizing microtubules stop shrinking and start re-growing. Consequently, the average length of microtubules increases depending on how frequently they are used as motor tracks. An increase of motor activity densifies the cellular microtubule network and enhances cell polarity. Running motors leave marks in the shaft, serving as traces of microtubule usage to organize the polarity landscape of the cell.
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
Kinesin-1 is a motor protein that can step processively on microtubule by hydrolyzing ATP molecules, playing an essential role in intracellular transports. To better understand the mechanochemical coupling of the motor stepping cycle, numerous structural, biochemical, single molecule, theoretical modeling and numerical simulation studies have been undertaken for the kinesin-1 motor. Recently, a novel ultraresolution optical trapping method was employed to study the mechanics of the kinesin-1 motor and new results were supplemented to its stepping dynamics. In this commentary, the new single molecule results are explained well theoretically with one of the models presented in the literature for the mechanochemical coupling of the kinesin-1 motor. With the model, various prior experimental results for dynamics of different families of N-terminal kinesin motors have also been explained quantitatively.
Collapse
|
16
|
Xie P. Modeling processive motion of kinesin-13 MCAK and kinesin-14 Cik1-Kar3 molecular motors. Protein Sci 2021; 30:2092-2105. [PMID: 34382258 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Kinesin-13 MCAK, which is composed of two identical motor domains, can undergo unbiased one-dimensional diffusion on microtubules. Kinesin-14 Cik1-Kar3, which is composed of a Kar3 motor domain and a Cik1 motor homology domain with no ATPase activity, can move processively toward the minus end of microtubules. Here, we present a model for the diffusion of MCAK homodimer and a model for the processive motion of Cik1-Kar3 heterodimer. Although the two dimeric motors show different domain composition, in the models it is proposed that the two motors use the similar physical mechanism to move processively. With the models, the dynamics of the two dimers is studied analytically. The theoretical results for MCAK reproduce quantitatively the available experimental data about diffusion constant and lifetime of the motor bound to microtubule in different nucleotide states. The theoretical results for Cik1-Kar3 reproduce quantitatively the available experimental data about load dependence of velocity and explain consistently the available experimental data about effects of the exchange and mutation of the motor homology domain on the velocity of the heterodimer. Moreover, predicted results for other aspects of the dynamics of the two dimers are provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Xie
- Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Shi XX, Wang PY, Chen H, Xie P. Studies of Conformational Changes of Tubulin Induced by Interaction with Kinesin Using Atomistic Molecular Dynamics Simulations. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136709. [PMID: 34201478 PMCID: PMC8268240 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The transition between strong and weak interactions of the kinesin head with the microtubule, which is regulated by the change of the nucleotide state of the head, is indispensable for the processive motion of the kinesin molecular motor on the microtubule. Here, using all-atom molecular dynamics simulations, the interactions between the kinesin head and tubulin are studied on the basis of the available high-resolution structural data. We found that the strong interaction can induce rapid large conformational changes of the tubulin, whereas the weak interaction cannot. Furthermore, we found that the large conformational changes of the tubulin have a significant effect on the interaction of the tubulin with the head in the weak-microtubule-binding ADP state. The calculated binding energy of the ADP-bound head to the tubulin with the large conformational changes is only about half that of the tubulin without the conformational changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xuan Shi
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China; (X.-X.S.); (H.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China;
| | - Peng-Ye Wang
- Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China;
| | - Hong Chen
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China; (X.-X.S.); (H.C.)
| | - Ping Xie
- Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China;
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
A model of processive walking and slipping of kinesin-8 molecular motors. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8081. [PMID: 33850247 PMCID: PMC8044202 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87532-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinesin-8 molecular motor can move with superprocessivity on microtubules towards the plus end by hydrolyzing ATP molecules, depolymerizing microtubules. The available single molecule data for yeast kinesin-8 (Kip3) motor showed that its superprocessive movement is frequently interrupted by brief stick–slip motion. Here, a model is presented for the chemomechanical coupling of the kinesin-8 motor. On the basis of the model, the dynamics of Kip3 motor is studied analytically. The analytical results reproduce quantitatively the available single molecule data on velocity without including the slip and that with including the slip versus external load at saturating ATP as well as slipping velocity versus external load at saturating ADP and no ATP. Predicted results on load dependence of stepping ratio at saturating ATP and load dependence of velocity at non-saturating ATP are provided. Similarities and differences between dynamics of kinesin-8 and that of kinesin-1 are discussed.
Collapse
|
19
|
Xie P. A common ATP-dependent stepping model for kinesin-5 and kinesin-1: Mechanism of bi-directionality of kinesin-5. Biophys Chem 2021; 271:106548. [PMID: 33486269 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2021.106548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Kinesin-5 and kinesin-1 proteins are two families of kinesin superfamily molecular motors that can move processively on microtubules powered by ATP hydrolysis. Kinesin-1 is a unidirectional motor. By contrast, some yeast kinesin-5 motors are bidirectional and the directionality can be switched by changing the experimental conditions. Here, on the basis of a common chemomechanical coupling model, the dynamics of kinesin-1 and in particular the dynamics of kinesin-5 is studied theoretically, explaining the available experimental data. For example, the experimental data about different movement directions under different experimental conditions for kinesin-5 are explained well. The origin of why kinesin-1 can only make unidirectional movement and kinesin-5 can make bidirectional movements is revealed. The origin of mutations or deletions of several structural elements affecting the directionality of kinesin-5 is revealed. Moreover, some predicted results for kinesin-5 are provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Xie
- Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
How Kinesin-1 Utilize the Energy of Nucleotide: The Conformational Changes and Mechanochemical Coupling in the Unidirectional Motion of Kinesin-1. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186977. [PMID: 32972035 PMCID: PMC7555842 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinesin-1 is a typical motile molecular motor and the founding member of the kinesin family. The most significant feature in the unidirectional motion of kinesin-1 is its processivity. To realize the fast and processive movement on the microtubule lattice, kinesin-1 efficiently transforms the chemical energy of nucleotide binding and hydrolysis to the energy of mechanical movement. The chemical and mechanical cycle of kinesin-1 are coupled to avoid futile nucleotide hydrolysis. In this paper, the research on the mechanical pathway of energy transition and the regulating mechanism of the mechanochemical cycle of kinesin-1 is reviewed.
Collapse
|
21
|
Ichinose S, Ogawa T, Jiang X, Hirokawa N. The Spatiotemporal Construction of the Axon Initial Segment via KIF3/KAP3/TRIM46 Transport under MARK2 Signaling. Cell Rep 2020; 28:2413-2426.e7. [PMID: 31461655 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.07.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The axon initial segment (AIS) is a compartment that serves as a molecular barrier to achieve axon-dendrite differentiation. Distribution of specific proteins during early neuronal development has been proposed to be critical for AIS construction. However, it remains unknown how these proteins are specifically targeted to the proximal axon within this limited time period. Here, we reveal spatiotemporal regulation driven by the microtubule (MT)-based motor KIF3A/B/KAP3 that transports TRIM46, influenced by a specific MARK2 phosphorylation cascade. In the proximal part of the future axon under low MARK2 activity, the KIF3/KAP3 motor recognizes TRIM46 as cargo and transports it to the future AIS. In contrast, in the somatodendritic area under high MARK2 activity, KAP3 phosphorylated at serine 60 by MARK2 cannot bind with TRIM46 and be transported. This spatiotemporal regulation between KIF3/KAP3 and TRIM46 under specific MARK2 activity underlies the specific transport needed for axonal differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sotaro Ichinose
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tadayuki Ogawa
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Xuguang Jiang
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Hirokawa
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Center of Excellence in Genome Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Guo SK, Xie P. A common chemomechanical coupling model for orphan and conventional kinesin molecular motors. Biophys Chem 2020; 264:106427. [PMID: 32682233 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2020.106427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Orphan and conventional kinesin dimers represent two families of the kinesin superfamily molecular motors. Conventional kinesin, having a 14-residue neck linker (NL) in each head, can step processively on microtubule (MT), with an ATP hydrolysis being coupled with a mechanical stepping under no load. Orphan kinesin phragmoplast-associated kinesin-related protein 2 (PAKRP2) dimer, despite having a NL of 32 residues in each head, can also step processively on MT and exhibits tight chemomechanical coupling under no load. However, the dynamic properties of the wild type PAKRP2 and the mutant one with each NL truncated to 14 residues are very different from those of the wild type conventional kinesin and the mutant one with each NL being replaced by the 32-residue NL from PAKRP2. Here, based on a common chemomechanical coupling model we study computationally the dynamics of the two families of the kinesin dimers, with the simulated results explaining quantitatively the available experimental data. The large differences in the dynamics between the two families of kinesin dimers arise mainly from different rate constants of NL docking and ATPase activity and different weak affinities of the head in ADP state for MT. The studies indicate that both the orphan kinesin PAKRP2 and conventional kinesin use the same mechanism for processive motility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Si-Kao Guo
- Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Ping Xie
- Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Jose R, Santen L. Self-Organized Lane Formation in Bidirectional Transport by Molecular Motors. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:198103. [PMID: 32469583 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.198103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Within cells, vesicles and proteins are actively transported several micrometers along the cytoskeletal filaments. The transport along microtubules is propelled by dynein and kinesin motors, which carry the cargo in opposite directions. Bidirectional intracellular transport is performed with great efficiency, even under strong confinement, as for example in the axon. For this kind of transport system, one would expect generically cluster formation. In this Letter, we discuss the effect of the recently observed self-enhanced binding affinity along the kinesin trajectories on the microtubule. We introduce a stochastic lattice-gas model, where the enhanced binding affinity is realized via a floor field. From Monte Carlo simulations and a mean-field analysis we show that this mechanism can lead to self-organized symmetry breaking and lane formation that indeed leads to efficient bidirectional transport in narrow environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robin Jose
- Department of Theoretical Physics & Center for Biophysics, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Ludger Santen
- Department of Theoretical Physics & Center for Biophysics, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Xie P. Theoretical Analysis of Dynamics of Kinesin Molecular Motors. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:5721-5730. [PMID: 32226850 PMCID: PMC7097908 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b03738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Kinesin is a typical molecular motor that can step processively on microtubules powered by hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules, playing a critical role in intracellular transports. Its dynamical properties such as its velocity, stepping ratio, run length, dissociation rate, etc. as well as the load dependencies of these quantities have been well documented through single-molecule experimental methods. In particular, the run length shows a dramatic asymmetry with respect to the direction of the load, and the dissociation rate exhibits a slip-catch-slip bond behavior under the backward load. Here, an analytic theory was provided for the dynamics of kinesin motors under both forward and backward loads, explaining consistently and quantitatively the diverse available experimental results.
Collapse
|
25
|
Xie P. Non-tight and tight chemomechanical couplings of biomolecular motors under hindering loads. J Theor Biol 2020; 490:110173. [PMID: 31982418 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2020.110173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Biomolecular motors make use of free energy released from chemical reaction (typically ATP hydrolysis) to perform mechanical motion or work. An important issue is whether a molecular motor exhibits tight or non-tight chemomechanical (CM) coupling. The tight CM coupling refers to that each ATPase activity is coupled with a mechanical step, while the non-tight CM coupling refers to that an ATPase activity is not necessarily coupled with a mechanical step. Here, we take kinesin, monomeric DNA helicase, ring-shaped hexameric DNA helicase and ribosome as examples to study this issue. Our studies indicate that some motors such as kinesin, monomeric helicase and ribosome exhibit non-tight CM coupling under hindering forces, while others such as the ring-shaped hexameric helicase exhibit tight or nearly tight CM coupling under any force. For the former, the reduction of the velocity caused by the hindering force arises mainly from the reduction of the CM coupling efficiency, while the ATPase rate is independent or nearly independent of the force. For the latter, the reduction of the velocity caused by the hindering force arises mainly from the reduction of the ATPase rate, while the CM coupling efficiency is independent or nearly independent of the force.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Xie
- Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Smart motors and cargo steering drive kinesin-mediated selective transport. Mol Cell Neurosci 2020; 103:103464. [PMID: 31972342 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2019.103464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons are polarized cells, with dendrites and axons that require different complements of membrane proteins to fulfill their specialized functions. Membrane proteins are synthesized in the somatodendritic domain and delivered to their target membranes via long-range vesicle transport. Most anterograde vesicle transport is mediated by kinesin motors, but it is unclear how kinesins are targeted to axons or dendrites. Two main models have been proposed to explain kinesin selectivity. In the smart motor model, kinesin selectivity is conferred by a preference of the kinesin motor domain for specific subsets of microtubules. In the cargo steering model, kinesin selectivity is modulated by the vesicular cargo to which the motor is bound. We evaluate the evidence for both models and conclude that while the smart motor model may explain axonal selectivity, cargo steering is required for dendritic selectivity. Future work will determine the relative contributions of these models to polarized transport in living neurons.
Collapse
|
27
|
Run length distribution of dimerized kinesin-3 molecular motors: comparison with dimeric kinesin-1. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16973. [PMID: 31740721 PMCID: PMC6861319 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53550-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinesin-3 and kinesin-1 molecular motors are two families of the kinesin superfamily. It has been experimentally revealed that in monomeric state kinesin-3 is inactive in motility and cargo-mediated dimerization results in superprocessive motion, with an average run length being more than 10-fold longer than that of kinesin-1. In contrast to kinesin-1 showing normally single-exponential distribution of run lengths, dimerized kinesin-3 shows puzzlingly Gaussian distribution of run lengths. Here, based on our proposed model, we studied computationally the dynamics of kinesin-3 and compared with that of kinesin-1, explaining quantitatively the available experimental data and revealing the origin of superprocessivity and Gaussian run length distribution of kinesin-3. Moreover, predicted results are provided on ATP-concentration dependence of run length distribution and force dependence of mean run length and dissociation rate of kinesin-3.
Collapse
|
28
|
Hahn I, Voelzmann A, Liew YT, Costa-Gomes B, Prokop A. The model of local axon homeostasis - explaining the role and regulation of microtubule bundles in axon maintenance and pathology. Neural Dev 2019; 14:11. [PMID: 31706327 PMCID: PMC6842214 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-019-0134-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Axons are the slender, cable-like, up to meter-long projections of neurons that electrically wire our brains and bodies. In spite of their challenging morphology, they usually need to be maintained for an organism's lifetime. This makes them key lesion sites in pathological processes of ageing, injury and neurodegeneration. The morphology and physiology of axons crucially depends on the parallel bundles of microtubules (MTs), running all along to serve as their structural backbones and highways for life-sustaining cargo transport and organelle dynamics. Understanding how these bundles are formed and then maintained will provide important explanations for axon biology and pathology. Currently, much is known about MTs and the proteins that bind and regulate them, but very little about how these factors functionally integrate to regulate axon biology. As an attempt to bridge between molecular mechanisms and their cellular relevance, we explain here the model of local axon homeostasis, based on our own experiments in Drosophila and published data primarily from vertebrates/mammals as well as C. elegans. The model proposes that (1) the physical forces imposed by motor protein-driven transport and dynamics in the confined axonal space, are a life-sustaining necessity, but pose a strong bias for MT bundles to become disorganised. (2) To counterbalance this risk, MT-binding and -regulating proteins of different classes work together to maintain and protect MT bundles as necessary transport highways. Loss of balance between these two fundamental processes can explain the development of axonopathies, in particular those linking to MT-regulating proteins, motors and transport defects. With this perspective in mind, we hope that more researchers incorporate MTs into their work, thus enhancing our chances of deciphering the complex regulatory networks that underpin axon biology and pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ines Hahn
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, School of Biology, Manchester, UK
| | - André Voelzmann
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, School of Biology, Manchester, UK
| | - Yu-Ting Liew
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, School of Biology, Manchester, UK
| | - Beatriz Costa-Gomes
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, School of Biology, Manchester, UK
| | - Andreas Prokop
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, School of Biology, Manchester, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Shi XX, Guo SK, Wang PY, Chen H, Xie P. All-atom molecular dynamics simulations reveal how kinesin transits from one-head-bound to two-heads-bound state. Proteins 2019; 88:545-557. [PMID: 31589786 DOI: 10.1002/prot.25833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Kinesin dimer walks processively along a microtubule (MT) protofilament in a hand-over-hand manner, transiting alternately between one-head-bound (1HB) and two-heads-bound (2HB) states. In 1HB state, one head bound by adenosine diphosphate (ADP) is detached from MT and the other head is bound to MT. Here, using all-atom molecular dynamics simulations we determined the position and orientation of the detached ADP-head relative to the MT-bound head in 1HB state. We showed that in 1HB state when the MT-bound head is in ADP or nucleotide-free state, with its neck linker being undocked, the detached ADP-head and the MT-bound head have the high binding energy, and after adenosine triphosphate (ATP) binds to the MT-bound head, with its neck linker being docked, the binding energy between the two heads is reduced greatly. These results reveal how the kinesin dimer retains 1HB state before ATP binding and how the dimer transits from 1HB to 2HB state after ATP binding. Key residues involved in the head-head interaction in 1HB state were identified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xuan Shi
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Si-Kao Guo
- Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Peng-Ye Wang
- Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Chen
- School of Materials Science and Energy Engineering, FoShan University, Guangdong, China
| | - Ping Xie
- Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Xie P, Guo SK, Chen H. A Generalized Kinetic Model for Coupling between Stepping and ATP Hydrolysis of Kinesin Molecular Motors. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20194911. [PMID: 31623357 PMCID: PMC6801755 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A general kinetic model is presented for the chemomechanical coupling of dimeric kinesin molecular motors with and without extension of their neck linkers (NLs). A peculiar feature of the model is that the rate constants of ATPase activity of a kinesin head are independent of the strain on its NL, implying that the heads of the wild-type kinesin dimer and the mutant with extension of its NLs have the same force-independent rate constants of the ATPase activity. Based on the model, an analytical theory is presented on the force dependence of the dynamics of kinesin dimers with and without extension of their NLs at saturating ATP. With only a few adjustable parameters, diverse available single molecule data on the dynamics of various kinesin dimers, such as wild-type kinesin-1, kinesin-1 with mutated residues in the NLs, kinesin-1 with extension of the NLs and wild-type kinesin-2, under varying force and ATP concentration, can be reproduced very well. Additionally, we compare the power production among different kinesin dimers, showing that the mutation in the NLs reduces the power production and the extension of the NLs further reduces the power production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Xie
- School of Materials Science and Energy Engineering, FoShan University, Guangdong 528000, China.
- Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Si-Kao Guo
- Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Hong Chen
- School of Materials Science and Energy Engineering, FoShan University, Guangdong 528000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Kaneshiro J, Okada Y, Shima T, Tsujii M, Imada K, Ichimura T, Watanabe TM. Second harmonic generation polarization microscopy as a tool for protein structure analysis. Biophys Physicobiol 2019; 16:147-157. [PMID: 31660282 PMCID: PMC6812877 DOI: 10.2142/biophysico.16.0_147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryo-electron microscopy and X-ray crystallography have been the major tools of protein structure analysis for decades and will certainly continue to be essential in the future. Moreover, nuclear magnetic resonance or Förster resonance energy transfer can measure structural dynamics. Here, we propose to add optical second-harmonic generation (SHG), which is a nonlinear optical scattering process sensitive to molecular structures in illuminated materials, to the tool-kit of structural analysis methodologies. SHG can be expected to probe the structural changes of proteins in the physiological condition, and thus link protein structure and biological function. We demonstrate that a conformational change as well as its dynamics in protein macromolecular assemblies can be detected by means of SHG polarization measurement. To prove the capability of SHG polarization measurement with regard to protein structure analysis, we developed an SHG polarization microscope to analyze microtubules in solution. The difference in conformation between microtubules with different binding molecules was successfully observed as polarization dependence of SHG intensity. We also succeeded in capturing the temporal variation of structure in a photo-switchable protein crystal in both activation and inactivation processes. These results illustrate the potential of this method for protein structure analysis in physiological solutions at room temperature without any labeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Kaneshiro
- Laboratory for Comprehensive Bioimaging, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), Suita, Osaka 565-0874, Japan
| | - Yasushi Okada
- Laboratory for Cell Polarity Regulation, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), Suita, Osaka 565-0874, Japan.,Department of Physics and Universal Biology Institute (UBI), Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Shima
- Laboratory for Cell Polarity Regulation, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), Suita, Osaka 565-0874, Japan
| | - Mika Tsujii
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 565-0043, Japan
| | - Katsumi Imada
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 565-0043, Japan
| | - Taro Ichimura
- Laboratory for Comprehensive Bioimaging, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), Suita, Osaka 565-0874, Japan.,Transdimensional Life Imaging Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Tomonobu M Watanabe
- Laboratory for Comprehensive Bioimaging, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), Suita, Osaka 565-0874, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
A model for the chemomechanical coupling of the mammalian cytoplasmic dynein molecular motor. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2019; 48:609-619. [PMID: 31278451 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-019-01386-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Available single-molecule data have shown that some mammalian cytoplasmic dynein dimers move on microtubules with a constant step size of about 8.2 nm. Here, a model is presented for the chemomechanical coupling of these mammalian cytoplasmic dynein dimers. In contrast to the previous models, a peculiar feature of the current model is that the rate constants of ATPase activity are independent of the external force. Based on this model, analytical studies of the motor dynamics are presented. With only four adjustable parameters, the theoretical results reproduce quantitatively diverse available single-molecule data on the force dependence of stepping ratio, velocity, mean dwell time, and dwell-time distribution between two mechanical steps. Predicted results are also provided for the force dependence of the number of ATP molecules consumed per mechanical step, indicating that under no or low force the motors exhibit a tight chemomechanical coupling, and as the force increases the number of ATPs consumed per step increases greatly.
Collapse
|
33
|
Guo SK, Shi XX, Wang PY, Xie P. Force dependence of unbinding rate of kinesin motor during its processive movement on microtubule. Biophys Chem 2019; 253:106216. [PMID: 31288174 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2019.106216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Kinesin is a biological molecular motor that can move continuously on microtubule until it unbinds. Here, we studied computationally the force dependence of the unbinding rate of the motor. Our results showed that while the unbinding rate under the forward load has the expected characteristic of "slip bond", with the unbinding rate increasing monotonically with the increase of the forward load, the unbinding rate under the backward load shows counterintuitive characteristic of "slip-catch-slip bond": as the backward load increases, the unbinding rate increases exponentially firstly, then drops rapidly and then increases again. Our calculated data are in agreement with the available single-molecule data from different research groups. The mechanism of the slip-catch-slip bond was revealed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Si-Kao Guo
- Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100190, China; School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiao-Xuan Shi
- Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100190, China; School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Peng-Ye Wang
- Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100190, China; School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ping Xie
- Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100190, China; School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Jiang S, Mani N, Wilson-Kubalek EM, Ku PI, Milligan RA, Subramanian R. Interplay between the Kinesin and Tubulin Mechanochemical Cycles Underlies Microtubule Tip Tracking by the Non-motile Ciliary Kinesin Kif7. Dev Cell 2019; 49:711-730.e8. [PMID: 31031197 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The correct localization of Hedgehog effectors to the tip of primary cilia is critical for proper signal transduction. The conserved non-motile kinesin Kif7 defines a "cilium-tip compartment" by localizing to the distal ends of axonemal microtubules. How Kif7 recognizes microtubule ends remains unknown. We find that Kif7 preferentially binds GTP-tubulin at microtubule ends over GDP-tubulin in the mature microtubule lattice, and ATP hydrolysis by Kif7 enhances this discrimination. Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures suggest that a rotated microtubule footprint and conformational changes in the ATP-binding pocket underlie Kif7's atypical microtubule-binding properties. Finally, Kif7 not only recognizes but also stabilizes a GTP-form of tubulin to promote its own microtubule-end localization. Thus, unlike the characteristic microtubule-regulated ATPase activity of kinesins, Kif7 modulates the tubulin mechanochemical cycle. We propose that the ubiquitous kinesin fold has been repurposed in Kif7 to facilitate organization of a spatially restricted platform for localization of Hedgehog effectors at the cilium tip.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Jiang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nandini Mani
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Wilson-Kubalek
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Pei-I Ku
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ronald A Milligan
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Radhika Subramanian
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Sato C, Yamazawa T, Ohtani A, Maruyama Y, Memtily N, Sato M, Hatano Y, Shiga T, Ebihara T. Primary cultured neuronal networks and type 2 diabetes model mouse fatty liver tissues in aqueous liquid observed by atmospheric SEM (ASEM): Staining preferences of metal solutions. Micron 2019; 118:9-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
|
36
|
Force Dependence of Velocity and Run Length of Kinesin-1, Kinesin-2 and Kinesin-5 Family Molecular Motors. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24020287. [PMID: 30646587 PMCID: PMC6358798 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24020287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinesin-1, kinesin-2 and kinesin-5 are three families of a superfamily of motor proteins; which can walk processively on microtubule filaments by hydrolyzing ATP. It was experimentally shown that while the three kinesin dimers show similar feature on the force dependence of velocity, they show rather different features on the force dependence of run length. However, why the three families of kinesins show these rather different features is unclear. Here, we computationally studied the movement dynamics of the three dimers based on our proposed model. The simulated results reproduce well the available experimental data on the force dependence of velocity and run length. Moreover, the simulated results on the velocity and run length for the three dimers with altered neck linker lengths are also in quantitative agreement with the available experimental data. The studies indicate that the three families of kinesins show much similar movement mechanism and the rather different features on the force dependence of run length arise mainly from the difference in rate constants of the ATPase activity and neck linker docking. Additionally, the asymmetric (limping) movement dynamics of the three families of homodimers with and without altered neck linker lengths are studied, providing predicted results.
Collapse
|
37
|
Inaba H, Yamamoto T, Iwasaki T, Kabir AMR, Kakugo A, Sada K, Matsuura K. Stabilization of microtubules by encapsulation of the GFP using a Tau-derived peptide. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:9072-9075. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc04345d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Encapsulation of the GFP inside microtubules by using a Tau-derived peptide increased the stability, rigidity, and velocity of microtubules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Inaba
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tottori University
- Tottori 680-8552
- Japan
- Centre for Research on Green Sustainable Chemistry
| | - Takahisa Yamamoto
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tottori University
- Tottori 680-8552
- Japan
| | - Takashi Iwasaki
- Department of Bioresources Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences
- Tottori University
- Tottori 680-8553
- Japan
| | | | - Akira Kakugo
- Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University
- Sapporo 060-0810
- Japan
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University
- Sapporo 060-0810
| | - Kazuki Sada
- Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University
- Sapporo 060-0810
- Japan
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University
- Sapporo 060-0810
| | - Kazunori Matsuura
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tottori University
- Tottori 680-8552
- Japan
- Centre for Research on Green Sustainable Chemistry
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Xie P, Guo SK, Chen H. ATP-Concentration- and Force-Dependent Chemomechanical Coupling of Kinesin Molecular Motors. J Chem Inf Model 2018; 59:360-372. [PMID: 30500195 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.8b00577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A model is presented for the chemomechanical coupling of kinesin motors, which proposes that the rate constants of the chemical reaction are independent of the external force. On the basis of the model, we study theoretically the movement dynamics of the motors under varying external force and ATP concentration, such as the forward to backward stepping ratio, velocity, dwell time between two mechanical steps, stall force, and so on. The theoretical results reproduce quantitatively the diverse and even contradictory available single-molecule experimental data for different species of the motors. Furthermore, we study the dependence of the chemomechanical coupling ratio on ATP concentration and external force, with both ATP concentration and external force having large effects on the chemomechanical coupling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Xie
- School of Materials Science and Energy Engineering , FoShan University , Guangdong , 528000 , China.,Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics and Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics , Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Si-Kao Guo
- School of Materials Science and Energy Engineering , FoShan University , Guangdong , 528000 , China.,Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics and Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics , Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Hong Chen
- School of Materials Science and Energy Engineering , FoShan University , Guangdong , 528000 , China
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Shimizu Y, Togawa T, Chaen S. Possible cold-adaptation for the fungal kinesin in compensation for thermal stability acquired by single amino acid substitution. J Biochem 2018; 165:353-359. [DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvy109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The amino acid sequence of the motor domain of AnKinA, kinesin-1 from Aspergillus nidulans, growing optimally at 37°C, was compared with that of SbKin1, kinesin-1 from the snow mold Sclerotinia borealis. For cold-adaptation, some enzymes are thought to exhibit augmented protein structure flexibility, acquired most effectively by substituting a glycine residue for another amino acid residue. By the comparison described above, two glycine residues proximal to tightly bound ADP were identified in the SbKin1 motor domain, of which the corresponding residues of AnKinA were non-glycine ones (P60 and S323). We made AnKinA recombinant kinesin (AnKinA-WT (WT)) along with P60G and S323G mutants. From the basal ATPase activity (without microtubules), these kinesins showed similar characteristics in activation energies, while deviation from the linearity of the ATPase activity time-course was detected at 34°C for WT and P60G but at 24°C for S323G. The microtubule translocation velocity of WT, P60G or S323G exhibited an activation energy of 60, 58 or 53 kJ/mol, respectively; for S323G, the activation energy was lower and the velocity at low temperatures was higher than those for the other two. These results suggest that the point mutation S323G would offer possible cold-adaptation in compensation for thermal stability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youské Shimizu
- Department of Biosciences, College of Humanities and Sciences, Nihon University, 3-25-40 Sakurajosui, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toru Togawa
- Department of Biosciences, College of Humanities and Sciences, Nihon University, 3-25-40 Sakurajosui, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeru Chaen
- Department of Biosciences, College of Humanities and Sciences, Nihon University, 3-25-40 Sakurajosui, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Shima T, Morikawa M, Kaneshiro J, Kambara T, Kamimura S, Yagi T, Iwamoto H, Uemura S, Shigematsu H, Shirouzu M, Ichimura T, Watanabe TM, Nitta R, Okada Y, Hirokawa N. Kinesin-binding-triggered conformation switching of microtubules contributes to polarized transport. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:4164-4183. [PMID: 30297389 PMCID: PMC6279379 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201711178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Kinesin-1, the founding member of the kinesin superfamily of proteins, is known to use only a subset of microtubules for transport in living cells. This biased use of microtubules is proposed as the guidance cue for polarized transport in neurons, but the underlying mechanisms are still poorly understood. Here, we report that kinesin-1 binding changes the microtubule lattice and promotes further kinesin-1 binding. This high-affinity state requires the binding of kinesin-1 in the nucleotide-free state. Microtubules return to the initial low-affinity state by washing out the binding kinesin-1 or by the binding of non-hydrolyzable ATP analogue AMPPNP to kinesin-1. X-ray fiber diffraction, fluorescence speckle microscopy, and second-harmonic generation microscopy, as well as cryo-EM, collectively demonstrated that the binding of nucleotide-free kinesin-1 to GDP microtubules changes the conformation of the GDP microtubule to a conformation resembling the GTP microtubule.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Shima
- Laboratory for Cell Polarity Regulation, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Osaka, Japan
| | - Manatsu Morikawa
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junichi Kaneshiro
- Laboratory for Comprehensive Bioimaging, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Osaka, Japan
| | - Taketoshi Kambara
- Laboratory for Cell Polarity Regulation, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shinji Kamimura
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiki Yagi
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Iwamoto
- Life and Environmental Division, SPring-8, Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Sotaro Uemura
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideki Shigematsu
- Structural Biology Group, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Mikako Shirouzu
- Structural Biology Group, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Taro Ichimura
- Laboratory for Comprehensive Bioimaging, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomonobu M Watanabe
- Laboratory for Comprehensive Bioimaging, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryo Nitta
- Structural Biology Group, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kanagawa, Japan
- Division of Structural Medicine and Anatomy, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Yasushi Okada
- Laboratory for Cell Polarity Regulation, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Physics, Universal Biology Institute and the International Research Center for Neurointelligence, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Hirokawa
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Center of Excellence in Genome Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Shi XX, Fu YB, Guo SK, Wang PY, Chen H, Xie P. Investigating role of conformational changes of microtubule in regulating its binding affinity to kinesin by all-atom molecular dynamics simulation. Proteins 2018; 86:1127-1139. [PMID: 30132979 DOI: 10.1002/prot.25592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Changes of affinity of kinesin head to microtubule regulated by changes in the nucleotide state are essential to processive movement of kinesin on microtubule. Here, using all-atom molecular dynamics simulations we show that besides the nucleotide state, large conformational changes of microtubule-tubulin heterodimers induced by strong interaction with the head in strongly binding state are also indispensable to regulate the affinity of the head to the tubulin. In strongly binding state the high affinity of the head to microtubule arises largely from mutual conformational changes of the microtubule and head induced by the specific interaction between them via an induced-fit mechanism. Moreover, the ADP-head has a much weaker affinity to the local microtubule-tubulin, whose conformation is largely altered by the interaction with the head in strongly binding state, than to other unperturbed tubulins. This indicates that upon Pi release the ADP-head temporarily has a much weaker affinity to the local tubulin than to other tubulins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xuan Shi
- Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Material Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Yi-Ben Fu
- Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Si-Kao Guo
- Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Peng-Ye Wang
- Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Chen
- School of Materials Science and Energy Engineering, FoShan University, Guangdong, China
| | - Ping Xie
- Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Shigematsu H, Imasaki T, Doki C, Sumi T, Aoki M, Uchikubo-Kamo T, Sakamoto A, Tokuraku K, Shirouzu M, Nitta R. Structural insight into microtubule stabilization and kinesin inhibition by Tau family MAPs. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:4155-4163. [PMID: 30275105 PMCID: PMC6279373 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201711182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Tau family of microtubule-associated proteins promote microtubule stabilization or regulate microtubule-based motility. Shigematsu et al. visualized MAP4 and microtubules complexed with kinesin-1 by cryo-EM, which suggests a structural basis of microtubule stabilization and kinesin inhibition by Tau family MAPs. The Tau family microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) promote microtubule stabilization and regulate microtubule-based motility. They share the C-terminal microtubule-binding domain, which includes three to five tubulin-binding repeats. Different numbers of repeats formed by alternative splicing have distinct effects on the activities of these proteins, and the distribution of these variants regulates fundamental physiological phenomena in cells. In this study, using cryo-EM, we visualized the MAP4 microtubule complex with the molecular motor kinesin-1. MAP4 bound to the C-terminal domains of tubulins along the protofilaments stabilizes the longitudinal contacts of the microtubule. The strongest bond of MAP4 was found around the intertubulin–dimer interface such that MAP4 coexists on the microtubule with kinesin-1 bound to the intratubulin–dimer interface as well. MAP4, consisting of five repeats, further folds and accumulates above the intertubulin–dimer interface, interfering with kinesin-1 movement. Therefore, these cryo-EM studies reveal new insight into the structural basis of microtubule stabilization and inhibition of kinesin motility by the Tau family MAPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Shigematsu
- RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Yokohama, Japan.,RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Imasaki
- Division of Structural Medicine and Anatomy, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.,Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan
| | - Chihiro Doki
- Division of Applied Science and Engineering, Course of Biosystem, Graduate School of Muroran Institute of Technology, Muroran, Japan
| | - Takuya Sumi
- Division of Structural Medicine and Anatomy, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Mari Aoki
- RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Yokohama, Japan.,RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Tomomi Uchikubo-Kamo
- RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Yokohama, Japan.,RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Ayako Sakamoto
- RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Yokohama, Japan.,RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Tokuraku
- Division of Applied Science and Engineering, Course of Biosystem, Graduate School of Muroran Institute of Technology, Muroran, Japan
| | - Mikako Shirouzu
- RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Yokohama, Japan.,RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Ryo Nitta
- RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Yokohama, Japan .,Division of Structural Medicine and Anatomy, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Guo SK, Shi XX, Wang PY, Xie P. Processivity of dimeric kinesin-1 molecular motors. FEBS Open Bio 2018; 8:1332-1351. [PMID: 30087836 PMCID: PMC6070657 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinesin‐1 is a homodimeric motor protein that can move along microtubule filaments by hydrolyzing ATP with a high processivity. How the two motor domains are coordinated to achieve such high processivity is not clear. To address this issue, we computationally studied the run length of the dimer with our proposed model. The computational data quantitatively reproduced the puzzling experimental data, including the dramatically asymmetric character of the run length with respect to the direction of external load acting on the coiled‐coil stalk, the enhancement of the run length by addition of phosphate, and the contrary features of the run length for different types of kinesin‐1 with extensions of their neck linkers compared with those without extension of the neck linker. The computational data on other aspects of the movement dynamics such as velocity and durations of one‐head‐bound and two‐head‐bound states in a mechanochemical coupling cycle were also in quantitative agreement with the available experimental data. Moreover, predicted results are provided on dependence of the run length upon external load acting on one head of the dimer, which can be easily tested in the future using single‐molecule optical trapping assays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Si-Kao Guo
- Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics Institute of Physics Chinese Academy of Science Beijing China.,School of Physical Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Xiao-Xuan Shi
- Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics Institute of Physics Chinese Academy of Science Beijing China.,School of Physical Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Peng-Ye Wang
- Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics Institute of Physics Chinese Academy of Science Beijing China.,School of Physical Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Ping Xie
- Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics Institute of Physics Chinese Academy of Science Beijing China.,School of Physical Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Mechanism of Catalytic Microtubule Depolymerization via KIF2-Tubulin Transitional Conformation. Cell Rep 2018; 20:2626-2638. [PMID: 28903043 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.08.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubules (MTs) are dynamic structures that are fundamental for cell morphogenesis and motility. MT-associated motors work efficiently to perform their functions. Unlike other motile kinesins, KIF2 catalytically depolymerizes MTs from the peeled protofilament end during ATP hydrolysis. However, the detailed mechanism by which KIF2 drives processive MT depolymerization remains unknown. To elucidate the catalytic mechanism, the transitional KIF2-tubulin complex during MT depolymerization was analyzed through multiple methods, including atomic force microscopy, size-exclusion chromatography, multi-angle light scattering, small-angle X-ray scattering, analytical ultracentrifugation, and mass spectrometry. The analyses outlined the conformation in which one KIF2core domain binds tightly to two tubulin dimers in the middle pre-hydrolysis state during ATP hydrolysis, a process critical for catalytic MT depolymerization. The X-ray crystallographic structure of the KIF2core domain displays the activated conformation that sustains the large KIF2-tubulin 1:2 complex.
Collapse
|
45
|
Peet DR, Burroughs NJ, Cross RA. Kinesin expands and stabilizes the GDP-microtubule lattice. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 13:386-391. [PMID: 29531331 PMCID: PMC5937683 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-018-0084-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Kinesin-1 is a nanoscale molecular motor that walks towards the fast-growing (plus) ends of microtubules, hauling molecular cargo to specific reaction sites in cells. Kinesin-driven transport is central to the self-organization of eukaryotic cells and shows great promise as a tool for nano-engineering 1 . Recent work hints that kinesin may also play a role in modulating the stability of its microtubule track, both in vitro2,3 and in vivo 4 , but the results are conflicting5-7 and the mechanisms are unclear. Here, we report a new dimension to the kinesin-microtubule interaction, whereby strong-binding state (adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-bound and apo) kinesin-1 motor domains inhibit the shrinkage of guanosine diphosphate (GDP) microtubules by up to two orders of magnitude and expand their lattice spacing by ~1.6%. Our data reveal an unexpected mechanism by which the mechanochemical cycles of kinesin and tubulin interlock, and so allow motile kinesins to influence the structure, stability and mechanics of their microtubule track.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Peet
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, Warwick Medical School, Coventry, UK
- Warwick Systems Biology Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Nigel J Burroughs
- Warwick Systems Biology Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
- Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Robert A Cross
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, Warwick Medical School, Coventry, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Balabanian L, Berger CL, Hendricks AG. Acetylated Microtubules Are Preferentially Bundled Leading to Enhanced Kinesin-1 Motility. Biophys J 2017; 113:1551-1560. [PMID: 28978447 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The motor proteins kinesin and dynein transport organelles, mRNA, proteins, and signaling molecules along the microtubule cytoskeleton. In addition to serving as tracks for transport, the microtubule cytoskeleton directs intracellular trafficking by regulating the activity of motor proteins through the organization of the filament network, microtubule-associated proteins, and tubulin posttranslational modifications. However, it is not well understood how these factors influence motor motility, and in vitro assays and live cell observations often produce disparate results. To systematically examine the factors that contribute to cytoskeleton-based regulation of motor protein motility, we extracted intact microtubule networks from cells and tracked the motility of single fluorescently labeled motor proteins on these cytoskeletons. We find that tubulin acetylation alone does not directly affect kinesin-1 motility. However, acetylated microtubules are predominantly bundled, and bundling enhances kinesin run lengths and provides a greater number of available kinesin binding sites. The neuronal MAP tau is also not sensitive to tubulin acetylation, but enriches preferentially on highly curved regions of microtubules where it strongly inhibits kinesin motility. Taken together, these results suggest that the organization of the microtubule network is a key contributor to the regulation of motor-based transport.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linda Balabanian
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Christopher L Berger
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Adam G Hendricks
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Hwang W, Lang MJ, Karplus M. Kinesin motility is driven by subdomain dynamics. eLife 2017; 6:28948. [PMID: 29111975 PMCID: PMC5718755 DOI: 10.7554/elife.28948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The microtubule (MT)-associated motor protein kinesin utilizes its conserved ATPase head to achieve diverse motility characteristics. Despite considerable knowledge about how its ATPase activity and MT binding are coupled to the motility cycle, the atomic mechanism of the core events remain to be found. To obtain insights into the mechanism, we performed 38.5 microseconds of all-atom molecular dynamics simulations of kinesin-MT complexes in different nucleotide states. Local subdomain dynamics were found to be essential for nucleotide processing. Catalytic water molecules are dynamically organized by the switch domains of the nucleotide binding pocket while ATP is torsionally strained. Hydrolysis products are 'pulled' by switch-I, and a new ATP is 'captured' by a concerted motion of the α0/L5/switch-I trio. The dynamic and wet kinesin-MT interface is tuned for rapid interactions while maintaining specificity. The proposed mechanism provides the flexibility necessary for walking in the crowded cellular environment. Motor proteins called kinesins perform a number of different roles inside cells, including transporting cargo and organizing filaments called microtubules to generate the force needed for a cell to divide. Kinesins move along the microtubules, with different kinesins moving in different ways: some ‘walk’, some jump, and some destroy the microtubule as they travel along it. All kinesins power their movements using the same molecule as fuel – adenosine triphosphate, known as ATP for short. Energy stored in ATP is released by a chemical reaction known as hydrolysis, which uses water to break off specific parts of the ATP molecule. The site to which ATP binds in a kinesin has a similar structure to the ATP binding site of many other proteins that use ATP. However, little was known about the way in which kinesin uses ATP as a fuel, including how ATP binds to kinesin and is hydrolyzed, and how the products of hydrolysis are released. These events are used to power the motor protein. Hwang et al. have used powerful computer simulation methods to examine in detail how ATP interacts with kinesin whilst moving across a microtubule. The simulations suggest that regions (or 'domains') of kinesin near the ATP binding site move around to help in processing ATP. These kinesin domains trap a nearby ATP molecule from the environment and help to deliver water molecules to ATP for hydrolysis. Hwang et al. also found that the domain motion subsequently helps in the release of the hydrolysis products by kinesin. The domains around the ATP pocket vary among the kinesins and these differences may enable kinesins to fine-tune how they use ATP to move. Further investigations will help us understand why different kinesin families behave differently. They will also contribute to exploring how kinesin inhibitors might be used as anti-cancer drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wonmuk Hwang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, United States.,Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, United States.,School of Computational Sciences, Korea Institute for Advanced Study, Seoul, Korea
| | - Matthew J Lang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, United States
| | - Martin Karplus
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States.,Laboratoire de Chimie Biophysique, ISIS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Structural basis for CRMP2-induced axonal microtubule formation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10681. [PMID: 28878401 PMCID: PMC5587665 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11031-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Microtubule associated protein Collapsin response mediator protein 2 (CRMP2) regulates neuronal polarity in developing neurons through interactions with tubulins or microtubules. However, how CRMP2 promotes axonal formation by affecting microtubule behavior remains unknown. This study aimed to obtain the structural basis for CRMP2–tubulin/microtubule interaction in the course of axonogenesis. The X-ray structural studies indicated that the main interface to the soluble tubulin-dimer is the last helix H19 of CRMP2 that is distinct from the known C-terminal tail-mediated interaction with assembled microtubules. In vitro structural and functional studies also suggested that the H19-mediated interaction promoted the rapid formation of GTP-state microtubules directly, which is an important feature of the axon. Consistently, the H19 mutants disturbed axon elongation in chick neurons, and failed to authorize the structural features for axonal microtubules in Caenorhabditis elegans. Thus, CRMP2 induces effective axonal microtubule formation through H19-mediated interactions with a soluble tubulin-dimer allowing axonogenesis to proceed.
Collapse
|
49
|
Li L, Jia Z, Peng Y, Godar S, Getov I, Teng S, Alper J, Alexov E. Forces and Disease: Electrostatic force differences caused by mutations in kinesin motor domains can distinguish between disease-causing and non-disease-causing mutations. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8237. [PMID: 28811629 PMCID: PMC5557957 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08419-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to predict if a given mutation is disease-causing or not has enormous potential to impact human health. Typically, these predictions are made by assessing the effects of mutation on macromolecular stability and amino acid conservation. Here we report a novel feature: the electrostatic component of the force acting between a kinesin motor domain and tubulin. We demonstrate that changes in the electrostatic component of the binding force are able to discriminate between disease-causing and non-disease-causing mutations found in human kinesin motor domains using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC). Because diseases may originate from multiple effects not related to kinesin-microtubule binding, the prediction rate of 0.843 area under the ROC plot due to the change in magnitude of the electrostatic force alone is remarkable. These results reflect the dependence of kinesin’s function on motility along the microtubule, which suggests a precise balance of microtubule binding forces is required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Zhe Jia
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Yunhui Peng
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Subash Godar
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Ivan Getov
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Shaolei Teng
- Department of Biology, Howard University, Washington, DC, 20059, USA
| | - Joshua Alper
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA.
| | - Emil Alexov
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Guo SK, Wang PY, Xie P. Dynamics of dimeric kinesins: Limping, effect of longitudinal force, effects of neck linker extension and mutation, and comparison between kinesin-1 and kinesin-2. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 105:1126-1137. [PMID: 28754624 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.07.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Conventional kinesin (kinesin-1) can walk on microtubule filaments in an asymmetric hand-over-hand manner, exhibiting a marked alternation in the mean dwell time in successive steps. Here, we study computationally the asymmetric stepping dynamics of the kinesin-1 homodimer, revealing its origin and providing quantitative explanations of the available experimental data. The alternation in the mean dwell time in successive steps arises from the alternation in the mechanochemical coupling ratio, which is in turn caused by the alternation in the slight variation of the stretched neck linker length. Both the vertical and backward longitudinal forces can enhance the asymmetric ratio. Additionally, other aspects of the stepping dynamics of the dimer such as the velocity versus longitudinal force, extended neck linker, etc., are also studied. In particular, the conflicting experimental data, with some showing that the velocity does not change with the forward longitudinal load while others showing that the velocity increases largely with the forward longitudinal load, are explained quantitatively and consistently. The intriguing experimental data showing that cysteine-light Drosophila and human kinesin-1 mutants have different load-dependent velocity from the wild-type cases as well as that kinesin-2 dimers have different load-dependent velocity from the kinesin-1 are also explained consistently and quantitatively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Si-Kao Guo
- Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics and Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Peng-Ye Wang
- Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics and Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Ping Xie
- Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics and Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| |
Collapse
|