1
|
Settembre C, Perera RM. Lysosomes as coordinators of cellular catabolism, metabolic signalling and organ physiology. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2024; 25:223-245. [PMID: 38001393 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-023-00676-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Every cell must satisfy basic requirements for nutrient sensing, utilization and recycling through macromolecular breakdown to coordinate programmes for growth, repair and stress adaptation. The lysosome orchestrates these key functions through the synchronised interplay between hydrolytic enzymes, nutrient transporters and signalling factors, which together enable metabolic coordination with other organelles and regulation of specific gene expression programmes. In this Review, we discuss recent findings on lysosome-dependent signalling pathways, focusing on how the lysosome senses nutrient availability through its physical and functional association with mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) and how, in response, the microphthalmia/transcription factor E (MiT/TFE) transcription factors exert feedback regulation on lysosome biogenesis. We also highlight the emerging interactions of lysosomes with other organelles, which contribute to cellular homeostasis. Lastly, we discuss how lysosome dysfunction contributes to diverse disease pathologies and how inherited mutations that compromise lysosomal hydrolysis, transport or signalling components lead to multi-organ disorders with severe metabolic and neurological impact. A deeper comprehension of lysosomal composition and function, at both the cellular and organismal level, may uncover fundamental insights into human physiology and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmine Settembre
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli, Italy.
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Italy.
| | - Rushika M Perera
- Department of Anatomy, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Pathology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Phelan JD, Scheich S, Choi J, Wright GW, Häupl B, Young RM, Rieke SA, Pape M, Ji Y, Urlaub H, Bolomsky A, Doebele C, Zindel A, Wotapek T, Kasbekar M, Collinge B, Huang DW, Coulibaly ZA, Morris VM, Zhuang X, Enssle JC, Yu X, Xu W, Yang Y, Zhao H, Wang Z, Tran AD, Shoemaker CJ, Shevchenko G, Hodson DJ, Shaffer AL, Staudt LM, Oellerich T. Response to Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitors in aggressive lymphomas linked to chronic selective autophagy. Cancer Cell 2024; 42:238-252.e9. [PMID: 38215749 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2023.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is an aggressive, profoundly heterogeneous cancer, presenting a challenge for precision medicine. Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors block B cell receptor (BCR) signaling and are particularly effective in certain molecular subtypes of DLBCL that rely on chronic active BCR signaling to promote oncogenic NF-κB. The MCD genetic subtype, which often acquires mutations in the BCR subunit, CD79B, and in the innate immune adapter, MYD88L265P, typically resists chemotherapy but responds exceptionally to BTK inhibitors. However, the underlying mechanisms of response to BTK inhibitors are poorly understood. Herein, we find a non-canonical form of chronic selective autophagy in MCD DLBCL that targets ubiquitinated MYD88L265P for degradation in a TBK1-dependent manner. MCD tumors acquire genetic and epigenetic alterations that attenuate this autophagic tumor suppressive pathway. In contrast, BTK inhibitors promote autophagic degradation of MYD88L265P, thus explaining their exceptional clinical benefit in MCD DLBCL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James D Phelan
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sebastian Scheich
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; University Cancer Center (UCT) Frankfurt, University Hospital, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jaewoo Choi
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - George W Wright
- Biometric Research Branch, Division of Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20850, USA
| | - Björn Häupl
- Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ryan M Young
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sara A Rieke
- Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Martine Pape
- Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Yanlong Ji
- Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Group, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; Bioanalytics, Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Henning Urlaub
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Group, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; Bioanalytics, Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Arnold Bolomsky
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Carmen Doebele
- Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; University Cancer Center (UCT) Frankfurt, University Hospital, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Alena Zindel
- Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Tanja Wotapek
- Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Monica Kasbekar
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Brett Collinge
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4E6, Canada
| | - Da Wei Huang
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Zana A Coulibaly
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Vivian M Morris
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Johns Hopkins University Department of Biology, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Xiaoxuan Zhuang
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Julius C Enssle
- Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; University Cancer Center (UCT) Frankfurt, University Hospital, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Xin Yu
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Weihong Xu
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yandan Yang
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hong Zhao
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Zhuo Wang
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Andy D Tran
- CCR Microscopy Core, Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Christopher J Shoemaker
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Galina Shevchenko
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Daniel J Hodson
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Arthur L Shaffer
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Louis M Staudt
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Thomas Oellerich
- Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; University Cancer Center (UCT) Frankfurt, University Hospital, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Paul S, Sarraf SA, Nam KH, Zavar L, DeFoor N, Biswas SR, Fritsch LE, Yaron TM, Johnson JL, Huntsman EM, Cantley LC, Ordureau A, Pickrell AM. NAK-associated protein 1/NAP1 activates TBK1 to ensure accurate mitosis and cytokinesis. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202303082. [PMID: 38059900 PMCID: PMC10702366 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202303082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Subcellular location and activation of Tank Binding Kinase 1 (TBK1) govern precise progression through mitosis. Either loss of activated TBK1 or its sequestration from the centrosomes causes errors in mitosis and growth defects. Yet, what regulates its recruitment and activation on the centrosomes is unknown. We identified that NAK-associated protein 1 (NAP1) is essential for mitosis, binding to and activating TBK1, which both localize to centrosomes. Loss of NAP1 causes several mitotic and cytokinetic defects due to inactivation of TBK1. Our quantitative phosphoproteomics identified numerous TBK1 substrates that are not only confined to the centrosomes but are also associated with microtubules. Substrate motifs analysis indicates that TBK1 acts upstream of other essential cell cycle kinases like Aurora and PAK kinases. We also identified NAP1 as a TBK1 substrate phosphorylating NAP1 at S318 to promote its degradation by the ubiquitin proteasomal system. These data uncover an important distinct function for the NAP1-TBK1 complex during cell division.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Swagatika Paul
- Graduate Program in Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Shireen A. Sarraf
- Biochemistry Section, National Institutes of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ki Hong Nam
- Cell Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Leila Zavar
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Nicole DeFoor
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Sahitya Ranjan Biswas
- Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health Graduate Program, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Lauren E. Fritsch
- Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health Graduate Program, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Tomer M. Yaron
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Emily M. Huntsman
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lewis C. Cantley
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alban Ordureau
- Cell Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alicia M. Pickrell
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pareek G, Kundu M. Physiological functions of ULK1/2. J Mol Biol 2024:168472. [PMID: 38311233 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2024.168472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
UNC-51-like kinases 1 and 2 (ULK1/2) are serine/threonine kinases that are best known for their evolutionarily conserved role in the autophagy pathway. Upon sensing the nutrient status of a cell, ULK1/2 integrate signals from upstream cellular energy sensors such as mTOR and AMPK and relay them to the downstream components of the autophagy machinery. ULK1/2 also play indispensable roles in the selective autophagy pathway, removing damaged mitochondria, invading pathogens, and toxic protein aggregates. Additional functions of ULK1/2 have emerged beyond autophagy, including roles in protein trafficking, RNP granule dynamics, and signaling events impacting innate immunity, axon guidance, cellular homeostasis, and cell fate. Therefore, it is no surprise that alterations in ULK1/2 expression and activity have been linked with pathophysiological processes, including cancer, neurological disorders, and cardiovascular diseases. Growing evidence suggests that ULK1/2 function as biological rheostats, tuning cellular functions to intra and extra-cellular cues. Given their broad physiological relevance, ULK1/2 are candidate targets for small molecule activators or inhibitors that may pave the way for the development of therapeutics for the treatment of diseases in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Pareek
- Cell and Molecular Biology Department, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Mondira Kundu
- Cell and Molecular Biology Department, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Noda NN. Structural view on autophagosome formation. FEBS Lett 2024; 598:84-106. [PMID: 37758522 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a conserved intracellular degradation system in eukaryotes, involving the sequestration of degradation targets into autophagosomes, which are subsequently delivered to lysosomes (or vacuoles in yeasts and plants) for degradation. In budding yeast, starvation-induced autophagosome formation relies on approximately 20 core Atg proteins, grouped into six functional categories: the Atg1/ULK complex, the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase complex, the Atg9 transmembrane protein, the Atg2-Atg18/WIPI complex, the Atg8 lipidation system, and the Atg12-Atg5 conjugation system. Additionally, selective autophagy requires cargo receptors and other factors, including a fission factor, for specific sequestration. This review covers the 30-year history of structural studies on core Atg proteins and factors involved in selective autophagy, examining X-ray crystallography, NMR, and cryo-EM techniques. The molecular mechanisms of autophagy are explored based on protein structures, and future directions in the structural biology of autophagy are discussed, considering the advancements in the era of AlphaFold.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nobuo N Noda
- Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Institute of Microbial Chemistry (BIKAKEN), Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Samare-Najaf M, Neisy A, Samareh A, Moghadam D, Jamali N, Zarei R, Zal F. The constructive and destructive impact of autophagy on both genders' reproducibility, a comprehensive review. Autophagy 2023; 19:3033-3061. [PMID: 37505071 PMCID: PMC10621263 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2023.2238577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Reproduction is characterized by a series of massive renovations at molecular, cellular, and tissue levels. Recent studies have strongly tended to reveal the involvement of basic molecular pathways such as autophagy, a highly conserved eukaryotic cellular recycling, during reproductive processes. This review comprehensively describes the current knowledge, updated to September 2022, of autophagy contribution during reproductive processes in males including spermatogenesis, sperm motility and viability, and male sex hormones and females including germ cells and oocytes viability, ovulation, implantation, fertilization, and female sex hormones. Furthermore, the consequences of disruption in autophagic flux on the reproductive disorders including oligospermia, azoospermia, asthenozoospermia, teratozoospermia, globozoospermia, premature ovarian insufficiency, polycystic ovarian syndrome, endometriosis, and other disorders related to infertility are discussed as well.Abbreviations: AKT/protein kinase B: AKT serine/threonine kinase; AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase; ATG: autophagy related; E2: estrogen; EDs: endocrine disruptors; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; FSH: follicle stimulating hormone; FOX: forkhead box; GCs: granulosa cells; HIF: hypoxia inducible factor; IVF: in vitro fertilization; IVM: in vitro maturation; LCs: Leydig cells; LDs: lipid droplets; LH: luteinizing hormone; LRWD1: leucine rich repeats and WD repeat domain containing 1; MAP1LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; NFKB/NF-kB: nuclear factor kappa B; P4: progesterone; PCOS: polycystic ovarian syndrome; PDLIM1: PDZ and LIM domain 1; PI3K: phosphoinositide 3-kinase; PtdIns3P: phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate; PtdIns3K: class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; POI: premature ovarian insufficiency; ROS: reactive oxygen species; SCs: Sertoli cells; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; TSGA10: testis specific 10; TST: testosterone; VCP: vasolin containing protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Samare-Najaf
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Kerman Regional Blood Transfusion Center, Kerman, Iran
| | - Asma Neisy
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ali Samareh
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Delaram Moghadam
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Navid Jamali
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Sirjan School of Medical Sciences, Sirjan, Iran
| | - Reza Zarei
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Zal
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Infertility Research Centre, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Suwandi A, Menon MB, Kotlyarov A, Grassl GA, Gaestel M. p38 MAPK/MK2 signaling stimulates host cells autophagy pathways to restrict Salmonella infection. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1245443. [PMID: 37771590 PMCID: PMC10523304 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1245443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy plays an important role in recognizing and protecting cells from invading intracellular pathogens such as Salmonella. In this work, we investigated the role of p38MAPK/MK2 in modulating the host cell susceptibility to Salmonella infection. Inhibition of p38MAPK or MK2 led to a significant increase of bacterial counts in Salmonella infected mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), as well as in MK2-deficient (Mk2-/-) cells. Furthermore, western blot analysis showed that Mk2-/- cells have lower level of LC3 lipidation, which is the indicator of general autophagy compared to Mk2-rescued cells. In Mk2-/- cells, we also observed lower activated TANK-binding kinase-1 phosphorylation on Ser172 and p62/SQTM1-Ser403 phosphorylation, which are important to promote the translocation of p62 to ubiquitinated microbes and required for efficient autophagy of bacteria. Furthermore, immunofluorescence analysis revealed reduced colocalization of Salmonella with LC3 and p62 in MEFs. Inhibition of autophagy with bafilomycin A1 showed increased bacterial counts in treated cells compared to control cell. Overall, these results indicate that p38MAPK/MK2-mediated protein phosphorylation modulates the host cell susceptibility to Salmonella infection by affecting the autophagy pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdulhadi Suwandi
- Institute of Cell Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Manoj B. Menon
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Alexey Kotlyarov
- Institute of Cell Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Guntram A. Grassl
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Hannover, Germany
| | - Matthias Gaestel
- Institute of Cell Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Szczesna M, Huang Y, Lacoursiere RE, Bonini F, Pol V, Koc F, Ward B, Geurink PP, Pruneda JN, Thurston TL. Dedicated bacterial esterases reverse lipopolysaccharide ubiquitylation to block immune sensing. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2986327. [PMID: 37503018 PMCID: PMC10371091 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2986327/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenic bacteria have evolved diverse mechanisms to counteract cell-autonomous immunity, which otherwise guards both immune and non-immune cells from the onset of an infection1,2. The versatile immunity protein Ring finger protein 213 (RNF213)3-6 mediates the non-canonical ester-linked ubiquitylation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), marking bacteria that sporadically enter the cytosol for destruction by antibacterial autophagy4. However, whether cytosol-adapted pathogens are ubiquitylated on their LPS and whether they escape RNF213-mediated immunity, remains unknown. Here we show that Burkholderia deubiquitylase (DUB), TssM7-9, is a potent esterase that directly reverses the ubiquitylation of LPS. Without TssM, cytosolic Burkholderia became coated in polyubiquitin and autophagy receptors in an RNF213-dependent fashion. Whereas the expression of TssM was sufficient to enable the replication of the non-cytosol adapted pathogen Salmonella, we demonstrate that Burkholderia has evolved a multi-layered defence system to proliferate in the host cell cytosol, including a block in antibacterial autophagy10-12. Structural analysis provided insight into the molecular basis of TssM esterase activity, allowing it to be uncoupled from isopeptidase function. TssM homologs conserved in another Gram-negative pathogen also reversed non-canonical LPS ubiquitylation, establishing esterase activity as a bacterial virulence mechanism to subvert host cell-autonomous immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Szczesna
- Department of Infectious Disease, Centre for Bacteriology Resistance Biology, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Yizhou Huang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Centre for Bacteriology Resistance Biology, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Rachel E. Lacoursiere
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Francesca Bonini
- Department of Infectious Disease, Centre for Bacteriology Resistance Biology, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Vito Pol
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Fulya Koc
- Department of Infectious Disease, Centre for Bacteriology Resistance Biology, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Beatrice Ward
- Department of Infectious Disease, Centre for Bacteriology Resistance Biology, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Paul P. Geurink
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jonathan N. Pruneda
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Teresa L.M. Thurston
- Department of Infectious Disease, Centre for Bacteriology Resistance Biology, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Song C, Hu Z, Xu D, Bian H, Lv J, Zhu X, Zhang Q, Su L, Yin H, Lu T, Li Y. STING signaling in inflammaging: a new target against musculoskeletal diseases. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1227364. [PMID: 37492580 PMCID: PMC10363987 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1227364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Stimulator of Interferon Gene (STING) is a critical signaling linker protein that plays a crucial role in the intrinsic immune response, particularly in the cytoplasmic DNA-mediated immune response in both pathogens and hosts. It is also involved in various signaling processes in vivo. The musculoskeletal system provides humans with morphology, support, stability, and movement. However, its aging can result in various diseases and negatively impact people's lives. While many studies have reported that cellular aging is a leading cause of musculoskeletal disorders, it also offers insight into potential treatments. Under pathological conditions, senescent osteoblasts, chondrocytes, myeloid cells, and muscle fibers exhibit persistent senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), metabolic disturbances, and cell cycle arrest, which are closely linked to abnormal STING activation. The accumulation of cytoplasmic DNA due to chromatin escape from the nucleus following DNA damage or telomere shortening activates the cGAS-STING signaling pathway. Moreover, STING activation is also linked to mitochondrial dysfunction, epigenetic modifications, and impaired cytoplasmic DNA degradation. STING activation upregulates SASP and autophagy directly and indirectly promotes cell cycle arrest. Thus, STING may be involved in the onset and development of various age-related musculoskeletal disorders and represents a potential therapeutic target. In recent years, many STING modulators have been developed and used in the study of musculoskeletal disorders. Therefore, this paper summarizes the effects of STING signaling on the musculoskeletal system at the molecular level and current understanding of the mechanisms of endogenous active ligand production and accumulation. We also discuss the relationship between some age-related musculoskeletal disorders and STING, as well as the current status of STING modulator development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenyu Song
- Jiangsu CM Clinical Innovation Center of Degenerative Bone & Joint Disease, Wuxi TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Wuxi, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuoyi Hu
- Jiangsu CM Clinical Innovation Center of Degenerative Bone & Joint Disease, Wuxi TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Wuxi, China
| | - Dingjun Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huihui Bian
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Juan Lv
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuanxuan Zhu
- Jiangsu CM Clinical Innovation Center of Degenerative Bone & Joint Disease, Wuxi TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Wuxi, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Jiangsu CM Clinical Innovation Center of Degenerative Bone & Joint Disease, Wuxi TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Wuxi, China
| | - Li Su
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Heng Yin
- Jiangsu CM Clinical Innovation Center of Degenerative Bone & Joint Disease, Wuxi TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Wuxi, China
| | - Tong Lu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Changshu Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Changshu, China
| | - Yinghua Li
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zheng L, Xia J, Ge P, Meng Y, Li W, Li M, Wang M, Song C, Fan Y, Zhou Y. The interrelation of galectins and autophagy. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 120:110336. [PMID: 37262957 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a vital physiological process that maintains intracellular homeostasis by removing damaged organelles and senescent or misfolded molecules. However, excessive autophagy results in cell death and apoptosis, which will lead to a variety of diseases. Galectins are a type of animal lectin that binds to β-galactosides and can bind to the cell surface or extracellular matrix glycans, affecting a variety of immune processes in vivo and being linked to the development of many diseases. In many cases, galectins and autophagy both play important regulatory roles in the cellular life course, yet our understanding of the relationship between them is still incomplete. Galectins and autophagy may share common etiological cofactors for some diseases. Hence, we summarize the relationship between galectins and autophagy, aiming to draw attention to the existence of multiple associations between galectins and autophagy in a variety of physiological and pathological processes, which provide new ideas for etiological diagnosis, drug development, and therapeutic targets for related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lujuan Zheng
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates of Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
| | - Jing Xia
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates of Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
| | - Pengyu Ge
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates of Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
| | - Yuhan Meng
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates of Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
| | - Weili Li
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates of Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
| | - Mingming Li
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates of Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
| | - Min Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates of Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
| | - Chengcheng Song
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates of Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
| | - Yuying Fan
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates of Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
| | - Yifa Zhou
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates of Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wan W, Qian C, Wang Q, Li J, Zhang H, Wang L, Pu M, Huang Y, He Z, Zhou T, Shen H, Liu W. STING directly recruits WIPI2 for autophagosome formation during STING-induced autophagy. EMBO J 2023; 42:e112387. [PMID: 36872914 PMCID: PMC10106988 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022112387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The cGAS-STING pathway plays an important role in host defense by sensing pathogen DNA, inducing type I IFNs, and initiating autophagy. However, the molecular mechanism of autophagosome formation in cGAS-STING pathway-induced autophagy is still unclear. Here, we report that STING directly interacts with WIPI2, which is the key protein for LC3 lipidation in autophagy. Binding to WIPI2 is necessary for STING-induced autophagosome formation but does not affect STING activation and intracellular trafficking. In addition, the specific interaction between STING and the PI3P-binding motif of WIPI2 leads to the competition of WIPI2 binding between STING and PI3P, and mutual inhibition between STING-induced autophagy and canonical PI3P-dependent autophagy. Furthermore, we show that the STING-WIPI2 interaction is required for the clearance of cytoplasmic DNA and the attenuation of cGAS-STING signaling. Thus, the direct interaction between STING and WIPI2 enables STING to bypass the canonical upstream machinery to induce LC3 lipidation and autophagosome formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wan
- Department of Biochemistry, and Department of Thoracic Surgery of Sir Run Run Shaw HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Chuying Qian
- Department of Biochemistry, and Department of Thoracic Surgery of Sir Run Run Shaw HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, and Department of Thoracic Surgery of Sir Run Run Shaw HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Jin Li
- Department of Biochemistry, and Department of Thoracic Surgery of Sir Run Run Shaw HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Hongtao Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, and Department of Thoracic Surgery of Sir Run Run Shaw HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, and Department of Thoracic Surgery of Sir Run Run Shaw HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Maomao Pu
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, International Institutes of Medicine, the Fourth Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineYiwuChina
| | - Yewei Huang
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, International Institutes of Medicine, the Fourth Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineYiwuChina
| | - Zhengfu He
- Department of Biochemistry, and Department of Thoracic Surgery of Sir Run Run Shaw HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Tianhua Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry, and Department of Thoracic Surgery of Sir Run Run Shaw HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Han‐Ming Shen
- Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of MacauMacauChina
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, and Department of Thoracic Surgery of Sir Run Run Shaw HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, International Institutes of Medicine, the Fourth Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineYiwuChina
- Joint Institute of Genetics and Genomics Medicine between Zhejiang University and University of TorontoHangzhouChina
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lu G, Tan HWS, Schmauck-Medina T, Wang L, Chen J, Cho YL, Chen K, Zhang JZ, He W, Wu Y, Xia D, Zhou J, Fang EF, Fang L, Liu W, Shen HM. WIPI2 positively regulates mitophagy by promoting mitochondrial recruitment of VCP. Autophagy 2022; 18:2865-2879. [PMID: 35389758 PMCID: PMC9673930 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2022.2052461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian Atg18 ortholog WIPI2 is a key regulator of LC3 lipidation to promote autophagosome biogenesis during nonselective macroautophagy, while its functions in selective autophagy such as mitophagy remain largely unexplored. In this study, we explored the role of WIPI2 in PINK1-PRKN/parkin-mediated mitophagy. First, we found that WIPI2 is recruited to damaged mitochondria upon mitophagy induction. Second, loss of WIPI2 impedes mitochondrial damaging agents-induced mitophagy. Third, at molecular level, WIPI2 binds to and promotes AAA-ATPase VCP/p97 (valosin containing protein) to damaged mitochondria; and WIPI2 depletion blunts the recruitment of VCP to damaged mitochondria, leading to reduction in degradation of outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM) proteins and mitophagy. Finally, WIPI2 is implicated in cell fate decision as cells deficient in WIPI2 are largely resistant to cell death induced by mitochondrial damage. In summary, our study reveals a critical regulatory role of WIPI2 in mitochondrial recruitment of VCP to promote OMM protein degradation and eventual mitophagy.Abbreviations: ATG, autophagy related; CALCOCO2/NDP52, calcium binding and coiled-coil domain 2; CCCP, carbonyl cyanide chlorophenylhydrazone; CYCS, cytochrome c, somatic; HSPD1/HSP60, heat shock protein family D (Hsp60) member 1; IMM, inner mitochondrial membrane; MAP1LC3/LC3, microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; NPLOC4, NPL4 homolog, ubiquitin recognition factor; OMM, outer mitochondrial membrane; OPTN, optineurin; PtdIns3P, phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate; PINK1, PTEN induced kinase 1; PRKN/Parkin, parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase; UBXN6/UBXD1, UBX domain protein 6; UFD1, ubiquitin recognition factor in ER associated degradation 1; VCP/p97, valosin containing protein; WIPI2, WD repeat domain, phosphoinositide interacting 2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guang Lu
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China,Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hayden Weng Siong Tan
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tomas Schmauck-Medina
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Oslo and Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Liming Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Jiaqing Chen
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yik-Lam Cho
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kelie Chen
- School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing-Zi Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School & Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weifeng He
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yihua Wu
- School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dajing Xia
- School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of Physiology, School of Preclinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Evandro F. Fang
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Oslo and Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Lei Fang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School & Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Han-Ming Shen
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore,Faculty of Health Sciences, Ministry of Education Frontiers Science Center for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Macau, China,CONTACT Han-Ming Shen Faculty of Health Sciences, Ministry of Education Frontiers Science Center for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Macau, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Rasmussen NL, Kournoutis A, Lamark T, Johansen T. NBR1: The archetypal selective autophagy receptor. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:213552. [PMID: 36255390 PMCID: PMC9582228 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202208092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
NBR1 was discovered as an autophagy receptor not long after the first described vertebrate autophagy receptor p62/SQSTM1. Since then, p62 has currently been mentioned in >10,000 papers on PubMed, while NBR1 is mentioned in <350 papers. Nonetheless, evolutionary analysis reveals that NBR1, and likely also selective autophagy, was present already in the last eukaryotic common ancestor (LECA), while p62 appears first in the early Metazoan lineage. Furthermore, yeast-selective autophagy receptors Atg19 and Atg34 represent NBR1 homologs. NBR1 is the main autophagy receptor in plants that do not contain p62, while most animal taxa contain both NBR1 and p62. Mechanistic studies are starting to shed light on the collaboration between mammalian NBR1 and p62 in the autophagic degradation of protein aggregates (aggrephagy). Several domains of NBR1 are involved in cargo recognition, and the list of known substrates for NBR1-mediated selective autophagy is increasing. Lastly, roles of NBR1 in human diseases such as proteinopathies and cancer are emerging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikoline Lander Rasmussen
- Autophagy Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Athanasios Kournoutis
- Autophagy Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Trond Lamark
- Autophagy Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Terje Johansen
- Autophagy Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Hoyer MJ, Swarup S, Harper JW. Mechanisms Controlling Selective Elimination of Damaged Lysosomes. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 29:100590. [PMID: 36713230 PMCID: PMC9878802 DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2022.100590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Lysosomes are subjected to physiological and patho-physiological insults over the course of their life cycle and are accordingly repaired or recycled. Lysophagy, the selective degradation of lysosomes via autophagy, occurs upon unrepairable lysosomal membrane rupture; galectins bind to glycosylated macromolecules in the lysosome lumen, orchestrating a series of cellular responses to promote autophagic recycling of damaged lysosomes and transcriptional upregulation of lysosomal genes. Damaged lysosomes are ubiquitylated, resulting in the recruitment of ubiquitin-binding autophagy receptors, which promote assembly of an autophagosome around damaged lysosomes for delivery to healthy lysosomes for degradation. Here, we review the current state of our understanding of mechanisms used to mark and eliminate damaged lysosomes, and discuss the complexities of galectin function and ubiquitin-chain linkage types. Finally, we discuss the limitations of available data and challenges with the goal of understanding the mechanistic basis of key steps in lysophagic flux.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J. Hoyer
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Ave, Boston MA 02115, USA,Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Sharan Swarup
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Ave, Boston MA 02115, USA
| | - J. Wade Harper
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Ave, Boston MA 02115, USA,Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Sawaged S, Mota T, Piplani H, Thakur R, Lall D, McCabe E, Seo S, Sutterwala FS, Feuer R, Gottlieb RA, Sin J. TBK1 and GABARAP family members suppress Coxsackievirus B infection by limiting viral production and promoting autophagic degradation of viral extracellular vesicles. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010350. [PMID: 36044516 PMCID: PMC9469980 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Host-pathogen dynamics are constantly at play during enteroviral infection. Coxsackievirus B (CVB) is a common juvenile enterovirus that infects multiple organs and drives inflammatory diseases including acute pancreatitis and myocarditis. Much like other enteroviruses, CVB is capable of manipulating host machinery to hijack and subvert autophagy for its benefit. We have previously reported that CVB triggers the release of infectious extracellular vesicles (EVs) which originate from autophagosomes. These EVs facilitate efficient dissemination of infectious virus. Here, we report that TBK1 (Tank-binding kinase 1) suppresses release of CVB-induced EVs. TBK1 is a multimeric kinase that directly activates autophagy adaptors for efficient cargo recruitment and induces type-1 interferons during viral-mediated STING recruitment. Positioning itself at the nexus of pathogen elimination, we hypothesized that loss of TBK1 could exacerbate CVB infection due to its specific role in autophagosome trafficking. Here we report that infection with CVB during genetic TBK1 knockdown significantly increases viral load and potentiates the bulk release of viral EVs. Similarly, suppressing TBK1 with small interfering RNA (siRNA) caused a marked increase in intracellular virus and EV release, while treatment in vivo with the TBK1-inhibitor Amlexanox exacerbated viral pancreatitis and EV spread. We further demonstrated that viral EV release is mediated by the autophagy modifier proteins GABARAPL1 and GABARAPL2 which facilitate autophagic flux. We observe that CVB infection stimulates autophagy and increases the release of GABARAPL1/2-positive EVs. We conclude that TBK1 plays additional antiviral roles by inducing autophagic flux during CVB infection independent of interferon signaling, and the loss of TBK1 better allows CVB-laden autophagosomes to circumvent lysosomal degradation, increasing the release of virus-laden EVs. This discovery sheds new light on the mechanisms involved in viral spread and EV propagation during acute enteroviral infection and highlights novel intracellular trafficking protein targets for antiviral therapy. Coxsackievirus B (CVB) is a significant human enterovirus that can cause myocarditis, meningitis, and pancreatitis. The subversion of host immunity and mechanisms of viral dissemination are critical factors which promote pathogenesis. We had previously reported that following infection, CVB becomes engulfed by autophagosomes which evade lysosomal degradation and instead get released as infectious extracellular vesicles (EVs). In this current study, we report that in addition to its traditional role in interferon-mediated antiviral signaling, TANK-binding kinase (TBK1) is crucial in limiting viral production and EV-based viral egress through the autophagy pathway. Indeed, in the absence of TBK1, we observe (i) a disruption in autophagic flux, (ii) significant increases in intracellular viral burden and viral EV release, and (iii) elevated viral load in both in vitro and in vivo models of infection. EVs isolated from TBK1-deficient cells or mice treated with the TBK1-inhibitor Amlexanox were more infectious compared to controls. In all, the dual role TBK1 plays in suppressing viral escape in addition to mediating antiviral immunity makes it a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of CVB infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Savannah Sawaged
- The Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Thomas Mota
- The Center for Neural Science and Medicine, Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Honit Piplani
- The Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Reetu Thakur
- The Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Deepti Lall
- The Center for Neural Science and Medicine, Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth McCabe
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Soojung Seo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Fayyaz S. Sutterwala
- Department of Medicine, Women’s Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Ralph Feuer
- The Integrated Regenerative Research Institute at San Diego State University, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Roberta A. Gottlieb
- The Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jon Sin
- The Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Luk CH, Enninga J, Valenzuela C. Fit to dwell in many places – The growing diversity of intracellular Salmonella niches. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:989451. [PMID: 36061869 PMCID: PMC9433700 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.989451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is capable of invading different host cell types including epithelial cells and M cells during local infection, and immune cells and fibroblasts during the subsequent systemic spread. The intracellular lifestyles of Salmonella inside different cell types are remarkable for their distinct residential niches, and their varying replication rates. To study this, researchers have employed different cell models, such as various epithelial cells, immune cells, and fibroblasts. In epithelial cells, S. Typhimurium dwells within modified endolysosomes or gains access to the host cytoplasm. In the cytoplasm, the pathogen is exposed to the host autophagy machinery or poised for rapid multiplication, whereas it grows at a slower rate or remains dormant within the endomembrane-bound compartments. The swift bimodal lifestyle is not observed in fibroblasts and immune cells, and it emerges that these cells handle intracellular S. Typhimurium through different clearance machineries. Moreover, in these cell types S. Typhimurium grows withing modified phagosomes of distinct functional composition by adopting targeted molecular countermeasures. The preference for one or the other intracellular niche and the diverse cell type-specific Salmonella lifestyles are determined by the complex interactions between a myriad of bacterial effectors and host factors. It is important to understand how this communication is differentially regulated dependent on the host cell type and on the distinct intracellular growth rate. To support the efforts in deciphering Salmonella invasion across the different infection models, we provide a systematic comparison of the findings yielded from cell culture models. We also outline the future directions towards a better understanding of these differential Salmonella intracellular lifestyles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chak Hon Luk
- Institut Pasteur, Unité « Dynamique des interactions hôte-pathogène » and CNRS UMR3691, Université de Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Host-Pathogen Interactions in Tuberculosis Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Chak Hon Luk, ; Camila Valenzuela,
| | - Jost Enninga
- Institut Pasteur, Unité « Dynamique des interactions hôte-pathogène » and CNRS UMR3691, Université de Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Camila Valenzuela
- Institut Pasteur, Unité « Dynamique des interactions hôte-pathogène » and CNRS UMR3691, Université de Paris Cité, Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Chak Hon Luk, ; Camila Valenzuela,
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kennedy A, Ren HY, Madden VJ, Cyr DM. Lysosome docking to WIPI1 rings and ER-connected phagophores occurs during DNAJB12- and GABARAP-dependent selective autophagy of misfolded P23H-rhodopsin. Mol Biol Cell 2022; 33:ar84. [PMID: 35704470 PMCID: PMC9582645 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e21-10-0505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
We report on how the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated-autophagy pathway (ERAA) delivers P23H-rhodopsin (P23H-R) to the lysosome. P23H-R accumulates in an ERAD-resistant conformation that is stabilized in a detergent-soluble state by DNAJB12 and Hsp70. P23H-R, DNAJB12, and FIP200 colocalize in discrete foci that punctuate the rim of omegasome rings coated by WIPI1. Loss of DNAJB12 function prevents the association of P23H-R containing ER tubules with omegasomes. P23H-R tubules thread through the wall of WIPI1 rings into their central cavity. Transfer of P23H-R from ER-connected phagophores to lysosomes requires GABARAP and is associated with the transient docking of lysosomes to WIPI1 rings. After departure from WIPI1 rings, new patches of P23H-R are seen in the membranes of lysosomes. The absence of GABARAP prevents transfer of P23H-R from phagophores to lysosomes without interfering with docking. These data identify lysosome docking to omegasomes as an important step in the DNAJB12- and GABARAP-dependent autophagic disposal of dominantly toxic P23H-R.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Kennedy
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, School of Medicine, and
| | - Hong Yu Ren
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, School of Medicine, and
| | - Victoria J. Madden
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Douglas M. Cyr
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, School of Medicine, and,*Address correspondence to: Douglas M. Cyr ()
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
TBK1 is part of a galectin 8 dependent membrane damage recognition complex and drives autophagy upon Adenovirus endosomal escape. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010736. [PMID: 35857795 PMCID: PMC9342788 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular pathogens cause membrane distortion and damage as they enter host cells. Cells perceive these membrane alterations as danger signals and respond by activating autophagy. This response has primarily been studied during bacterial invasion, and only rarely in viral infections. Here, we investigate the cellular response to membrane damage during adenoviral entry. Adenoviruses and their vector derivatives, that are an important vaccine platform against SARS-CoV-2, enter the host cell by endocytosis followed by lysis of the endosomal membrane. We previously showed that cells mount a locally confined autophagy response at the site of endosomal membrane lysis. Here we describe the mechanism of autophagy induction: endosomal membrane damage activates the kinase TBK1 that accumulates in its phosphorylated form at the penetration site. Activation and recruitment of TBK1 require detection of membrane damage by galectin 8 but occur independently of classical autophagy receptors or functional autophagy. Instead, TBK1 itself promotes subsequent autophagy that adenoviruses need to take control of. Deletion of TBK1 reduces LC3 lipidation during adenovirus infection and restores the infectivity of an adenovirus mutant that is restricted by autophagy. By comparing adenovirus-induced membrane damage to sterile lysosomal damage, we implicate TBK1 in the response to a broader range of types of membrane damage. Our study thus highlights an important role for TBK1 in the cellular response to adenoviral endosome penetration and places TBK1 early in the pathway leading to autophagy in response to membrane damage. Rapid detection of invading pathogens is crucial for cell survival. Membrane alterations in this process are detected by cells but are rarely studied in the context of viral infections. TBK1 is an important kinase driving innate immunity and autophagy in response to pathogen invasion. Here we report that TBK1 promotes autophagy in response to membrane penetration by adenoviruses. We demonstrate that TBK1 is rapidly activated and recruited to virus membrane penetration sites, and promotes autophagy through its kinase activity. We show that TBK1 recruitment depends on membrane damage recognition via galectin 8 but occurs independently of classical autophagy receptors or functional autophagy. Moreover, we demonstrate that TBK1 activation is part of a wider cellular response to endo-lysosomal damage. Our work highlights a prominent role for TBK1 in the swift cellular response to membrane damage and the downstream activation of autophagy.
Collapse
|
19
|
Endosomal LC3C-pathway selectively targets plasma membrane cargo for autophagic degradation. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3812. [PMID: 35780247 PMCID: PMC9250516 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31465-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy selectively targets cargo for degradation, yet mechanistic understanding remains incomplete. The ATG8-family plays key roles in autophagic cargo recruitment. Here by mapping the proximal interactome of ATG8-paralogs, LC3B and LC3C, we uncover a LC3C-Endocytic-Associated-Pathway (LEAP) that selectively recruits plasma-membrane (PM) cargo to autophagosomes. We show that LC3C localizes to peripheral endosomes and engages proteins that traffic between PM, endosomes and autophagosomes, including the SNARE-VAMP3 and ATG9, a transmembrane protein essential for autophagy. We establish that endocytic LC3C binds cargo internalized from the PM, including the Met receptor tyrosine kinase and transferrin receptor, and is necessary for their recruitment into ATG9 vesicles targeted to sites of autophagosome initiation. Structure-function analysis identified that LC3C-endocytic localization and engagement with PM-cargo requires the extended carboxy-tail unique to LC3C, the TBK1 kinase, and TBK1-phosphosites on LC3C. These findings identify LEAP as an unexpected LC3C-dependent pathway, providing new understanding of selective coupling of PM signalling with autophagic degradation.
Collapse
|
20
|
Kang S, Dai A, Wang H, Ding PH. Interaction Between Autophagy and Porphyromonas gingivalis-Induced Inflammation. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:892610. [PMID: 35846745 PMCID: PMC9283780 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.892610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an immune homeostasis process induced by multiple intracellular and extracellular signals. Inflammation is a protective response to harmful stimuli such as pathogen microbial infection and body tissue damage. Porphyromonas gingivalis infection elicits both autophagy and inflammation, and dysregulation of autophagy and inflammation promotes pathology. This review focuses on the interaction between autophagy and inflammation caused by Porphyromonas gingivalis infection, aiming to elaborate on the possible mechanism involved in the interaction.
Collapse
|
21
|
Degradation Mechanism of Autophagy-Related Proteins and Research Progress. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137301. [PMID: 35806307 PMCID: PMC9266641 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In all eukaryotes, autophagy is the main pathway for nutrient recycling, which encapsulates parts of the cytoplasm and organelles in double-membrane vesicles, and then fuses with lysosomes/vacuoles to degrade them. Autophagy is a highly dynamic and relatively complex process influenced by multiple factors. Under normal growth conditions, it is maintained at basal levels. However, when plants are subjected to biotic and abiotic stresses, such as pathogens, drought, waterlogging, nutrient deficiencies, etc., autophagy is activated to help cells to survive under stress conditions. At present, the regulation of autophagy is mainly reflected in hormones, second messengers, post-transcriptional regulation, and protein post-translational modification. In recent years, the degradation mechanism of autophagy-related proteins has attracted much attention. In this review, we have summarized how autophagy-related proteins are degraded in yeast, animals, and plants, which will help us to have a more comprehensive and systematic understanding of the regulation mechanisms of autophagy. Moreover, research progress on the degradation of autophagy-related proteins in plants has been discussed.
Collapse
|
22
|
Goodall EA, Kraus F, Harper JW. Mechanisms underlying ubiquitin-driven selective mitochondrial and bacterial autophagy. Mol Cell 2022; 82:1501-1513. [PMID: 35364016 PMCID: PMC9254164 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2022.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Selective autophagy specifically eliminates damaged or superfluous organelles, maintaining cellular health. In this process, a double membrane structure termed an autophagosome captures target organelles or proteins and delivers this cargo to the lysosome for degradation. The attachment of the small protein ubiquitin to cargo has emerged as a common mechanism for initiating organelle or protein capture by the autophagy machinery. In this process, a suite of ubiquitin-binding cargo receptors function to initiate autophagosome assembly in situ on the target cargo, thereby providing selectivity in cargo capture. Here, we review recent efforts to understand the biochemical mechanisms and principles by which cargo are marked with ubiquitin and how ubiquitin-binding cargo receptors use conserved structural modules to recruit the autophagosome initiation machinery, with a particular focus on mitochondria and intracellular bacteria as cargo. These emerging mechanisms provide answers to long-standing questions in the field concerning how selectivity in cargo degradation is achieved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ellen A. Goodall
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Felix Kraus
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA,Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - J. Wade Harper
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA,Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Runde AP, Mack R, S J PB, Zhang J. The role of TBK1 in cancer pathogenesis and anticancer immunity. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2022; 41:135. [PMID: 35395857 PMCID: PMC8994244 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-022-02352-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) is a serine/threonine kinase belonging to the non-canonical inhibitor of nuclear factor-κB (IκB) kinase (IKK) family. TBK1 can be activated by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), inflammatory cytokines, and oncogenic kinases, including activated K-RAS/N-RAS mutants. TBK1 primarily mediates IRF3/7 activation and NF-κB signaling to regulate inflammatory cytokine production and the activation of innate immunity. TBK1 is also involved in the regulation of several other cellular activities, including autophagy, mitochondrial metabolism, and cellular proliferation. Although TBK1 mutations have not been reported in human cancers, aberrant TBK1 activation has been implicated in the oncogenesis of several types of cancer, including leukemia and solid tumors with KRAS-activating mutations. As such, TBK1 has been proposed to be a feasible target for pharmacological treatment of these types of cancer. Studies suggest that TBK1 inhibition suppresses cancer development not only by directly suppressing the proliferation and survival of cancer cells but also by activating antitumor T-cell immunity. Several small molecule inhibitors of TBK1 have been identified and interrogated. However, to this point, only momelotinib (MMB)/CYT387 has been evaluated as a cancer therapy in clinical trials, while amlexanox (AMX) has been evaluated clinically for treatment of type II diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and obesity. In this review, we summarize advances in research into TBK1 signaling pathways and regulation, as well as recent studies on TBK1 in cancer pathogenesis. We also discuss the potential molecular mechanisms of targeting TBK1 for cancer treatment. We hope that our effort can help to stimulate the development of novel strategies for targeting TBK1 signaling in future approaches to cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Austin P Runde
- Department of Cancer Biology, Oncology Institute, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA
| | - Ryan Mack
- Department of Cancer Biology, Oncology Institute, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA
| | - Peter Breslin S J
- Department of Cancer Biology, Oncology Institute, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA.,Departments of Molecular/Cellular Physiology and Biology, Loyola University Medical Center and Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60660, USA
| | - Jiwang Zhang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Oncology Institute, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA. .,Departments of Pathology and Radiation Oncology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Zoncu R, Perera RM. Built to last: lysosome remodeling and repair in health and disease. Trends Cell Biol 2022; 32:597-610. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2021.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
25
|
Niu L, Yang W, Duan L, Wang X, Li Y, Zhou W, Chen J, Xu C, Zhang Y, Liu J, Hong L, Fan D. Development of a model to predict the prognosis of esophageal carcinoma based on autophagy-related genes. Future Oncol 2022; 18:701-717. [PMID: 35048740 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2021-0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: To identify a potential prognostic signature of esophageal carcinoma based on autophagy-related genes (ARGs). Methods: RNA sequencing and clinical data were downloaded from the Cancer Genome Atlas. Significantly different ARGs were identified by Wilcoxon signed-rank test. A prognostic model was established employing Cox regression analysis. The model was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic and Kaplan-Meier curve. Results: A total of 28 significantly different ARGs were identified. Seven ARGs were screened to construct the prognostic model. The efficacy of the model was verified. A nomogram also validated the role of risk score in predicting prognosis. Enrichment analyses showed the possible underlying mechanisms. Conclusion: The seven-ARGs prognostic model was validated to be promising for predicting the prognosis of patients with esophageal carcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liaoran Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology & National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710032, China
| | - Wanli Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology & National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710032, China
| | - Lili Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology & National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710032, China
| | - Xiaoqian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology & National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710032, China
| | - Yiding Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology & National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710032, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology & National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710032, China
| | - Junfeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology & National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710032, China
| | - Chengchao Xu
- 94719 Military Hospital, Ji'an, Jiangxi Province 343700, China
| | - Yujie Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jinqiang Liu
- Cadre's Sanitarium, Henan Military Region of PLA, 67 Nahu Road, 464000, Xinyang, Henan, China
| | - Liu Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology & National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710032, China
| | - Daiming Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology & National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710032, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
How the Innate Immune DNA Sensing cGAS-STING Pathway Is Involved in Autophagy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413232. [PMID: 34948027 PMCID: PMC8704322 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The cGAS–STING pathway is a key component of the innate immune system and exerts crucial roles in the detection of cytosolic DNA and invading pathogens. Accumulating evidence suggests that the intrinsic cGAS–STING pathway not only facilitates the production of type I interferons (IFN-I) and inflammatory responses but also triggers autophagy. Autophagy is a homeostatic process that exerts multiple effects on innate immunity. However, systematic evidence linking the cGAS–STING pathway and autophagy is still lacking. Therefore, one goal of this review is to summarize the known mechanisms of autophagy induced by the cGAS–STING pathway and their consequences. The cGAS–STING pathway can trigger canonical autophagy through liquid-phase separation of the cGAS–DNA complex, interaction of cGAS and Beclin-1, and STING-triggered ER stress–mTOR signaling. Furthermore, both cGAS and STING can induce non-canonical autophagy via LC3-interacting regions and binding with LC3. Subsequently, autophagy induced by the cGAS–STING pathway plays crucial roles in balancing innate immune responses, maintaining intracellular environmental homeostasis, alleviating liver injury, and limiting tumor growth and transformation.
Collapse
|
27
|
Ktistakis NT. The dynamics of mitochondrial autophagy at the initiation stage. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:2199-2210. [PMID: 34665253 PMCID: PMC8589415 DOI: 10.1042/bst20210272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The pathway of mitochondrial-specific autophagy (mitophagy, defined here as the specific elimination of mitochondria following distinct mitochondrial injuries or developmental/metabolic alterations) is important in health and disease. This review will be focussed on the earliest steps of the pathway concerning the mechanisms and requirements for initiating autophagosome formation on a mitochondrial target. More specifically, and in view of the fact that we understand the basic mechanism of non-selective autophagy and are beginning to reshape this knowledge towards the pathways of selective autophagy, two aspects of mitophagy will be covered: (i) How does a machinery normally working in association with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to make an autophagosome can also do so at a site distinct from the ER such as on the surface of the targeted cargo? and (ii) how does the machinery deal with cargo of multiple sizes?
Collapse
|
28
|
Descamps D, Peres de Oliveira A, Gonnin L, Madrières S, Fix J, Drajac C, Marquant Q, Bouguyon E, Pietralunga V, Iha H, Morais Ventura A, Tangy F, Vidalain PO, Eléouët JF, Galloux M. Depletion of TAX1BP1 Amplifies Innate Immune Responses during Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection. J Virol 2021; 95:e0091221. [PMID: 34431698 PMCID: PMC8549506 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00912-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the main cause of acute respiratory infections in young children and also has a major impact on the elderly and immunocompromised people. In the absence of a vaccine or efficient treatment, a better understanding of RSV interactions with the host antiviral response during infection is needed. Previous studies revealed that cytoplasmic inclusion bodies (IBs), where viral replication and transcription occur, could play a major role in the control of innate immunity during infection by recruiting cellular proteins involved in the host antiviral response. We recently showed that the morphogenesis of IBs relies on a liquid-liquid-phase separation mechanism depending on the interaction between viral nucleoprotein (N) and phosphoprotein (P). These scaffold proteins are expected to play a central role in the recruitment of cellular proteins to IBs. Here, we performed a yeast two-hybrid screen using RSV N protein as bait and identified the cellular protein TAX1BP1 as a potential partner of this viral protein. This interaction was validated by pulldown and immunoprecipitation assays. We showed that TAX1BP1 suppression has only a limited impact on RSV infection in cell cultures. However, RSV replication is decreased in TAX1BP1-deficient (TAX1BP1 knockout [TAX1BP1KO]) mice, whereas the production of inflammatory and antiviral cytokines is enhanced. In vitro infection of wild-type or TAX1BP1KO alveolar macrophages confirmed that the innate immune response to RSV infection is enhanced in the absence of TAX1BP1. Altogether, our results suggest that RSV could hijack TAX1BP1 to restrain the host immune response during infection. IMPORTANCE Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), which is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract illness in infants, remains a medical problem in the absence of a vaccine or efficient treatment. This virus is also recognized as a main pathogen in the elderly and immunocompromised people, and the occurrence of coinfections (with other respiratory viruses and bacteria) amplifies the risks of developing respiratory distress. In this context, a better understanding of the pathogenesis associated with viral respiratory infections, which depends on both viral replication and the host immune response, is needed. The present study reveals that the cellular protein TAX1BP1, which interacts with the RSV nucleoprotein N, participates in the control of the innate immune response during RSV infection, suggesting that the N-TAX1BP1 interaction represents a new target for the development of antivirals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Andressa Peres de Oliveira
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lorène Gonnin
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Sarah Madrières
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Jenna Fix
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Carole Drajac
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Quentin Marquant
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Edwige Bouguyon
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Hidekatsu Iha
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University Idaiga-oka, Hasama Yufu, Japan
| | - Armando Morais Ventura
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Frédéric Tangy
- Unité de Génomique Virale et Vaccination, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR-3569, Paris, France
| | - Pierre-Olivier Vidalain
- Unité de Génomique Virale et Vaccination, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR-3569, Paris, France
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | | | - Marie Galloux
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Eapen VV, Swarup S, Hoyer MJ, Paulo JA, Harper JW. Quantitative proteomics reveals the selectivity of ubiquitin-binding autophagy receptors in the turnover of damaged lysosomes by lysophagy. eLife 2021; 10:72328. [PMID: 34585663 PMCID: PMC8523161 DOI: 10.7554/elife.72328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Removal of damaged organelles via the process of selective autophagy constitutes a major form of cellular quality control. Damaged organelles are recognized by a dedicated surveillance machinery, leading to the assembly of an autophagosome around the damaged organelle, prior to fusion with the degradative lysosomal compartment. Lysosomes themselves are also prone to damage and are degraded through the process of lysophagy. While early steps involve recognition of ruptured lysosomal membranes by glycan-binding galectins and ubiquitylation of transmembrane lysosomal proteins, many steps in the process, and their interrelationships, remain poorly understood, including the role and identity of cargo receptors required for completion of lysophagy. Here, we employ quantitative organelle capture and proximity biotinylation proteomics of autophagy adaptors, cargo receptors, and galectins in response to acute lysosomal damage, thereby revealing the landscape of lysosome-associated proteome remodeling during lysophagy. Among the proteins dynamically recruited to damaged lysosomes were ubiquitin-binding autophagic cargo receptors. Using newly developed lysophagic flux reporters including Lyso-Keima, we demonstrate that TAX1BP1, together with its associated kinase TBK1, are both necessary and sufficient to promote lysophagic flux in both HeLa cells and induced neurons (iNeurons). While the related receptor Optineurin (OPTN) can drive damage-dependent lysophagy when overexpressed, cells lacking either OPTN or CALCOCO2 still maintain significant lysophagic flux in HeLa cells. Mechanistically, TAX1BP1-driven lysophagy requires its N-terminal SKICH domain, which binds both TBK1 and the autophagy regulatory factor RB1CC1, and requires upstream ubiquitylation events for efficient recruitment and lysophagic flux. These results identify TAX1BP1 as a central component in the lysophagy pathway and provide a proteomic resource for future studies of the lysophagy process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vinay V Eapen
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Boston, United States.,Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, United States
| | - Sharan Swarup
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Boston, United States.,Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, United States
| | - Melissa J Hoyer
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Boston, United States.,Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, United States
| | - Joao A Paulo
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Boston, United States
| | - J Wade Harper
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Boston, United States.,Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, United States
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Fu T, Zhang M, Zhou Z, Wu P, Peng C, Wang Y, Gong X, Li Y, Wang Y, Xu X, Li M, Shen L, Pan L. Structural and biochemical advances on the recruitment of the autophagy-initiating ULK and TBK1 complexes by autophagy receptor NDP52. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/33/eabi6582. [PMID: 34389544 PMCID: PMC8363153 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abi6582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The recruitment of Unc-51-like kinase and TANK-binding kinase 1 complexes is essential for Nuclear dot protein 52-mediated selective autophagy and relies on the specific association of NDP52, RB1-inducible coiled-coil protein 1, and Nak-associated protein 1 (5-azacytidine-induced protein 2, AZI2). However, the underlying molecular mechanism remains elusive. Here, we find that except for the NDP52 SKIP carboxyl homology (SKICH)/RB1CC1 coiled-coil interaction, the LC3-interacting region of NDP52 can directly interact with the RB1CC1 Claw domain, as that of NAP1 FIP200-binding region (FIR). The determined crystal structures of NDP52 SKICH/RB1CC1 complex, NAP1 FIR/RB1CC1 complex, and the related NAP1 FIR/Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor-associated protein complex not only elucidate the molecular bases underpinning the interactions of RB1CC1 with NDP52 and NAP1 but also reveal that RB1CC1 Claw and Autophagy-related protein 8 family proteins are competitive in binding to NAP1 and NDP52. Overall, our findings provide mechanistic insights into the interactions of NDP52, NAP1 with RB1CC1 and ATG8 family proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Mingfang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zixuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ping Wu
- National Facility for Protein Science in Shanghai, Zhangjiang Lab, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Chao Peng
- National Facility for Protein Science in Shanghai, Zhangjiang Lab, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yingli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xinyu Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yaru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiaolong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Miao Li
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Liqiang Shen
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Lifeng Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou 310024, China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
Selective autophagy is the lysosomal degradation of specific intracellular components sequestered into autophagosomes, late endosomes, or lysosomes through the activity of selective autophagy receptors (SARs). SARs interact with autophagy-related (ATG)8 family proteins via sequence motifs called LC3-interacting region (LIR) motifs in vertebrates and Atg8-interacting motifs (AIMs) in yeast and plants. SARs can be divided into two broad groups: soluble or membrane bound. Cargo or substrate selection may be independent or dependent of ubiquitin labeling of the cargo. In this review, we discuss mechanisms of mammalian selective autophagy with a focus on the unifying principles employed in substrate recognition, interaction with the forming autophagosome via LIR-ATG8 interactions, and the recruitment of core autophagy components for efficient autophagosome formation on the substrate. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology, Volume 37 is October 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Trond Lamark
- Molecular Cancer Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway; ,
| | - Terje Johansen
- Molecular Cancer Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway; ,
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Herhaus L. TBK1 (TANK-binding kinase 1)-mediated regulation of autophagy in health and disease. Matrix Biol 2021; 100-101:84-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2021.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
33
|
Wang B, Zhou M, Lin Y, Ma Y, Cao H. TBK1 regulates the induction of innate immune response against GCRV by phosphorylating IRF3 in rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 115:103883. [PMID: 33045274 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus), a small cyprinid species that is highly sensitive to the grass carp reovirus (GCRV), is regarded as an ideal model to study the mechanisms of innate immunity in fish. In the present study, a TBK1 homologue from rare minnow (GrTBK1) was identified and its roles in defence against viral infection were investigated. Sequence analysis showed that GrTBK1 encoded a 727-amino acid peptide which shared 98% and 72% identity to the black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus) and human (Homo sapiens) orthologues, respectively. The amino acid sequence analysis demonstrated that GrTBK1 contains a conserved Serine/Threonine protein kinases catalytic domain (S_TKc) at the N-terminus. Furthermore, cellular distribution proved that GrTBK1 was located in the cytoplasm region. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that GrTBK1 was ubiquitously expressed in all examined organs, but especially highly in liver. Temporal expression analysis in vivo showed that the expression levels of GrTBK1 were obviously up-regulated in response to GCRV infection. Meanwhile, qRT-PCR assay revealed that the levels of S7 RNA, an important segment of GCRV genome, were higher in the liver than in other tissues. This indicates that GrTBK1 might play a crucial role in responses to GCRV infection in fish. In addition, GrTBK1 activated several type I interferon (IFN) promoters and induced the expression of downstream type I IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). Furthermore, GrTBK1 obviously phosphorylated the interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3). Furthermore, overexpression of GrTBK1 remarkably decreased the GCRV proliferation. In summary, we systematically characterized GrTBK1 and illustrated its role in the innate immune response to GCRV infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Wang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Man Zhou
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yusheng Lin
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yuegang Ma
- Chongqing Fishery Sciences Research Institute, Chongqing, 400020, China
| | - Hong Cao
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Overhoff M, De Bruyckere E, Kononenko NL. Mechanisms of neuronal survival safeguarded by endocytosis and autophagy. J Neurochem 2020; 157:263-296. [PMID: 32964462 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Multiple aspects of neuronal physiology crucially depend on two cellular pathways, autophagy and endocytosis. During endocytosis, extracellular components either unbound or recognized by membrane-localized receptors (termed "cargo") become internalized into plasma membrane-derived vesicles. These can serve to either recycle the material back to the plasma membrane or send it for degradation to lysosomes. Autophagy also uses lysosomes as a terminal degradation point, although instead of degrading the plasma membrane-derived cargo, autophagy eliminates detrimental cytosolic material and intracellular organelles, which are transported to lysosomes by means of double-membrane vesicles, referred to as autophagosomes. Neurons, like all non-neuronal cells, capitalize on autophagy and endocytosis to communicate with the environment and maintain protein and organelle homeostasis. Additionally, the highly polarized, post-mitotic nature of neurons made them adopt these two pathways for cell-specific functions. These include the maintenance of the synaptic vesicle pool in the pre-synaptic terminal and the long-distance transport of signaling molecules. Originally discovered independently from each other, it is now clear that autophagy and endocytosis are closely interconnected and share several common participating molecules. Considering the crucial role of autophagy and endocytosis in cell type-specific functions in neurons, it is not surprising that defects in both pathways have been linked to the pathology of numerous neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we highlight the recent knowledge of the role of endocytosis and autophagy in neurons with a special focus on synaptic physiology and discuss how impairments in genes coding for autophagy and endocytosis proteins can cause neurodegeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melina Overhoff
- CECAD Cluster of Excellence, Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Elodie De Bruyckere
- CECAD Cluster of Excellence, Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Natalia L Kononenko
- CECAD Cluster of Excellence, Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
ALS Genetics: Gains, Losses, and Implications for Future Therapies. Neuron 2020; 108:822-842. [PMID: 32931756 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder caused by the loss of motor neurons from the brain and spinal cord. The ALS community has made remarkable strides over three decades by identifying novel familial mutations, generating animal models, elucidating molecular mechanisms, and ultimately developing promising new therapeutic approaches. Some of these approaches reduce the expression of mutant genes and are in human clinical trials, highlighting the need to carefully consider the normal functions of these genes and potential contribution of gene loss-of-function to ALS. Here, we highlight known loss-of-function mechanisms underlying ALS, potential consequences of lowering levels of gene products, and the need to consider both gain and loss of function to develop safe and effective therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
|
36
|
Daussy CF, Wodrich H. "Repair Me if You Can": Membrane Damage, Response, and Control from the Viral Perspective. Cells 2020; 9:cells9092042. [PMID: 32906744 PMCID: PMC7564661 DOI: 10.3390/cells9092042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells are constantly challenged by pathogens (bacteria, virus, and fungi), and protein aggregates or chemicals, which can provoke membrane damage at the plasma membrane or within the endo-lysosomal compartments. Detection of endo-lysosomal rupture depends on a family of sugar-binding lectins, known as galectins, which sense the abnormal exposure of glycans to the cytoplasm upon membrane damage. Galectins in conjunction with other factors orchestrate specific membrane damage responses such as the recruitment of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) machinery to either repair damaged membranes or the activation of autophagy to remove membrane remnants. If not controlled, membrane damage causes the release of harmful components including protons, reactive oxygen species, or cathepsins that will elicit inflammation. In this review, we provide an overview of current knowledge on membrane damage and cellular responses. In particular, we focus on the endo-lysosomal damage triggered by non-enveloped viruses (such as adenovirus) and discuss viral strategies to control the cellular membrane damage response. Finally, we debate the link between autophagy and inflammation in this context and discuss the possibility that virus induced autophagy upon entry limits inflammation.
Collapse
|
37
|
Wandel MP, Kim BH, Park ES, Boyle KB, Nayak K, Lagrange B, Herod A, Henry T, Zilbauer M, Rohde J, MacMicking JD, Randow F. Guanylate-binding proteins convert cytosolic bacteria into caspase-4 signaling platforms. Nat Immunol 2020; 21:880-891. [PMID: 32541830 PMCID: PMC7381384 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-020-0697-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial lipopolysaccharide triggers human caspase-4 (murine caspase-11) to cleave gasdermin-D and induce pyroptotic cell death. How lipopolysaccharide sequestered in the membranes of cytosol-invading bacteria activates caspases remains unknown. Here we show that in interferon-γ-stimulated cells guanylate-binding proteins (GBPs) assemble on the surface of Gram-negative bacteria into polyvalent signaling platforms required for activation of caspase-4. Caspase-4 activation is hierarchically controlled by GBPs; GBP1 initiates platform assembly, GBP2 and GBP4 control caspase-4 recruitment, and GBP3 governs caspase-4 activation. In response to cytosol-invading bacteria, activation of caspase-4 through the GBP platform is essential to induce gasdermin-D-dependent pyroptosis and processing of interleukin-18, thereby destroying the replicative niche for intracellular bacteria and alerting neighboring cells, respectively. Caspase-11 and GBPs epistatically protect mice against lethal bacterial challenge. Multiple antagonists of the pathway encoded by Shigella flexneri, a cytosol-adapted bacterium, provide compelling evolutionary evidence for the importance of the GBP-caspase-4 pathway in antibacterial defense.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michal P Wandel
- Division of Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Bae-Hoon Kim
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Departments of Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Eui-Soon Park
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Departments of Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Keith B Boyle
- Division of Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Komal Nayak
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cambridge University Hospitals, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Brice Lagrange
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, University of Lyon, Inserm U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Adrian Herod
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Thomas Henry
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, University of Lyon, Inserm U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Matthias Zilbauer
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cambridge University Hospitals, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - John Rohde
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - John D MacMicking
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Departments of Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Felix Randow
- Division of Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK.
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Draberova H, Janusova S, Knizkova D, Semberova T, Pribikova M, Ujevic A, Harant K, Knapkova S, Hrdinka M, Fanfani V, Stracquadanio G, Drobek A, Ruppova K, Stepanek O, Draber P. Systematic analysis of the IL-17 receptor signalosome reveals a robust regulatory feedback loop. EMBO J 2020; 39:e104202. [PMID: 32696476 PMCID: PMC7459424 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019104202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
IL‐17 mediates immune protection from fungi and bacteria, as well as it promotes autoimmune pathologies. However, the regulation of the signal transduction from the IL‐17 receptor (IL‐17R) remained elusive. We developed a novel mass spectrometry‐based approach to identify components of the IL‐17R complex followed by analysis of their roles using reverse genetics. Besides the identification of linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex (LUBAC) as an important signal transducing component of IL‐17R, we established that IL‐17 signaling is regulated by a robust negative feedback loop mediated by TBK1 and IKKε. These kinases terminate IL‐17 signaling by phosphorylating the adaptor ACT1 leading to the release of the essential ubiquitin ligase TRAF6 from the complex. NEMO recruits both kinases to the IL‐17R complex, documenting that NEMO has an unprecedented negative function in IL‐17 signaling, distinct from its role in NF‐κB activation. Our study provides a comprehensive view of the molecular events of the IL‐17 signal transduction and its regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helena Draberova
- Laboratory of Immunity & Cell Communication, BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Vestec, Czech Republic.,Laboratory of Adaptive Immunity, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Sarka Janusova
- Laboratory of Adaptive Immunity, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Daniela Knizkova
- Laboratory of Immunity & Cell Communication, BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Vestec, Czech Republic.,Laboratory of Adaptive Immunity, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Semberova
- Laboratory of Immunity & Cell Communication, BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Vestec, Czech Republic.,Laboratory of Adaptive Immunity, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Pribikova
- Laboratory of Immunity & Cell Communication, BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Vestec, Czech Republic.,Laboratory of Adaptive Immunity, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Ujevic
- Laboratory of Immunity & Cell Communication, BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Vestec, Czech Republic.,Laboratory of Adaptive Immunity, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Harant
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, BIOCEV, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Sofija Knapkova
- Department of Haematooncology, University Hospital Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Matous Hrdinka
- Department of Haematooncology, University Hospital Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Viola Fanfani
- Institute of Quantitative Biology, Biochemistry, and Biotechnology, SynthSys, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Giovanni Stracquadanio
- Institute of Quantitative Biology, Biochemistry, and Biotechnology, SynthSys, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ales Drobek
- Laboratory of Adaptive Immunity, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Klara Ruppova
- Laboratory of Adaptive Immunity, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Stepanek
- Laboratory of Adaptive Immunity, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Draber
- Laboratory of Immunity & Cell Communication, BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Vestec, Czech Republic.,Laboratory of Adaptive Immunity, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Legionella pneumophila Excludes Autophagy Adaptors from the Ubiquitin-Labeled Vacuole in Which It Resides. Infect Immun 2020; 88:IAI.00793-19. [PMID: 32482642 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00793-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Xenophagy targets intracellular pathogens for destruction by the host autophagy pathway. Ubiquitin chains are conjugated to xenophagic targets and recruit multiple autophagy adaptors. The intracellular pathogen Legionella pneumophila resides in a vacuole that is ubiquitinated; however, this pathogen avoids xenophagic detection. Here, the mechanisms by which L. pneumophila can prevent the host xenophagy pathway from targeting the vacuole in which it resides were examined. Ubiquitin-labeled vacuoles containing L. pneumophila failed to recruit autophagy adaptors by a process that was independent of RavZ function. Coinfection studies were conducted using a strain of Listeria monocytogenes that served as a robust xenophagic target. Legionella pneumophila infection blocked xenophagic targeting of L. monocytogenes by a RavZ-dependent mechanism. Importantly, when coinfection studies were conducted with a RavZ-deficient strain of L. pneumophila, L. monocytogenes was targeted by the host xenophagy system but vacuoles containing L. pneumophila avoided targeting. Enhanced adaptor recruitment to the vacuole was observed by using a strain of L. pneumophila in which all of the effector proteins in the SidE family were deleted; however, this strain was still not targeted by the host autophagy pathway. Thus, there are at least two pathways by which L. pneumophila can disrupt xenophagic targeting of the vacuole in which it resides. One mechanism involves global disruption of the host autophagy machinery by the effector protein RavZ. A second cis-acting mechanism prevents the binding of autophagy adaptors to the ubiquitin-decorated surface of the L. pneumophila-containing vacuole.
Collapse
|
40
|
Transbilayer Movement of Sphingomyelin Precedes Catastrophic Breakage of Enterobacteria-Containing Vacuoles. Curr Biol 2020; 30:2974-2983.e6. [PMID: 32649908 PMCID: PMC7416114 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.05.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenic bacteria enter the cytosol of host cells through uptake into bacteria-containing vacuoles (BCVs) and subsequent rupture of the vacuolar membrane [1]. Bacterial invaders are sensed either directly, through cytosolic pattern-recognition receptors specific for bacterial ligands, or indirectly, through danger receptors that bind host molecules displayed in an abnormal context, for example, glycans on damaged BCVs [2, 3, 4]. In contrast to damage caused by Listeria monocytogenes, a Gram-positive bacterium, BCV rupture by Gram-negative pathogens such as Shigella flexneri or Salmonella Typhimurium remains incompletely understood [5, 6]. The latter may cause membrane damage directly, when inserting their Type Three Secretion needles into host membranes, or indirectly through translocated bacterial effector proteins [7, 8, 9]. Here, we report that sphingomyelin, an abundant lipid of the luminal leaflet of BCV membranes, and normally absent from the cytosol, becomes exposed to the cytosol as an early predictive marker of BCV rupture by Gram-negative bacteria. To monitor subcellular sphingomyelin distribution, we generated a live sphingomyelin reporter from Lysenin, a sphingomyelin-specific toxin from the earthworm Eisenia fetida [10, 11]. Using super resolution live imaging and correlative light and electron microscopy (CLEM), we discovered that BCV rupture proceeds through two distinct successive stages: first, sphingomyelin is gradually translocated into the cytosolic leaflet of the BCV, invariably followed by cytosolic exposure of glycans, which recruit galectin-8, indicating bacterial entry into the cytosol. Exposure of sphingomyelin on BCVs may therefore act as an early danger signal alerting the cell to imminent bacterial invasion. Lysenin serves as a reporter of sphingomyelin exposure in the mammalian cytosol Chemical-, toxin-, or pathogen-induced membrane damage exposes sphingomyelin Sphingomyelin exposure precedes catastrophic breakage of bacteria-containing vacuoles Cytosolic sphingomyelin is indicative of membrane stress and imminent pathogen entry
Collapse
|
41
|
Wu Y, Jin S, Liu Q, Zhang Y, Ma L, Zhao Z, Yang S, Li YP, Cui J. Selective autophagy controls the stability of transcription factor IRF3 to balance type I interferon production and immune suppression. Autophagy 2020; 17:1379-1392. [PMID: 32476569 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1761653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
IRF3 (interferon regulatory factor 3) is one of the most critical transcription factors in antiviral innate immune signaling, which is ubiquitously expressed in a variety of cells. Although it has been demonstrated that IRF3 can provoke multiple cellular processes during viral infection, including type I interferon (IFN) production, the mechanisms underlying the precise regulation of IRF3 activity are still not completely understood. Here, we report that selective macroautophagy/autophagy mediated by cargo receptor CALCOCO2/NDP52 promotes the degradation of IRF3 in a virus load-dependent manner. Deubiquitinase PSMD14/POH1 prevents IRF3 from autophagic degradation by cleaving the K27-linked poly-ubiquitin chains at lysine 313 on IRF3 to maintain its basal level and IRF3-mediated type I IFN activation. The autophagic degradation of IRF3 mediated by PSMD14 or CALCOCO2 ensures the precise control of IRF3 activity and fine-tunes the immune response against viral infection. Our study reveals the regulatory role of PSMD14 in balancing IRF3-centered IFN activation with immune suppression and provides insights into the crosstalk between selective autophagy and type I IFN signaling.Abbreviations: ATG5: autophagy related gene 5; Baf A1: bafilomycin A1; BECN1: beclin 1; CALCOCO2/NDP52: calcium binding and coiled-coil domain 2; CGAS: cyclic GMP-AMP synthase; DDX58/RIG-I: DExD/H-box helicase 58; DUBs: deubiquitinating enzymes; IFN: interferon; IRF3: interferon regulatory factor 3; MAVS: mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein; MOI: multiplicity of infection; PAMPs: pathogen-associated molecule patterns; PBMC: peripheral blood mononuclear cell; PSMD14/POH1: proteasome 26S subunit, non-ATPase 14; RIPA: RLR-induced IRF3-mediated pathway of apoptosis; SeV: Sendai virus; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; STING1: stimulator of interferon response cGAMP interactor 1; TBK1: TANK binding kinase 1; Ub: ubiquitin; WT: wild type.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaoxing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, GD, China
| | - Shouheng Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, GD, China
| | - Qingxiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, GD, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, GD, China
| | - Ling Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, GD, China
| | - Zhiyao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, GD, China
| | - Shuai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, GD, China
| | - Yi-Ping Li
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, and Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, GD, China.,Department of Infectious Disease, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, GD, China
| | - Jun Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, GD, China
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Chen YC, Hsiao CC, Chen TW, Wu CC, Chao TY, Leung SY, Eng HL, Lee CP, Wang TY, Lin MC. Whole Genome DNA Methylation Analysis of Active Pulmonary Tuberculosis Disease Identifies Novel Epigenotypes: PARP9/ miR-505/ RASGRP4/ GNG12 Gene Methylation and Clinical Phenotypes. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093180. [PMID: 32365959 PMCID: PMC7246806 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We hypothesized that DNA methylation patterns may contribute to the development of active pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). Illumina’s DNA methylation 450 K assay was used to identify differentially methylated loci (DML) in a discovery cohort of 12 active pulmonary TB patients and 6 healthy subjects (HS). DNA methylation levels were validated in an independent cohort of 64 TB patients and 24 HS. Microarray analysis identified 1028 DMLs in TB patients versus HS, and 3747 DMLs in TB patients after versus before anti-TB treatment, while autophagy was the most enriched signaling pathway. In the validation cohort, PARP9 and miR505 genes were hypomethylated in the TB patients versus HS, while RASGRP4 and GNG12 genes were hypermethylated, with the former two further hypomethylated in those with delayed sputum conversion, systemic symptoms, or far advanced lesions. MRPS18B and RPTOR genes were hypomethylated in TB patients with pleural involvement. RASGRP4 gene hypermethylation and RPTOR gene down-regulation were associated with high mycobacterial burden. TB patients with WIPI2/GNG12 hypermethylation or MRPS18B/FOXO3 hypomethylation had lower one-year survival. In vitro ESAT6 and CFP10 stimuli of THP-1 cells resulted in DNA de-methylation changes of the PARP9, RASGRP4, WIPI2, and FOXO3 genes. In conclusions, aberrant DNA methylation over the PARP9/miR505/RASGRP4/GNG12 genes may contribute to the development of active pulmonary TB disease and its clinical phenotypes, while aberrant DNA methylation over the WIPI2/GNG12/MARPS18B/FOXO3 genes may constitute a determinant of long-term outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Che Chen
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan; (C.-C.H.); (C.-C.W.); (T.-Y.C.); (S.-Y.L.); (C.-P.L.); (T.-Y.W.)
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences and Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (Y.-C.C.); (M.-C.L.); Tel.: +886-975056041 (Y.-C.C.); +886-7-731-7123 (ext 8199) (M.-C.L.)
| | - Chang-Chun Hsiao
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan; (C.-C.H.); (C.-C.W.); (T.-Y.C.); (S.-Y.L.); (C.-P.L.); (T.-Y.W.)
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences and Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Wen Chen
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, and Bioinformatics Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan;
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30068, Taiwan
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30068, Taiwan
- Center for Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio-devices (IDS2B), National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30068, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Chien Wu
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan; (C.-C.H.); (C.-C.W.); (T.-Y.C.); (S.-Y.L.); (C.-P.L.); (T.-Y.W.)
| | - Tung-Ying Chao
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan; (C.-C.H.); (C.-C.W.); (T.-Y.C.); (S.-Y.L.); (C.-P.L.); (T.-Y.W.)
| | - Sum-Yee Leung
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan; (C.-C.H.); (C.-C.W.); (T.-Y.C.); (S.-Y.L.); (C.-P.L.); (T.-Y.W.)
| | - Hock-Liew Eng
- Division of Clinical Pathology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan;
| | - Chiu-Ping Lee
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan; (C.-C.H.); (C.-C.W.); (T.-Y.C.); (S.-Y.L.); (C.-P.L.); (T.-Y.W.)
| | - Ting-Ya Wang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan; (C.-C.H.); (C.-C.W.); (T.-Y.C.); (S.-Y.L.); (C.-P.L.); (T.-Y.W.)
| | - Meng-Chih Lin
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan; (C.-C.H.); (C.-C.W.); (T.-Y.C.); (S.-Y.L.); (C.-P.L.); (T.-Y.W.)
- Correspondence: (Y.-C.C.); (M.-C.L.); Tel.: +886-975056041 (Y.-C.C.); +886-7-731-7123 (ext 8199) (M.-C.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
The Role of Autophagy and Autophagy Receptor NDP52 in Microbial Infections. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21062008. [PMID: 32187990 PMCID: PMC7139735 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a general protective mechanism for maintaining homeostasis in eukaryotic cells, regulating cellular metabolism, and promoting cell survival by degrading and recycling cellular components under stress conditions. The degradation pathway that is mediated by autophagy receptors is called selective autophagy, also named as xenophagy. Autophagy receptor NDP52 acts as a ‘bridge’ between autophagy and the ubiquitin-proteasome system, and it also plays an important role in the process of selective autophagy. Pathogenic microbial infections cause various diseases in both humans and animals, posing a great threat to public health. Increasing evidence has revealed that autophagy and autophagy receptors are involved in the life cycle of pathogenic microbial infections. The interaction between autophagy receptor and pathogenic microorganism not only affects the replication of these microorganisms in the host cell, but it also affects the host’s immune system. This review aims to discuss the effects of autophagy on pathogenic microbial infection and replication, and summarizes the mechanisms by which autophagy receptors interact with microorganisms. While considering the role of autophagy receptors in microbial infection, NDP52 might be a potential target for developing effective therapies to treat pathogenic microbial infections.
Collapse
|
44
|
Nozawa T, Sano S, Minowa-Nozawa A, Toh H, Nakajima S, Murase K, Aikawa C, Nakagawa I. TBC1D9 regulates TBK1 activation through Ca 2+ signaling in selective autophagy. Nat Commun 2020; 11:770. [PMID: 32034138 PMCID: PMC7005872 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14533-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Invading microbial pathogens can be eliminated selectively by xenophagy. Ubiquitin-mediated autophagy receptors are phosphorylated by TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) and recruited to ubiquitinated bacteria to facilitate autophagosome formation during xenophagy, but the molecular mechanism underlying TBK1 activation in response to microbial infection is not clear. Here, we show that bacterial infection increases Ca2+ levels to activate TBK1 for xenophagy via the Ca2+-binding protein TBC1 domain family member 9 (TBC1D9). Mechanistically, the ubiquitin-binding region (UBR) and Ca2+-binding motif of TBC1D9 mediate its binding with ubiquitin-positive bacteria, and TBC1D9 knockout suppresses TBK1 activation and subsequent recruitment of the ULK1 complex. Treatment with a Ca2+ chelator impairs TBC1D9-ubiquitin interactions and TBK1 activation during xenophagy. TBC1D9 is also recruited to damaged mitochondria through its UBR and Ca2+-binding motif, and is required for TBK1 activation during mitophagy. These results indicate that TBC1D9 controls TBK1 activation during xenophagy and mitophagy through Ca2+-dependent ubiquitin-recognition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nozawa
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Sano
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Atsuko Minowa-Nozawa
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Toh
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Shintaro Nakajima
- Department of Life Science Dentistry, The Nippon Dental University, Tokyo, 102-8159, Japan.,Department of Developmental and Regenerative Dentistry, School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, The Nippon Dental University, Tokyo, 102-8159, Japan
| | - Kazunori Murase
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Chihiro Aikawa
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Ichiro Nakagawa
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Johansen T, Lamark T. Selective Autophagy: ATG8 Family Proteins, LIR Motifs and Cargo Receptors. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:80-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
46
|
Li FY, Wang SF, Bernardes ES, Liu FT. Galectins in Host Defense Against Microbial Infections. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1204:141-167. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-1580-4_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
47
|
Conway O, Akpinar HA, Rogov VV, Kirkin V. Selective Autophagy Receptors in Neuronal Health and Disease. J Mol Biol 2019; 432:2483-2509. [PMID: 31654670 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neurons are electrically excitable, postmitotic cells that perform sensory, relaying, and motor functions. Because of their unique morphological and functional specialization, cells of this type are sensitive to the stress caused by accumulation of misfolded proteins or damaged organelles. Autophagy is the fundamental mechanism that ensures sequestration of cytosolic material and its subsequent degradation in lysosomes of eukaryotic cells, thereby providing cell-autonomous nutrients and removing harmful cargos. Strikingly, mice and flies lacking functional autophagy develop early onset progressive neurodegeneration. Like in human neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs)-Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, frontotemporal dementia, Huntington's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-characteristic protein aggregates observed in autophagy-deficient neurons in the animal models are indicators of the ongoing neuronal pathology. A number of selective autophagy receptors (SARs) have been characterized that interact both with the cargo and components of the autophagic machinery, thus providing the molecular basis for selective degradation of sizable cytosolic components. Interference with autophagy in experimental models, but also during the pathological vagaries in neurons, will thus have far-reaching consequences for a range of selective autophagy pathways critical for the normal functioning of the nervous system. Here, we review the key principles behind the selective autophagy and discuss how the SARs may be involved in the pathogenesis of NDDs. Using recently published examples, we also examine the emerging role of less well studied selective autophagy pathways in neuronal health and disease. We conclude by discussing targeting selective autophagy as an emerging therapeutic modality in NDDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Owen Conway
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Hafize Aysin Akpinar
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Vladimir V Rogov
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Vladimir Kirkin
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Fraser J, Simpson J, Fontana R, Kishi‐Itakura C, Ktistakis NT, Gammoh N. Targeting of early endosomes by autophagy facilitates EGFR recycling and signalling. EMBO Rep 2019; 20:e47734. [PMID: 31448519 PMCID: PMC6776898 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201947734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite recently uncovered connections between autophagy and the endocytic pathway, the role of autophagy in regulating endosomal function remains incompletely understood. Here, we find that the ablation of autophagy-essential players disrupts EGF-induced endocytic trafficking of EGFR. Cells lacking ATG7 or ATG16L1 exhibit increased levels of phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate (PI(3)P), a key determinant of early endosome maturation. Increased PI(3)P levels are associated with an accumulation of EEA1-positive endosomes where EGFR trafficking is stalled. Aberrant early endosomes are recognised by the autophagy machinery in a TBK1- and Gal8-dependent manner and are delivered to LAMP2-positive lysosomes. Preventing this homeostatic regulation of early endosomes by autophagy reduces EGFR recycling to the plasma membrane and compromises downstream signalling and cell survival. Our findings uncover a novel role for the autophagy machinery in maintaining early endosome function and growth factor sensing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jane Fraser
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh CentreInstitute of Genetics and Molecular MedicineUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Joanne Simpson
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh CentreInstitute of Genetics and Molecular MedicineUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Rosa Fontana
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh CentreInstitute of Genetics and Molecular MedicineUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | | | | | - Noor Gammoh
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh CentreInstitute of Genetics and Molecular MedicineUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Tribulatti MV, Carabelli J, Prato CA, Campetella O. Galectin-8 in the onset of the immune response and inflammation. Glycobiology 2019; 30:134-142. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwz077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Galectins (Gals), a family of mammalian lectins, have emerged as key regulators of the immune response, being implicated in several physiologic and pathologic conditions. Lately, there is increasing data regarding the participation of Galectin-8 (Gal-8) in both the adaptive and innate immune responses, as well as its high expression in inflammatory disorders. Here, we focus on the pro- and anti-inflammatory properties of Gal-8 and discuss the potential use of this lectin in order to shape the immune response, according to the context.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María V Tribulatti
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM), Campus Miguelete, Avenida 25 de Mayo y Francia, San Martín, Buenos Aires B1650HMP, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Julieta Carabelli
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM), Campus Miguelete, Avenida 25 de Mayo y Francia, San Martín, Buenos Aires B1650HMP, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Cecilia A Prato
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM), Campus Miguelete, Avenida 25 de Mayo y Francia, San Martín, Buenos Aires B1650HMP, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Oscar Campetella
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM), Campus Miguelete, Avenida 25 de Mayo y Francia, San Martín, Buenos Aires B1650HMP, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Zachari M, Gudmundsson SR, Li Z, Manifava M, Cugliandolo F, Shah R, Smith M, Stronge J, Karanasios E, Piunti C, Kishi-Itakura C, Vihinen H, Jokitalo E, Guan JL, Buss F, Smith AM, Walker SA, Eskelinen EL, Ktistakis NT. Selective Autophagy of Mitochondria on a Ubiquitin-Endoplasmic-Reticulum Platform. Dev Cell 2019; 50:627-643.e5. [PMID: 31353311 PMCID: PMC6739445 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The dynamics and coordination between autophagy machinery and selective receptors during mitophagy are unknown. Also unknown is whether mitophagy depends on pre-existing membranes or is triggered on the surface of damaged mitochondria. Using a ubiquitin-dependent mitophagy inducer, the lactone ivermectin, we have combined genetic and imaging experiments to address these questions. Ubiquitination of mitochondrial fragments is required the earliest, followed by auto-phosphorylation of TBK1. Next, early essential autophagy proteins FIP200 and ATG13 act at different steps, whereas ULK1 and ULK2 are dispensable. Receptors act temporally and mechanistically upstream of ATG13 but downstream of FIP200. The VPS34 complex functions at the omegasome step. ATG13 and optineurin target mitochondria in a discontinuous oscillatory way, suggesting multiple initiation events. Targeted ubiquitinated mitochondria are cradled by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) strands even without functional autophagy machinery and mitophagy adaptors. We propose that damaged mitochondria are ubiquitinated and dynamically encased in ER strands, providing platforms for formation of the mitophagosomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Zachari
- Signalling Programme, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Ziyue Li
- Signalling Programme, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Ronak Shah
- Signalling Programme, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Matthew Smith
- Signalling Programme, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - James Stronge
- Signalling Programme, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Chieko Kishi-Itakura
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Helena Vihinen
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eija Jokitalo
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jun-Lin Guan
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Folma Buss
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrew M Smith
- Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|