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Singh A, Beaupre M, Villegas-Novoa C, Shiomitsu K, Gaudino SJ, Tawch S, Damle R, Kempen C, Choudhury B, McAleer JP, Sheridan BS, Denoya P, Blumberg RS, Hearing P, Allbritton NL, Kumar P. IL-22 promotes mucin-type O-glycosylation and MATH1 + cell-mediated amelioration of intestinal inflammation. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114206. [PMID: 38733584 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The interleukin (IL)-22 cytokine can be protective or inflammatory in the intestine. It is unclear if IL-22 receptor (IL-22Ra1)-mediated protection involves a specific type of intestinal epithelial cell (IEC). By using a range of IEC type-specific Il22Ra1 conditional knockout mice and a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) colitis model, we demonstrate that IL-22Ra1 signaling in MATH1+ cells (goblet and progenitor cells) is essential for maintaining the mucosal barrier and intestinal tissue regeneration. The IL-22Ra1 signaling in IECs promotes mucin core-2 O-glycan extension and induces beta-1,3-galactosyltransferase 5 (B3GALT5) expression in the colon. Adenovirus-mediated expression of B3galt5 is sufficient to rescue Il22Ra1IEC mice from DSS colitis. Additionally, we observe a reduction in the expression of B3GALT5 and the Tn antigen, which indicates defective mucin O-glycan, in the colon tissue of patients with ulcerative colitis. Lastly, IL-22Ra1 signaling in MATH1+ progenitor cells promotes organoid regeneration after DSS injury. Our findings suggest that IL-22-dependent protective responses involve O-glycan modification, proliferation, and differentiation in MATH1+ progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Michael Beaupre
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | | | - Kiyoshi Shiomitsu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Stephen J Gaudino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Suzanne Tawch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Ruhee Damle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Cody Kempen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Biswa Choudhury
- GlycoAnalytics Core, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jeremy P McAleer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Marshall University School of Pharmacy, Huntington, WV 25701, USA
| | - Brian S Sheridan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Paula Denoya
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stony Brook University Hospital, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Richard S Blumberg
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Patrick Hearing
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Nancy L Allbritton
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Pawan Kumar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
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2
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O'Connell AE, Raveenthiraraj S, Oliveira LFS, Adegboye C, Dasuri VS, Qi W, Khetani RS, Singh A, Sundaram N, Lin J, Nandivada P, Rincón-Cruz L, Goldsmith JD, Thiagarajah JR, Carlone DL, Turner JR, Agrawal PB, Helmrath M, Breault DT. WNT2B Deficiency Causes Enhanced Susceptibility to Colitis Due to Increased Inflammatory Cytokine Production. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2024; 18:101349. [PMID: 38697357 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2024.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Humans with WNT2B deficiency have severe intestinal disease, including significant inflammatory injury, highlighting a critical role for WNT2B. We sought to understand how WNT2B contributes to intestinal homeostasis. METHODS We investigated the intestinal health of Wnt2b knock out (KO) mice. We assessed the baseline histology and health of the small intestine and colon, and the impact of inflammatory challenge using dextran sodium sulfate (DSS). We also evaluated human intestinal tissue. RESULTS Mice with WNT2B deficiency had normal baseline histology but enhanced susceptibility to DSS colitis because of an increased early injury response. Although intestinal stem cells markers were decreased, epithelial proliferation was similar to control subjects. Wnt2b KO mice showed an enhanced inflammatory signature after DSS treatment. Wnt2b KO colon and human WNT2B-deficient organoids had increased levels of CXCR4 and IL6, and biopsy tissue from humans showed increased neutrophils. CONCLUSIONS WNT2B is important for regulation of inflammation in the intestine. Absence of WNT2B leads to increased expression of inflammatory cytokines and increased susceptibility to gastrointestinal inflammation, particularly in the colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E O'Connell
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research at Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | | | | | - Comfort Adegboye
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Venkata Siva Dasuri
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Wanshu Qi
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Akaljot Singh
- Department of Pediatric, General, and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio; Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Nambirajam Sundaram
- Department of Pediatric, General, and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio; Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Jasmine Lin
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Prathima Nandivada
- Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lorena Rincón-Cruz
- Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Jay R Thiagarajah
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Diana L Carlone
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Jerrold R Turner
- Laboratory of Mucosal Barrier Pathobiology, Department of Pathology and Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Pankaj B Agrawal
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research at Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine and Holtz Children's Hospital, Jackson Health System, Miami, Florida
| | - Michael Helmrath
- Department of Pediatric, General, and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio; Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - David T Breault
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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3
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Graham AJ, Khoo MW, Srivastava V, Viragova S, Parekh K, Morley CD, Bird M, Lebel P, Kumar S, Klein O, Gómez-Sjöberg R, Gartner ZJ. MAGIC matrices: freeform bioprinting materials to support complex and reproducible organoid morphogenesis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.01.578324. [PMID: 38370663 PMCID: PMC10871257 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.01.578324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Organoids are powerful models of tissue physiology, yet their applications remain limited due to a lack of complex tissue morphology and high organoid-to-organoid structural variability. To address these limitations we developed a soft, composite yield-stress extracellular matrix that supports freeform 3D bioprinting of cell slurries at tissue-like densities. Combined with a custom piezoelectric printhead, this platform allows more reproducible and complex morphogenesis from uniform and spatially organized organoid "seeds." At 4 °C the material exhibits reversible yield-stress behavior to support long printing times without compromising cell viability. When transferred to cell culture at 37 °C, the material cross-links and exhibits similar viscoelasticity and plasticity to basement membrane extracts such as Matrigel. We use this setup for high-throughput generation of intestinal and salivary gland organoid arrays that are morphologically indistinguishable from those grown in pure Matrigel, but exhibit dramatically improved homogeneity in organoid size, shape, maturation time, and budding efficiency. The reproducibility of organoid structure afforded by this approach increases the sensitivity of assays by orders of magnitude, requiring less input material and reducing analysis times. The flexibility of this approach additionally enabled the fabrication of perfusable intestinal organoid tubes. Combined, these advances lay the foundation for the efficient design of complex tissue morphologies in both space and time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin J. Graham
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA
| | | | - Vasudha Srivastava
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Sara Viragova
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Kavita Parekh
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
| | - Cameron D. Morley
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
| | - Malia Bird
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Paul Lebel
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Ophir Klein
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Department of Pediatrics, Cedars-Sinai Guerin Children’s, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | - Zev J. Gartner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Center for Cellular Construction, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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4
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Zwick RK, Kasparek P, Palikuqi B, Viragova S, Weichselbaum L, McGinnis CS, McKinley KL, Rathnayake A, Vaka D, Nguyen V, Trentesaux C, Reyes E, Gupta AR, Gartner ZJ, Locksley RM, Gardner JM, Itzkovitz S, Boffelli D, Klein OD. Epithelial zonation along the mouse and human small intestine defines five discrete metabolic domains. Nat Cell Biol 2024; 26:250-262. [PMID: 38321203 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-023-01337-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
A key aspect of nutrient absorption is the exquisite division of labour across the length of the small intestine, with individual nutrients taken up at different proximal:distal positions. For millennia, the small intestine was thought to comprise three segments with indefinite borders: the duodenum, jejunum and ileum. By examining the fine-scale longitudinal transcriptional patterns that span the mouse and human small intestine, we instead identified five domains of nutrient absorption that mount distinct responses to dietary changes, and three regional stem cell populations. Molecular domain identity can be detected with machine learning, which provides a systematic method to computationally identify intestinal domains in mice. We generated a predictive model of transcriptional control of domain identity and validated the roles of Ppar-δ and Cdx1 in patterning lipid metabolism-associated genes. These findings represent a foundational framework for the zonation of absorption across the mammalian small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel K Zwick
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Petr Kasparek
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Brisa Palikuqi
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sara Viragova
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Laura Weichselbaum
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Christopher S McGinnis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kara L McKinley
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Asoka Rathnayake
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dedeepya Vaka
- Department of Pediatrics, Cedars-Sinai Guerin Children's, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Vinh Nguyen
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genomic Immunology, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- UCSF CoLabs, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Coralie Trentesaux
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Efren Reyes
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alexander R Gupta
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Zev J Gartner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg BioHub and Center for Cellular Construction 94158, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Richard M Locksley
- Department of Medicine and Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - James M Gardner
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Shalev Itzkovitz
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Dario Boffelli
- Department of Pediatrics, Cedars-Sinai Guerin Children's, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ophir D Klein
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Cedars-Sinai Guerin Children's, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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5
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Beumer J, Clevers H. Hallmarks of stemness in mammalian tissues. Cell Stem Cell 2024; 31:7-24. [PMID: 38181752 PMCID: PMC10769195 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2023.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
All adult tissues experience wear and tear. Most tissues can compensate for cell loss through the activity of resident stem cells. Although the cellular maintenance strategies vary greatly between different adult (read: postnatal) tissues, the function of stem cells is best defined by their capacity to replace lost tissue through division. We discuss a set of six complementary hallmarks that are key enabling features of this basic function. These include longevity and self-renewal, multipotency, transplantability, plasticity, dependence on niche signals, and maintenance of genome integrity. We discuss these hallmarks in the context of some of the best-understood adult stem cell niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joep Beumer
- Institute of Human Biology (IHB), Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Hans Clevers
- Institute of Human Biology (IHB), Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Basel, Switzerland.
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6
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Verhagen MP, Joosten R, Schmitt M, Valimaki N, Sacchetti A, Rajamaki K, Choi J, Procopio P, Silva S, van der Steen B, van den Bosch TPP, Seinstra D, Doukas M, Augenlicht LH, Aaltonen LA, Fodde R. The origin of intestinal cancer in the context of inflammation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.02.560432. [PMID: 37873142 PMCID: PMC10592905 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.02.560432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
According to conventional views, colon cancer originates from stem cells. However, inflammation, a key risk factor for colon cancer, was shown to suppress intestinal stemness. Here, we employed Paneth cells (PCs) as a model to assess the capacity of differentiated lineages to trigger tumorigenesis in the context of inflammation. Upon inflammation, PC-specific Apc mutations led to intestinal tumors reminiscent not only of those arising in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients but also of a larger fraction of sporadic colon cancers. The latter is likely due to the inflammatory consequences of Western-style dietary habits, the major colon cancer risk factor. Computational methods designed to predict the cell-of-origin of cancer confirmed that, in a substantial fraction of sporadic colon cancers the cells-of-origin are secretory lineages and not stem cells.
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7
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Zwick RK, Kasparek P, Palikuqi B, Viragova S, Weichselbaum L, McGinnis CS, McKinley KL, Rathnayake A, Vaka D, Nguyen V, Trentesaux C, Reyes E, Gupta AR, Gartner ZJ, Locksley RM, Gardner JM, Itzkovitz S, Boffelli D, Klein OD. Epithelial zonation along the mouse and human small intestine defines five discrete metabolic domains. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.20.558726. [PMID: 37790430 PMCID: PMC10542170 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.20.558726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
A key aspect of nutrient absorption is the exquisite division of labor across the length of the small intestine, with individual classes of micronutrients taken up at different positions. For millennia, the small intestine was thought to comprise three segments with indefinite borders: the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. By examining fine-scale longitudinal segmentation of the mouse and human small intestines, we identified transcriptional signatures and upstream regulatory factors that define five domains of nutrient absorption, distinct from the three traditional sections. Spatially restricted expression programs were most prominent in nutrient-absorbing enterocytes but initially arose in intestinal stem cells residing in three regional populations. While a core signature was maintained across mice and humans with different diets and environments, domain properties were influenced by dietary changes. We established the functions of Ppar-ẟ and Cdx1 in patterning lipid metabolism in distal domains and generated a predictive model of additional transcription factors that direct domain identity. Molecular domain identity can be detected with machine learning, representing the first systematic method to computationally identify specific intestinal regions in mice. These findings provide a foundational framework for the identity and control of longitudinal zonation of absorption along the proximal:distal small intestinal axis.
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8
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Bao W, You Y, Ni J, Hou H, Lyu J, Feng G, Wang Y, You K, Zhang S, Zhang L, Cao X, Wang X, Li H, Li H, Xu J, Liu C, Luo X, Du P, Chen D, Shen X. Inhibiting sorting nexin 10 promotes mucosal healing through SREBP2-mediated stemness restoration of intestinal stem cells. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadh5016. [PMID: 37647408 PMCID: PMC10468130 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adh5016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal stem cell (ISC) is a promising therapeutic target for inflammatory bowel disease. Cholesterol availability is critical for ISC stemness. Low plasma cholesterol is a typical feature of Crohn's disease (CD); however, its impact on mucosal healing remains unclear. Here, we identified an essential role of sorting nexin 10 (SNX10) in maintaining the stemness of ISCs. SNX10 expression in intestinal tissues positively correlates with the severity of human CD and mouse colitis. Conditional SNX10 knockout in intestinal epithelial cells or ISCs promotes intestinal mucosal repair by maintaining the ISC population associated with increased intracellular cholesterol synthesis. Disassociation of ERLIN2 with SCAP by SNX10 deletion enhances the activation of SREBP2, resulting in increased cholesterol biosynthesis. DC-SX029, a small-molecule inhibitor of SNX10, was used to verify the druggable potential of SNX10 for the treatment of patients with CD. Our study provides a strategy for mucosal healing through SREBP2-mediated stemness restoration of ISCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilian Bao
- Department of Pharmacology and the Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Natural Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan You
- Department of Pharmacology and the Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiahui Ni
- Department of Pharmacology and the Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Hou
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaren Lyu
- Department of Pharmacology and the Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guize Feng
- Department of Pharmacology and the Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yirui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and the Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Keyuan You
- Department of Pharmacology and the Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sulin Zhang
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lijie Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyue Cao
- Department of Pharmacology and the Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and the Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haidong Li
- Department of Pharmacology and the Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Pharmacology and the Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiake Xu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chenying Liu
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Colorectal Cancer Research Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaomin Luo
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Du
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Colorectal Cancer Research Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Daofeng Chen
- Department of Natural Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyan Shen
- Department of Pharmacology and the Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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9
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Orzechowska-Licari EJ, Bialkowska AB, Yang VW. Sonic Hedgehog and WNT Signaling Regulate a Positive Feedback Loop Between Intestinal Epithelial and Stromal Cells to Promote Epithelial Regeneration. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 16:607-642. [PMID: 37481204 PMCID: PMC10470419 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2023.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Active intestinal stem cells are prone to injury by ionizing radiation. We previously showed that upon radiation-induced injury, normally quiescent reserve intestinal stem cells (rISCs) (marked by BMI1) are activated by Musashi-1 (MSI1) and exit from the quiescent state to regenerate the intestinal epithelium. This study aims to further establish the mechanism that regulates activation of Bmi1-CreER;Rosa26eYFP (Bmi1-CreER) rISCs following γ radiation-induced injury. METHODS Bmi1-CreER mice were treated with tamoxifen to initiate lineage tracing of BMI1 (eYFP+) cells and exposed to 12 Gy of total body γ irradiation or sham. Intestinal tissues were collected and analyzed by immunofluorescence, Western blot, reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and chromatin immunoprecipitation real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS After irradiation, increased expression of Msi1 in eYFP+ cells was accompanied by increased expression of Axin2, a WNT marker. Promoter studies of the Msi1 gene indicated that Msi1 is a WNT target gene. Coculture of stromal cells isolated from irradiated mice stimulated Bmi1-CreER-derived organoid regeneration more effectively than those from sham mice. Expression of WNT ligands, including Wnt2b, Wnt4, Wnt5a, and Rspo3, was increased in irradiated stromal cells compared with sham-treated stromal cells. Moreover, expression of the Sonic hedgehog (SHH) effector Gli1 was increased in stromal cells from irradiated mice. This was correlated with an increased expression of SHH in epithelial cells postirradiation, indicating epithelial-stromal interaction. Finally, preinjury treatment with SHH inhibitor cyclopamine significantly reduced intestinal epithelial regeneration and Msi1 expression postirradiation. CONCLUSIONS Upon ionizing radiation-induced injury, intestinal epithelial cells increase SHH secretion, stimulating stromal cells to secrete WNT ligands. WNT activators induce Msi1 expression in the Bmi1-CreER cells. This stromal-epithelial interaction leads to Bmi1-CreER rISCs induction and epithelial regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Agnieszka B Bialkowska
- Department of Medicine, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York.
| | - Vincent W Yang
- Department of Medicine, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York.
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10
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Liu Y, Reyes E, Castillo-Azofeifa D, Klein OD, Nystul T, Barber DL. Intracellular pH dynamics regulates intestinal stem cell lineage specification. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3745. [PMID: 37353491 PMCID: PMC10290085 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39312-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular pH dynamics is increasingly recognized to regulate myriad cell behaviors. We report a finding that intracellular pH dynamics also regulates adult stem cell lineage specification. We identify an intracellular pH gradient in mouse small intestinal crypts, lowest in crypt stem cells and increasing along the crypt column. Disrupting this gradient by inhibiting H+ efflux by Na+/H+ exchanger 1 abolishes crypt budding and blocks differentiation of Paneth cells, which are rescued with exogenous WNT. Using single-cell RNA sequencing and lineage tracing we demonstrate that intracellular pH dynamics acts downstream of ATOH1, with increased pH promoting differentiation toward the secretory lineage. Our findings indicate that an increase in pH is required for the lineage specification that contributes to crypt maintenance, establishing a role for intracellular pH dynamics in cell fate decisions within an adult stem cell lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Efren Reyes
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - David Castillo-Azofeifa
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- Immunology Discovery, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Ophir D Klein
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Todd Nystul
- Departments of Anatomy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
| | - Diane L Barber
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
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11
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O'Connell AE, Raveenthiraraj S, Adegboye C, Qi W, Khetani RS, Singh A, Sundaram N, Emeonye C, Lin J, Goldsmith JD, Thiagarajah JR, Carlone DL, Turner JR, Agrawal PB, Helmrath M, Breault DT. WNT2B Deficiency Causes Increased Susceptibility to Colitis in Mice and Impairs Intestinal Epithelial Development in Humans. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.21.537894. [PMID: 37131772 PMCID: PMC10153278 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.21.537894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Background and aims WNT2B is a canonical Wnt ligand previously thought to be fully redundant with other Wnts in the intestinal epithelium. However, humans with WNT2B deficiency have severe intestinal disease, highlighting a critical role for WNT2B. We sought to understand how WNT2B contributes to intestinal homeostasis. Methods We investigated the intestinal health of Wnt2b knock out (KO) mice. We assessed the impact of inflammatory challenge to the small intestine, using anti-CD3χ antibody, and to the colon, using dextran sodium sulfate (DSS). In addition, we generated human intestinal organoids (HIOs) from WNT2B-deficient human iPSCs for transcriptional and histological analyses. Results Mice with WNT2B deficiency had significantly decreased Lgr5 expression in the small intestine and profoundly decreased expression in the colon, but normal baseline histology. The small intestinal response to anti-CD3χ antibody was similar in Wnt2b KO and wild type (WT) mice. In contrast, the colonic response to DSS in Wnt2b KO mice showed an accelerated rate of injury, featuring earlier immune cell infiltration and loss of differentiated epithelium compared to WT. WNT2B-deficient HIOs showed abnormal epithelial organization and an increased mesenchymal gene signature. Conclusion WNT2B contributes to maintenance of the intestinal stem cell pool in mice and humans. WNT2B deficient mice, which do not have a developmental phenotype, show increased susceptibility to colonic injury but not small intestinal injury, potentially due to a higher reliance on WNT2B in the colon compared to the small intestine.WNT2B deficiency causes a developmental phenotype in human intestine with HIOs showing a decrease in their mesenchymal component and WNT2B-deficient patients showing epithelial disorganization. Data Transparency Statement All RNA-Seq data will be available through online repository as indicated in Transcript profiling. Any other data will be made available upon request by emailing the study authors.
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12
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Castillo-Azofeifa D, Wald T, Reyes EA, Gallagher A, Schanin J, Vlachos S, Lamarche-Vane N, Bomidi C, Blutt S, Estes MK, Nystul T, Klein OD. A DLG1-ARHGAP31-CDC42 axis is essential for the intestinal stem cell response to fluctuating niche Wnt signaling. Cell Stem Cell 2023; 30:188-206.e6. [PMID: 36640764 PMCID: PMC9922544 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2022.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A central factor in the maintenance of tissue integrity is the response of stem cells to variations in the levels of niche signals. In the gut, intestinal stem cells (ISCs) depend on Wnt ligands for self-renewal and proliferation. Transient increases in Wnt signaling promote regeneration after injury or in inflammatory bowel diseases, whereas constitutive activation of this pathway leads to colorectal cancer. Here, we report that Discs large 1 (Dlg1), although dispensable for polarity and cellular turnover during intestinal homeostasis, is required for ISC survival in the context of increased Wnt signaling. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and genetic mouse models demonstrated that DLG1 regulates the cellular response to increased canonical Wnt ligands. This occurs via the transcriptional regulation of Arhgap31, a GTPase-activating protein that deactivates CDC42, an effector of the non-canonical Wnt pathway. These findings reveal a DLG1-ARHGAP31-CDC42 axis that is essential for the ISC response to increased niche Wnt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Castillo-Azofeifa
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Regenerative Medicine, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tomas Wald
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Efren A Reyes
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and TETRAD Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Aaron Gallagher
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Julia Schanin
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Stephanie Vlachos
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nathalie Lamarche-Vane
- Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Carolyn Bomidi
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sarah Blutt
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mary K Estes
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Todd Nystul
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ophir D Klein
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Pediatrics and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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13
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Epithelial plasticity enhances regeneration of committed taste receptor cells following nerve injury. Exp Mol Med 2023; 55:171-182. [PMID: 36631663 PMCID: PMC9833027 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-022-00924-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Taste receptor cells are taste bud epithelial cells that are dependent upon the innervating nerve for continuous renewal and are maintained by resident tissue stem/progenitor cells. Transection of the innervating nerve causes degeneration of taste buds and taste receptor cells. However, a subset of the taste receptor cells is maintained without nerve contact after glossopharyngeal nerve transection in the circumvallate papilla in adult mice. Here, we revealed that injury caused by glossopharyngeal nerve transection triggers the remaining differentiated K8-positive taste receptor cells to dedifferentiate and acquire transient progenitor cell-like states during regeneration. Dedifferentiated taste receptor cells proliferate, express progenitor cell markers (K14, Sox2, PCNA) and form organoids in vitro. These data indicate that differentiated taste receptor cells can enter the cell cycle, acquire stemness, and participate in taste bud regeneration. We propose that dedifferentiated taste receptor cells in combination with stem/progenitor cells enhance the regeneration of taste buds following nerve injury.
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14
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Dou Y, Pizarro T, Zhou L. Organoids as a Model System for Studying Notch Signaling in Intestinal Epithelial Homeostasis and Intestinal Cancer. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2022; 192:1347-1357. [PMID: 35752229 PMCID: PMC9552028 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2022.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Organoid culture is an approach that allows three-dimensional growth for stem cells to self-organize and develop multicellular structures. Intestinal organoids have been widely used to study cellular or molecular processes in stem cell and cancer research. These cultures possess the ability to maintain cellular complexity as well as recapitulate many properties of the human intestinal epithelium, thereby providing an ideal in vitro model to investigate cellular and molecular signaling pathways. These include, but are not limited to, the mechanisms required for maintaining balanced populations of epithelial cells. Notch signaling is one of the major pathways of regulating stem cell functions in the gut, driving proliferation and controlling cell fate determination. Notch also plays an important role in regulating tumor progression and metastasis. Understanding how Notch pathway regulates epithelial regeneration and differentiation by using intestinal organoids is critical for studying both homeostasis and pathogenesis of intestinal stem cells that can lead to discoveries of new targets for drug development to treat intestinal diseases. In addition, use of patient-derived organoids can provide effective personalized medicine. This review summarizes the current literature regarding epithelial Notch pathways regulating intestinal homeostasis and regeneration, highlighting the use of organoid cultures and their potential therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingtong Dou
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Theresa Pizarro
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Lan Zhou
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.
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15
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Orzechowska-Licari EJ, LaComb JF, Giarrizzo M, Yang VW, Bialkowska AB. Intestinal Epithelial Regeneration in Response to Ionizing Irradiation. J Vis Exp 2022:10.3791/64028. [PMID: 35969101 PMCID: PMC9631267 DOI: 10.3791/64028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium consists of a single layer of cells yet contains multiple types of terminally differentiated cells, which are generated by the active proliferation of intestinal stem cells located at the bottom of intestinal crypts. However, during events of acute intestinal injury, these active intestinal stem cells undergo cell death. Gamma irradiation is a widely used colorectal cancer treatment, which, while therapeutically efficacious, has the side effect of depleting the active stem cell pool. Indeed, patients frequently experience gastrointestinal radiation syndrome while undergoing radiotherapy, in part due to active stem cell depletion. The loss of active intestinal stem cells in intestinal crypts activates a pool of typically quiescent reserve intestinal stem cells and induces dedifferentiation of secretory and enterocyte precursor cells. If not for these cells, the intestinal epithelium would lack the ability to recover from radiotherapy and other such major tissue insults. New advances in lineage-tracing technologies allow tracking of the activation, differentiation, and migration of cells during regeneration and have been successfully employed for studying this in the gut. This study aims to depict a method for the analysis of cells within the mouse intestinal epithelium following radiation injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joseph F LaComb
- Department of Medicine, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University
| | - Michael Giarrizzo
- Department of Medicine, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University
| | - Vincent W Yang
- Department of Medicine, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University
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16
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Wizenty J, Müllerke S, Kolesnichenko M, Heuberger J, Lin M, Fischer AS, Mollenkopf HJ, Berger H, Tacke F, Sigal M. Gastric stem cells promote inflammation and gland remodeling in response to Helicobacter pylori via Rspo3-Lgr4 axis. EMBO J 2022; 41:e109996. [PMID: 35767364 PMCID: PMC9251867 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021109996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is a pathogen that colonizes the stomach and causes chronic gastritis. Helicobacter pylori can colonize deep inside gastric glands, triggering increased R‐spondin 3 (Rspo3) signaling. This causes an expansion of the “gland base module,” which consists of self‐renewing stem cells and antimicrobial secretory cells and results in gland hyperplasia. The contribution of Rspo3 receptors Lgr4 and Lgr5 is not well explored. Here, we identified that Lgr4 regulates Lgr5 expression and is required for H. pylori‐induced hyperplasia and inflammation, while Lgr5 alone is not. Using conditional knockout mice, we reveal that R‐spondin signaling via Lgr4 drives proliferation of stem cells and also induces NF‐κB activity in the proliferative stem cells. Upon exposure to H. pylori, the Lgr4‐driven NF‐κB activation is responsible for the expansion of the gland base module and simultaneously enables chemokine expression in stem cells, resulting in gland hyperplasia and neutrophil recruitment. This demonstrates a connection between R‐spondin‐Lgr and NF‐κB signaling that links epithelial stem cell behavior and inflammatory responses to gland‐invading H. pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Wizenty
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical Department, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefanie Müllerke
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical Department, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology (BIMSB), Berlin, Germany
| | - Marina Kolesnichenko
- Division of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Medical Department, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julian Heuberger
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical Department, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology (BIMSB), Berlin, Germany
| | - Manqiang Lin
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical Department, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology (BIMSB), Berlin, Germany
| | - Anne-Sophie Fischer
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical Department, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology (BIMSB), Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Mollenkopf
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hilmar Berger
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical Department, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank Tacke
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical Department, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Sigal
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical Department, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology (BIMSB), Berlin, Germany
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17
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Singh PNP, Madha S, Leiter AB, Shivdasani RA. Cell and chromatin transitions in intestinal stem cell regeneration. Genes Dev 2022; 36:684-698. [PMID: 35738677 PMCID: PMC9296007 DOI: 10.1101/gad.349412.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The progeny of intestinal stem cells (ISCs) dedifferentiate in response to ISC attrition. The precise cell sources, transitional states, and chromatin remodeling behind this activity remain unclear. In the skin, stem cell recovery after injury preserves an epigenetic memory of the damage response; whether similar memories arise and persist in regenerated ISCs is not known. We addressed these questions by examining gene activity and open chromatin at the resolution of single Neurog3-labeled mouse intestinal crypt cells, hence deconstructing forward and reverse differentiation of the intestinal secretory (Sec) lineage. We show that goblet, Paneth, and enteroendocrine cells arise by multilineage priming in common precursors, followed by selective access at thousands of cell-restricted cis-elements. Selective ablation of the ISC compartment elicits speedy reversal of chromatin and transcriptional features in large fractions of precursor and mature crypt Sec cells without obligate cell cycle re-entry. ISC programs decay and reappear along a cellular continuum lacking discernible discrete interim states. In the absence of gross tissue damage, Sec cells simply reverse their forward trajectories, without invoking developmental or other extrinsic programs, and starting chromatin identities are effectively erased. These findings identify strikingly plastic molecular frameworks in assembly and regeneration of a self-renewing tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratik N P Singh
- Department of Medical Oncology, Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Shariq Madha
- Department of Medical Oncology, Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Andrew B Leiter
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
| | - Ramesh A Shivdasani
- Department of Medical Oncology, Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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18
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Palikuqi B, Rispal J, Klein O. Good Neighbors: The Niche that Fine Tunes Mammalian Intestinal Regeneration. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2022; 14:a040865. [PMID: 34580119 PMCID: PMC9159262 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a040865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium undergoes continuous cellular turnover, making it an attractive model to study tissue renewal and regeneration. Intestinal stem cells (ISCs) can both self-renew and differentiate along all epithelial cell lineages. Decisions about which fate to pursue are controlled by a balance between high Wnt signaling at the crypt bottom, where Lgr5 + ISCs reside, and increasing bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) levels toward the villus, where differentiated cells are located. Under stress conditions, epithelial cells in the intestine are quite plastic, with dedifferentiation, the reversal of cell fate from a differentiated cell to a more stem-like cell, allowing for most mature epithelial cell types to acquire stem cell-like properties. The ISC niche, mainly made up of mesenchymal, immune, enteric neuronal, and endothelial cells, plays a central role in maintaining the physiological function of the intestine. Additionally, the immune system and the microbiome play an essential role in regulating intestinal renewal. The development of various mouse models, organoid co-cultures and single-cell technologies has led to advances in understanding signals emanating from the mesenchymal niche. Here, we review how intestinal regeneration is driven by stem cell self-renewal and differentiation, with an emphasis on the niche that fine tunes these processes in both homeostasis and injury conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brisa Palikuqi
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences
| | - Jérémie Rispal
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences
| | - Ophir Klein
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences
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19
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Lee JH, Kim S, Han S, Min J, Caldwell B, Bamford AD, Rocha ASB, Park J, Lee S, Wu SHS, Lee H, Fink J, Pilat-Carotta S, Kim J, Josserand M, Szep-Bakonyi R, An Y, Ju YS, Philpott A, Simons BD, Stange DE, Choi E, Koo BK, Kim JK. p57 Kip2 imposes the reserve stem cell state of gastric chief cells. Cell Stem Cell 2022; 29:826-839.e9. [PMID: 35523142 PMCID: PMC9097776 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Adult stem cells constantly react to local changes to ensure tissue homeostasis. In the main body of the stomach, chief cells produce digestive enzymes; however, upon injury, they undergo rapid proliferation for prompt tissue regeneration. Here, we identified p57Kip2 (p57) as a molecular switch for the reserve stem cell state of chief cells in mice. During homeostasis, p57 is constantly expressed in chief cells but rapidly diminishes after injury, followed by robust proliferation. Both single-cell RNA sequencing and dox-induced lineage tracing confirmed the sequential loss of p57 and activation of proliferation within the chief cell lineage. In corpus organoids, p57 overexpression induced a long-term reserve stem cell state, accompanied by altered niche requirements and a mature chief cell/secretory phenotype. Following the constitutive expression of p57 in vivo, chief cells showed an impaired injury response. Thus, p57 is a gatekeeper that imposes the reserve stem cell state of chief cells in homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hyun Lee
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, Vienna, 1030, Austria
| | - Somi Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea; Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungmin Han
- Wellcome Trust/Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Jimin Min
- Department of Surgery and Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Brianna Caldwell
- Department of Surgery and Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Aileen-Diane Bamford
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, Vienna, 1030, Austria
| | - Andreia Sofia Batista Rocha
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, Vienna, 1030, Austria
| | - JinYoung Park
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, Vienna, 1030, Austria
| | - Sieun Lee
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, Vienna, 1030, Austria
| | - Szu-Hsien Sam Wu
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, Vienna, 1030, Austria
| | - Heetak Lee
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, Vienna, 1030, Austria
| | - Juergen Fink
- Wellcome Trust/Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Sandra Pilat-Carotta
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, Vienna, 1030, Austria
| | - Jihoon Kim
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, Vienna, 1030, Austria; Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Manon Josserand
- Wellcome Trust/Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Réka Szep-Bakonyi
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, Vienna, 1030, Austria
| | - Yohan An
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Seok Ju
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Anna Philpott
- Wellcome Trust/Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Benjamin D Simons
- Wellcome Trust/Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK; Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, University of Cambridge, Wilberforce Road, Cambridge CB3 0WA, UK
| | - Daniel E Stange
- Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Medical Faculty, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Eunyoung Choi
- Department of Surgery and Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Bon-Kyoung Koo
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, Vienna, 1030, Austria; Center for Genome Engineering, Institute for Basic Science, 55, Expo-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34126, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jong Kyoung Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea; Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea.
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20
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Wang J, Shang L, Zhang J, Yu Z, Huang J, Jin J, Lv C. Nfatc1 + colonic stem cells contribute to regeneration upon colitis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 37:734-740. [PMID: 35102609 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.15790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Colonic stem cells play important roles in both normal epithelial turnover and injury repair. Lgr5+ colonic stem cells are highly susceptible to DSS-induced damage. However, it is still unclear how colonic stem cells regenerate injured epithelium during colitis. Here, we explored the functions of a new population of NFATc1+ colonic stem cells in experimental colitis. METHODS Nfatc1+ colonic stem cells were labeled using Nfatc1CreERT2 ;R26mTmG reporter mice. Immunostaining assays were used to detect Goblet cells, enteroendocrine cells, and intestinal stem/progenitor cells. We performed lineage tracing assay to investigate whether Nfatc1+ cells are real colonic stem cells using Nfatc1CreERT2 ;R26mTmG mice. The contribution of Nfatc1+ stem cells on epithelial regeneration was detected in experimental colitis induced by DSS. RESULTS Nfatc1-reporter marked cells are enriched for +3 to +5 position in colonic crypts, and they are overlapped with Sox9+ cells and Hopx+ cells that have been identified as stem cells in small intestine. However, Nfatc1-reporter marked cells are not overlapped with Lgr5+ colonic stem cells, as well as differentiated goblet cells and enteroendocrine cells. Furthermore, Nfatc1-reporter marked cells are able to give rise to all lineages of the colonic epithelium, and they preferentially contribute to the regeneration of colonic epithelium in DSS-induced experimental colitis. CONCLUSION Nfatc1+ cells were identified as a novel population of colonic stem cells that are primarily located at +3 to +5 position and contribute to epithelial regeneration during colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyang Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Linkuo Shang
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiahui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengquan Yu
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaqiang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Jin
- National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital and Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shenzhen, China
| | - Cong Lv
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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21
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Kapalczynska M, Lin M, Maertzdorf J, Heuberger J, Muellerke S, Zuo X, Vidal R, Shureiqi I, Fischer AS, Sauer S, Berger H, Kidess E, Mollenkopf HJ, Tacke F, Meyer TF, Sigal M. BMP feed-forward loop promotes terminal differentiation in gastric glands and is interrupted by H. pylori-driven inflammation. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1577. [PMID: 35332152 PMCID: PMC8948225 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29176-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori causes gastric inflammation, gland hyperplasia and is linked to gastric cancer. Here, we studied the interplay between gastric epithelial stem cells and their stromal niche under homeostasis and upon H. pylori infection. We find that gastric epithelial stem cell differentiation is orchestrated by subsets of stromal cells that either produce BMP inhibitors in the gland base, or BMP ligands at the surface. Exposure to BMP ligands promotes a feed-forward loop by inducing Bmp2 expression in the epithelial cells themselves, enforcing rapid lineage commitment to terminally differentiated mucous pit cells. H. pylori leads to a loss of stromal and epithelial Bmp2 expression and increases expression of BMP inhibitors, promoting self-renewal of stem cells and accumulation of gland base cells, which we mechanistically link to IFN-γ signaling. Mice that lack IFN-γ signaling show no alterations of BMP gradient upon infection, while exposure to IFN-γ resembles H. pylori-driven mucosal responses. Helicobacter pylori causes gastric inflammation, gland hyperplasia and is linked to gastric cancer. Here the authors identify a BMP feedback loop between the stomach epithelium and surrounding stroma that controls gland homeostasis and demonstrate its interruption upon infection with H. pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Kapalczynska
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité University Medicine, 13353, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Manqiang Lin
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité University Medicine, 13353, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jeroen Maertzdorf
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julian Heuberger
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité University Medicine, 13353, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefanie Muellerke
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité University Medicine, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Xiangsheng Zuo
- Departments of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ramon Vidal
- Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology (BIMSB), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Imad Shureiqi
- Departments of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Anne-Sophie Fischer
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité University Medicine, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sascha Sauer
- Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology (BIMSB), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hilmar Berger
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité University Medicine, 13353, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Evelyn Kidess
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité University Medicine, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Mollenkopf
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank Tacke
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité University Medicine, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas F Meyer
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, 10117, Berlin, Germany.,Laboratory of Infection Oncology, Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology (IKMB), Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Michael Sigal
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité University Medicine, 13353, Berlin, Germany. .,Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, 10117, Berlin, Germany. .,Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology (BIMSB), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 10115, Berlin, Germany. .,Berlin Institute of Health, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
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22
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Swoboda J, Mittelsdorf P, Chen Y, Weiskirchen R, Stallhofer J, Schüle S, Gassler N. Intestinal Wnt in the transition from physiology to oncology. World J Clin Oncol 2022; 13:168-185. [PMID: 35433295 PMCID: PMC8966512 DOI: 10.5306/wjco.v13.i3.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult stem cells are necessary for self-renewal tissues and regeneration after damage. Especially in the intestine, which self-renews every few days, they play a key role in tissue homeostasis. Therefore, complex regulatory mechanisms are needed to prevent hyperproliferation, which can lead in the worst case to carcinogenesis or under-activation of stem cells, which can result in dysfunctional epithelial. One main regulatory signaling pathway is the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. It is a highly conserved pathway, with β-catenin, a transcription factor, as target protein. Translocation of β-catenin from cytoplasm to nucleus activates the transcription of numerous genes involved in regulating stem cell pluripo-tency, proliferation, cell differentiation and regulation of cell death. This review presents a brief overview of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, the regulatory mechanism of this pathway and its role in intestinal homeostasis. Additionally, this review highlights the molecular mechanisms and the histomorphological features of Wnt hyperactivation. Furthermore, the central role of the Wnt signaling pathway in intestinal carcinogenesis as well as its clinical relevance in colorectal carcinoma are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Swoboda
- Section Pathology, Institute of Forensic Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena 07747, Germany
| | - Patrick Mittelsdorf
- Section Pathology, Institute of Forensic Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena 07747, Germany
| | - Yuan Chen
- Section Pathology, Institute of Forensic Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena 07747, Germany
| | - Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Johannes Stallhofer
- Department of Internal Medicine IV (Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases), Jena University Hospital, Jena 07747, Germany
| | - Silke Schüle
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Jena University Hospital, Jena 07747, Germany
| | - Nikolaus Gassler
- Section Pathology, Institute of Forensic Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena 07747, Germany
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23
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Lin X, Gaudino SJ, Jang KK, Bahadur T, Singh A, Banerjee A, Beaupre M, Chu T, Wong HT, Kim CK, Kempen C, Axelrad J, Huang H, Khalid S, Shah V, Eskiocak O, Parks OB, Berisha A, McAleer JP, Good M, Hoshino M, Blumberg R, Bialkowska AB, Gaffen SL, Kolls JK, Yang VW, Beyaz S, Cadwell K, Kumar P. IL-17RA-signaling in Lgr5 + intestinal stem cells induces expression of transcription factor ATOH1 to promote secretory cell lineage commitment. Immunity 2022; 55:237-253.e8. [PMID: 35081371 PMCID: PMC8895883 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The Th17 cell-lineage-defining cytokine IL-17A contributes to host defense and inflammatory disease by coordinating multicellular immune responses. The IL-17 receptor (IL-17RA) is expressed by diverse intestinal cell types, and therapies targeting IL-17A induce adverse intestinal events, suggesting additional tissue-specific functions. Here, we used multiple conditional deletion models to identify a role for IL-17A in secretory epithelial cell differentiation in the gut. Paneth, tuft, goblet, and enteroendocrine cell numbers were dependent on IL-17A-mediated induction of the transcription factor ATOH1 in Lgr5+ intestinal epithelial stem cells. Although dispensable at steady state, IL-17RA signaling in ATOH1+ cells was required to regenerate secretory cells following injury. Finally, IL-17A stimulation of human-derived intestinal organoids that were locked into a cystic immature state induced ATOH1 expression and rescued secretory cell differentiation. Our data suggest that the cross talk between immune cells and stem cells regulates secretory cell lineage commitment and the integrity of the mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Stephen J Gaudino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Kyung Ku Jang
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tej Bahadur
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Ankita Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Anirban Banerjee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Michael Beaupre
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Timothy Chu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Hoi Tong Wong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Chang-Kyung Kim
- Department of Medicine, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Cody Kempen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Jordan Axelrad
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Huakang Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Saba Khalid
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Vyom Shah
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Onur Eskiocak
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Olivia B Parks
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Medical Scientist Training Program, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Artan Berisha
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Jeremy P McAleer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Marshall University School of Pharmacy, Huntington, WV 25701, USA
| | - Misty Good
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Newborn Medicine, St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Miko Hoshino
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan
| | - Richard Blumberg
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Agnieszka B Bialkowska
- Department of Medicine, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Sarah L Gaffen
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Jay K Kolls
- Center for Translational Research in Infection and Inflammation, Tulane School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Vincent W Yang
- Department of Medicine, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Semir Beyaz
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Ken Cadwell
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Pawan Kumar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
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24
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Adaptive differentiation for fast barrier restoration. Dev Cell 2022; 57:147-148. [DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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25
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Oda Y, Takahashi C, Harada S, Nakamura S, Sun D, Kiso K, Urata Y, Miyachi H, Fujiyoshi Y, Honigmann A, Uchida S, Ishihama Y, Toyoshima F. Discovery of anti-inflammatory physiological peptides that promote tissue repair by reinforcing epithelial barrier formation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabj6895. [PMID: 34788088 PMCID: PMC8597994 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj6895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial barriers that prevent dehydration and pathogen invasion are established by tight junctions (TJs), and their disruption leads to various inflammatory diseases and tissue destruction. However, a therapeutic strategy to overcome TJ disruption in diseases has not been established because of the lack of clinically applicable TJ-inducing molecules. Here, we found TJ-inducing peptides (JIPs) in mice and humans that corresponded to 35 to 42 residue peptides of the C terminus of alpha 1-antitrypsin (A1AT), an acute-phase anti-inflammatory protein. JIPs were inserted into the plasma membrane of epithelial cells, which promoted TJ formation by directly activating the heterotrimeric G protein G13. In a mouse intestinal epithelial injury model established by dextran sodium sulfate, mouse or human JIP administration restored TJ integrity and strongly prevented colitis. Our study has revealed TJ-inducing anti-inflammatory physiological peptides that play a critical role in tissue repair and proposes a previously unidentified therapeutic strategy for TJ-disrupted diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukako Oda
- Department of Biosystems Science, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Chisato Takahashi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular BioAnalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Doshisha Women’s College of Liberal Arts, Kyoto 610-0395, Japan
| | - Shota Harada
- Laboratory of Human Interface, Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Shun Nakamura
- Cellular and Structural Physiology Laboratory, Advanced Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
- CeSPIA Inc., Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
| | - Daxiao Sun
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden 01309, Germany
| | - Kazumi Kiso
- Department of Biosystems Science, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yuko Urata
- Department of Biosystems Science, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Miyachi
- Reproductive Engineering Team, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Fujiyoshi
- Cellular and Structural Physiology Laboratory, Advanced Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
- CeSPIA Inc., Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
| | - Alf Honigmann
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden 01309, Germany
| | - Seiichi Uchida
- Laboratory of Human Interface, Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yasushi Ishihama
- Department of Molecular and Cellular BioAnalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Fumiko Toyoshima
- Department of Biosystems Science, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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26
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Ter Steege EJ, Bakker ERM. The role of R-spondin proteins in cancer biology. Oncogene 2021; 40:6469-6478. [PMID: 34663878 PMCID: PMC8616751 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-02059-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
R-spondin (RSPO) proteins constitute a family of four secreted glycoproteins (RSPO1-4) that have appeared as multipotent signaling ligands. The best-known molecular function of RSPOs lie within their capacity to agonize the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. As RSPOs act upon cognate receptors LGR4/5/6 that are typically expressed by stem cells and progenitor cells, RSPO proteins importantly potentiate Wnt/β-catenin signaling especially within these proliferative stem cell compartments. Since multiple organs express LGR4/5/6 receptors and RSPO ligands within their stem cell niches, RSPOs can exert an influential role in stem cell regulation throughout the body. Inherently, over the last decade a multitude of reports implicated the deregulation of RSPOs in cancer development. First, RSPO2 and RSPO3 gene fusions with concomitant enhanced expression have been identified in colon cancer patients, and proposed as an alternative driver of Wnt/β-catenin hyperactivation that earmarks cancer in the colorectal tract. Moreover, the causal oncogenic capacity of RSPO3 overactivation has been demonstrated in the mouse intestine. As a paradigm organ in this field, most of current knowledge about RSPOs in cancer is derived from studies in the intestinal tract. However, RSPO gene fusions as well as enhanced RSPO expression have been reported in multiple additional cancer types, affecting different organs that involve divergent stem cell hierarchies. Importantly, the emerging oncogenic role of RSPO and its potential clinical utility as a therapeutic target have been recognized and investigated in preclinical and clinical settings. This review provides a survey of current knowledge on the role of RSPOs in cancer biology, addressing the different organs implicated, and of efforts made to explore intervention opportunities in cancer cases with RSPO overrepresentation, including the potential utilization of RSPO as novel therapeutic target itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline J Ter Steege
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Elvira R M Bakker
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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27
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Koppens MAJ, Davis H, Valbuena GN, Mulholland EJ, Nasreddin N, Colombe M, Antanaviciute A, Biswas S, Friedrich M, Lee L, Wang LM, Koelzer VH, East JE, Simmons A, Winton DJ, Leedham SJ. Bone Morphogenetic Protein Pathway Antagonism by Grem1 Regulates Epithelial Cell Fate in Intestinal Regeneration. Gastroenterology 2021; 161:239-254.e9. [PMID: 33819486 PMCID: PMC7613733 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS In homeostasis, intestinal cell fate is controlled by balanced gradients of morphogen signaling. The bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) pathway has a physiological, prodifferentiation role, predominantly inferred through previous experimental pathway inactivation. Intestinal regeneration is underpinned by dedifferentiation and cell plasticity, but the signaling pathways that regulate this adaptive reprogramming are not well understood. We assessed the BMP signaling landscape and investigated the impact and therapeutic potential of pathway manipulation in homeostasis and regeneration. METHODS A novel mouse model was generated to assess the effect of the autocrine Bmp4 ligand on individual secretory cell fate. We spatiotemporally mapped BMP signaling in mouse and human regenerating intestine. Transgenic models were used to explore the functional impact of pathway manipulation on stem cell fate and intestinal regeneration. RESULTS In homeostasis, ligand exposure reduced proliferation, expedited terminal differentiation, abrogated secretory cell survival, and prevented dedifferentiation. After ulceration, physiological attenuation of BMP signaling arose through upregulation of the secreted antagonist Grem1 from topographically distinct populations of fibroblasts. Concomitant expression supported functional compensation after Grem1 deletion from tissue-resident cells. BMP pathway manipulation showed that antagonist-mediated BMP attenuation was obligatory but functionally submaximal, because regeneration was impaired or enhanced by epithelial overexpression of Bmp4 or Grem1, respectively. Mechanistically, Bmp4 abrogated regenerative stem cell reprogramming despite a convergent impact of YAP/TAZ on cell fate in remodeled wounds. CONCLUSIONS BMP signaling prevents epithelial dedifferentiation, and pathway attenuation through stromal Grem1 upregulation was required for adaptive reprogramming in intestinal regeneration. This intercompartmental antagonism was functionally submaximal, raising the possibility of therapeutic pathway manipulation in inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn A J Koppens
- Intestinal Stem Cell Biology Lab, Wellcome Centre Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Hayley Davis
- Intestinal Stem Cell Biology Lab, Wellcome Centre Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriel N Valbuena
- Intestinal Stem Cell Biology Lab, Wellcome Centre Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Eoghan J Mulholland
- Intestinal Stem Cell Biology Lab, Wellcome Centre Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nadia Nasreddin
- Intestinal Stem Cell Biology Lab, Wellcome Centre Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mathilde Colombe
- Li Ka Shing Centre, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Agne Antanaviciute
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine Centre for Computational Biology, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sujata Biswas
- Intestinal Stem Cell Biology Lab, Wellcome Centre Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias Friedrich
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lennard Lee
- Cancer Genetics and Evolution Laboratory, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Lai Mun Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Changi General Hospital, SingHealth, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Viktor H Koelzer
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Oncology and Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - James E East
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, and Oxford National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Simmons
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Translational Gastroenterology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, and Oxford National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Douglas J Winton
- Li Ka Shing Centre, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J Leedham
- Intestinal Stem Cell Biology Lab, Wellcome Centre Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Translational Gastroenterology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, and Oxford National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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28
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Reprogramming cellular identity during intestinal regeneration. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2021; 70:40-47. [PMID: 34062491 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2021.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The intestine is a vital organ mediating absorption of nutrients and water. Following tissue damage, the intestine mounts a remarkable regenerative response by reprogramming cellular identity to facilitate reinstatement of homeostasis. Here we review recent advances within intestinal regenerative biology and the emerging concept of fetal-like reprogramming, in which the adult intestinal epithelium transiently enters a repair-associated state reminiscent of ontologically pre-existing stages. We focus on molecular mechanisms governing reprogramming of cellular identity via epithelial-mesenchymal crosstalk, and how novel approaches in organoid technologies enable identification and characterisation of cell-autonomous repair responses within epithelial cells. Transitioning from the single-cell level to tissue scale, we discuss clonal selection following regeneration and associated pathological repurcussions such as cancer and chronic inflammatory diseases.
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29
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Miller SA, Policastro RA, Sriramkumar S, Lai T, Huntington TD, Ladaika CA, Kim D, Hao C, Zentner GE, O'Hagan HM. LSD1 and Aberrant DNA Methylation Mediate Persistence of Enteroendocrine Progenitors That Support BRAF-Mutant Colorectal Cancer. Cancer Res 2021; 81:3791-3805. [PMID: 34035083 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-3562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite the connection of secretory cells, including goblet and enteroendocrine (EEC) cells, to distinct mucus-containing colorectal cancer histologic subtypes, their role in colorectal cancer progression has been underexplored. Here, our analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and single-cell RNA-sequencing data demonstrates that EEC progenitor cells are enriched in BRAF-mutant colorectal cancer patient tumors, cell lines, and patient-derived organoids. In BRAF-mutant colorectal cancer, EEC progenitors were blocked from differentiating further by DNA methylation and silencing of NEUROD1, a key gene required for differentiation of intermediate EECs. Mechanistically, secretory cells and the factors they secrete, such as trefoil factor 3, promoted colony formation and activation of cell survival pathways in the entire cell population. Lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) was identified as a critical regulator of secretory cell specification in vitro and in a colon orthotopic xenograft model, where LSD1 loss blocks formation of EEC progenitors and reduces tumor growth and metastasis. These findings reveal an important role for EEC progenitors in supporting colorectal cancer. SIGNIFICANCE: This study establishes enteroendocrine progenitors as a targetable population that promotes BRAF-mutant colorectal cancer and can be blocked by LSD1 inhibition to suppress tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel A Miller
- Genome, Cell, and Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana.,Medical Sciences Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Robert A Policastro
- Genome, Cell, and Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Shruthi Sriramkumar
- Medical Sciences Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, Indiana.,Cell, Molecular and Cancer Biology Graduate Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Tim Lai
- Medical Sciences Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, Indiana.,Luddy School of Informatics, Computing, and Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana.,Department of Mathematics, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Thomas D Huntington
- Medical Sciences Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Christopher A Ladaika
- Genome, Cell, and Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana.,Medical Sciences Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Daeho Kim
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Chunhai Hao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Gabriel E Zentner
- Genome, Cell, and Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana.,Cell, Molecular and Cancer Biology Graduate Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, Indiana.,Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Heather M O'Hagan
- Medical Sciences Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, Indiana. .,Cell, Molecular and Cancer Biology Graduate Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, Indiana.,Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
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30
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Sphyris N, Hodder MC, Sansom OJ. Subversion of Niche-Signalling Pathways in Colorectal Cancer: What Makes and Breaks the Intestinal Stem Cell. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:1000. [PMID: 33673710 PMCID: PMC7957493 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13051000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium fulfils pleiotropic functions in nutrient uptake, waste elimination, and immune surveillance while also forming a barrier against luminal toxins and gut-resident microbiota. Incessantly barraged by extraneous stresses, the intestine must continuously replenish its epithelial lining and regenerate the full gamut of specialized cell types that underpin its functions. Homeostatic remodelling is orchestrated by the intestinal stem cell (ISC) niche: a convergence of epithelial- and stromal-derived cues, which maintains ISCs in a multipotent state. Following demise of homeostatic ISCs post injury, plasticity is pervasive among multiple populations of reserve stem-like cells, lineage-committed progenitors, and/or fully differentiated cell types, all of which can contribute to regeneration and repair. Failure to restore the epithelial barrier risks seepage of toxic luminal contents, resulting in inflammation and likely predisposing to tumour formation. Here, we explore how homeostatic niche-signalling pathways are subverted in tumorigenesis, enabling ISCs to gain autonomy from niche restraints ("ISC emancipation") and transform into cancer stem cells capable of driving tumour initiation, progression, and therapy resistance. We further consider the implications of the pervasive plasticity of the intestinal epithelium for the trajectory of colorectal cancer, the emergence of distinct molecular subtypes, the propensity to metastasize, and the development of effective therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Sphyris
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK; (N.S.); (M.C.H.)
| | - Michael C. Hodder
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK; (N.S.); (M.C.H.)
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Owen J. Sansom
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK; (N.S.); (M.C.H.)
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
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31
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Sheahan BJ, Freeman AN, Keeley TM, Samuelson LC, Roper J, Hasapis S, Lee CL, Dekaney CM. Epithelial Regeneration After Doxorubicin Arises Primarily From Early Progeny of Active Intestinal Stem Cells. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 12:119-140. [PMID: 33571711 PMCID: PMC8082264 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2021.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS aISCs (aISCs) are sensitive to acute insults including chemotherapy and irradiation. Regeneration after aISC depletion has primarily been explored in irradiation (IR). However, the cellular origin of epithelial regeneration after doxorubicin (DXR), a common chemotherapeutic, is poorly understood. METHODS We monitored DXR's effect on aISCs by enumerating Lgr5-eGFP+ and Olfm4+ crypts, cleaved caspase-3 (CASP3+) immunofluorescence, and time-lapse organoid imaging. Lineage tracing from previously identified regenerative cell populations (Bmi1+, Hopx+, Dll1+, and Defa6+) was performed with DXR damage. Lineage tracing from aISCs was compared with lineage tracing from early progeny cells (transit-amplifying cells arising from aISCs 1 day predamage) in the context of DXR and IR. We compared stem cell and DNA damage response (DDR) transcripts in isolated aISCs and early progeny cells 6 and 24 hours after DXR. RESULTS Epithelial regeneration after DXR primarily arose from early progeny cells generated by aISCs. Early progeny cells upregulated stem cell gene expression and lacked apoptosis induction (6 hours DXR: 2.5% of CASP3+ cells, p<0.0001). aISCs downregulated stem cell gene expression and underwent rapid apoptosis (6 hours DXR: 63.4% of CASP3+ cells). There was minimal regenerative contribution from Bmi1+, Hopx+, Dll1+, and Defa6+-expressing populations. In homeostasis, 48.4% of early progeny cells were BrdU+, and expressed low levels of DDR transcripts. CONCLUSIONS We show that DXR effectively depleted aISCs in the small intestine and subsequent epithelial regeneration depended on nonquiescent early progeny cells of aISCs. The chemoresistant phenotype of the early progeny cells may rely on a dampened DDR in contrast to aISCs' robust DDR, which facilitates expeditious apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breanna J. Sheahan
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Ally N. Freeman
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Theresa M. Keeley
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Linda C. Samuelson
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jatin Roper
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina,Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Stephanie Hasapis
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Chang-Lung Lee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina,Department of Pathology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Christopher M. Dekaney
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina,Correspondence Address requests for correspondence to: Christopher M. Dekaney, PhD, 1060 William Moore Drive, Campus Box 8401, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607.
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32
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Spatz LB, Jin RU, Mills JC. Cellular plasticity at the nexus of development and disease. Development 2021; 148:148/3/dev197392. [PMID: 33547203 DOI: 10.1242/dev.197392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In October 2020, the Keystone Symposia Global Health Series hosted a Keystone eSymposia entitled 'Tissue Plasticity: Preservation and Alteration of Cellular Identity'. The event synthesized groundbreaking research from unusually diverse fields of study, presented in various formats, including live and virtual talks, panel discussions and interactive e-poster sessions. The meeting focused on cell identity changes and plasticity in multiple tissues, species and developmental contexts, both in homeostasis and during injury. Here, we review the key themes of the meeting: (1) cell-extrinsic drivers of plasticity; (2) epigenomic regulation of cell plasticity; and (3) conserved mechanisms governing plasticity. A salient take-home conclusion was that there may be conserved mechanisms used by cells to execute plasticity, with autodegradative activity (autophagy and lysosomes) playing a crucial initial step in diverse organs and organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lillian B Spatz
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ramon U Jin
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jason C Mills
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA .,Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
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33
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Hageman JH, Heinz MC, Kretzschmar K, van der Vaart J, Clevers H, Snippert HJG. Intestinal Regeneration: Regulation by the Microenvironment. Dev Cell 2021; 54:435-446. [PMID: 32841594 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Damage to the intestinal stem cell niche can result from mechanical stress, infections, chronic inflammation or cytotoxic therapies. Progenitor cells can compensate for insults to the stem cell population through dedifferentiation. The microenvironment modulates this regenerative response by influencing the activity of signaling pathways, including Wnt, Notch, and YAP/TAZ. For instance, mesenchymal cells and immune cells become more abundant after damage and secrete signaling molecules that promote the regenerative process. Furthermore, regeneration is influenced by the nutritional state, microbiome, and extracellular matrix. Here, we review how all these components cooperate to restore epithelial homeostasis in the intestine after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joris H Hageman
- Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, 3521 AL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Maria C Heinz
- Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, 3521 AL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Kai Kretzschmar
- Oncode Institute, 3521 AL Utrecht, the Netherlands; Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and UMC Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands; Mildred-Scheel Early Career Centre (MSNZ) for Cancer Research, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jelte van der Vaart
- Oncode Institute, 3521 AL Utrecht, the Netherlands; Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and UMC Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Hans Clevers
- Oncode Institute, 3521 AL Utrecht, the Netherlands; Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and UMC Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands; Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, 3584 CS Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Hugo J G Snippert
- Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, 3521 AL Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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34
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Sprangers J, Zaalberg IC, Maurice MM. Organoid-based modeling of intestinal development, regeneration, and repair. Cell Death Differ 2021; 28:95-107. [PMID: 33208888 PMCID: PMC7852609 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-020-00665-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium harbors a remarkable adaptability to undergo injury-induced repair. A key part of the regenerative response is the transient reprogramming of epithelial cells into a fetal-like state, which drives uniform proliferation, tissue remodeling, and subsequent restoration of the homeostatic state. In this review, we discuss how Wnt and YAP signaling pathways control the intestinal repair response and the transitioning of cell states, in comparison with the process of intestinal development. Furthermore, we highlight how organoid-based applications have contributed to the characterization of the mechanistic principles and key players that guide these developmental and regenerative events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joep Sprangers
- Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Irene C Zaalberg
- Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Madelon M Maurice
- Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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35
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Kurokawa K, Hayakawa Y, Koike K. Plasticity of Intestinal Epithelium: Stem Cell Niches and Regulatory Signals. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010357. [PMID: 33396437 PMCID: PMC7795504 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of Lgr5+ intestinal stem cells (ISCs) triggered a breakthrough in the field of ISC research. Lgr5+ ISCs maintain the homeostasis of the intestinal epithelium in the steady state, while these cells are susceptible to epithelial damage induced by chemicals, pathogens, or irradiation. During the regeneration process of the intestinal epithelium, more quiescent +4 stem cells and short-lived transit-amplifying (TA) progenitor cells residing above Lgr5+ ISCs undergo dedifferentiation and act as stem-like cells. In addition, several recent reports have shown that a subset of terminally differentiated cells, including Paneth cells, tuft cells, or enteroendocrine cells, may also have some degree of plasticity in specific situations. The function of ISCs is maintained by the neighboring stem cell niches, which strictly regulate the key signal pathways in ISCs. In addition, various inflammatory cytokines play critical roles in intestinal regeneration and stem cell functions following epithelial injury. Here, we summarize the current understanding of ISCs and their niches, review recent findings regarding cellular plasticity and its regulatory mechanism, and discuss how inflammatory cytokines contribute to epithelial regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yoku Hayakawa
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-3-3815-5411; Fax: +81-3-5800-8812
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36
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Rees WD, Tandun R, Yau E, Zachos NC, Steiner TS. Regenerative Intestinal Stem Cells Induced by Acute and Chronic Injury: The Saving Grace of the Epithelium? Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:583919. [PMID: 33282867 PMCID: PMC7688923 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.583919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium is replenished every 3-4 days through an orderly process that maintains important secretory and absorptive functions while preserving a continuous mucosal barrier. Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) derive from a stable population of intestinal stem cells (ISCs) that reside in the basal crypts. When intestinal injury reaches the crypts and damages IECs, a mechanism to replace them is needed. Recent research has highlighted the existence of distinct populations of acute and chronic damage-associated ISCs and their roles in maintaining homeostasis in several intestinal perturbation models. What remains unknown is how the damage-associated regenerative ISC population functions in the setting of chronic inflammation, as opposed to acute injury. What long-term consequences result from persistent inflammation and other cellular insults to the ISC niche? What particular "regenerative" cell types provide the most efficacious restorative properties? Which differentiated IECs maintain the ability to de-differentiate and restore the ISC niche? This review will cover the latest research on damage-associated regenerative ISCs and epigenetic factors that determine ISC fate, as well as provide opinions on future studies that need to be undertaken to understand the repercussions of the emergence of these cells, their contribution to relapses in inflammatory bowel disease, and their potential use in therapeutics for chronic intestinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- William D Rees
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Rene Tandun
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Enoch Yau
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Nicholas C Zachos
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Theodore S Steiner
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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37
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Seo Y, Park SY, Kim HS, Nam JS. The Hippo-YAP Signaling as Guardian in the Pool of Intestinal Stem Cells. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8120560. [PMID: 33271948 PMCID: PMC7760694 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8120560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite endogenous insults such as mechanical stress and danger signals derived from the microbiome, the intestine can maintain its homeostatic condition through continuous self-renewal of the crypt–villus axis. This extraordinarily rapid turnover of intestinal epithelium, known to be 3 to 5 days, can be achieved by dynamic regulation of intestinal stem cells (ISCs). The crypt base-located leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor 5-positive (Lgr5+) ISCs maintain intestinal integrity in the steady state. Under severe damage leading to the loss of conventional ISCs, quiescent stem cells and even differentiated cells can be reactivated into stem-cell-like cells with multi-potency and contribute to the reconstruction of the intestinal epithelium. This process requires fine-tuning of the various signaling pathways, including the Hippo–YAP system. In this review, we summarize recent advances in understanding the correlation between Hippo–YAP signaling and intestinal homeostasis, repair, and tumorigenesis, focusing specifically on ISC regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoojin Seo
- Department of Life Science in Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea;
- Dental and Life Science Institute, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea
| | - So-Yeon Park
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea;
| | - Hyung-Sik Kim
- Department of Life Science in Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea;
- Dental and Life Science Institute, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea
- Correspondence: (H.-S.K.); (J.-S.N.); Tel.: +82-51-510-8231 (H.-S.K.); +82-62-715-2893 (J.-S.N.)
| | - Jeong-Seok Nam
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea;
- Correspondence: (H.-S.K.); (J.-S.N.); Tel.: +82-51-510-8231 (H.-S.K.); +82-62-715-2893 (J.-S.N.)
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38
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Cell fate specification and differentiation in the adult mammalian intestine. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2020; 22:39-53. [PMID: 32958874 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-020-0278-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal stem cells at the bottom of crypts fuel the rapid renewal of the different cell types that constitute a multitasking tissue. The intestinal epithelium facilitates selective uptake of nutrients while acting as a barrier for hostile luminal contents. Recent discoveries have revealed that the lineage plasticity of committed cells - combined with redundant sources of niche signals - enables the epithelium to efficiently repair tissue damage. New approaches such as single-cell transcriptomics and the use of organoid models have led to the identification of the signals that guide fate specification of stem cell progeny into the six intestinal cell lineages. These cell types display context-dependent functionality and can adapt to different requirements over their lifetime, as dictated by their microenvironment. These new insights into stem cell regulation and fate specification could aid the development of therapies that exploit the regenerative capacity and functionality of the gut.
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39
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Liu Y, Chen YG. Intestinal epithelial plasticity and regeneration via cell dedifferentiation. CELL REGENERATION 2020; 9:14. [PMID: 32869114 PMCID: PMC7459029 DOI: 10.1186/s13619-020-00053-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium possesses a great capacity of self-renewal under normal homeostatic conditions and of regeneration upon damages. The renewal and regenerative processes are driven by intestinal stem cells (ISCs), which reside at the base of crypts and are marked by Lgr5. As Lgr5+ ISCs undergo fast cycling and are vulnerable to damages, there must be other types of cells that can replenish the lost Lgr5+ ISCs and then regenerate the damage epithelium. In addition to Lgr5+ ISCs, quiescent ISCs at the + 4 position in the crypt have been proposed to convert to Lgr5+ ISCs during regeneration. However, this “reserve stem cell” model still remains controversial. Different from the traditional view of a hierarchical organization of the intestinal epithelium, recent works support the dynamic “dedifferentiation” model, in which various cell types within the epithelium can de-differentiate to revert to the stem cell state and then regenerate the epithelium upon tissue injury. Here, we provide an overview of the cell identity and features of two distinct models and discuss the possible mechanisms underlying the intestinal epithelial plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Ye-Guang Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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40
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Baulies A, Angelis N, Li VSW. Hallmarks of intestinal stem cells. Development 2020; 147:147/15/dev182675. [PMID: 32747330 DOI: 10.1242/dev.182675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal stem cells (ISCs) are highly proliferative cells that fuel the continuous renewal of the intestinal epithelium. Understanding their regulatory mechanisms during tissue homeostasis is key to delineating their roles in development and regeneration, as well as diseases such as bowel cancer and inflammatory bowel disease. Previous studies of ISCs focused mainly on the position of these cells along the intestinal crypt and their capacity for multipotency. However, evidence increasingly suggests that ISCs also exist in distinct cellular states, which can be an acquired rather than a hardwired intrinsic property. In this Review, we summarise the recent findings into how ISC identity can be defined by proliferation state, signalling crosstalk, epigenetics and metabolism, and propose an update on the hallmarks of ISCs. We further discuss how these properties contribute to intestinal development and the dynamics of injury-induced regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Baulies
- Stem Cell and Cancer Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Nikolaos Angelis
- Stem Cell and Cancer Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Vivian S W Li
- Stem Cell and Cancer Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
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41
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Arachidonic Acid Promotes Intestinal Regeneration by Activating WNT Signaling. Stem Cell Reports 2020; 15:374-388. [PMID: 32649903 PMCID: PMC7419670 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2020.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal regeneration is crucial for functional restoration after injury, and nutritional molecules can play an important role in this process. Here, we found that arachidonic acid (AA) serves as a direct proliferation promoter of intestinal epithelial cells that facilitates small intestinal regeneration in both three-dimensional cultured organoids and mouse models. As shown in the study, during post-irradiation regeneration, AA positively regulates intestinal epithelial cell proliferation by upregulating the expression of Ascl2 and activating WNT signaling, but negatively regulates intestinal epithelial cell differentiation. AA acts as a delicate regulator that efficiently facilitates epithelial tissue repair by activating radiation-resistant Msi1+ cells rather than Lgr5+ cells, which are extensively considered WNT-activated crypt base stem cells. Additionally, short-term AA treatment maintains optimal intestinal epithelial homeostasis under physiological conditions. As a result, AA treatment can be considered a potential therapy for irradiation injury repair and tissue regeneration. AA promotes regeneration of intestinal epithelium after irradiation injury AA triggers Ascl2 expression and activates WNT signaling in intestinal epithelium AA facilitates intestinal repair by activating Msi1+ populations
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42
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McKinley KL, Castillo-Azofeifa D, Klein OD. Tools and Concepts for Interrogating and Defining Cellular Identity. Cell Stem Cell 2020; 26:632-656. [PMID: 32386555 PMCID: PMC7250495 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2020.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Defining the mechanisms that generate specialized cell types and coordinate their functions is critical for understanding organ development and renewal. New tools and discoveries are challenging and refining our definitions of a cell type. A rapidly growing toolkit for single-cell analyses has expanded the number of markers that can be assigned to a cell simultaneously, revealing heterogeneity within cell types that were previously regarded as homogeneous populations. Additionally, cell types defined by specific molecular markers can exhibit distinct, context-dependent functions; for example, between tissues in homeostasis and those responding to damage. Here we review the current technologies used to identify and characterize cells, and we discuss how experimental and pathological perturbations are adding increasing complexity to our definitions of cell identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara L McKinley
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - David Castillo-Azofeifa
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ophir D Klein
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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43
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Ye Z, Su Z, Xie S, Liu Y, Wang Y, Xu X, Zheng Y, Zhao M, Jiang L. Yap-lin28a axis targets let7-Wnt pathway to restore progenitors for initiating regeneration. eLife 2020; 9:55771. [PMID: 32352377 PMCID: PMC7250571 DOI: 10.7554/elife.55771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The sox2 expressing (sox2+) progenitors in adult mammalian inner ear lose the capacity to regenerate while progenitors in the zebrafish lateral line are able to proliferate and regenerate damaged HCs throughout lifetime. To mimic the HC damage in mammals, we have established a zebrafish severe injury model to eliminate both progenitors and HCs. The atoh1a expressing (atoh1a+) HC precursors were the main population that survived post severe injury, and gained sox2 expression to initiate progenitor regeneration. In response to severe injury, yap was activated to upregulate lin28a transcription. Severe-injury-induced progenitor regeneration was disabled in lin28a or yap mutants. In contrary, overexpression of lin28a initiated the recovery of sox2+ progenitors. Mechanistically, microRNA let7 acted downstream of lin28a to activate Wnt pathway for promoting regeneration. Our findings that lin28a is necessary and sufficient to regenerate the exhausted sox2+ progenitors shed light on restoration of progenitors to initiate HC regeneration in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhian Ye
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhongwu Su
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Siyu Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuye Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongqiang Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xi Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiqing Zheng
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Linjia Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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44
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Trentesaux C, Striedinger K, Pomerantz JH, Klein OD. From gut to glutes: The critical role of niche signals in the maintenance and renewal of adult stem cells. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2020; 63:88-101. [PMID: 32036295 PMCID: PMC7247951 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2020.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Stem cell behavior is tightly regulated by spatiotemporal signaling from the niche, which is a four-dimensional microenvironment that can instruct stem cells to remain quiescent, self-renew, proliferate, or differentiate. In this review, we discuss recent advances in understanding the signaling cues provided by the stem cell niche in two contrasting adult tissues, the rapidly cycling intestinal epithelium and the slowly renewing skeletal muscle. Drawing comparisons between these two systems, we discuss the effects of niche-derived growth factors and signaling molecules, metabolic cues, the extracellular matrix and biomechanical cues, and immune signals on stem cells. We also discuss the influence of the niche in defining stem cell identity and function in both normal and pathophysiologic states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coralie Trentesaux
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Katharine Striedinger
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jason H Pomerantz
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ophir D Klein
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Pediatrics and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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45
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Murata K, Jadhav U, Madha S, van Es J, Dean J, Cavazza A, Wucherpfennig K, Michor F, Clevers H, Shivdasani RA. Ascl2-Dependent Cell Dedifferentiation Drives Regeneration of Ablated Intestinal Stem Cells. Cell Stem Cell 2020; 26:377-390.e6. [PMID: 32084390 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2019.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Ablation of LGR5+ intestinal stem cells (ISCs) is associated with rapid restoration of the ISC compartment. Different intestinal crypt populations dedifferentiate to provide new ISCs, but the transcriptional and signaling trajectories that guide this process are unclear, and a large body of work suggests that quiescent "reserve" ISCs contribute to regeneration. By timing the interval between LGR5+ lineage tracing and lethal injury, we show that ISC regeneration is explained nearly completely by dedifferentiation, with contributions from absorptive and secretory progenitors. The ISC-restricted transcription factor ASCL2 confers measurable competitive advantage to resting ISCs and is essential to restore the ISC compartment. Regenerating cells re-express Ascl2 days before Lgr5, and single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) analyses reveal transcriptional paths underlying dedifferentiation. ASCL2 target genes include the interleukin-11 (IL-11) receptor Il11ra1, and recombinant IL-11 enhances crypt cell regenerative potential. These findings reveal cell dedifferentiation as the principal means for ISC restoration and highlight an ASCL2-regulated signal that enables this adaptive response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutaka Murata
- Department of Medical Oncology and Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Departments of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Unmesh Jadhav
- Department of Medical Oncology and Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Departments of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Shariq Madha
- Department of Medical Oncology and Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Johan van Es
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and University Medical Centre (UMC) Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Justin Dean
- Department of Cancer Data Sciences, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Alessia Cavazza
- Department of Medical Oncology and Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Departments of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Kai Wucherpfennig
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Franziska Michor
- Department of Cancer Data Sciences, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and University Medical Centre (UMC) Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ramesh A Shivdasani
- Department of Medical Oncology and Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Departments of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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46
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Pereira B, Amaral AL, Dias A, Mendes N, Muncan V, Silva AR, Thibert C, Radu AG, David L, Máximo V, van den Brink GR, Billaud M, Almeida R. MEX3A regulates Lgr5 + stem cell maintenance in the developing intestinal epithelium. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e48938. [PMID: 32052574 PMCID: PMC7132344 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201948938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal stem cells (ISCs) fuel the lifelong self‐renewal of the intestinal tract and are paramount for epithelial repair. In this context, the Wnt pathway component LGR5 is the most consensual ISC marker to date. Still, the effort to better understand ISC identity and regulation remains a challenge. We have generated a Mex3a knockout mouse model and show that this RNA‐binding protein is crucial for the maintenance of the Lgr5+ISC pool, as its absence disrupts epithelial turnover during postnatal development and stereotypical organoid maturation ex vivo. Transcriptomic profiling of intestinal crypts reveals that Mex3a deletion induces the peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor (PPAR) pathway, along with a decrease in Wnt signalling and loss of the Lgr5+ stem cell signature. Furthermore, we identify PPARγ activity as a molecular intermediate of MEX3A‐mediated regulation. We also show that high PPARγ signalling impairs Lgr5+ISC function, thus uncovering a new layer of post‐transcriptional regulation that critically contributes to intestinal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Pereira
- i3S - Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana L Amaral
- i3S - Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Alexandre Dias
- i3S - Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Nuno Mendes
- i3S - Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Vanesa Muncan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, Tytgat Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ana R Silva
- i3S - Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Chantal Thibert
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR5309, University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Anca G Radu
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR5309, University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Leonor David
- i3S - Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,FMUP-Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Valdemar Máximo
- i3S - Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,FMUP-Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Gijs R van den Brink
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, Tytgat Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Medicines Research Center, GSK, Stevenage, UK
| | - Marc Billaud
- Clinical and Experimental Model of Lymphomagenesis, INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Raquel Almeida
- i3S - Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,FMUP-Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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47
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Wang Y, Chiang IL, Ohara TE, Fujii S, Cheng J, Muegge BD, Ver Heul A, Han ND, Lu Q, Xiong S, Chen F, Lai CW, Janova H, Wu R, Whitehurst CE, VanDussen KL, Liu TC, Gordon JI, Sibley LD, Stappenbeck TS. Long-Term Culture Captures Injury-Repair Cycles of Colonic Stem Cells. Cell 2019; 179:1144-1159.e15. [PMID: 31708126 PMCID: PMC6904908 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The colonic epithelium can undergo multiple rounds of damage and repair, often in response to excessive inflammation. The responsive stem cell that mediates this process is unclear, in part because of a lack of in vitro models that recapitulate key epithelial changes that occur in vivo during damage and repair. Here, we identify a Hopx+ colitis-associated regenerative stem cell (CARSC) population that functionally contributes to mucosal repair in mouse models of colitis. Hopx+ CARSCs, enriched for fetal-like markers, transiently arose from hypertrophic crypts known to facilitate regeneration. Importantly, we established a long-term, self-organizing two-dimensional (2D) epithelial monolayer system to model the regenerative properties and responses of Hopx+ CARSCs. This system can reenact the "homeostasis-injury-regeneration" cycles of epithelial alterations that occur in vivo. Using this system, we found that hypoxia and endoplasmic reticulum stress, insults commonly present in inflammatory bowel diseases, mediated the cyclic switch of cellular status in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - I-Ling Chiang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Takahiro E Ohara
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Satoru Fujii
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jiye Cheng
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Brian D Muegge
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Aaron Ver Heul
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Nathan D Han
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Qiuhe Lu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Shanshan Xiong
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Feidi Chen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Chin-Wen Lai
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Hana Janova
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Renee Wu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Charles E Whitehurst
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Immunology and Respiratory Disease Research, Ridgefield, CT 06877, USA
| | - Kelli L VanDussen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ta-Chiang Liu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jeffrey I Gordon
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - L David Sibley
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Thaddeus S Stappenbeck
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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48
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Abstract
The colonic epithelial turnover is driven by crypt-base stem cells that express the R-spondin receptor Lgr5. Signals that regulate epithelial regeneration upon stem cell injury are largely unknown. Here, we explore the dynamics of Wnt signaling in the colon. We identify two populations of cells with active Wnt signaling: highly proliferative Lgr5+/Axin2+ cells, as well as secretory Lgr5-/Axin2+ cells. Upon Lgr5+ cell depletion, these cells are recruited to contribute to crypt regeneration. Chemical injury induced by DSS leads to a loss of both Lgr5+ cells and Axin2+ cells and epithelial regeneration is driven by Axin2- cells, including differentiated Krt20+ surface enterocytes. Regeneration requires stromal Rspo3, which is present at increased levels upon injury and reprograms Lgr5- but Lgr4+ differentiated cells. In contrast, depletion of stromal Rspo3 impairs crypt regeneration, even upon mild injury. We demonstrate that Rspo3 is essential for epithelial repair via induction of Wnt signaling in differentiated cells.
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49
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R-spondin 3 promotes stem cell recovery and epithelial regeneration in the colon. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4368. [PMID: 31554819 PMCID: PMC6761174 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12349-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The colonic epithelial turnover is driven by crypt-base stem cells that express the R-spondin receptor Lgr5. Signals that regulate epithelial regeneration upon stem cell injury are largely unknown. Here, we explore the dynamics of Wnt signaling in the colon. We identify two populations of cells with active Wnt signaling: highly proliferative Lgr5+/Axin2+ cells, as well as secretory Lgr5−/Axin2+ cells. Upon Lgr5+ cell depletion, these cells are recruited to contribute to crypt regeneration. Chemical injury induced by DSS leads to a loss of both Lgr5+ cells and Axin2+ cells and epithelial regeneration is driven by Axin2− cells, including differentiated Krt20+ surface enterocytes. Regeneration requires stromal Rspo3, which is present at increased levels upon injury and reprograms Lgr5− but Lgr4+ differentiated cells. In contrast, depletion of stromal Rspo3 impairs crypt regeneration, even upon mild injury. We demonstrate that Rspo3 is essential for epithelial repair via induction of Wnt signaling in differentiated cells. Epithelial turnover in the colon requires stem cells in the crypt that express the R-spondin receptor Lgr5. Here, the authors show that regeneration after colon injury involving loss of Lgr5+ and Axin2+ cells requires stromal derived Rspo3-dependent reprogramming of Lgr4+ differentiated cells, including Krt20+ enterocytes.
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50
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Buczacki S. Fate plasticity in the intestine: The devil is in the detail. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25:3116-3122. [PMID: 31333305 PMCID: PMC6626720 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i25.3116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium possesses a remarkable ability for both proliferation and regeneration. The last two decades have generated major advances in our understanding of the stem cell populations responsible for its maintenance during homeostasis and more recently the events that occur during injury induced regeneration. These fundamental discoveries have capitalised on the use of transgenic mouse models and in vivo lineage tracing to make their conclusions. It is evident that maintenance is driven by rapidly proliferating crypt base stem cells, but complexities associated with the technicality of mouse modelling have led to several overlapping populations being held responsible for the same behaviour. Similarly, it has been shown that essentially any population in the intestinal crypt can revert to a stem cell state given the correct stimulus during epithelial regeneration. Whilst these observations are profound it is uncertain how relevant they are to human intestinal homeostasis and pathology. Here, these recent studies are presented, in context with technical considerations of the models used, to argue that their conclusions may indeed not be applicable in understanding "homeostatic regeneration" and experimental suggestions presented for validating their results in human tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Buczacki
- Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Addenbrooke’s Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0AF, United Kingdom
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