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McCoy R, Oldroyd S, Yang W, Wang K, Hoven D, Bulmer D, Zilbauer M, Owens RM. In Vitro Models for Investigating Intestinal Host-Pathogen Interactions. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2306727. [PMID: 38155358 PMCID: PMC10885678 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202306727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Infectious diseases are increasingly recognized as a major threat worldwide due to the rise of antimicrobial resistance and the emergence of novel pathogens. In vitro models that can adequately mimic in vivo gastrointestinal physiology are in high demand to elucidate mechanisms behind pathogen infectivity, and to aid the design of effective preventive and therapeutic interventions. There exists a trade-off between simple and high throughput models and those that are more complex and physiologically relevant. The complexity of the model used shall be guided by the biological question to be addressed. This review provides an overview of the structure and function of the intestine and the models that are developed to emulate this. Conventional models are discussed in addition to emerging models which employ engineering principles to equip them with necessary advanced monitoring capabilities for intestinal host-pathogen interrogation. Limitations of current models and future perspectives on the field are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reece McCoy
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB3 0ASUK
| | - Sophie Oldroyd
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB3 0ASUK
| | - Woojin Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB3 0ASUK
- Wellcome‐MRC Cambridge Stem Cell InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 0AWUK
| | - Kaixin Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB3 0ASUK
| | - Darius Hoven
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB3 0ASUK
| | - David Bulmer
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 1PDUK
| | - Matthias Zilbauer
- Wellcome‐MRC Cambridge Stem Cell InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 0AWUK
| | - Róisín M. Owens
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB3 0ASUK
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2
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Sharma A, Negi G, Chaudhary M, Parveen N. Kinetics of Ganglioside-Rich Supported Lipid Bilayer Formation with Tracer Vesicle Fluorescence Imaging. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:11694-11707. [PMID: 37552772 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c01301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Gangliosides, forming a class of lipids complemented by sugar chains, influence the lateral distribution of membrane proteins or membrane-binding proteins, act as receptors for viruses and bacterial toxins, and mediate several types of cellular signaling. Gangliosides incorporated into supported lipid bilayers (SLBs) have been widely applied as a model system to examine these biological processes. In this work, we explored how ganglioside composition affects the kinetics of SLB formation using the vesicle rupturing method on a solid surface. We imaged the attachment of vesicles and the subsequent SLB formation using the time-lapse total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy technique. In the early phase, the ganglioside type and concentration influence the adsorption kinetics of vesicles and their residence/lifetime on the surface before rupturing. Our data confirm that a simultaneous rupturing of neighboring surface-adsorbed vesicles forms microscopic lipid patches on the surface and it is triggered by a critical coverage of the vesicles independent of their composition. In the SLB growth phase, lipid patches merge, forming a continuous SLB. The propagation of patch edges catalyzes the process and depends on the ganglioside type. Our pH-dependent experiments confirm that the polar/charged head groups of the gangliosides have a critical role in these steps and phases of SLB formation kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurag Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, 208016 Kanpur, India
| | - Geetanjali Negi
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, 208016 Kanpur, India
| | - Monika Chaudhary
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, 208016 Kanpur, India
| | - Nagma Parveen
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, 208016 Kanpur, India
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3
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Montalbo RCK, Tu HL. Micropatterning of functional lipid bilayer assays for quantitative bioanalysis. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2023; 17:031302. [PMID: 37179590 PMCID: PMC10171888 DOI: 10.1063/5.0145997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Interactions of the cell with its environment are mediated by the cell membrane and membrane-localized molecules. Supported lipid bilayers have enabled the recapitulation of the basic properties of cell membranes and have been broadly used to further our understanding of cellular behavior. Coupled with micropatterning techniques, lipid bilayer platforms have allowed for high throughput assays capable of performing quantitative analysis at a high spatiotemporal resolution. Here, an overview of the current methods of the lipid membrane patterning is presented. The fabrication and pattern characteristics are briefly described to present an idea of the quality and notable features of the methods, their utilizations for quantitative bioanalysis, as well as to highlight possible directions for the advanced micropatterning lipid membrane assays.
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Liu HY, Pappa AM, Pavia A, Pitsalidis C, Thiburce Q, Salleo A, Owens RM, Daniel S. Self-Assembly of Mammalian-Cell Membranes on Bioelectronic Devices with Functional Transmembrane Proteins. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:7325-7331. [PMID: 32388991 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c00804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Transmembrane proteins (TMPs) regulate processes occurring at the cell surface and are essential gatekeepers of information flow across the membrane. TMPs are difficult to study, given the complex environment of the membrane and its influence on protein conformation, mobility, biomolecule interaction, and activity. For the first time, we create mammalian biomembranes supported on a transparent, electrically conducting polymer surface, which enables dual electrical and optical monitoring of TMP function in its native membrane environment. Mammalian plasma membrane vesicles containing ATP-gated P2X2 ion channels self-assemble on a biocompatible polymer cushion that transduces the changes in ion flux during ATP exposure. This platform maintains the complexity of the native plasma membrane, the fluidity of its constituents, and protein orientation critical to ion channel function. We demonstrate the dual-modality readout using microscopy to characterize protein mobility by single-particle tracking and sensing of ATP gating of P2X2 using electrical impedance spectroscopy. This measurement of TMP activity important for pain sensing, neurological activity, and sensory activity raises new possibilities for drug screening and biosensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Yuan Liu
- Robert F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Olin Hall, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Anna-Maria Pappa
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyUniversity of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, CB30AS Cambridge, UK
| | - Aimie Pavia
- Department of Flexible Electronics, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines, CMP-EMSE, 13541 Gardanne, France
- Panaxium SAS, 13100 Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Charalampos Pitsalidis
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyUniversity of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, CB30AS Cambridge, UK
| | - Quentin Thiburce
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 496 Lomita Mall, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Alberto Salleo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 496 Lomita Mall, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Róisín M Owens
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyUniversity of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, CB30AS Cambridge, UK
| | - Susan Daniel
- Robert F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Olin Hall, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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Minamiki T, Ichikawa Y, Kurita R. Systematic Investigation of Molecular Recognition Ability in FET-Based Chemical Sensors Functionalized with a Mixed Self-Assembled Monolayer System. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:15903-15910. [PMID: 32134238 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Exploring new strategies for simple and on-demand methods of manipulating the sensing ability of sensor devices functionalized with artificial receptors embedded in a molecular assembly is important to realizing high-throughput on-site sensing systems based on integrated and miniaturized devices such as field-effect transistors (FETs). Although FET-based chemical sensors can be used for rapid, quantitative, and simultaneous determination of various desired analytes, detectable targets in conventional FET sensors are currently restricted owing to the complicated processes used to prepare sensing materials. In this study, we investigated the relationship between the sensing features of FETs and the nanostructures of mixed self-assembled monolayers (mSAMs) for the detection of biomolecules. The FET devices were systematically functionalized using mixtures of benzenethiol derivatives (4-mercaptobenzoic acid and benzenethiol), which changed the nanostructure of the SAMs formed on gold sensing electrodes. The obtained cross-reactivity in the FETs modified with the mSAMs was derived from the multidimensional variations of the SAM characteristics. Our successful demonstration of continuous control of the molecular recognition ability in the FETs by applying the mSAM system could lead to the development of next-generation versatile analyzers, including chemical sensor arrays for the determination of multiple analytes anytime, anywhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsukuru Minamiki
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
- DAILAB, DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5-41, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Yuki Ichikawa
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Ryoji Kurita
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
- DAILAB, DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5-41, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
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6
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The Emergence of Insect Odorant Receptor-Based Biosensors. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2020; 10:bios10030026. [PMID: 32192133 PMCID: PMC7146604 DOI: 10.3390/bios10030026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The olfactory receptor neurons of insects and vertebrates are gated by odorant receptor (OR) proteins of which several members have been shown to exhibit remarkable sensitivity and selectivity towards volatile organic compounds of significant importance in the fields of medicine, agriculture and public health. Insect ORs offer intrinsic amplification where a single binding event is transduced into a measurable ionic current. Consequently, insect ORs have great potential as biorecognition elements in many sensor configurations. However, integrating these sensing components onto electronic transducers for the development of biosensors has been marginal due to several drawbacks, including their lipophilic nature, signal transduction mechanism and the limited number of known cognate receptor-ligand pairs. We review the current state of research in this emerging field and highlight the use of a group of indole-sensitive ORs (indolORs) from unexpected sources for the development of biosensors.
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7
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Surface Sensitive Analysis Device using Model Membrane and Challenges for Biosensor-chip. BIOCHIP JOURNAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13206-019-4110-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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8
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Jordan LR, Blauch ME, Baxter AM, Cawley JL, Wittenberg NJ. Influence of brain gangliosides on the formation and properties of supported lipid bilayers. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 183:110442. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.110442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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9
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Biswas KH, Cho NJ, Groves JT. Fabrication of Multicomponent, Spatially Segregated DNA and Protein-Functionalized Supported Membrane Microarray. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:9781-9788. [PMID: 30032610 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b01364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) has been used as a material for a variety of applications, including surface functionalization for cell biological or in vitro reconstitution studies. Use of DNA-based surface functionalization eliminates limitations of multiplexing posed by traditionally used methods in applications requiring spatially segregated surface functionalization. Recently, we have reported a stochastic, membrane fusion-based strategy to fabricate multicomponent membrane array substrates displaying spatially segregated protein ligands using biotin-streptavidin and Ni-NTA-polyhistidine interactions. Here, we report the delivery of DNA oligonucleotide-conjugated lipid molecules to membrane corrals, allowing spatially segregated membrane corral functionalization in a membrane microarray. Incubation of microbeads coated with the supported membrane resulted in an exchange of lipid contents with planar membrane corrals present on a micropatterned substrate. Increases in the system temperature and membrane corral size resulted in alterations in the rate constant of lipid exchange, which are in agreement with our previously developed analytical model and further confirm that lipid exchange is a diffusion-based process that takes place after the formation of a long "fusion-stalk" between the two membranes. We take advantage of the physical dimensions of the fusion-stalk with a large aspect ratio to deliver DNA oligonucleotide-conjugated lipid molecules to membrane corrals. We believe that the ability to functionalize membrane corrals with DNA oligonucleotides significantly increases the utility of the stochastic fusion-mediated lipid delivery strategy in the functionalization of biomolecules such as DNA or DNA-conjugated protein ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kabir H Biswas
- Mechanobiology Institute , National University of Singapore , Singapore 117411 , Singapore
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Nanyang Technological University , Singapore 639798 , Singapore
| | - Nam-Joon Cho
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Nanyang Technological University , Singapore 639798 , Singapore
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering , Nanyang Technological University , 62 Nanyang Drive , Singapore 637459 , Singapore
| | - Jay T Groves
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Nanyang Technological University , Singapore 639798 , Singapore
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
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10
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Kuo CJ, Chiang HC, Tseng CA, Chang CF, Ulaganathan RK, Ling TT, Chang YJ, Chen CC, Chen YR, Chen YT. Lipid-Modified Graphene-Transistor Biosensor for Monitoring Amyloid-β Aggregation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:12311-12316. [PMID: 29611693 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b01917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
A graphene field-effect transistor (G-FET) with the spacious planar graphene surface can provide a large-area interface with cell membranes to serve as a platform for the study of cell membrane-related protein interactions. In this study, a G-FET device paved with a supported lipid bilayer (referred to as SLB/G-FET) was first used to monitor the catalytic hydrolysis of the SLB by phospholipase D. With excellent detection sensitivity, this G-FET was also modified with a ganglioside GM1-enriched SLB (GM1-SLB/G-FET) to detect cholera toxin B. Finally, the GM1-SLB/G-FET was employed to monitor amyloid-beta 40 (Aβ40) aggregation. In the early nucleation stage of Aβ40 aggregation, while no fluorescence was detectable with traditional thioflavin T (ThT) assay, the prominent electrical signals probed by GM1-SLB/G-FET demonstrate that the G-FET detection is more sensitive than the ThT assay. The comprehensive kinetic information during the Aβ40 aggregation could be collected with a GM1-SLB/G-FET, especially covering the kinetics involved in the early stage of Aβ40 aggregation. These experimental results suggest that SLB/G-FETs hold great potential as a powerful biomimetic sensor for versatile investigations of membrane-related protein functions and interaction kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Jung Kuo
- Department of Chemistry , National Taiwan University , No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road , Taipei 106 , Taiwan
| | - Hsu-Cheng Chiang
- Department of Chemistry , National Taiwan University , No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road , Taipei 106 , Taiwan
| | - Chi-Ang Tseng
- Department of Chemistry , National Taiwan University , No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road , Taipei 106 , Taiwan
| | - Chin-Fu Chang
- Department of Chemistry , National Taiwan University , No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road , Taipei 106 , Taiwan
| | - Rajesh Kumar Ulaganathan
- Department of Chemistry , National Taiwan University , No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road , Taipei 106 , Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Ting Ling
- Department of Chemistry , National Taiwan University , No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road , Taipei 106 , Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jen Chang
- Genomics Research Center , Academia Sinica , No. 128, Academia Road, Sec. 2 , Nankang, Taipei 115 , Taiwan
| | - Chiao-Chen Chen
- Department of Chemistry , National Taiwan University , No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road , Taipei 106 , Taiwan
| | - Yun-Ru Chen
- Genomics Research Center , Academia Sinica , No. 128, Academia Road, Sec. 2 , Nankang, Taipei 115 , Taiwan
| | - Yit-Tsong Chen
- Department of Chemistry , National Taiwan University , No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road , Taipei 106 , Taiwan
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences , Academia Sinica , P.O. Box 23-166 , Taipei 106 , Taiwan
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11
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Biswas KH, Zhongwen C, Dubey AK, Oh D, Groves JT. Multicomponent Supported Membrane Microarray for Monitoring Spatially Resolved Cellular Signaling Reactions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201800015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kabir H. Biswas
- Mechanobiology Institute; National University of Singapore; Singapore 117411 Singapore
| | - Chen Zhongwen
- Mechanobiology Institute; National University of Singapore; Singapore 117411 Singapore
| | - Alok Kumar Dubey
- Mechanobiology Institute; National University of Singapore; Singapore 117411 Singapore
| | - Dongmyung Oh
- Mechanobiology Institute; National University of Singapore; Singapore 117411 Singapore
| | - Jay T. Groves
- Department of Chemistry; University of California; Berkeley CA 94720 USA
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12
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Kang M, Tuteja M, Centrone A, Topgaard D, Leal C. Nanostructured Lipid-based Films for Substrate Mediated Applications in Biotechnology. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2018; 28:10.1002/adfm.201704356. [PMID: 31080383 PMCID: PMC6508631 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201704356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Amphiphilic in nature, lipids spontaneously self-assemble into a range of nanostructures in the presence of water. Among lipid self-assembled structures, liposomes and supported lipid bilayers have long held scientific interest for their main applications in drug delivery and plasma membrane models, respectively. In contrast, lipid-based multi-layered membranes on solid supports only recently begun drawing scientists' attention. New studies on lipid films show that the stacking of multiple bilayers on a solid support yields interestingly complex features to these systems. Namely, multiple layers exhibit cooperative structural and dynamic behavior. In addition, the materials enable compartmentalization, templating, and enhanced release of several molecules of interest. Importantly, supported lipid phases exhibit long-range periodic nano-scale order and orientation that is tunable in response to a changing environment. Herein, we summarize current and pertinent understanding of lipid-based film research focusing on how unique structural characteristics enable the emergence of new applications in biotechnology including label-free biosensors, macroscale drug delivery, and substrate-mediated gene delivery. Our very recent contributions to lipid-based films, focusing on the structural characterization at the meso, nano, and molecular-scale, using Small-Angle X-ray Scattering, Atomic Force Microscopy, Photothermal Induced Resonance, and Solid-State NMR will be also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjee Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Mohit Tuteja
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, United States
- Maryland Nanocenter, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States
| | - Andrea Centrone
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, United States
| | - Daniel Topgaard
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Center of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Leal
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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Mazur F, Bally M, Städler B, Chandrawati R. Liposomes and lipid bilayers in biosensors. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 249:88-99. [PMID: 28602208 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2017.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Biosensors for the rapid, specific, and sensitive detection of analytes play a vital role in healthcare, drug discovery, food safety, and environmental monitoring. Although a number of sensing concepts and devices have been developed, many longstanding challenges to obtain inexpensive, easy-to-use, and reliable sensor platforms remain largely unmet. Nanomaterials offer exciting possibilities for enhancing the assay sensitivity and for lowering the detection limits down to single-molecule resolution. In this review, we present an overview of liposomes and lipid bilayers in biosensing applications. Lipid assemblies in the form of spherical liposomes or two-dimensional planar membranes have been widely used in the design of biosensing assays; in particular, we highlight a number of recent promising developments of biosensors based on liposomes in suspension, liposome arrays, and lipid bilayers arrays. Assay sensitivity and specificity are discussed, advantages and drawbacks are reviewed, and possible further developments are outlined.
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14
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Lipid bilayer membrane technologies: A review on single-molecule studies of DNA sequencing by using membrane nanopores. Mikrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-017-2321-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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15
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Zhu Y, Moran-Mirabal J. Micropatterning of Phase-Segregated Supported Lipid Bilayers and Binary Lipid Phases through Polymer Stencil Lift-Off. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:11021-11028. [PMID: 27700106 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b02346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Supported lipid bilayers (SLBs) provide an excellent model system for studying structural and functional characteristics of biomembranes. Patterning model membranes on solid supports has elicited much interest because lipid bilayer arrays at cellular or subcellular scales provide attractive platforms for reconstituting tissue-like conditions for cell culture, and for creating simplified physiological environments to study biological processes. Phase-segregated SLB patterns can be especially useful for such studies, as the selective functionalization of the lipid phases with different lipids, receptors, or proteins can be achieved to mimic the key features of plasma membrane. However, it remains challenging to pattern phase-segregated lipid bilayers and to spatially control the lipid phases at the micron scale. Current methods to achieve this involve multiple surface modification and patterning steps, elaborate techniques such as microfluidic, microcontact printing, or electrochemical control, among others. To overcome the complexity in producing phase-segregated patterns, we have developed simple and rapid strategies to pattern SLBs with phase separation utilizing the polymer stencil lift-off (PSLO) technique. PSLO is a powerful technique for SLB patterning, since it allows the faithful pattern transfer of micron-sized lipid domains onto solid surfaces under aqueous conditions, which eliminates the need for controlled humidity and reduces the risk of bilayer disruption through drying. By integrating postetching substrate cleaning and a blocking treatment, well-defined homogeneous and phase-segregated SLB patterns were achieved with lipid mobility that matches that of SLBs formed on clean SiO2 wafer substrates. A two-step incubation method was also developed for patterning binary lipid phases, which allowed precise control of their position and geometries. The created phase-segregated SLB patterns were used to study lipid phase behavior within confined areas, and quantitative analysis showed that smaller pattern sizes resulted in smaller gel phase domains, which also covered a smaller fraction of the total patterned SLB area. This was attributed to the decreased mobility of the bottom leaflet of the SLB, which lies in close proximity to the substrate, and the resulting hindered exchange of lipid molecules between the bottom and upper leaflets through the SLB boundary. By further integration with functional groups, the phase-segregated lipid bilayer patterns might find relevant application in tissue engineering, biophysical studies of biomolecular and cellular interactions, and biosensing platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University , 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S4L8, Canada
| | - Jose Moran-Mirabal
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University , 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S4L8, Canada
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16
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Bruzas I, Unser S, Yazdi S, Ringe E, Sagle L. Ultrasensitive Plasmonic Platform for Label-Free Detection of Membrane-Associated Species. Anal Chem 2016; 88:7968-74. [PMID: 27436204 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b00801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Lipid membranes and membrane proteins are important biosensing targets, motivating the development of label-free methods with improved sensitivity. Silica-coated metal nanoparticles allow these systems to be combined with supported lipid bilayers for sensing membrane proteins through localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR). However, the small sensing volume of LSPR makes the thickness of the silica layer critical for performance. Here, we develop a simple, inexpensive, and rapid sol-gel method for preparing thin conformal, continuous silica films and demonstrate its applicability using gold nanodisk arrays with LSPRs in the near-infrared range. Silica layers as thin as ∼5 nm are observed using cross-sectional scanning transmission electron microscopy. The loss in sensitivity due to the thin silica coating was found to be only 16%, and the biosensing capabilities of the substrates were assessed through the binding of cholera toxin B to GM1 lipids. This sensor platform should prove useful in the rapid, multiplexed detection and screening of membrane-associated biological targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Bruzas
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Cincinnati , 301 West Clifton Court, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172, United States
| | - Sarah Unser
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Cincinnati , 301 West Clifton Court, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172, United States
| | - Sadegh Yazdi
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University , 6100 Main Street, MS-325, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Emilie Ringe
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University , 6100 Main Street, MS-325, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Laura Sagle
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Cincinnati , 301 West Clifton Court, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172, United States
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Zhu Y, Negmi A, Moran-Mirabal J. Multi-Stacked Supported Lipid Bilayer Micropatterning through Polymer Stencil Lift-Off. MEMBRANES 2015; 5:385-98. [PMID: 26343733 PMCID: PMC4584287 DOI: 10.3390/membranes5030385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Complex multi-lamellar structures play a critical role in biological systems, where they are present as lamellar bodies, and as part of biological assemblies that control energy transduction processes. Multi-lamellar lipid layers not only provide interesting systems for fundamental research on membrane structure and bilayer-associated polypeptides, but can also serve as components in bioinspired materials or devices. Although the ability to pattern stacked lipid bilayers at the micron scale is of importance for these purposes, limited work has been done in developing such patterning techniques. Here, we present a simple and direct approach to pattern stacked supported lipid bilayers (SLBs) using polymer stencil lift-off and the electrostatic interactions between cationic and anionic lipids. Both homogeneous and phase-segregated stacked SLB patterns were produced, demonstrating that the stacked lipid bilayers retain lateral diffusivity. We demonstrate patterned SLB stacks of up to four bilayers, where fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) and quenching was used to probe the interactions between lipid bilayers. Furthermore, the study of lipid phase behaviour showed that gel phase domains align between adjacent layers. The proposed stacked SLB pattern platform provides a robust model for studying lipid behaviour with a controlled number of bilayers, and an attractive means towards building functional bioinspired materials or devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster Univerisity, 1280 Main Street West,Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M8, Canada
| | - Ahmed Negmi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster Univerisity, 1280 Main Street West,Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M8, Canada
| | - Jose Moran-Mirabal
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster Univerisity, 1280 Main Street West,Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M8, Canada.
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18
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Hartman KL, Kim S, Kim K, Nam JM. Supported lipid bilayers as dynamic platforms for tethered particles. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:66-76. [PMID: 25408237 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr05591h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticle tethering to lipid bilayers enables the observation of hundreds of diffusing particles that are confined within a single field of view. A wide variety of materials ranging from plasmonic metals to soft matter can be stably tethered to the surface of a fluid bilayer by covalent or non-covalent means. The controlled environment of this experimental platform allows direct control over surface compositions and accurate tracking of nanoparticle interactions. This minireview will cover studies that use bilayer-tethered nanoparticles to investigate physical properties related to lipid mobility, biomolecule sensing, and surface interactions, as well as experiments to reversibly manipulate tethered nanoparticles by electric fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin L Hartman
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-747, South Korea.
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19
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Beales PA, Ciani B, Cleasby AJ. Nature's lessons in design: nanomachines to scaffold, remodel and shape membrane compartments. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:15489-507. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp00480b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Our understanding of the membrane sculpting capabilities of proteins from experimental model systems could be used to construct functional compartmentalised architectures for the engineering of synthetic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A. Beales
- School of Chemistry and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology
- University of Leeds
- Leeds LS2 9JT
- UK
| | - Barbara Ciani
- Centre for Membrane Interaction and Dynamics
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Sheffield
- Sheffield S3 7HF
- UK
| | - Alexa J. Cleasby
- Centre for Membrane Interaction and Dynamics
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Sheffield
- Sheffield S3 7HF
- UK
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20
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Sly K, Conboy JC. Determination of multivalent protein-ligand binding kinetics by second-harmonic correlation spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2014; 86:11045-54. [PMID: 25314127 PMCID: PMC4238591 DOI: 10.1021/ac500094v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Binding kinetics of the multivalent proteins peanut agglutinin (PnA) and cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) to a GM1-doped 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC) lipid bilayer were investigated by both second-harmonic correlation spectroscopy (SHCS) and a traditional equilibrium binding isotherm. Adsorption and desorption rates, as well as binding affinity and binding free energy, for three bulk protein concentrations were determined by SHCS. For PnA binding to GM1, the measured adsorption rate decreased with increasing bulk PnA concentration from (3.7 ± 0.3) × 10(6) M(-1)·s(-1) at 0.43 μM PnA to (1.1 ± 0.1) × 10(5) M(-1)·s(-1) at 12 μM PnA. CTB-GM1 exhibited a similar trend, decreasing from (1.0 ± 0.1) × 10(9) M(-1)·s(-1) at 0.5 nM CTB to (3.5 ± 0.2) × 10(6) M(-1)·s(-1) at 240 nM CTB. The measured desorption rates in both studies did not exhibit any dependence on initial protein concentration. As such, 0.43 μM PnA and 0.5 nM CTB had the strongest measured binding affinities, (3.7 ± 0.8) × 10(9) M(-1) and (2.8 ± 0.5) × 10(13) M(-1), respectively. Analysis of the binding isotherm data suggests there is electrostatic repulsion between protein molecules when PnA binds GM1, while CTB-GM1 demonstrates positive ligand-ligand cooperativity. This study provides additional insight into the complex interactions between multivalent proteins and their ligands and showcases SHCS for examining these complex yet technologically important protein-ligand complexes used in biosensors, immunoassays, and other biomedical diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystal
L. Sly
- Department of
Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Room 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - John C. Conboy
- Department of
Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Room 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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21
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Sterpone F, Melchionna S, Tuffery P, Pasquali S, Mousseau N, Cragnolini T, Chebaro Y, St-Pierre JF, Kalimeri M, Barducci A, Laurin Y, Tek A, Baaden M, Nguyen PH, Derreumaux P. The OPEP protein model: from single molecules, amyloid formation, crowding and hydrodynamics to DNA/RNA systems. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 43:4871-93. [PMID: 24759934 PMCID: PMC4426487 DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00048j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The OPEP coarse-grained protein model has been applied to a wide range of applications since its first release 15 years ago. The model, which combines energetic and structural accuracy and chemical specificity, allows the study of single protein properties, DNA-RNA complexes, amyloid fibril formation and protein suspensions in a crowded environment. Here we first review the current state of the model and the most exciting applications using advanced conformational sampling methods. We then present the current limitations and a perspective on the ongoing developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Sterpone
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Théorique, UPR 9080 CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, IBPC, 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005, Paris, France.
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22
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Wittenberg NJ, Johnson TW, Jordan LR, Xu X, Warrington AE, Rodriguez M, Oh SH. Formation of biomembrane microarrays with a squeegee-based assembly method. J Vis Exp 2014:51501. [PMID: 24837169 PMCID: PMC4032179 DOI: 10.3791/51501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid bilayer membranes form the plasma membranes of cells and define the boundaries of subcellular organelles. In nature, these membranes are heterogeneous mixtures of many types of lipids, contain membrane-bound proteins and are decorated with carbohydrates. In some experiments, it is desirable to decouple the biophysical or biochemical properties of the lipid bilayer from those of the natural membrane. Such cases call for the use of model systems such as giant vesicles, liposomes or supported lipid bilayers (SLBs). Arrays of SLBs are particularly attractive for sensing applications and mimicking cell-cell interactions. Here we describe a new method for forming SLB arrays. Submicron-diameter SiO2 beads are first coated with lipid bilayers to form spherical SLBs (SSLBs). The beads are then deposited into an array of micro-fabricated submicron-diameter microwells. The preparation technique uses a "squeegee" to clean the substrate surface, while leaving behind SSLBs that have settled into microwells. This method requires no chemical modification of the microwell substrate, nor any particular targeting ligands on the SSLB. Microwells are occupied by single beads because the well diameter is tuned to be just larger than the bead diameter. Typically, more 75% of the wells are occupied, while the rest remain empty. In buffer SSLB arrays display long-term stability of greater than one week. Multiple types of SSLBs can be placed in a single array by serial deposition, and the arrays can be used for sensing, which we demonstrate by characterizing the interaction of cholera toxin with ganglioside GM1. We also show that phospholipid vesicles without the bead supports and biomembranes from cellular sources can be arrayed with the same method and cell-specific membrane lipids can be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Timothy W Johnson
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota
| | - Luke R Jordan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota
| | - Xiaohua Xu
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine
| | | | - Moses Rodriguez
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine; Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine
| | - Sang-Hyun Oh
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota
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23
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Brown P, Wood T, Badyal J. Combining plasmachemical emulsion-templating with ATRP to create macroporous lipophilic surfaces. J Colloid Interface Sci 2014; 421:44-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2014.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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24
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Ngundi MM, Kulagina NV, Anderson GP, Taitt CR. Nonantibody-based recognition: alternative molecules for detection of pathogens. Expert Rev Proteomics 2014; 3:511-24. [PMID: 17078765 DOI: 10.1586/14789450.3.5.511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Immunoassays have been well established for many years as the cornerstone of detection technologies. These assays are sensitive, selective and, in general, highly resistant to interference from complex sample matrices when compared with nucleic acid-based tests. However, both antibody- and nucleic acid-based detection systems require a priori knowledge of the target and development of specific reagents; multiplexed assays can become increasingly problematic when attempting to detect a plethora of different targets, the identities of which are unknown. In an effort to circumvent many of the limitations inherent in these conventional assays, other recognition reagents are being explored as alternatives, or indeed as adjuncts, to antibodies for pathogen and toxin detection. This article will review a number of different recognition systems ranging in complexity from small molecules, such as nucleic-acid aptamers, carbohydrates and peptides, to systems as highly complicated as whole cells and organisms. All of these alternative systems have tremendous potential to achieve superior sensitivity, selectivity, and stability, but are also subject to their own limitations, which are also discussed. In short, while in its infancy, this field holds great promise for the development of rapid, fieldable assays that are highly complementary to existing antibody- and nucleic acid-based technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam M Ngundi
- US Food and Drug Administration, N29 RM418 HFM-434 8800 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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25
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Lin H, Kitova EN, Klassen JS. Measuring positive cooperativity using the direct ESI-MS assay. Cholera toxin B subunit homopentamer binding to GM1 pentasaccharide. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2014; 25:104-110. [PMID: 24122305 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-013-0751-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Direct electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) assay was used to investigate the stepwise binding of the GM1 pentasaccharide β-D-Galp-(1→3)-β-D-GalpNAc-(1→4)[α-D-Neu5Ac-(2→3)]-β-D-Galp-(1→4)-β-D-Glcp (GM1os) to the cholera toxin B subunit homopentamer (CTB5) and to establish conclusively whether GM1os binding is cooperative. Apparent association constants were measured for the stepwise addition of one to five GM1os to CTB5 at pH 6.9 and 22 °C. The intrinsic association constant, which was established from the apparent association constant for the addition of a single GM1os to CTB5, was found to be (3.2 ± 0.2) × 106 M(–1). This is in reasonable agreement with the reported value of (6.4 ± 0.3) × 106 M(–1), which was measured at pH 7.4 and 25 °C using isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). Analysis of the apparent association constants provides direct and unambiguous evidence that GM1os binding exhibits small positive cooperativity. Binding was found to be sensitive to the number of ligand-bound nearest neighbor subunits, with the affinities enhanced by a factor of 1.7 and 2.9 when binding occurs next to one or two ligand-bound subunits, respectively. These findings, which provide quantitative support for the binding model proposed by Homans and coworkers [14], highlight the unique strengths of the direct ESI-MS assay for measuring cooperative ligand binding.
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26
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Cho H, Wu M, Bilgin B, Walton SP, Chan C. Latest developments in experimental and computational approaches to characterize protein-lipid interactions. Proteomics 2013; 12:3273-85. [PMID: 22997137 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201200255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2012] [Revised: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the functional roles of all the molecules in cells is an ultimate goal of modern biology. An important facet is to understand the functional contributions from intermolecular interactions, both within a class of molecules (e.g. protein-protein) or between classes (e.g. protein-DNA). While the technologies for analyzing protein-protein and protein-DNA interactions are well established, the field of protein-lipid interactions is still relatively nascent. Here, we review the current status of the experimental and computational approaches for detecting and analyzing protein-lipid interactions. Experimental technologies fall into two principal categories, namely solution-based and array-based methods. Computational methods include large-scale data-driven analyses and predictions/dynamic simulations based on prior knowledge of experimentally identified interactions. Advances in the experimental technologies have led to improved computational analyses and vice versa, thereby furthering our understanding of protein-lipid interactions and their importance in biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunju Cho
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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27
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Abstract
Lipid bilayer membranes found in nature are heterogeneous mixtures of lipids and proteins. Model systems, such as supported lipid bilayers (SLBs), are often employed to simplify experimental systems while mimicking the properties of natural lipid bilayers. Here, we demonstrate a new method to form SLB arrays by first forming spherical supported lipid bilayers (SSLBs) on submicrometer-diameter SiO(2) beads. The SSLBs are then arrayed into microwells using a simple physical assembly method that requires no chemical modification of the substrate nor modification of the lipid membrane with recognition moieties. The resulting arrays have submicrometer SSLBs with 3 μm periodicity where >75% of the microwells are occupied by an individual SSLB. Because the arrays have high density, fluorescence from >1000 discrete SSLBs can be acquired with a single image capture. We show that 2-component random arrays can be formed, and we also use the arrays to determine the equilibrium dissociation constant for cholera toxin binding to ganglioside GM1. SSLB arrays are robust and are stable for at least one week in buffer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan J. Wittenberg
- Laboratory of Nanostructures and Biosensing, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Timothy W. Johnson
- Laboratory of Nanostructures and Biosensing, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Sang-Hyun Oh
- Laboratory of Nanostructures and Biosensing, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Department of Biophysics and Chemical Biology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea
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28
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Nanopore sensors: From hybrid to abiotic systems. Biosens Bioelectron 2012; 38:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2012.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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29
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Lipid Bilayer Membrane Arrays: Fabrication and Applications. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2012; 131:121-52. [DOI: 10.1007/10_2012_135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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30
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Nanofabrication for the analysis and manipulation of membranes. Ann Biomed Eng 2011; 40:1356-66. [PMID: 22143598 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-011-0479-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent advancements and applications of nanofabrication have enabled the characterization and control of biological membranes at submicron scales. This review focuses on the application of nanofabrication towards the nanoscale observing, patterning, sorting, and concentrating membrane components. Membranes on living cells are a necessary component of many fundamental cellular processes that naturally incorporate nanoscale rearrangement of the membrane lipids and proteins. Nanofabrication has advanced these understandings, for example, by providing 30 nm resolution of membrane proteins with metal-enhanced fluorescence at the tip of a scanning probe on fixed cells. Naturally diffusing single molecules at high concentrations on live cells have been observed at 60 nm resolution by confining the fluorescence excitation light through nanoscale metallic apertures. The lateral reorganization on the plasma membrane during membrane-mediated signaling processes has been examined in response to nanoscale variations in the patterning and mobility of the signal-triggering molecules. Further, membrane components have been separated, concentrated, and extracted through on-chip electrophoretic and microfluidic methods. Nanofabrication provides numerous methods for examining and manipulating membranes for both greater understandings of membrane processes as well as for the application of membranes to other biophysical methods.
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31
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Han X, Qi G, Xu X, Wang L. Formation of Lipid Bilayer Microarrays on Photo-Oxidized Polystyrene Surfaces. Chemistry 2011; 17:14741-4. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201102941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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32
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Bally M, Bailey K, Sugihara K, Grieshaber D, Vörös J, Städler B. Liposome and lipid bilayer arrays towards biosensing applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2010; 6:2481-97. [PMID: 20925039 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201000644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Sensitive and selective biosensors for high-throughput screening are having an increasing impact in modern medical care. The establishment of robust protein biosensing platforms however remains challenging, especially when membrane proteins are involved. Although this type of proteins is of enormous relevance since they are considered in >60% of the pharmaceutical drug targets, their fragile nature (i.e., the requirement to preserve their natural lipid environment to avoid denaturation and loss of function) puts strong additional prerequisites onto a successful biochip. In this review, the leading approaches to create lipid membrane-based arrays towards the creation of membrane protein biosensing platforms are described. Liposomes assembled in micro- and nanoarrays and the successful set-ups containing functional membrane proteins, as well as the use of liposomes in networks, are discussed in the first part. Then, the complementary approaches to create cell-mimicking supported membrane patches on a substrate in an array format will be addressed. Finally, the progress in assembling free-standing (functional) lipid bilayers over nanopore arrays for ion channel sensing will be reported. This review illustrates the rapid pace by which advances are being made towards the creation of a heterogeneous biochip for the high-throughput screening of membrane proteins for diagnostics, drug screening, or drug discovery purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Bally
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
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33
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An electrochemical impedance study of the effect of pathogenic bacterial toxins on tethered bilayer lipid membrane. Electrochem commun 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2010.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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34
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Zheng Y, Dai W, Ryan D, Wu H. Fabrication of freestanding, microperforated membranes and their applications in microfluidics. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2010; 4:36504. [PMID: 21045933 PMCID: PMC2967244 DOI: 10.1063/1.3491474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2010] [Accepted: 08/31/2010] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
This manuscript describes a convenient method for the fabrication of freestanding, microperforated membranes in photocurable polymers using only one step of photolithography. We used photosensitive prepolymers to make the membranes and photolithography to define the micropatterns. We demonstrated the fabrication of single- and multilayer microperforated membranes in SU-8 photoresist and Norland Optical Adhesive prepolymer. These membranes can be used to pattern surfaces in various materials and to fabricate complex three-dimensional microfluidic channel structures.
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35
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Subramaniam AB, Lecuyer S, Ramamurthi KS, Losick R, Stone HA. Particle/Fluid interface replication as a means of producing topographically patterned polydimethylsiloxane surfaces for deposition of lipid bilayers. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2010; 22:2142-7. [PMID: 20376852 PMCID: PMC2923400 DOI: 10.1002/adma.200903625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Howard A. Stone
- Prof. Howard A. Stone, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544,
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36
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Abstract
Parylene is a family of chemically vapour deposited polymer with material properties that are attractive for biomedicine and nanobiotechnology. Chemically inert parylene “peel-off” stencils have been demonstrated for micropatterning biomolecular arrays with high uniformity, precise spatial control down to nanoscale resolution. Such micropatterned surfaces are beneficial in engineering biosensors and biological microenvironments. A variety of substituted precursors enables direct coating of functionalised parylenes onto biomedical implants and microfluidics, providing a convenient method for designing biocompatible and bioactive surfaces. This article will review the emerging role and applications of parylene as a biomaterial for surface chemical modification and provide a future outlook.
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37
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Tan CP, Cipriany BR, Lin DM, Craighead HG. Nanoscale resolution, multicomponent biomolecular arrays generated by aligned printing with parylene peel-off. NANO LETTERS 2010; 10:719-25. [PMID: 20088589 PMCID: PMC2848997 DOI: 10.1021/nl903968s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We present "Print-and-Peel", a high-throughput method to generate multicomponent biomolecular arrays with sub-100 nm nanoscale feature width. An inkjet printer is first aligned to a parylene template containing nanoscale openings. After printing, the parylene is peeled off to reveal uniformly patterned nanoscale features, despite the imperfect morphologies of the original inkjet spots. We further patterned combinatorial nanoarrays by performing a second print-run superimposed over the first, thereby extending the multiplexing capability of the technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine P. Tan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Benjamin R. Cipriany
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - David M. Lin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Harold G. Craighead
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- To whom correspondence should be addressed.
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38
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Reimhult E, Baumann MK, Kaufmann S, Kumar K, Spycher PR. Advances in nanopatterned and nanostructured supported lipid membranes and their applications. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2010; 27:185-216. [DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2010.10648150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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39
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Tan CP, Seo BR, Brooks DJ, Chandler EM, Craighead HG, Fischbach C. Parylene peel-off arrays to probe the role of cell-cell interactions in tumour angiogenesis. Integr Biol (Camb) 2009; 1:587-94. [PMID: 20023775 DOI: 10.1039/b908036h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Microenvironmental conditions impact tumour angiogenesis, but the role of cell-cell interactions in modulating the angiogenic capability of tumour cells is not well understood. We have microfabricated a peel-off cell-culture array (PeelArray) chip to spatiotemporally control interactions between tumour cells in a large array format and to analyse angiogenic factor secretion in response to these conditions. The PeelArray chip consists of a polyethylene glycol (PEG) treated glass coverslip coated with a parylene-C template that can be easily peeled off to selectively micropattern biomolecules and cells. We have designed the PeelArray chip to reproducibly deposit large uniform arrays of isolated single cells or isolated cell clusters on fibronectin features of defined surface areas. We have utilised this microfabricated culture system to study the secretion of angiogenic factors by tumour cells, in the presence or absence of cell-cell contact as controlled by micropatterning. Our results indicate that cell-cell interactions play a synergistic role in regulating the expression of angiogenic factors (i.e., vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF] and interleukin-8 [IL-8]) in various cancer cell lines, independent of other more complex microenvironmental cues (e.g. hypoxia). Our PeelArray chip is a simple and adaptable micropatterning method that enables quantitative profiling of protein secretions and hence, a better understanding of the mechanisms by which cell-cell interactions regulate tumour cell behaviour and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine P Tan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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40
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Joubert JR, Smith KA, Johnson E, Keogh JP, Wysocki VH, Gale BK, Conboy JC, Saavedra SS. Stable, ligand-doped, poly(bis-SorbPC) lipid bilayer arrays for protein binding and detection. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2009; 1:1310-5. [PMID: 20355927 PMCID: PMC2857382 DOI: 10.1021/am900177p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A continuous-flow microspotter was used to generate planar arrays of stabilized bilayers composed of the polymerizable lipid bis-SorbPC and dopant lipids bearing ligands for proteins. Fluorescence microscopy was used to determine the uniformity of the bilayers and to detect protein binding. After UV-initiated polymerization, poly(lipid) bilayer microarrays were air-stable. Cholera toxin subunit b (CTb) bound to an array of poly(lipid) bilayers doped with GM(1), and the extent of binding was correlated to the mole percentage of GM(1) in each spot. A poly(lipid) bilayer array composed of spots doped with GM(1) and spots doped with biotin-DOPE specifically bound CTb and streptavidin to the respective spots from a dissolved mixture of the two proteins. Poly(bis-SorbPC)/GM(1) arrays retained specific CTb binding capacity after multiple regenerations with a protein denaturing solution and also after exposure to air. In addition, these arrays are stable in vacuum, which allows the use of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry to detect specifically bound CTb. This work demonstrates the considerable potential of poly(lipid) bilayer arrays for high-throughput binding assays and lipidomics studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R. Joubert
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, 1306 E. University Boulevard, Tucson, Arizona 85721
| | - Kathryn A. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S. 1400 E., Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
| | - Erin Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, 1306 E. University Boulevard, Tucson, Arizona 85721
| | - John P. Keogh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, 1306 E. University Boulevard, Tucson, Arizona 85721
| | - Vicki H. Wysocki
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, 1306 E. University Boulevard, Tucson, Arizona 85721
| | - Bruce K. Gale
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, 315 S. 1400 E., Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
| | - John C. Conboy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S. 1400 E., Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
| | - S. Scott Saavedra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, 1306 E. University Boulevard, Tucson, Arizona 85721
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Kumar K, Tang CS, Rossetti FF, Textor M, Keller B, Vörös J, Reimhult E. Formation of supported lipid bilayers on indium tin oxide for dynamically-patterned membrane-functionalized microelectrode arrays. LAB ON A CHIP 2009; 9:718-725. [PMID: 19224023 DOI: 10.1039/b814281e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Supported lipid bilayers (SLBs) are ideal platforms for the study of membrane proteins and function. Assembly of functional SLBs in an array format would lead to a breakthrough in high-throughput screening of membrane-associated processes, e.g., drugs binding to transmembrane proteins. We report the formation of SLBs from the rupture of anionic vesicles in the presence of Ca(2+) ions on ITO-coated surfaces and characterise the assembly and SLB properties. Furthermore, the formation, manipulation and regeneration of SLBs adsorbed on ITO microelectrode array spots using an electric potential switch are demonstrated. This platform enables addressable assembly and the study of electrochemically mediated membrane processes in a microarray format which can be regenerated in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthik Kumar
- BioInterface Group, Laboratory of Surface Science and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zürich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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Santos O, Arnebrant T. Silica supported phospholipid layers doped with GM1: A comparison between different methods. J Colloid Interface Sci 2009; 329:213-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2008.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2008] [Revised: 09/11/2008] [Accepted: 09/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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43
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Protein Microarrays for the Detection of Biothreats. MICROARRAYS 2009. [PMCID: PMC7122912 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-72719-6_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Although protein microarrays have proven to be an important tool in proteomics research, the technology is emerging as useful for public health and defense applications. Recent progress in the measurement and characterization of biothreat agents is reviewed in this chapter. Details concerning validation of various protein microarray formats, from contact-printed sandwich assays to supported lipid bilayers, are presented. The reviewed technologies have important implications for in vitro characterization of toxin–ligand interactions, serotyping of bacteria, screening of potential biothreat inhibitors, and as core components of biosensors, among others, research and engineering applications.
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Moran-Mirabal JM, Santhanam N, Corgie SC, Craighead HG, Walker LP. Immobilization of cellulose fibrils on solid substrates for cellulase-binding studies through quantitative fluorescence microscopy. Biotechnol Bioeng 2008; 101:1129-41. [PMID: 18563846 DOI: 10.1002/bit.21990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Cellulases, enzymes capable of depolymerizing cellulose polymers into fermentable sugars, are essential components in the production of bioethanol from lignocellulosic materials. Given the importance of these enzymes to the evolving biofuel industry considerable research effort is focused on understanding the interaction between cellulases and cellulose fibrils. This manuscript presents a method that addresses challenges that must be overcome in order to study such interactions through high-resolution fluorescence microscopy. First, it is shown that cellulose can be immobilized on solid substrates through a polymer lift-off technique. The immobilized cellulose aggregates present characteristic morphologies influenced by the patterned feature size used to immobilize it. Thus, through a variety of pattern sizes, cellulose can be immobilized in the form of cellulose particles, cellulose mats or individual cellulose fibrils. Second, it is shown that both cellulose and Thermobifida fusca cellulases Cel5A, Cel6B, and Cel9A can be fluorescently tagged and that the labeling does not inhibit the capability of these cellulases to depolymerize cellulose. The combination of the immobilization technique together with fluorescence labeling yields a system that can be used to study cellulose-cellulase interactions with spatial and temporal resolution not available through more conventional techniques which measure ensemble averages. It is shown that with such a system, the kinetics of cellulase binding onto cellulose fibrils and mats can be followed through sequences of fluorescence images. The intensity from the images can then be used to reconstruct binding curves for the cellulases studied. It was found that the complexity of cellulose morphology has a large impact on the binding curve characteristics, with binding curves for individual cellulose fibrils closely following a binding saturation model and binding curves for cellulose mats and particles deviating from it. The behavior observed is interpreted as the effect pore and interstice penetration play in cellulase binding to the accessible surface of cellulose aggregates. These results validate our method for immobilizing nanoscale cellulose fibrils and fibril aggregates on solid supports and lay the foundation for future studies on cellulase-cellulose interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose M Moran-Mirabal
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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45
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Shreve AP, Howland MC, Sapuri-Butti AR, Allen TW, Parikh AN. Evidence for leaflet-dependent redistribution of charged molecules in fluid supported phospholipid bilayers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2008; 24:13250-3. [PMID: 19007257 PMCID: PMC2670441 DOI: 10.1021/la802909c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The asymmetric distribution of charged molecules between the leaflets of solid-substrate-supported phospholipid bilayers is studied using imaging ellipsometry, fluorescence microscopy, and numerical solutions of the Poisson-Boltzmann equation. Experiments are facilitated by the use of patterned substrates that allow for side-by-side comparison of lipid monolayers and supported bilayers. On silica surfaces, negatively charged lipid components are shown to be enriched in the outer leaflet of a supported bilayer system at modest salt concentrations. The approaches developed provide a general means for determining asymmetries of charged components in supported lipid bilayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Shreve
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
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Smith KA, Gale BK, Conboy JC. Micropatterned fluid lipid bilayer arrays created using a continuous flow microspotter. Anal Chem 2008; 80:7980-7. [PMID: 18841940 PMCID: PMC2892873 DOI: 10.1021/ac800860u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a new method for creating micropatterned lipid bilayer arrays (MLBAs) using a 3D microfluidic system. An array of fluid lipid membranes was patterned onto a glass substrate using a Continuous Flow Microspotter. Fluorescence microscopy experiments were used to verify the formation of a bilayer structure on the glass substrate. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching experiments demonstrated the bilayers' fluidity was maintained while being individually corralled on the substrate. The reproducibility of bilayer formation within an array was demonstrated by the linear response of membrane fluorescence versus mol % rhodamine functionalized lipids incorporated into the vesicles prior to fusion to the surface. The highly customizable nature of the MLBAs was demonstrated utilizing three different fluorescently labeled lipids to generate a multiple component lipid array. Finally, the cholera toxin B/ganglioside GM 1, antidinitrophenyl (DNP) antibody/DNP, and NeutrAvidin/biotin protein-ligand systems were used to model multiple protein-ligand binding on the MLBAs. The multicomponent patterned bilayers were functionalized with GM 1, DNP, and biotin lipids, and binding curves was generated by recording surface fluorescence versus increasing concentration of membrane bound ligands.
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Shi J, Yang T, Cremer PS. Multiplexing ligand-receptor binding measurements by chemically patterning microfluidic channels. Anal Chem 2008; 80:6078-84. [PMID: 18570383 PMCID: PMC3449174 DOI: 10.1021/ac800912f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A method has been designed for patterning supported phospholipid bilayers (SLBs) on planar substrates and inside microfluidic channels. To do this, bovine serum albumin (BSA) monolayers were formed via adsorption at the liquid/solid interface. Next, this interfacial protein film was selectively patterned by using deep UV lithography. Subsequently, SLBs could be deposited in the patterned locations by vesicle fusion. By cycling through this process several times, spatially addressed bilayer arrays could be formed with intervening protein molecules serving as two-dimensional corrals. By employing this method, phospholipid bilayers containing various concentrations of ganglioside GM1 were addressed along the length of individual microfluidic channels. Therefore, the binding of GM1 with pentameric cholera toxin B (CTB) subunits could be probed. A seven-channel microfluidic device was fabricated for this purpose. Each channel was simultaneously patterned with four chemically distinct SLBs containing 0, 0.2, 0.5, and 2.0 mol % GM1, respectively. Varying concentrations of CTB were then introduced into each of the channels. With the use of total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy, it was possible to simultaneously abstract multiple equilibrium dissociation constants as a function of ligand density for the CTB-GM1 system in a single shot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjun Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
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48
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Suzuki H, Takeuchi S. Microtechnologies for membrane protein studies. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 391:2695-702. [PMID: 18335213 PMCID: PMC2516541 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-1916-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2007] [Revised: 01/22/2008] [Accepted: 01/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Despite the rapid and enormous progress in biotechnologies, the biochemical analysis of membrane proteins is still a difficult task. The presence of the large hydrophobic region buried in the lipid bilayer membrane (transmembrane domain) makes it difficult to analyze membrane proteins in standard assays developed for water-soluble proteins. To handle membrane proteins, the lipid bilayer membrane may be used as a platform to sustain their functionalities. Relatively slow progress in developing micro total analysis systems (microTAS) for membrane protein analysis directly reflects the difficulty of handling lipid membranes, which is a common problem in bulk measurement technologies. Nonetheless, researchers are continuing to develop efficient and sensitive analytical microsystems for the study of membrane proteins. Here, we review the latest developments, which enable detection of events caused by membrane proteins, such as ion channel current, membrane transport, and receptor/ligand interaction, by utilizing microfabricated structures. High-throughput and highly sensitive detection systems for membrane proteins are now becoming a realistic goal. Although most of these systems are still in the early stages of development, we believe this field will become one of the most important applications of microTAS for pharmaceutical and clinical screenings as well as for basic biochemical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Suzuki
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Komaba 4-6-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505 Japan
- Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-1, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871 Japan
| | - Shoji Takeuchi
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Komaba 4-6-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505 Japan
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Wright D, Rajalingam B, Karp JM, Selvarasah S, Ling Y, Yeh J, Langer R, Dokmeci MR, Khademhosseini A. Reusable, reversibly sealable parylene membranes for cell and protein patterning. J Biomed Mater Res A 2008; 85:530-8. [PMID: 17729252 PMCID: PMC2841044 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.31281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The patterned deposition of cells and biomolecules on surfaces is a potentially useful tool for in vitro diagnostics, high-throughput screening, and tissue engineering. Here, we describe an inexpensive and potentially widely applicable micropatterning technique that uses reversible sealing of microfabricated parylene-C stencils on surfaces to enable surface patterning. Using these stencils it is possible to generate micropatterns and copatterns of proteins and cells, including NIH-3T3 fibroblasts, hepatocytes and embryonic stem cells. After patterning, the stencils can be removed from the surface, plasma treated to remove adsorbed proteins, and reused. A variety of hydrophobic surfaces including PDMS, polystyrene and acrylated glass were patterned using this approach. Furthermore, we demonstrated the reusability and mechanical integrity of the parylene membrane for at least 10 consecutive patterning processes. These parylene-C stencils are potentially scalable commercially and easily accessible for many biological and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan Wright
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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50
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Wilkop T, Xu D, Cheng Q. Electrochemical characterization of pore formation by bacterial protein toxins on hybrid supported membranes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2008; 24:5615-5621. [PMID: 18402473 DOI: 10.1021/la704027c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of pore-forming streptolysin O (SLO) with biomimetic lipid membranes has been studied by electrochemical methods. Phosphatidylcholine lipid vesicles were deposited onto gold electrodes modified with supporting layers of hexyl thioctate (HT) or thioctic acid tri(ethylene glycol) ester (TA-TEGE), and integrity and permeability of the resulting membranes were characterized by cyclic voltammetry and impedance spectroscopy. Both positively and negatively charged electrochemical probes, potassium ferrocyanide, hexaammineruthenium(III) chloride, and ferrocene carboxylic acid (FCA), were employed to evaluate their suitability to probe the membrane permeability properties, with FCA exhibiting ideal behavior and thus employed throughout the work. Fusion of vesicles incubated with SLO on the electrodes yielded membranes that showed a distinctive response pattern for FCA as a function of SLO concentration. A direct dependence of both the currents and peak separation of FCA in the cyclic voltammograms was observed over a concentration range of 0-10 hemolytic units (HU)/microL of the toxin. The interaction of SLO with preformed supported lipid membranes was also investigated, and much lower response was observed, suggesting a different extent of membrane-toxin interactions on such an interface. Nonionic surfactant Triton was found to disrupt the vesicle structure but could not completely remove a preformed membrane to fully restore the electrode response. The information reported here offers some unique insight into toxin-surface interactions on a hybrid membrane, facilitating the development of electrochemically based sensing platforms for detecting trace amounts of bacterial toxins via the perforation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wilkop
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
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