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Campo Verde Arbocco F, Pascual LI, García D, Ortiz I, Gamarra-Luques C, Carón RW, Hapon MB. Epigenetic impact of hypothyroidism on the functional differentiation of the mammary gland in rats. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2024; 590:112267. [PMID: 38729597 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2024.112267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Mammary gland (MG) lactogenic differentiation involves epigenetic mechanisms. We have previously shown that hypothyroidism (HypoT) alters the MG transcriptome in lactation. However, the role of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4 a. k.a. THs) in epigenetic differentiation of MG is still unknown. We used a model of post-lactating HypoT rats to study in MG: a) Methylation and expression level of Gata3, Elf5, Stat6, Stat5a, Stat5b; b) Expression of Lalba, IL-4Rα and Ncoa1 mRNA; c) Histone H3 acetylation and d) Estrogen and progesterone concentration in serum. HypoT increases the estrogen serum level, decreases the progesterone level, promotes methylation of Stat5a, Stat5b and Stat6, decreasing their mRNA level and of its target genes (Lalba and IL-4Rα) and increases the Ncoa1 mRNA expression and histone H3 acetylation level. Our results proved that HypoT alters the post-lactation MG epigenome and could compromise mammary functional differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiorella Campo Verde Arbocco
- Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU, CONICET) Mendoza, Argentina; Universidad de Mendoza, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Argentina.
| | - Lourdes Inés Pascual
- Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU, CONICET) Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Daiana García
- Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU, CONICET) Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Irina Ortiz
- Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU, CONICET) Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Carlos Gamarra-Luques
- Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU, CONICET) Mendoza, Argentina; Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Rubén Walter Carón
- Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU, CONICET) Mendoza, Argentina
| | - María Belén Hapon
- Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU, CONICET) Mendoza, Argentina; Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Mendoza, Argentina
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Jin D, Yu X, Wang Q, Chen X, Xiao M, Wang H, Cui Y, Lu W, Ge L, Yao Y, Zhou X, Wu J, Jian S, Yang H, Tao Y, Shen Q. A study of the effect of hypothyroidism during pregnancy on human milk quality based on rheological properties. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:3400-3412. [PMID: 38135045 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Hypothyroidism has been found to have an effect on the nutritional composition of human milk during pregnancy. This study aims to explore the combined influence of rheological properties, macronutrient content, particle size, and the zeta potential of milk fat globules, as well as the composition of milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) proteins on the quality of human milk in gestational hypothyroidism. The study revealed that human milk from the group with hypothyroidism during pregnancy (AHM) was less viscoelastic and stable when compared with normal pregnancy group human milk (NHM). Furthermore, the particle size and macronutrient content of NHM were found to be larger than that of AHM. In contrast, the zeta potential of AHM was greater than that of NHM. The sodium dodecyl sulfate-PAGE results disclosed that the composition of MFGM proteins in these 2 groups were generally the same, but the content of AHM was lower than that of NHM. In conclusion, this study confirms that hypothyroidism during pregnancy can have a significant effect on the quality of human milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danping Jin
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Zhejiang Province Joint Key Laboratory of Aquatic Products Processing, Institute of Seafood, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Xinyue Yu
- Alberta Institute, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Qingcheng Wang
- Hangzhou Linping Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou 311199, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Zhejiang Province Joint Key Laboratory of Aquatic Products Processing, Institute of Seafood, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Min Xiao
- Hangzhou Linping District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311113, China
| | - Haifeng Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Zhejiang Province Joint Key Laboratory of Aquatic Products Processing, Institute of Seafood, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Yiwei Cui
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Zhejiang Province Joint Key Laboratory of Aquatic Products Processing, Institute of Seafood, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Weibo Lu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Zhejiang Province Joint Key Laboratory of Aquatic Products Processing, Institute of Seafood, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Lijun Ge
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Zhejiang Province Joint Key Laboratory of Aquatic Products Processing, Institute of Seafood, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Ying Yao
- Hangzhou Linping District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311113, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhou
- Hangzhou Linping District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311113, China
| | - Jiahui Wu
- Institute of Seafood, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Shikai Jian
- Institute of Seafood, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Huijuan Yang
- College of Standardization, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China.
| | - Ye Tao
- Hangzhou Linping District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311113, China
| | - Qing Shen
- Institute of Seafood, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310012, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Quzhou Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou People's Hospital, Quzhou 324000, China.
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3
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Yang R, Cao J, Speakman JR, Zhao Z. Limits to sustained energy intake. XXXIII. Thyroid hormones play important roles in milk production but do not define the heat dissipation limit in Swiss mice. J Exp Biol 2023; 226:jeb245393. [PMID: 37767758 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.245393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
The limits to sustained energy intake set physiological upper boundaries that affect many aspects of human and animal performance. The mechanisms underlying these limits, however, remain unclear. We exposed Swiss mice to either supplementary thyroid hormones (THs) or the inhibitor methimazole during lactation at 21 or 32.5°C, and measured food intake, resting metabolic rate (RMR), milk energy output (MEO), serum THs and mammary gland gene expression of females, and litter size and mass of their offspring. Lactating females developed hyperthyroidism following exposure to supplementary THs at 21°C, but they did not significantly change body temperature, asymptotic food intake, RMR or MEO, and litter and mass were unaffected. Hypothyroidism, induced by either methimazole or 32.5°C exposure, significantly decreased asymptotic food intake, RMR and MEO, resulting in significantly decreased litter size and litter mass. Furthermore, gene expression of key genes in the mammary gland was significantly decreased by either methimazole or heat exposure, including gene expression of THs and prolactin receptors, and Stat5a and Stat5b. This suggests that endogenous THs are necessary to maintain sustained energy intake and MEO. Suppression of the thyroid axis seems to be an essential aspect of the mechanism by which mice at 32.5°C reduce their lactation performance to avoid overheating. However, THs do not define the upper limit to sustained energy intake and MEO at peak lactation at 21°C. Another, as yet unknown, factor prevents supplementary thyroxine exerting any stimulatory metabolic impacts on lactating mice at 21°C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yang
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Jing Cao
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - John R Speakman
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Metabolic Health, Center for Energy Metabolism and Reproduction, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK
| | - Zhijun Zhao
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
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Kim DS, Park S. Interactions between Polygenetic Variants and Lifestyle Factors in Hypothyroidism: A Hospital-Based Cohort Study. Nutrients 2023; 15:3850. [PMID: 37686882 PMCID: PMC10490100 DOI: 10.3390/nu15173850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypothyroidism is a prevalent endocrine disorder and is associated with a variety of metabolic disturbances. This study aimed to investigate the polygenic variants associated with hypothyroidism risk and the interaction of polygenic risk scores (PRS) with dietary patterns in influencing disease risk in 56,664 participants aged >40 in a hospital-based cohort. The participants were classified as having hypothyroidism (n = 870) diagnosed by a physician and no hypothyroidism (n = 55,794). Genetic variants associated with hypothyroidism were identified using a genome-wide association study (GWAS). Genetic variants interacting with each other were selected using a generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction analysis, and the PRS generated was evaluated for interaction with lifestyle parameters. Coffee, alcohol, meat intake, and a Korean balanced diet were inversely associated with hypothyroidism risk, as were selenium, copper, and manganese intakes. White blood cell (WBC) counts and serum alkaline phosphatase and triglyceride concentrations were positively associated with hypothyroidism risk, as were osteoporosis and thyroid cancer. The GMDR analysis generated a three-single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) model comprising dual oxidase-1 (DUOX1)_rs1648314; thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR)_rs75664963; and major histocompatibility complex, class-II, DQ Alpha-1 (HLA-DQA1)_rs17426593. The PRS derived from the three- and seven-SNP models were associated with a 2.11- and 2.32-fold increase in hypothyroidism risk, respectively. Furthermore, the PRS from the three-SNP model showed interactions with WBC counts, wherein the positive association with hypothyroidism risk was more pronounced in participants with low WBC counts than those with high WBC counts (≥4 × 109 /L). Dietary patterns, such as the plant-based diet (PBD) and the Western-style diet (WSD), along with smoking status, exhibited interactions with the PRS, influencing hypothyroidism risk. In participants with a high PRS, those in the high-PBD, low-WSD, and smoker groups had a higher proportion of hypothyroidism than those in the low-PBD, high-WSD, and non-smoker groups. In conclusion, genetic variants related to immunity and thyroid hormone secretion were linked to hypothyroidism risk, and their PRS interacted with PBD and WSD intake and smoking status. These results contribute to a better understanding of hypothyroidism and its prevention strategies for precision medicine intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sunmin Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Obesity/Diabetes Research Center, Hoseo University, Asan 31499, Republic of Korea;
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Sokou R, Parastatidou S, Iliodromiti Z, Lampropoulou K, Vrachnis D, Boutsikou T, Konstantinidi A, Iacovidou N. Knowledge Gaps and Current Evidence Regarding Breastfeeding Issues in Mothers with Chronic Diseases. Nutrients 2023; 15:2822. [PMID: 37447149 DOI: 10.3390/nu15132822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of chronic maternal disease is rising in the last decades in the developed world. Recent evidence indicated that the incidence of chronic maternal disease ranges from 10 to 30% of pregnancies worldwide. Several epidemiological studies in mothers with chronic diseases have mainly focused on the risk for adverse obstetric outcomes. Evidence from these studies supports a correlation between maternal chronic conditions and adverse perinatal outcomes, including increased risk for preeclampsia, cesarean section, preterm birth, and admission in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU). However, there is a knowledge gap pertaining to the management of these women during lactation. This review aimed at summarizing the available research literature regarding breastfeeding in mothers with chronic diseases. Adjusted and evidence-based support may be required to promote breastfeeding in women with chronic diseases; however, our comprehension of breastfeeding in this subpopulation is still unclear. The literature related to breastfeeding extends in various scientific areas and multidisciplinary effort is necessary to compile an overview of current evidence and knowledge regarding breastfeeding issues in mothers with chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rozeta Sokou
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, "Agios Panteleimon" General Hospital of Nikea, 3 D.Mantouvalou Str., Nikea, 18454 Piraeus, Greece
- Neonatal Department, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Aretaieio Hospital, 11528 Athens, Greece
| | - Stavroula Parastatidou
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, "Elena Venizelou" Maternity Hospital, 11521 Athens, Greece
| | - Zoi Iliodromiti
- Neonatal Department, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Aretaieio Hospital, 11528 Athens, Greece
| | - Katerina Lampropoulou
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Dionysios Vrachnis
- Endocrinology Unit, 2nd Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Aretaieio Hospital, 11528 Athens, Greece
| | - Theodora Boutsikou
- Neonatal Department, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Aretaieio Hospital, 11528 Athens, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Konstantinidi
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, "Agios Panteleimon" General Hospital of Nikea, 3 D.Mantouvalou Str., Nikea, 18454 Piraeus, Greece
| | - Nicoletta Iacovidou
- Neonatal Department, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Aretaieio Hospital, 11528 Athens, Greece
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Timmermann A, Avenbuan ON, Romano ME, Braun JM, Tolstrup JS, Vandenberg LN, Fenton SE. Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances and Breastfeeding as a Vulnerable Function: A Systematic Review of Epidemiological Studies. TOXICS 2023; 11:325. [PMID: 37112552 PMCID: PMC10145877 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11040325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Milk formation in the breast during breastfeeding is a complex hormonally regulated process, potentially sensitive to the effects of endocrine-disrupting chemical exposures. The environmental chemicals, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are known endocrine disruptors. PFAS exposure have been associated with insufficient mammary gland development in mice and reduced breastfeeding duration in humans. The aim of this review was to gather the epidemiological evidence on the association between PFAS exposure and breastfeeding duration. Using PubMed and Embase, we performed a systematic literature search (on 23 January 2023) to identify epidemiological studies examining the association between maternal PFAS exposure and breastfeeding duration. Animal studies, reviews, and non-English studies were excluded. The risk of bias was assessed using the risk of bias in non-randomized studies of exposures tool. Estimates describing the association between PFAS exposure and the duration of breastfeeding were identified, and the data were synthesized separately for each type of PFAS and for the duration of exclusive and total breastfeeding. Six studies with between 336 and 2374 participants each were identified. PFAS exposure was assessed in serum samples (five studies) or based on residential address (one study). Five out of six studies found shorter total duration of breastfeeding with higher PFAS exposure. The most consistent associations were seen for perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA). The finding of a potential causal association between PFAS exposure and breastfeeding duration is in agreement with findings from experimental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalie Timmermann
- National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, 1455 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Oyemwenosa N. Avenbuan
- Curriculum in Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27 599-7325, USA
| | - Megan E. Romano
- Department of Epidemiology, Dartmouth Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, NH 03 755, USA
| | - Joseph M. Braun
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02 903, USA
| | - Janne S. Tolstrup
- National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, 1455 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Laura N. Vandenberg
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01 003, USA
| | - Suzanne E. Fenton
- Mechanistic Toxicology Branch, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, NC 27 709, USA
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Abruzzese GA, Arbocco FCV, Ferrer MJ, Silva AF, Motta AB. Role of Hormones During Gestation and Early Development: Pathways Involved in Developmental Programming. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1428:31-70. [PMID: 37466768 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-32554-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that an altered maternal milieu and environmental insults during the intrauterine and perinatal periods of life affect the developing organism, leading to detrimental long-term outcomes and often to adult pathologies through programming effects. Hormones, together with growth factors, play critical roles in the regulation of maternal-fetal and maternal-neonate interfaces, and alterations in any of them may lead to programming effects on the developing organism. In this chapter, we will review the role of sex steroids, thyroid hormones, and insulin-like growth factors, as crucial factors involved in physiological processes during pregnancy and lactation, and their role in developmental programming effects during fetal and early neonatal life. Also, we will consider epidemiological evidence and data from animal models of altered maternal hormonal environments and focus on the role of different tissues in the establishment of maternal and fetus/infant interaction. Finally, we will identify unresolved questions and discuss potential future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giselle Adriana Abruzzese
- Laboratorio de Fisio-patología ovárica, Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFYBO), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fiorella Campo Verde Arbocco
- Laboratorio de Hormonas y Biología del Cáncer, Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina
- Laboratorio de Reproducción y Lactancia, IMBECU, CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Mendoza, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - María José Ferrer
- Laboratorio de Fisio-patología ovárica, Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFYBO), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Aimé Florencia Silva
- Laboratorio de Fisio-patología ovárica, Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFYBO), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alicia Beatriz Motta
- Laboratorio de Fisio-patología ovárica, Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFYBO), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Uncontrolled Thyroid during Pregnancy Alters the Circulative and Exerted Metabolome. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084248. [PMID: 35457066 PMCID: PMC9029102 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Normal levels of thyroid hormones (THs) are essential for a normal pregnancy outcome, fetal growth and the normal function of the central nervous system. Hypothyroidism, a common endocrine disorder during pregnancy, is a significant metabolic factor leading to cognitive impairments. It is essential to investigate whether patients with thyroid dysfunction may present an altered circulative and excreted metabolic profile, even after receiving treatment with thyroxine supplements. NMR metabolomics was employed to analyze 90 serum and corresponding colostrum samples. Parallel analyses of the two biological specimens provided a snapshot of the maternal metabolism through the excretive and circulating characteristics of mothers. The metabolomics data were analyzed by performing multivariate statistical, biomarker and pathway analyses. Our results highlight the impact of hypothyroidism on metabolites’ composition during pregnancy and lactation. Thyroid disorder causing metabolite fluctuations may lead to impaired lipid and glucose metabolic pathways as well as aberrant prenatal neurodevelopment, thus posing a background for the occurrence of metabolic syndrome or neurogenerative diseases later in life. This risk applies to not only untreated but also hypothyroid women under replacement therapy since our findings in both biofluids framed a different metabolic phenotype for the latter group, thus emphasizing the need to monitor women adequately after treatment initiation.
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Bibi S, Shah M, Malik MO, Goosens KA. T3 is linked to stress-associated reduction of prolactin in lactating women. J Neuroendocrinol 2021; 33:e13003. [PMID: 34241933 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between stress responses and lactation is bidirectional. Breastfeeding confers many benefits to maternal health, including attenuated hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis responsiveness to stress. However, increased stress burden can impair lactation. The mechanisms that underlie these relationships are poorly understood. The present study aimed to compare breastfeeding habits, as well as subjective and objective measures of stress, in employed and non-employed lactating women and assess the relationships between these measures and prolactin (PRL), thyroid hormones (thyroid-stimulating hormone, triiodothyronine [T3] and thyroxine), vasopressin and cortisol levels. A dexamethasone suppression test was also administered to determine the sensitivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis to negative-feedback. We report that lactating employed women had lower breastfeeding rates and lower PRL than lactating non-employed women. They also had a significantly higher stress burden, indicated by elevations in blood pressure and evening cortisol, relative to lactating non-employed women. In regression analyses that controlled for feeding modality and breastfeeding duration, we found these factors differentially affected PRL in the two groups and there were significant differences in PRL across groups that were not accounted for by these factors. A mediation regression analysis suggested that group differences in PRL were best explained by differences in T3 and income levels, rather than breastfeeding duration or other variables. Our data fit a speculative model in which elevated maternal stress increases cortisol, which suppresses T3, leading to decreased PRL. The decreases in PRL are associated with higher rates of bottlefeeding, which may further contribute to decreased PRL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safia Bibi
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Mohsin Shah
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Omar Malik
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Ki Ann Goosens
- Department of Psychiatry and Center for Affective Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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Rinaldini E, Verde Arboccó FC, Ezquer M, Gamarra-Luques C, Hapon MB. Effect of Thyromimetic GC-1 Selective Signaling on Reproductive and Lactational Performance in the Hypothyroid Rat. Eur Thyroid J 2021; 10:425-433. [PMID: 34540713 PMCID: PMC8406258 DOI: 10.1159/000516432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The potential of the thyroid hormone receptor β (TRβ1) selective analog GC-1 has been widely proven in animal models and humans. However, its effect on the reproductive stage of the female rat has not been evaluated. METHODS The effect of the administration of GC-1 or equimolar doses of triiodothyronine (T3) was evaluated on the reproductive performance of the hypothyroid female rat and the indirect effect on pup thyroid status, weight, and survival. RESULTS Hypothyroidism reduced the number of embryos implanted in the uterus, whereas T3 and GC-1 treatment in hypothyroid females reestablished the number of implanted embryos to normal. Initiation of labor was delayed by hypothyroidism, and T3 replacement treatment reinstated the normal timing of parturition. The administration of GC-1 alone to the lactating mother did not affect pup survival, weight, or thyroidal status. CONCLUSIONS Our findings show the differential effect of thyroid hormone selective signaling during gestation and the indirect exposure of the pups; we also emphasize the plausible use of GC-1 for treatment of hypothyroid mothers during the lactation period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía Rinaldini
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Fiorella Campo Verde Arboccó
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Marcelo Ezquer
- Centro de Medicina Regenerativa, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos Gamarra-Luques
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Instituto de Fisiología, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - María Belén Hapon
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
- *Correspondence to: María Belén Hapon,
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Sadovnikova A, Garcia SC, Hovey RC. A Comparative Review of the Extrinsic and Intrinsic Factors Regulating Lactose Synthesis. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2021; 26:197-215. [PMID: 34125363 PMCID: PMC8236052 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-021-09491-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Milk is critical for the survival of all mammalian offspring, where its production by a mammary gland is also positively associated with its lactose concentration. A clearer understanding of the factors that regulate lactose synthesis stands to direct strategies for improving neonatal health while also highlighting opportunities to manipulate and improve milk production and composition. In this review we draw a cross-species comparison of the extra- and intramammary factors that regulate lactose synthesis, with a special focus on humans, dairy animals, and rodents. We outline the various factors known to influence lactose synthesis including diet, hormones, and substrate supply, as well as the intracellular molecular and genetic mechanisms. We also discuss the strengths and limitations of various in vivo and in vitro systems for the study of lactose synthesis, which remains an important research gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sadovnikova
- Graduate Group in Nutritional Biology, Physician Scientist Training Program, University of California, Davis, CA, United States.
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA, United States.
| | - Sergio C Garcia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Russell C Hovey
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
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Morales-Martínez FA, Sordia-Hernández LH, Ruiz MM, Garcia-Luna S, Valdés-Martínez OH, Vidal-Gutierez O. Association between thyroid autoimmunity and ovarian reserve in women with hypothyroidism. Thyroid Res 2021; 14:6. [PMID: 33752726 PMCID: PMC7983266 DOI: 10.1186/s13044-021-00095-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The ovarian function and therefore the ovarian reserve may be compromised by the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases of which, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) is the most common in women of reproductive age. Furthermore, a prolonged reduction in thyroid hormone concentration results in a broad spectrum of reproductive alteration. Previous reports in the literature have been controversial regarding the impact of hypothyroidism and alterations in the ovarian reserve. Thus, this prospective and comparative study aimed to evaluate the association of hypothyroidism with low ovarian reserve. Materials and Methods A subset of 27 patients with primary autoimmune hypothyroidism were compared to healthy women. The ovarian reserve was assessed through the anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) and the antral follicle count (AFC). Results Overall, the two groups did not display significant differences in length of their menstrual cycles neither in the AMH serum levels nor the AFC. Conclusions No significant alteration was found in the ovarian reserve of women with HT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe A Morales-Martínez
- Centro Universitario de Medicina Reproductiva, Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León. Monterrey, Edificio Rodrigo Barragán 3er piso Ave., Av. Francisco I. Madero s/n y Gonzalitos Col. Mitras Centro, NL, C.P. 64460, Monterrey, Mexico.
| | - Luis H Sordia-Hernández
- Centro Universitario de Medicina Reproductiva, Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León. Monterrey, Edificio Rodrigo Barragán 3er piso Ave., Av. Francisco I. Madero s/n y Gonzalitos Col. Mitras Centro, NL, C.P. 64460, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Martha Merino Ruiz
- Centro Universitario de Medicina Reproductiva, Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León. Monterrey, Edificio Rodrigo Barragán 3er piso Ave., Av. Francisco I. Madero s/n y Gonzalitos Col. Mitras Centro, NL, C.P. 64460, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Selene Garcia-Luna
- Centro Universitario de Medicina Reproductiva, Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León. Monterrey, Edificio Rodrigo Barragán 3er piso Ave., Av. Francisco I. Madero s/n y Gonzalitos Col. Mitras Centro, NL, C.P. 64460, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Otto H Valdés-Martínez
- Centro Universitario de Medicina Reproductiva, Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León. Monterrey, Edificio Rodrigo Barragán 3er piso Ave., Av. Francisco I. Madero s/n y Gonzalitos Col. Mitras Centro, NL, C.P. 64460, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Oscar Vidal-Gutierez
- Departamento de Ginecología y Obstetricia, Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, NL, Monterrey, México
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13
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Lopes FDO, Soares FVM, Silva DAD, Moreira MEL. Do Thyroid Diseases during Pregnancy and Lactation Affect the Nutritional Composition of Human Milk? REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE GINECOLOGIA E OBSTETRÍCIA 2020; 42:752-758. [PMID: 33254271 PMCID: PMC10309223 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1718449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify whether the effects of thyroid disease during pregnancy and lactation affect the nutritional composition of human milk. METHODS Systematic review of the scientific literature using the Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online/MedLine databases to evaluate the association of thyroid diseases during pregnancy and lactation with the nutritional composition of human milk. There was no delimitation by period or by language, and the searches were completed in March 2019. The following descriptors were applied: human milk AND thyroid AND composition, using the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) protocol for data search, selection, and extraction. The flowchart proposed for bibliographic search resulted in 12 articles and, of these, four were selected. RESULTS The articles elected for this review were published between 1976 and 2018. Two studies found significant differences in the nutritional composition of mothers' milk with hypothyroidism or overweight compared with the milk of those without hypothyroidism. Studies have shown that the presence of the disease led to changes in the nutritional composition of human milk, especially a higher concentration of human milk fat. CONCLUSION It is extremely important that these women have continuous nutritional follow-up to minimize the impact of these morbidities on the nutritional composition of human milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda de Oliveira Lopes
- Instituto Nacional da Saúde da Mulher, da Criança e do Adolescente Fernandes Figueira, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Valente Mendes Soares
- Instituto Nacional da Saúde da Mulher, da Criança e do Adolescente Fernandes Figueira, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Danielle Aparecida da Silva
- Instituto Nacional da Saúde da Mulher, da Criança e do Adolescente Fernandes Figueira, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Maria Elisabeth Lopes Moreira
- Instituto Nacional da Saúde da Mulher, da Criança e do Adolescente Fernandes Figueira, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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14
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Albuquerque YMLD, Silva WED, Souza FDAL, Teixeira VW, Teixeira ÁAC. Melatonin on hypothyroidism and gonadal development in rats: a review. JBRA Assist Reprod 2020; 24:498-506. [PMID: 32945645 PMCID: PMC7558891 DOI: 10.5935/1518-0557.20200053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the evidence in research on the effects of melatonin on hypothyroidism and gonadal development. According to the World Health Organization, thyroid disorders due to iodine deficiency affect about 740 million people worldwide. Hypothyroidism is a thyroid dysfunction characterized by hypometabolism of the gland, with reduced or physiologically normal T3 and T4 serum levels, and high TSH level. This disorder occurs mainly in adult women in the reproductive phase, with a prevalence of 2% among the world's female population, with profound repercussions on gestation and fetal formation. During the gestational period, the thyroid is initially stimulated by high concentrations of human chorionic gonadotrophin; thus, maintaining maternal euthyroidism during pregnancy and lactation is fundamental for fetal growth and development. Besides, the hormones produced by this gland are involved in the formation of various organs, such as the skin, brain and gonads. Hypothyroidism is associated with several menstrual abnormalities, anovulation and hyperprolactinemia, resulting in a high rate of abortions, premature births, placental rupture, and weight-related neonatal deficits. In addition, there are studies showing that hypothyroidism can affect ovarian morphology (number of ovarian follicles) and testicular morphology (changes in the testicular-lumen epithelium). Melatonin is a hormone known to modulate the estrous cycle and pregnancy, and studies show that the exogenous application of melatonin increased T4 levels in female rats and controlled the decrease in T3 serum levels, reverting the sigs of hypothyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Welma Emídio da Silva
- Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco- PE, Brazil
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Zhou J, Dong X, Liu Y, Jia Y, Wang Y, Zhou J, Jiang Z, Chen K. Gestational hypothyroidism elicits more pronounced lipid dysregulation in mice than pre-pregnant hypothyroidism. Endocr J 2020; 67:593-605. [PMID: 32161203 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej19-0455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormone is crucial for regulating lipid and glucose metabolism, which plays essential role in maintaining the health of pregnant women and their offspring. However, the current literature is just focusing on the development of offspring born to the untreated mothers with hypothyroidism, rather than mothers themselves. Additionally, the interaction between hypothyroidism and pregnancy, and its impact on the women's health are still elusive. Therefore, this study was designed to compare the metabolic differences in dams with hypothyroidism starting before pregnancy and after pregnancy. Pre-pregnant hypothyroidism was generated in 5-week-old female C57/BL/6J mice using iodine-deficient diet containing 0.15% propylthiouracil for 4 weeks, and the hypothyroidism was maintained until delivery. Gestational hypothyroidism was induced in dams after mating, using the same diet intervention until delivery. Compared with normal control, gestational hypothyroidism exhibited more prominent increase than pre-pregnant hypothyroidism in plasma total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and caused hepatic triglycerides accumulation. Similarly, more significant elevations of protein expressions of SREBP1c and p-ACL, while more dramatic inhibition of CPT1A and LDL-R levels were also observed in murine livers with gestational hypothyroidism than those with pre-pregnant hypothyroidism. Moreover, the murine hepatic levels of total cholesterol and gluconeogenesis were dramatically and equally enhanced in two hypothyroid groups, while plasma triglycerides and protein expressions of p-AKT, p-FoxO1 and APOC3 were reduced substantially in two hypothyroid groups. Taken together, our current study illuminated that gestational hypothyroidism may elicit more pronounced lipid dysregulation in dams than dose the pre-pregnant hypothyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhou
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, Anhui Medical University School of Public Health, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Xuan Dong
- Department of Health Inspection and Quarantine, Anhui Medical University School of Public Health, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Yajing Liu
- Department of Health Inspection and Quarantine, Anhui Medical University School of Public Health, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Yajing Jia
- Department of Health Inspection and Quarantine, Anhui Medical University School of Public Health, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, Anhui Medical University School of Public Health, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Ji Zhou
- Department of Health Inspection and Quarantine, Anhui Medical University School of Public Health, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Zhengxuan Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230021, China
| | - Keyang Chen
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, Anhui Medical University School of Public Health, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
- Department of Health Inspection and Quarantine, Anhui Medical University School of Public Health, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230021, China
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16
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Colella M, Cuomo D, Giacco A, Mallardo M, De Felice M, Ambrosino C. Thyroid Hormones and Functional Ovarian Reserve: Systemic vs. Peripheral Dysfunctions. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E1679. [PMID: 32492950 PMCID: PMC7355968 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9061679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs) exert pleiotropic effects in different mammalian organs, including gonads. Genetic and non-genetic factors, such as ageing and environmental stressors (e.g., low-iodine intake, exposure to endocrine disruptors, etc.), can alter T4/T3 synthesis by the thyroid. In any case, peripheral T3, controlled by tissue-specific enzymes (deiodinases), receptors and transporters, ensures organ homeostasis. Conflicting reports suggest that both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, assessed by mean of circulating T4, T3 and Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH), could affect the functionality of the ovarian reserve determining infertility. The relationship between ovarian T3 level and functional ovarian reserve (FOR) is poorly understood despite that the modifications of local T3 metabolism and signalling have been associated with dysfunctions of several organs. Here, we will summarize the current knowledge on the role of TH signalling and its crosstalk with other pathways in controlling the physiological and premature ovarian ageing and, finally, in preserving FOR. We will consider separately the reports describing the effects of circulating and local THs on the ovarian health to elucidate their role in ovarian dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Colella
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, via De Sanctis, 82100 Benevento, Italy; (M.C.); (A.G.)
- IRGS, Biogem-Scarl, Via Camporeale, Ariano Irpino, 83031 Avellino, Italy
| | - Danila Cuomo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
| | - Antonia Giacco
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, via De Sanctis, 82100 Benevento, Italy; (M.C.); (A.G.)
| | - Massimo Mallardo
- Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Mario De Felice
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
- Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy;
- IEOS-CNR, Via Pansini 6, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Concetta Ambrosino
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, via De Sanctis, 82100 Benevento, Italy; (M.C.); (A.G.)
- IRGS, Biogem-Scarl, Via Camporeale, Ariano Irpino, 83031 Avellino, Italy
- IEOS-CNR, Via Pansini 6, 80131 Naples, Italy
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17
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Effects of maternal hypothyroidism in the gastrointestinal system of male young offspring from Wistar rats. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2020; 12:286-292. [PMID: 32345396 DOI: 10.1017/s204017442000029x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in the maternal environment may impact on the fetal development. The objective of this study was to investigate the gastrointestinal consequences of maternal hypothyroidism for the male offspring from Wistar rats. The pregnant rats were divided into three groups: control (C - received water), experimental 1 [E1 - received methimazole (MMI) solution] during gestation and lactation, and experimental 2 (E2 - received MMI solution) during gestation. Maternal parameters evaluated: free T3 and T4, bodyweight variation, and water/food intake. Offspring parameters evaluated: litter size, number of male/female, free T3 and T4, stomach area, gastric ulcer susceptibility, small intestine length and weight, small intestine and distal colon motility, the stomach and intestinal weight-body weight ratio (SW/BW-IW/BW), and the accumulation of intestinal fluid. Maternal T3 and T4 from E1 were decreased when compared to the other groups. There were no differences for maternal water/food intake and weight gain, litter size, and number of males and females. Regarding to offspring, free T3, SW/BW, IW/BW, and intestinal fluid accumulation were not different between the groups, but T4 was decreased in E1. However, 30-day-old pups from E1 and E2 were smaller with lower stomach and small intestine. Even more, E1 presented a lower ulcer index when compared to the C, while E2 had a higher distal colon transit. It can be concluded that maternal hypothyroidism impaired the total body development, as well as gastric and intestinal development, besides interfering with the susceptibility to the ulcer and intestinal transit of male offspring from Wistar rats.
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18
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Silva JF, Ocarino NM, Serakides R. Thyroid hormones and female reproduction. Biol Reprod 2019; 99:907-921. [PMID: 29767691 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioy115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormones are vital for the proper functioning of the female reproductive system, since they modulate the metabolism and development of ovarian, uterine, and placental tissues. Therefore, hypo- and hyperthyroidism may result in subfertility or infertility in both women and animals. Other well-documented sequelae of maternal thyroid dysfunctions include menstrual/estral irregularity, anovulation, abortion, preterm delivery, preeclampsia, intrauterine growth restriction, postpartum thyroiditis, and mental retardation in children. Several studies have been carried out involving prospective and retrospective studies of women with thyroid dysfunction, as well as in vivo and in vitro assays of hypo- and hyperthyroidism using experimental animal models and/or ovarian, uterine, and placental cell culture. These studies have sought to elucidate the mechanisms by which thyroid hormones influence reproduction to better understand the physiology of the reproductive system and to provide better therapeutic tools for reproductive dysfunctions that originate from thyroid dysfunctions. Therefore, this review aims to summarize and update the available information related to the role of thyroid hormones in the morphophysiology of the ovary, uterus, and placenta in women and animals and the effects of hypo- and hyperthyroidism on the female reproductive system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juneo F Silva
- Centro de Microscopia Eletrônica, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Natália M Ocarino
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rogéria Serakides
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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19
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Tapia-Martínez J, Franco-Colín M, Ortiz-Butron R, Pineda-Reynoso M, Cano-Europa E. Hypothyroid offspring replacement with euthyroid wet nurses during lactation improves thyroid programming without modifying metabolic programming. ARCHIVES OF ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM 2019; 63:199-207. [PMID: 31066757 PMCID: PMC10522202 DOI: 10.20945/2359-3997000000132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Determine the milk quality effect during lactation on the metabolic and thyroid programming of hypothyroid offspring. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ten-week-old female Wistar rats were divided into two groups: euthyroid and thyroidectomy-caused hypothyroidism. The rats were matted and, one day after birth, the pups were divided into three groups: euthyroid offspring (EO), hypothyroid offspring (HO) and hypothyroid with a euthyroid replacement wet nurse (HRO). During lactation, the milk quality and offspring body length were evaluated. The body weight and energy intake were determined on a weekly basis, as well as the metabolic profile at the prepubertal (P35-36) and postpubertal (P55-56) ages. At P56, the animals were sacrificed, the adipose tissues were weighed and the thyroid glands were dissected for histological processing. RESULTS The milk of the hypothyroid wet nurse decreases proteins (16-26%), lipids (22-29%) and lactate (22-37%) with respect to euthyroid. The HO has a lower body weight gain (23-33%), length (11-13%) and energy intake (15-21%). In addition, HO presents impaired fasting glucose and dyslipidemia, as well as a reduction in seric thyroid hormone (18-34%), adipose reserves (26-68%) and thyroid gland weight (25-34%). The HO present thyroid gland cytoarchitecture alteration. The HRO develop the same metabolic alterations as the HO. However, the thyroid gland dysfunction was partially prevented because the HRO improved under about 10% of the serum thyroid hormone concentration, the thyroid gland weight although histological glandular changes presented. CONCLUSIONS The replacement of hypothyroid offspring with a euthyroid wet nurse during lactation can improve the thyroid programming without modifying metabolic programming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Tapia-Martínez
- Instituto Politécnico NacionalDepartamento de FisiologíaEscuela Nacional de Ciencias BiológicasInstituto Politécnico NacionalCiudad de MéxicoMéxicoDepartamento de Fisiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas. Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
- Instituto Politécnico NacionalDepartamento de FisiologíaEscuela Nacional de Ciencias BiológicasInstituto Politécnico NacionalCiudad de MéxicoMéxicoDepartamento de Fisiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas. Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Margarita Franco-Colín
- Instituto Politécnico NacionalDepartamento de FisiologíaEscuela Nacional de Ciencias BiológicasInstituto Politécnico NacionalCiudad de MéxicoMéxicoDepartamento de Fisiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas. Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Rocio Ortiz-Butron
- Instituto Politécnico NacionalDepartamento de FisiologíaEscuela Nacional de Ciencias BiológicasInstituto Politécnico NacionalCiudad de MéxicoMéxicoDepartamento de Fisiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas. Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Marisol Pineda-Reynoso
- Instituto Politécnico NacionalDepartamento de Formación Básica DisciplinariaEscuela Superior de MedicinaInstituto Politécnico NacionalCiudad de MéxicoMéxicoAcademía de Histología, Departamento de Formación Básica Disciplinaria, Escuela Superior de Medicina. Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Edgar Cano-Europa
- Instituto Politécnico NacionalDepartamento de FisiologíaEscuela Nacional de Ciencias BiológicasInstituto Politécnico NacionalCiudad de MéxicoMéxicoDepartamento de Fisiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas. Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
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20
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O'Shaughnessy KL, Kosian PA, Ford JL, Oshiro WM, Degitz SJ, Gilbert ME. Developmental Thyroid Hormone Insufficiency Induces a Cortical Brain Malformation and Learning Impairments: A Cross-Fostering Study. Toxicol Sci 2019; 163:101-115. [PMID: 29385626 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs) are essential for brain development, but few rodent models exist that link TH inefficiency to apical neurodevelopmental endpoints. We have previously described a structural anomaly, a heterotopia, in the brains of rats treated in utero with propylthiouracil (PTU). However, how the timing of an exposure relates to this birth defect is unknown. This study seeks to understand how various temporal treatments of the mother relates to TH insufficiency and adverse neurodevelopment of the offspring. Pregnant rats were exposed to PTU (0 or 3 ppm) through the drinking water from gestational day 6 until postnatal day (PN) 14. On PN2 a subset of pups was cross-fostered to a dam of the opposite treatment, to create 4 conditions: pups exposed to PTU prenatally, postnatally, during both periods, or not at all (control). Both PTU and TH concentrations were characterized in the mother and offspring over time, to capture the dynamics of a developmental xenobiotic exposure. Brains of offspring were examined for heterotopia presence and severity, and adult littermates were assessed for memory impairments. Heterotopia were observed under conditions of prenatal exposure, and its severity increased in animals in the most prolonged exposure group. This malformation was also permanent, but not sex biased. In contrast, behavioral impairments were limited to males, and only in animals exposed to PTU during both the gestational and postnatal periods. This suggests a distinct TH-dependent etiology for both phenotypes, and illustrates how timing of hypothyroxinemia can induce abnormal brain structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L O'Shaughnessy
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Toxicity Assessment Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709.,Oak Ridge Institute for Science Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37803
| | - Patricia A Kosian
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, Minnesota 55804
| | - Jermaine L Ford
- Analytical Chemistry Core, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | | | - Sigmund J Degitz
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, Minnesota 55804
| | - Mary E Gilbert
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Toxicity Assessment Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
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21
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Ferraris FK, Garcia EB, Chaves ADS, de Brito TM, Doro LH, Félix da Silva NM, Alves AS, Pádua TA, Henriques MDGMO, Cardoso Machado TS, Amendoeira FC. Exposure to the UV Filter Octyl Methoxy Cinnamate in the Postnatal Period Induces Thyroid Dysregulation and Perturbs the Immune System of Mice. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:943. [PMID: 32082254 PMCID: PMC7005579 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence demonstrates the bidirectional communication and regulation between the neuroendocrine and immune systems. Thyroid hormones play key roles in nervous system development and can exert influence on various immune cells contributing to pathophysiological conditions. Octyl methoxycinnamate (OMC) is one of the most commonly used UV filters, and in vitro and in vivo studies have found thyroid disrupting effects. The present study assessed whether OMC administration in mice dams during the lactational period can cause thyroid disruption and generate immunologic alterations in the offspring. Indirect exposure to the OMC (1,000 mg/kg) in the lactational period affected neurodevelopment parameters, such as delayed eye-opening and weight gain in mice of both sexes, and these alterations are corroborated by the decrease in the T4 levels present in the pups' blood. No significant changes were observed in the thymus of these pups, but the number of lymphocytes increased in the spleen of the animals exposed to OMC, similar to the animals treated with propyl-thiouracil (PTU), a well-known thyroid disruptor. OMC modulated the percentage of leukocyte populations in peripheral blood, and the number of circulating polymorphonuclear cells increased two-fold. In vitro, OMC exhibited an inhibitory effect on splenocyte proliferation and IL-2 production induced by anti-CD3 antibody; however, this effect was reversed with the addition of T4 in the cell culture. In summary, the results of the present study demonstrate the influence of OMC on thyroid dysregulation and its impact on the modulation of the immune system in mice pups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fausto Klabund Ferraris
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Health Quality Control (INCQS)—Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Esdras Barbosa Garcia
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Health Quality Control (INCQS)—Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Amanda da Silva Chaves
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Health Quality Control (INCQS)—Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Thais Morais de Brito
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Health Quality Control (INCQS)—Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Laís Higino Doro
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Health Quality Control (INCQS)—Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Naína Monsores Félix da Silva
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Health Quality Control (INCQS)—Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Amanda Soares Alves
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Health Quality Control (INCQS)—Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Almeida Pádua
- Laboratory of Applied Pharmacology, Institute of Drug Technology (Far-Manguinhos)—Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria das Graças M. O. Henriques
- Laboratory of Applied Pharmacology, Institute of Drug Technology (Far-Manguinhos)—Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tiago Savignon Cardoso Machado
- Laboratory of Professional Education in Laboratory Techniques in Health, Polytechnic School of Health Joaquim Venâncio—Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fabio Coelho Amendoeira
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Health Quality Control (INCQS)—Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Fabio Coelho Amendoeira
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Chen L, Wang J, Jiang P, Ren F, Lei X, Guo H. Alteration of the colostrum whey proteome in mothers with gestational hypothyroidism. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205987. [PMID: 30332478 PMCID: PMC6192644 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gestational hypothyroidism (G-HypoT) is one of the most common thyroid diseases in pregnant women. Human milk, which closely links the mother with infant, is an important factor to the infant health. Here, we analyzed the colostrum whey proteome of women with or without G-HypoT. METHODS AND RESULTS Using high-mass accuracy and high-resolution liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), 1055 proteins were identified. Tandem Mass Tags (TMT) analysis identified differentially expressed proteins between G-HypoT and non-G-HypoT mothers. Of 44 proteins identified, 15 proteins were significantly increased in G-HypoT colostrum whey, while 29 were significantly decreased. Analysis revealed that enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism, and that reflect the metabolic activities in breastfeeding women, including fructose-1, 6-bisphosphatase 1, phosphoglycerate mutase 1 were down-regulated. Cell structural proteins, biomarkers of mammary integrity development, including Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and actin were lower in G-HypoT colostrum whey. However, immune protein fragments like Ig gamma-3 chain C region increased in G-HypoT colostrum whey. CONCLUSION These results implied that G-HypoT may changed human colostrum whey protein in composition level, decreasing levels of metabolic proteins and cell-structure proteins, while increasing levels of immune-related proteins, which may compromise or reflect mothers' and infants' health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingli Chen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingxuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, co-constructed by Ministry of Education and Beijing Government, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Pingping Jiang
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Fazheng Ren
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, co-constructed by Ministry of Education and Beijing Government, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xingen Lei
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Huiyuan Guo
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Hebei Engineering Research Center of Animal Product, Sanhe, China
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Sofronova SI, Gaynullina DK, Shvetsova AA, Borzykh AA, Selivanova EK, Kostyunina DS, Sharova AP, Martyanov AA, Tarasova OS. Antenatal/early postnatal hypothyroidism alters arterial tone regulation in 2-week-old rats. J Endocrinol 2017; 235:137-151. [PMID: 28794003 DOI: 10.1530/joe-17-0225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms of vascular alterations resulting from early thyroid hormones deficiency are poorly understood. We tested the hypothesis that antenatal/early postnatal hypothyroidism would alter the activity of endothelial NO pathway and Rho-kinase pathway, which are specific for developing vasculature. Dams were treated with propylthiouracil (PTU, 7 ppm) in drinking water during gestation and 2 weeks after delivery, and their progeny had normal body weight but markedly reduced blood levels of thyroid hormones (ELISA). Small arteries from 2-week-old male pups were studied using wire myography, qPCR and Western blotting. Mesenteric arteries of PTU pups, compared to controls, demonstrated smaller maximum response to α1-adrenergic agonist methoxamine and reduced mRNA contents of smooth muscle differentiation markers α-actin and SERCA2A. Inhibition of basal NO synthesis by l-NNA led to tonic contraction of mesenteric arteries and augmented their contractile responses to methoxamine; both l-NNA effects were impaired in PTU pups. PTU pups demonstrated lower blood level of NO metabolites compared to control group (Griess reaction). Rho-kinase inhibitor Y27632 strongly reduced mesenteric arteries responses to methoxamine in PTU pups, that was accompanied by elevated Rho-kinase content in their arteries in comparison to control ones. Unlike mesenteric, saphenous arteries of PTU pups, compared to controls, had no changes in α-actin and SERCA2A contents and in responses to l-NNA and Y27632. In conclusion, thyroid hormones deficiency suppresses the anticontractile effect of NO and potentiates the procontractile Rho-kinase effects in mesenteric arteries of 2-week-old pups. Such alterations disturb perinatal cardiovascular homeostasis and might lead to cardiovascular pathologies in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana I Sofronova
- Institute for Biomedical ProblemsRussian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of BiologyM.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dina K Gaynullina
- Institute for Biomedical ProblemsRussian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of BiologyM.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Department of PhysiologyRussian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasia A Shvetsova
- Institute for Biomedical ProblemsRussian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of BiologyM.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna A Borzykh
- Institute for Biomedical ProblemsRussian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina K Selivanova
- Institute for Biomedical ProblemsRussian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of BiologyM.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Daria S Kostyunina
- Institute for Biomedical ProblemsRussian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of BiologyM.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna P Sharova
- Institute for Biomedical ProblemsRussian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey A Martyanov
- Institute for Biomedical ProblemsRussian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of BiologyM.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga S Tarasova
- Institute for Biomedical ProblemsRussian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of BiologyM.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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Hassan I, El-Masri H, Kosian PA, Ford J, Degitz SJ, Gilbert ME. Neurodevelopment and Thyroid Hormone Synthesis Inhibition in the Rat: Quantitative Understanding Within the Adverse Outcome Pathway Framework. Toxicol Sci 2017; 160:57-73. [PMID: 28973696 PMCID: PMC10623382 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Adequate levels of thyroid hormone (TH) are needed for proper brain development, deficiencies may lead to adverse neurologic outcomes in humans and animal models. Environmental chemicals have been linked to TH disruption, yet the relationship between developmental exposures and decline in serum TH resulting in neurodevelopmental impairment is poorly understood. The present study developed a quantitative adverse outcome pathway where serum thyroxin (T4) reduction following inhibition of thyroperoxidase in the thyroid gland are described and related to deficits in fetal brain TH and the development of a brain malformation, cortical heterotopia. Pregnant rats were exposed to 6-propylthiouracil (PTU 0, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, or 3 parts per million [ppm]) from gestational days 6-20, sequentially increasing PTU concentrations in maternal thyroid gland and serum as well as in fetal serum. Dams exposed to 0.5 ppm PTU and higher exhibited dose-dependent decreases in thyroidal T4. Serum T4 levels in the dam were significantly decreased with exposure to 2 and 3 ppm PTU. In the fetus, T4 decrements were first observed at a lower dose of 0.5 ppm PTU. Based on these data, fetal brain T4 levels were estimated from published literature sources, and quantitatively linked to increases in the size of the heterotopia present in the brains of offspring. These data show the potential of in vivo assessments and computational descriptions of biologic responses to predict the development of this structural brain malformation and use of quantitative adverse outcome pathway approach to evaluate brain deficits that may result from exposure to other TH disruptors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hisham El-Masri
- Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Patricia A Kosian
- Mid-Continent Ecology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Lab, US Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, Minnesota 55804
| | - Jermaine Ford
- Analytical Chemistry Research Core/Research Cores Unit, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Sigmund J Degitz
- Mid-Continent Ecology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Lab, US Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, Minnesota 55804
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Souza CA, Silva JF, Silva CL, Ocarino NM, Serakides R. Thyroid hormones affect decidualization and angiogenesis in the decidua and metrial gland of rats. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2017000900017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of thyroid hormone on the decidua and metrial gland of rats and to examine the expression of angiogenic factors. 72 adult, female rats were divided into hypothyroid, T4-treated2, and control groups. At 10, 14 and 19 days of gestation (DG), the decidua and metrial gland were collected for histomorphometric and immunohistochemical evaluation of the expression of VEGF, Flk-1 and Tie-2. Hypothyroidism reduced the area of the decidua at 10 and 19 DG. Furthermore, VEGF was increased at 10 and 14 DG, and Flk-1 only at 14 DG, but both was reduced at 19 DG in the metrial gland without significantly changing the area occupied by blood vessels. Rats treated with T4 showed an increase in the decidua blood vessels at 10 and 19 DG. However, at 10 DG, excess T4 resulted in increased of Flk-1 in the decidua and metrial gland. Hypothyroidism increased the Tie-2 at 10 and 19 DG in the decidua and metrial gland. In conclusion, hypothyroidism reduces the area of the decidua and increases the expression of VEGF, Tie-2 and Flk-1. The excess of T4 promotes tissue angiogenesis by increasing the number of vessels in the decidua because of the increased expression of Flk-1.
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Zhang Y, Kallenberg C, Hyatt HW, Kavazis AN, Hood WR. Change in the Lipid Transport Capacity of the Liver and Blood during Reproduction in Rats. Front Physiol 2017; 8:517. [PMID: 28798692 PMCID: PMC5527701 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
To support the high energetic demands of reproduction, female mammals display plasticity in many physiological processes, such as the lipid transport system. Lipids support the energy demands of females during reproduction, and energy and structural demands of the developing offspring via the placenta in utero or milk during the suckling period. We hypothesized that key proteins supporting lipid transport in reproductive females will increase during pregnancy and lactation, but drop to non-reproductive levels shortly after reproduction has ended. We compared the relative protein levels of liver-type cytosolic fatty acid transporter (L-FABPc), plasma membrane fatty acid transporter (FABPpm), fatty acid translocase (FAT/CD36) in the liver, a key site of lipid storage and synthesis, and free fatty acid transporter albumin and triglyceride transporter [represented by apolipoprotein B (apoB)] levels in serum in reproductive Sprague-Dawley rats during late pregnancy, peak-lactation, and 1-week post-lactation as well as in non-reproductive rats. We found that all lipid transporter levels were greater in pregnant rats compared to non-reproductive rats. Lactating rats also showed higher levels of FAT/CD36 and FABPpm than non-reproductive rats. Moreover, all fat transporters also dropped back to non-reproductive levels during post-lactation except for FAT/CD36. These results indicate that fat uptake and transport capacities in liver cells are elevated during late gestation and lactation. Liver lipid secretion is up-regulated during gestation but not during lactation. These data supported the plasticity of lipid transport capacities in liver and blood during reproductive stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Zhang
- Department of Biological Science, Auburn UniversityAuburn, AL, United States
| | | | - Hayden W Hyatt
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn UniversityAuburn, AL, United States
| | | | - Wendy R Hood
- Department of Biological Science, Auburn UniversityAuburn, AL, United States
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Campo Verde Arboccó F, Persia FA, Hapon MB, Jahn GA. Hypothyroidism decreases JAK/STAT signaling pathway in lactating rat mammary gland. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 450:14-23. [PMID: 28390952 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid pathologies have deleterious effects on lactation. Especially hypothyroidism (HypoT) induces premature mammary involution at the end of lactation and decreases milk production and quality in mid lactation. Milk synthesis is controlled by JAK2/STAT5 signaling pathway and prolactin (PRL), which activates the pathway. In this work we analyzed the effect of chronic 6-propyl-2-thiouracil (PTU)-induced HypoT on PRL signaling pathway on mammary glands from rats on lactation (L) days 2, 7 and 14. HypoT decreased prolactin receptor expression, and expression and activation of Stat5a/b protein. Expression of members of the SOCS-CIS family, inhibitors of the JAK-STAT pathway, decreased in L2 and L7, possibly as a compensatory response of the mammary cells to maintain PRL responsiveness. However, on L14, the level of these inhibitors was normal and the transcription of α-lactoalbumin (lalba), a target gene of the PRL pathway, decreased by half. HypoT altered the transcriptional capacity of the cell and decreased mRNA levels of Prlr and Stat5b on L14. Stat5b gene has functional thyroid hormone response elements in the regulatory regions, that bind thyroid hormone receptor β (TRβ) differentially and in a thyroid hormone dependent manner. The overall decrease in the PRL signaling pathway and consequently in target gene (lalba) mRNA transcription explain the profound negative impact of HypoT on mammary function through lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiorella Campo Verde Arboccó
- Laboratorio de Reproducción y Lactancia, Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), CONICET, 5500 Mendoza, Argentina.
| | - Fabio Andres Persia
- Laboratory of Hormones and Biology of Cancer, Institute of Medicine and Experimental Biology of Cuyo (IMBECU), Argentina
| | - María Belén Hapon
- Laboratorio de Reproducción y Lactancia, Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), CONICET, 5500 Mendoza, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Graciela A Jahn
- Laboratorio de Reproducción y Lactancia, Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), CONICET, 5500 Mendoza, Argentina.
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Beheshti F, Karimi S, Vafaee F, Shafei MN, Sadeghnia HR, Hadjzadeh MAR, Hosseini M. The effects of vitamin C on hypothyroidism-associated learning and memory impairment in juvenile rats. Metab Brain Dis 2017; 32:703-715. [PMID: 28127705 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-017-9954-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study the effects of Vitamin C (Vit C) on hypothyroidism-associated learning and memory impairment in juvenile rats was investigated. The pregnant rats were kept in separate cages. After delivery, they were randomly divided into six groups and treated: (1) Control; (2) Propylthiouracil (PTU) which 0.005% PTU in their drinking; (3-5) Propylthiouracil- Vit C groups; besides PTU, dams in these groups received 10, 100 and 500 mg/kg Vit C respectively, (6) one group as a positive control; the intact rats received an effective dose, 100 mg/kg Vit. C. After delivery, the pups were continued to receive the experimental treatments in their drinking water up to 56th day of their life. Ten male offspring of each group were randomly selected and tested in the Morris water maze (MWM) and passive avoidance (PA) which were started at 63th day (one week after stopping of the treatments). Brains were then removed for biochemical measurements. PTU increased time latency and traveled distance during 5 days in MWM while, reduced the spent time in target quadrant in MWM and step-trough latency (STL) in PA. PTU decreased thiol content, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities in the brain while, increased molondialdehyde (MDA). In MWM test, 10, 100 and 500 mg/kg Vit C reduced time latency and traveled distance without affecting the traveling speed during 5 days. All doses of Vit C increased the spent time in target quadrant in probe trail of MWM and also increased STL in PA test. Vit C increased thiol, SOD and CAT in the brain tissues while, reduced MDA. Results of present study confirmed the beneficial effects of Vit C on learning and memory. It also demonstrated that Vit C has protective effects on hypothyroidism-associated learning and memory impairment in juvenile rats which might be elucidated by the antioxidative effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farimah Beheshti
- Neurocognitive Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Sareh Karimi
- Neurocognitive Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Vafaee
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Naser Shafei
- Neurocognitive Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Sadeghnia
- Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, School of Medicine, Mashhad, University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mosa Al Reza Hadjzadeh
- Neurocognitive Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Hosseini
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Meng L, Rijntjes E, Swarts HJM, Keijer J, Teerds KJ. Prolonged hypothyroidism severely reduces ovarian follicular reserve in adult rats. J Ovarian Res 2017; 10:19. [PMID: 28302175 PMCID: PMC5356350 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-017-0314-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is substantial evidence both in humans and in animals that a prolonged reduction in plasma thyroid hormone concentration leads to reproductive problems, including disturbed folliculogenesis, impaired ovulation and fertilization rates, miscarriage and pregnancy complications. The objective of the present study is to examine the consequences of chronic hypothyroidism, induced in adulthood, for the size of the ovarian follicle pool. In order to investigate this, adult female rats were provided either a control or an iodide deficient diet in combination with perchlorate supplementation to inhibit iodide uptake by the thyroid. Sixteen weeks later animals were sacrificed. Blood was collected for hormone analyses and ovaries were evaluated histologically. Results At the time of sacrifice, plasma thyroid-stimulating hormone concentrations were 20- to 40-fold increased, thyroxine concentrations were negligible while tri-iothyronin concentrations were decreased by 40% in the hypothyroid group, confirming that the animals were hypothyroid. Primordial, primary and preantral follicle numbers were significantly lower in the hypothyroid ovaries compared to the euthyroid controls, while a downward trend in antral follicle and corpora lutea numbers was observed. Surprisingly the percentage of atretic follicles was not significantly different between the two groups, suggesting that the reduced preantral and antral follicle numbers were presumably not the consequence of increased degeneration of these follicle types in the hypothyroid group. Plasma anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) levels showed a significant correlation with the growing follicle population represented by the total ovarian number of primary, preantral and antral follicles, suggesting that also under hypothyroid conditions AMH can serve as a surrogate marker to assess the growing ovarian follicle population. Conclusions The induction of a chronic hypothyroid condition in adult female rats negatively affects the ovarian follicular reserve and the size of the growing follicle population, which may impact fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Meng
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Eddy Rijntjes
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans J M Swarts
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap Keijer
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Katja J Teerds
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Pennacchio GE, Neira FJ, Soaje M, Jahn GA, Valdez SR. Effect of hyperthyroidism on circulating prolactin and hypothalamic expression of tyrosine hydroxylase, prolactin signaling cascade members and estrogen and progesterone receptors during late pregnancy and lactation in the rat. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 442:40-50. [PMID: 27919641 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Hyperthyroidism (HyperT) compromises pregnancy and lactation, hindering suckling-induced PRL release. We studied the effect of HyperT on hypothalamic mRNA (RT-qPCR) and protein (Western blot) expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), PRL receptor (PRLR) and signaling pathway members, estrogen-α (ERα) and progesterone (PR) receptors on late pregnancy (days G19, 20 and 21) and early lactation (L2) in rats. HyperT advanced pre-partum PRL release, reduced circulating PRL on L2 and increased TH mRNA (G21 and L2), p-TH, PRLR mRNA, STAT5 protein (G19 and L2), PRLR protein (G21) and CIS protein (G19). PRs mRNAs and protein decreased on G19 but afterwards PRA mRNA (G20), PRB mRNA (G21) and PRA mRNA and protein (L2) increased. ERα protein increased on G19 and decreased on G20. Thus, the altered hypothalamic PRLR, STAT5, PR and ERα expression in hyperthyroid rats may induce elevated TH expression and activation, that consequently, elevate dopaminergic tone during lactation, blunting suckling-induced PRL release and litter growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisela E Pennacchio
- Laboratorio de Reproducción y Lactancia, Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), CCT-CONICET Mendoza, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina.
| | - Flavia J Neira
- Laboratorio de Reproducción y Lactancia, Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), CCT-CONICET Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Marta Soaje
- Laboratorio de Reproducción y Lactancia, Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), CCT-CONICET Mendoza, Argentina; Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Graciela A Jahn
- Laboratorio de Reproducción y Lactancia, Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), CCT-CONICET Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Susana R Valdez
- Laboratorio de Reproducción y Lactancia, Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), CCT-CONICET Mendoza, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina.
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Lee S, Kelleher SL. Biological underpinnings of breastfeeding challenges: the role of genetics, diet, and environment on lactation physiology. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2016; 311:E405-22. [PMID: 27354238 PMCID: PMC5005964 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00495.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lactation is a dynamic process that has evolved to produce a complex biological fluid that provides nutritive and nonnutritive factors to the nursing offspring. It has long been assumed that once lactation is successfully initiated, the primary factor regulating milk production is infant demand. Thus, most interventions have focused on improving breastfeeding education and early lactation support. However, in addition to infant demand, increasing evidence from studies conducted in experimental animal models, production animals, and breastfeeding women suggests that a diverse array of maternal factors may also affect milk production and composition. In this review, we provide an overview of our current understanding of the role of maternal genetics and modifiable factors, such as diet and environmental exposures, on reproductive endocrinology, lactation physiology, and the ability to successfully produce milk. To identify factors that may affect lactation in women, we highlight some information gleaned from studies in experimental animal models and production animals. Finally, we highlight the gaps in current knowledge and provide commentary on future research opportunities aimed at improving lactation outcomes in breastfeeding women to improve the health of mothers and their infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sooyeon Lee
- Departments of Cellular and Molecular Physiology
| | - Shannon L Kelleher
- Departments of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pharmacology, and Surgery, Pennsylvania State Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; and Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
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Campo Verde Arboccó F, Sasso CV, Actis EA, Carón RW, Hapon MB, Jahn GA. Hypothyroidism advances mammary involution in lactating rats through inhibition of PRL signaling and induction of LIF/STAT3 mRNAs. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 419:18-28. [PMID: 26472537 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid diseases have deleterious effects on lactation, litter growth and survival, and hinder the suckling-induced hormone release, leading in the case of hyperthyroidism, to premature mammary involution. To determine the effects of hypothyroidism (HypoT) on late lactation, we analyzed the effect of chronic 6-propyl-2-thiouracil (PTU)-induced HypoT on mammary histology and the expression of members of the JAK/STAT/SOCS signaling pathway, milk proteins, prolactin (PRLR), estrogen (ER), progesterone (PR) and thyroid hormone (TR) receptors, markers of involution (such as stat3, lif, bcl2, BAX and PARP) on lactation (L) day 21. HypoT mothers showed increased histological markers of involution compared with control rats, such as adipose/epithelial ratio, inactive alveoli, picnotic nuclei and numerous detached apoptotic cells within the alveolar lumina. We also found decreased PRLR, β-casein and α-lactoalbumin mRNAs, but increased SOCS1, SOCS3, STAT3 and LIF mRNAs, suggesting a decrease in PRL signaling and induction of involution markers. Furthermore, Caspase-3 and 8 and PARP labeled cells and the expression of structural proteins such as β-Actin, α-Tubulin and Lamin B were increased, indicating the activation of apoptotic pathways and tissue remodelation. HypoT also increased PRA (mRNA and protein) and erβ and decreased erα mRNAs, and increased strongly TRα1, TRβ1, PRA and ERα protein levels. These results show that lactating HypoT rats have premature mammary involution, most probably induced by the inhibition of prolactin signaling along with the activation of the LIF-STAT3 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiorella Campo Verde Arboccó
- Laboratorio de Reproducción y Lactancia, Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), CONICET, 5500 Mendoza, Argentina.
| | - Corina V Sasso
- Laboratorio de Hormonas y Biología del Cancer, IMBECU, Argentina
| | - Esteban A Actis
- Laboratorio de Reproducción y Lactancia, Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), CONICET, 5500 Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Rubén W Carón
- Laboratorio de Hormonas y Biología del Cancer, IMBECU, Argentina
| | - María Belén Hapon
- Laboratorio de Reproducción y Lactancia, Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), CONICET, 5500 Mendoza, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Graciela A Jahn
- Laboratorio de Reproducción y Lactancia, Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), CONICET, 5500 Mendoza, Argentina.
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Campo Verde Arboccó F, Sasso CV, Nasif DL, Hapon MB, Jahn GA. Effect of hypothyroidism on the expression of nuclear receptors and their co-regulators in mammary gland during lactation in the rat. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 412:26-35. [PMID: 26027918 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (TH) regulate mammary function. Hypothyroidism (HypoT) has deleterious effects on lactation, litter growth and survival. We analyzed the effect of chronic 6-propyl-2-thiouracil (PTU)-induced HypoT in the expression of nuclear receptors, co-regulators and oxytocin receptor (OTR) on lactation (L) days 2, 7 and 14. TH receptors (TRs) were increased on L7 at mRNA and protein levels, except TRα protein, that fell on L14. HypoT decreased TRα2 mRNA on L7 and TRα1 protein on L2, while TRβ1 protein increased on L14. HypoT increased estrogen receptor β (ERβ) mRNA on L7 but decreased its protein levels on L14. Progesterone receptor A (PRA) mRNA decreased from L2 to L14 while PRB increased, and at protein levels PRA levels showed a nadir on L7, while PRB peaked. HypoT decreased PRA mRNA and protein and increased PRB mRNA at L14. Nuclear receptor co-activator (NCOA) 1 and RXRα mRNA showed an opposite pattern to the TRs, while NCOA2 increased at L14; HypoT blocked the variations in NCOA1 and NCOA2. HypoT increased NCOR1 on L2 and decreased OTR at L2 and circulating estradiol and NCOR2 at L14. In controls the most notable changes occurred on L7, suggesting it is a key inflection point in mammary metabolism. The low levels of TRα1, NCOA1 and OTR, and increased NCOR1 produced by HypoT on L2 may hinder the mammary ability to achieve normal milk synthesis and ejection, leading to defective lactation. Later on, altered ER and PR expression may impair further mammary function.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Female
- Gene Expression
- Hypothyroidism/chemically induced
- Hypothyroidism/metabolism
- Lactation
- Mammary Glands, Animal/metabolism
- Nuclear Receptor Co-Repressor 1/genetics
- Nuclear Receptor Co-Repressor 1/metabolism
- Nuclear Receptor Coactivator 1/genetics
- Nuclear Receptor Coactivator 1/metabolism
- Nuclear Receptor Coactivator 2/genetics
- Nuclear Receptor Coactivator 2/metabolism
- Propylthiouracil
- Protein Isoforms/genetics
- Protein Isoforms/metabolism
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, Estrogen/genetics
- Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism
- Receptors, Oxytocin/genetics
- Receptors, Oxytocin/metabolism
- Receptors, Progesterone/genetics
- Receptors, Progesterone/metabolism
- Receptors, Thyroid Hormone/genetics
- Receptors, Thyroid Hormone/metabolism
- Retinoid X Receptor alpha/genetics
- Retinoid X Receptor alpha/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiorella Campo Verde Arboccó
- Laboratorio de Reproducción y Lactancia, Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), CONICET, 5500 Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Corina V Sasso
- Laboratorio de Hormonas y Biología del Cáncer, Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Daniela L Nasif
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - María Belén Hapon
- Laboratorio de Reproducción y Lactancia, Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), CONICET, 5500 Mendoza, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Graciela A Jahn
- Laboratorio de Reproducción y Lactancia, Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), CONICET, 5500 Mendoza, Argentina.
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Duarte-Guterman P, Yagi S, Chow C, Galea LAM. Hippocampal learning, memory, and neurogenesis: Effects of sex and estrogens across the lifespan in adults. Horm Behav 2015; 74:37-52. [PMID: 26122299 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
This article is part of a Special Issue "Estradiol and Cognition". There are sex differences in hippocampus-dependent cognition and neurogenesis suggesting that sex hormones are involved. Estrogens modulate certain forms of spatial and contextual memory and neurogenesis in the adult female rodent, and to a lesser extent male, hippocampus. This review focuses on the effects of sex and estrogens on hippocampal learning, memory, and neurogenesis in the young and aged adult rodent. We discuss how factors such as the type of estrogen, duration and dose of treatment, timing of treatment, and type of memory influence the effects of estrogens on cognition and neurogenesis. We also address how reproductive experience (pregnancy and mothering) and aging interact with estrogens to modulate hippocampal cognition and neurogenesis in females. Given the evidence that adult hippocampal neurogenesis plays a role in long-term spatial memory and pattern separation, we also discuss the functional implications of regulating neurogenesis in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Duarte-Guterman
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Brain Health, Program in Neuroscience, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Shunya Yagi
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Brain Health, Program in Neuroscience, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Carmen Chow
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Brain Health, Program in Neuroscience, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Liisa A M Galea
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Brain Health, Program in Neuroscience, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
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Ervin KSJ, Lymer JM, Matta R, Clipperton-Allen AE, Kavaliers M, Choleris E. Estrogen involvement in social behavior in rodents: Rapid and long-term actions. Horm Behav 2015; 74:53-76. [PMID: 26122289 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This article is part of a Special Issue ("Estradiol and cognition"). Estrogens have repeatedly been shown to influence a wide array of social behaviors, which in rodents are predominantly olfactory-mediated. Estrogens are involved in social behavior at multiple levels of processing, from the detection and integration of socially relevant olfactory information to more complex social behaviors, including social preferences, aggression and dominance, and learning and memory for social stimuli (e.g. social recognition and social learning). Three estrogen receptors (ERs), ERα, ERβ, and the G protein-coupled ER 1 (GPER1), differently affect these behaviors. Social recognition, territorial aggression, and sexual preferences and mate choice, all requiring the integration of socially related olfactory information, seem to primarily involve ERα, with ERβ playing a lesser, modulatory role. In contrast, social learning consistently responds differently to estrogen manipulations than other social behaviors. This suggests differential ER involvement in brain regions important for specific social behaviors, such as the ventromedial and medial preoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus in social preferences and aggression, the medial amygdala and hippocampus in social recognition, and the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus in social learning. While the long-term effects of ERα and ERβ on social behavior have been extensively investigated, our knowledge of the rapid, non-genomic, effects of estrogens is more limited and suggests that they may mediate some social behaviors (e.g. social learning) differently from long-term effects. Further research is required to compare ER involvement in regulating social behavior in male and female animals, and to further elucidate the roles of the more recently described G protein-coupled ERs, both the GPER1 and the Gq-mER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsy S J Ervin
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jennifer M Lymer
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard Matta
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Martin Kavaliers
- Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elena Choleris
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
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Bever Babendure J, Reifsnider E, Mendias E, Moramarco MW, Davila YR. Reduced breastfeeding rates among obese mothers: a review of contributing factors, clinical considerations and future directions. Int Breastfeed J 2015; 10:21. [PMID: 26140049 PMCID: PMC4488037 DOI: 10.1186/s13006-015-0046-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal obesity is associated with significantly lower rates of breastfeeding initiation, duration and exclusivity. Increasing rates of obesity among reproductive-age women has prompted the need to carefully examine factors contributing to lower breastfeeding rates in this population. Recent research has demonstrated a significant impact of breastfeeding to reduce the risk of obesity in both mothers and their children. This article presents a review of research literature from three databases covering the years 1995 to 2014 using the search terms of breastfeeding and maternal obesity. We reviewed the existing research on contributing factors to lower breastfeeding rates among obese women, and our findings can guide the development of promising avenues to increase breastfeeding among a vulnerable population. The key findings concerned factors impacting initiation and early breastfeeding, factors impacting later breastfeeding and exclusivity, interventions to increase breastfeeding in obese women, and clinical considerations. The factors impacting early breastfeeding include mechanical factors and delayed onset of lactogenesis II and we have critically analyzed the potential contributors to these factors. The factors impacting later breastfeeding and exclusivity include hormonal imbalances, psychosocial factors, and mammary hypoplasia. Several recent interventions have sought to increase breastfeeding duration in obese women with varying levels of success and we have presented the strengths and weaknesses of these clinical trials. Clinical considerations include specific techniques that have been found to improve breastfeeding incidence and duration in obese women. Many obese women do not obtain the health benefits of exclusive breastfeeding and their children are more likely to also be overweight or obese if they are not breastfed. Further research is needed into the physiological basis for decreased breastfeeding among obese women along with effective interventions supported by rigorous clinical research to advance the care of obese reproductive age women and their children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennie Bever Babendure
- />College of Nursing and Health Innovation, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85004 USA
| | - Elizabeth Reifsnider
- />College of Nursing and Health Innovation, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85004 USA
| | - Elnora Mendias
- />University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, School of Nursing, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
| | - Michael W. Moramarco
- />College of Nursing and Health Innovation, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85004 USA
| | - Yolanda R. Davila
- />University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, School of Nursing, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
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Yuzhik EI, Proskurnyak LP, Nazarova GG. Correlations of reproductive indices of water vole females (Arvicola amphibius) with morphometric and hormonal characteristics. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093015020076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Stuebe AM, Meltzer-Brody S, Pearson B, Pedersen C, Grewen K. Maternal neuroendocrine serum levels in exclusively breastfeeding mothers. Breastfeed Med 2015; 10:197-202. [PMID: 25831434 PMCID: PMC4410437 DOI: 10.1089/bfm.2014.0164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low milk supply is a common cause of early weaning, and supply issues are associated with dysregulation of thyroid function and prolactin. However, hormone levels compatible with successful breastfeeding are not well defined, limiting interpretation of clinical lab results. In this study we sought to quantify ranges for thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (T4), total T4, and prolactin in a cohort of exclusively breastfeeding women. MATERIALS AND METHODS Women planning to breastfeed were recruited in the third trimester of pregnancy. Maternal endocrine function was assessed before and after a breastfeeding session at 2 and 8 weeks postpartum. We used paired t tests to determine whether values changed from the 2- to 8-week visit. RESULTS Of 52 study participants, 28 were exclusively breastfeeding, defined as only breastmilk feeds in the prior 7 days, at both the 2- and 8-week study visits. Endocrine function changed with time since delivery: the TSH level was higher, whereas total T4, free T4, and prolactin levels were lower, at the 8-week visit than at the 2-week visit (by paired t test, p≤0.01). We found a wide range of prolactin values at the 8-week visit, with a 5th percentile value of 9 ng/dL before feeding and 74 ng/dL at 10 minutes after feeding. CONCLUSIONS Neuroendocrine function changes during the first 8 weeks after birth, and a wide range of values is compatible with successful breastfeeding. Further studies are needed to define reference values in breastfeeding women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison M Stuebe
- 1 Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine , Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Bagheripuor F, Ghanbari M, Zahediasl S, Ghasemi A. Comparison of the effects of fetal hypothyroidism on glucose tolerance in male and female rat offspring. J Physiol Sci 2015; 65:179-85. [PMID: 25649149 PMCID: PMC10717632 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-015-0358-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones are vital for survival of mammalian species and play critical roles in growth, development, and metabolism. Both fetal hypothyroidism and sex can affect carbohydrate metabolism during adult life. This study aims to assess carbohydrate metabolism in male and female offspring born from mothers who were hypothyroid during pregnancy. Pregnant rats were divided into two groups; the controls consumed water and the hypothyroid group received water containing 0.025 % 6-propyl-2-thiouracial throughout gestation. The intravenous glucose tolerance test (0.5 g/kg glucose) was carried out in 3-month-old offspring. Findings showed that compared to controls, male fetal hypothyroid rats during adulthood had glucose intolerance (area under the curve: 446.4 ± 9.7 vs. 486.4 ± 8.8, p < 0.01 in control and fetal hypothyroid groups, respectively) whereas females had improved glucose tolerance (478.1 ± 7.0 vs. 455.9 ± 8.5, p < 0.01). In conclusion, sex could modulate the effects of fetal hypothyroidism on glucose tolerance in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Bagheripuor
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, No. 24, Parvaneh Street, Velenjak, Tehran, Iran
- Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahboubeh Ghanbari
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, No. 24, Parvaneh Street, Velenjak, Tehran, Iran
- Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saleh Zahediasl
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, No. 24, Parvaneh Street, Velenjak, Tehran, Iran
- Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Asghar Ghasemi
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, No. 24, Parvaneh Street, Velenjak, Tehran, Iran
- Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Fu M, Zhang L, Ahmed A, Plaut K, Haas DM, Szucs K, Casey TM. Does Circadian Disruption Play a Role in the Metabolic-Hormonal Link to Delayed Lactogenesis II? Front Nutr 2015; 2:4. [PMID: 25988133 PMCID: PMC4428372 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2015.00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Breastfeeding improves maternal and child health. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months, with continued breastfeeding for at least 1 year. However, in the US, only 18.8% of infants are exclusively breastfed until 6 months of age. For mothers who initiate breastfeeding, the early post-partum period sets the stage for sustained breastfeeding. Mothers who experience breastfeeding problems in the early post-partum period are more likely to discontinue breastfeeding within 2 weeks. A major risk factor for shorter breastfeeding duration is delayed lactogenesis II (DLII; i.e., onset of milk "coming in" more than 72 h post-partum). Recent studies report a metabolic-hormonal link to DLII. This is not surprising because around the time of birth the mother's entire metabolism changes to direct nutrients to mammary glands. Circadian and metabolic systems are closely linked, and our rodent studies suggest circadian clocks coordinate hormonal and metabolic changes to support lactation. Molecular and environmental disruption of the circadian system decreases a dam's ability to initiate lactation and negatively impacts milk production. Circadian and metabolic systems evolved to be functional and adaptive when lifestyles and environmental exposures were quite different from modern times. We now have artificial lights, longer work days, and increases in shift work. Disruption in the circadian system due to shift work, jet-lag, sleep disorders, and other modern life style choices are associated with metabolic disorders, obesity, and impaired reproduction. We hypothesize that DLII is related to disruption of the mother's circadian system. Here, we review literature that supports this hypothesis, and describe interventions that may help to increase breastfeeding success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjie Fu
- Department of Statistics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Lingsong Zhang
- Department of Statistics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Azza Ahmed
- School of Nursing, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Karen Plaut
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - David M. Haas
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Kinga Szucs
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Theresa M. Casey
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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Hirata-Koizumi M, Fujii S, Hina K, Matsumoto M, Takahashi M, Ono A, Hirose A. Repeated dose and reproductive/developmental toxicity of long-chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids in rats: perfluorohexadecanoic acid and perfluorotetradecanoic acid. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.2131/fts.2.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mutsuko Hirata-Koizumi
- Division of Risk Assessment, Biological Safety Research Center, National Institute of Health Sciences
| | - Sakiko Fujii
- Safety Research Institute for Chemical Compounds Co., Ltd
| | - Kato Hina
- Division of Risk Assessment, Biological Safety Research Center, National Institute of Health Sciences
| | - Mariko Matsumoto
- Division of Risk Assessment, Biological Safety Research Center, National Institute of Health Sciences
| | - Mika Takahashi
- Division of Risk Assessment, Biological Safety Research Center, National Institute of Health Sciences
| | - Atsushi Ono
- Division of Risk Assessment, Biological Safety Research Center, National Institute of Health Sciences
| | - Akihiko Hirose
- Division of Risk Assessment, Biological Safety Research Center, National Institute of Health Sciences
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Marasco LA. Unsolved Mysteries of the Human Mammary Gland: Defining and Redefining the Critical Questions from the Lactation Consultant's Perspective. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2014; 19:271-88. [PMID: 26084427 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-015-9330-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in knowledge about human lactation, clinicians face many problems when advising mothers who are experiencing breastfeeding difficulties that do not respond to normal management strategies. Primary insufficient milk production is now being acknowledged, but incidence rates have not been well studied. Many women have known histories of infertility, polycystic ovary syndrome, obesity, hypertension, insulin resistance, thyroid dysfunction, hyperandrogenism or other hormonal imbalances, while others have no obvious risk factors. Some present with obviously abnormal breasts that are pubescent, tuberous/tubular or asymmetric in shape, raising the question of insufficient mammary gland tissue. Other women have breasts that appear within normal limits yet do not lactate normally. Endocrine disruptors may underlie some of these cases but their impact on human milk production has not been well explored. Similarly, any problem with prolactin such as a deficiency in serum prolactin or receptor number, receptor resistance, or poor bioavailability or bioactivity could underlie some cases of insufficient lactation, yet these possibilities are rarely investigated. A weak or suppressed milk ejection reflex, often assumed to be psychosomatic, could be related to thyroid dysfunction or caused by downstream post-receptor pathway problems. In the absence of sufficient data regarding these situations, desperate mothers may turn to non-evidence-based remedies, sometimes at considerable cost and unknown risk. Research targeted to these clinical dilemmas is critical in order to develop evidence-based strategies and increase breastfeeding duration and success rates.
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Silva JF, Ocarino NM, Serakides R. Luteal activity of pregnant rats with hypo-and hyperthyroidism. J Ovarian Res 2014; 7:75. [PMID: 25298361 PMCID: PMC4107585 DOI: 10.1186/1757-2215-7-75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Luteal activity is dependent on the interaction of various growth factors, cytokines and hormones, including the thyroid hormones, being that hypo- and hyperthyroidism alter the gestational period and are also a cause of miscarriage and stillbirth. Because of that, we evaluated the proliferation, apoptosis and expression of angiogenic factors and COX-2 in the corpus luteum of hypo- and hyperthyroid pregnant rats. Methods Seventy-two adult female rats were equally distributed into three groups: hypothyroid, hyperthyroid and control. Hypo- and hyperthyroidism were induced by the daily administration of propylthiouracil and L-thyroxine, respectively. The administration began five days before becoming pregnant and the animals were sacrificed at days 10, 14, and 19 of gestation. We performed an immunohistochemical analysis to evaluate the expression of CDC-47, VEGF, Flk-1 (VEGF receptor) and COX-2. Apoptosis was evaluated by the TUNEL assay. We assessed the gene expression of VEGF, Flk-1, caspase 3, COX-2 and PGF2α receptor using real time RT-PCR. The data were analyzed by SNK test. Results Hypothyroidism reduced COX-2 expression on day 10 and 19 (P < 0.05), endothelial/pericyte and luteal cell proliferation on day 10 and 14 (p < 0.05), apoptotic cell numbers on day 19 (p < 0.05) and the expression of Flk-1 and VEGF on day 14 and 19, respectively (p < 0.05). Hyperthyroidism increased the expression of COX-2 on day 19 (P < 0.05) and the proliferative activity of endothelial/pericytes cells on day 14 (p <0.05), as well as the expression of VEGF and Flk-1 on day 19 (P < 0.05). Conclusions Hypothyroidism reduces the proliferation, apoptosis and expression of angiogenic factors and COX-2in the corpus luteum of pregnant rats, contrary to what is observed in hyperthyroid animals, being this effect dependent of the gestational period.
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44
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Navas PB, Redondo AL, Cuello-Carrión FD, Roig LMV, Valdez SR, Jahn GA, Hapon MB. Luteal expression of thyroid hormone receptors during gestation and postpartum in the rat. Thyroid 2014; 24:1040-50. [PMID: 24684177 PMCID: PMC4046218 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2013.0332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Progesterone (P4) is the main steroid secreted by the corpora lutea (CL) and is required for successful implantation and maintenance of pregnancy. Although adequate circulating levels of thyroid hormone (TH) are needed to support formation and maintenance of CL during pregnancy, TH signaling had not been described in this gland. We determined luteal thyroid hormone receptor isoforms (TR) expression and regulation throughout pregnancy and under the influence of thyroid status, and in vitro effects of triiodothyronine (T3) exposure on luteal P4 synthesis. METHODS Euthyroid female Wistar rats were sacrificed by decapitation on gestational day (G) 5, G10, G15, G19, or G21 of pregnancy or on day 2 postpartum (L2). Hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism were induced in female Wistar rats by daily administration of thyroxine (T4; 0.25 mg/kg subcutaneously) or 6-propyl-2-thiouracil (PTU; 0.1 g/L in drinking water), respectively. Luteal TR expression of mRNA was determined using real-time reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and of protein using Western blot and immunohistochemistry. Primary cultures of luteal cells and of luteinized granulosa cells were used to study in vitro effects of T3 on P4 synthesis. In addition, the effect of T3 on P4 synthesis under basal conditions and under stimulation with luteinizing hormone (LH), prolactin (PRL), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) was evaluated. RESULTS TRα1, TRα2, and TRβ1 mRNA were present in CL, increasing during the first half and decreasing during the second half of pregnancy. At the protein level, TRβ1 was abundantly expressed during gestation reaching a peak at G19 and decreasing afterwards. TRα1 was barely expressed during early gestation, peaked at G19, and diminished thereafter. Expression of TRβ1 and TRα1 at the protein and mRNA level were not influenced by thyroid status. T3 neither modified P4 secretion from CL of pregnancy nor its synthesis in luteinized granulosa cells in culture. CONCLUSIONS This study confirms for the first time the presence of TR isoforms in the CL during pregnancy and postpartum, identifying this gland as a TH target during gestation. TR expression is modulated in this tissue in accordance with the regulation of P4 metabolism, and the abrupt peripartum changes suggest a role of TH during luteolysis. However, TH actions on the CL do not seem to be related to a direct regulation of P4 synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola B Navas
- 1 Institute of Medicine and Experimental Biology of Cuyo (IMBECU), Science and Technology Center (CCT) of Mendoza, National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET) , Mendoza, Argentina
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Ayala C, Pennacchio GE, Soaje M, Carreño NB, Bittencourt JC, Jahn GA, Celis ME, Valdez SR. Effects of thyroid status on NEI concentration in specific brain areas related to reproduction during the estrous cycle. Peptides 2013; 49:74-80. [PMID: 24028792 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2013.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
We previously showed that short-term hypo- and hyperthyroidism induce changes in neuropeptide glutamic-acid-isoleucine-amide (NEI) concentrations in discrete brain areas in male rats. To investigate the possible effects of hypo- and hyperthyroidism on NEI concentrations mainly in hypothalamic areas related to reproduction and behavior, female rats were sacrificed at different days of the estrous cycle. Circulating luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol and progesterone concentrations were measured in control, hypothyroid (hypoT, treated with PTU during 7-9 days) and hyperthyroid (hyperT, l-T4 during 4-7 days) animals. Both treatments blunted the LH surge. Hypo- and hyperthyroidism increased estradiol concentrations during proestrus afternoon (P-PM), although hypoT rats showed lower values compared to control during proestrus morning (P-AM). Progesterone levels were higher in all groups at P-PM and in the hyperT during diestrus morning (D2). NEI concentrations were lower in hypoT rats during the estrous cycle except in estrus (E) in the peduncular part of the lateral hypothalamus (PLH). They were also reduced by both treatments in the perifornical part of the lateral hypothalamus (PeFLH) during P-PM. Hypothyroidism led to higher NEI concentrations during P-PM in the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis and anteroventral periventricular nucleus (OVLT+AVPV). The present results indicate that NEI concentration is regulated in a complex manner by hypo- and hyperthyroidism in the different areas studied, suggesting a correlation between NEI values and the variations of gonadal steroid levels during estrous cycle. These changes could be, in part, responsible for the alterations observed in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in these pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Ayala
- Laboratorio de Ciencias Fisiológicas, Cátedra de Bacteriología y Virología Médicas, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, CP 5000 Córdoba, Argentina; Sección de Desarrollo Cerebral Perinatal (SPBD), Instituto de Histología y Embriología Mendoza (IHEM-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Parque General San Martín, CP 5500 Mendoza, Argentina.
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Silva JF, Ocarino NM, Vieira ALS, Nascimento EF, Serakides R. Effects of hypo- and hyperthyroidism on proliferation, angiogenesis, apoptosis and expression of COX-2 in the corpus luteum of female rats. Reprod Domest Anim 2013; 48:691-8. [PMID: 23369109 DOI: 10.1111/rda.12149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Although thyroid dysfunction occurs frequently in humans and some animal species, the mechanisms by which hypo- and hyperthyroidism affect the corpus luteum have not been thoroughly elucidated. This study evaluated the levels of proliferative activity, angiogenesis, apoptosis and expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in the corpus luteum of female rats with thyroid dysfunction. These processes may be important in understanding the reproductive changes caused by thyroid dysfunction. A total of 18 adult female rats were divided into three groups (control, hypothyroid and hyperthyroid) with six animals per group. Three months after treatment to induce thyroid dysfunction, the rats were euthanized in the dioestrus phase. The ovaries were collected and immunohistochemically analysed for expression of the cell proliferation marker CDC-47, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), VEGF receptor Flk-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Apoptosis was evaluated using the TUNEL assay. Hypothyroidism reduced the intensity and area of COX-2 expression in the corpus luteum (p < 0.05), while hyperthyroidism did not alter COX-2 expression in the dioestrus phase. Hypothyroidism significantly reduced the expression of CDC-47 in endothelial cells and pericytes in the corpus luteum, whereas hyperthyroidism did not induce a detectable change in CDC-47 expression (p > 0.05). Hypothyroidism reduced the level of apoptosis in luteal cells (p < 0.05) and increased VEGF expression in the corpus luteum. In contrast, hyperthyroidism increased the level of apoptosis in the corpus luteum (p < 0.05). In conclusion, thyroid dysfunction differentially affects the levels of proliferative activity, angiogenesis and apoptosis and COX-2 expression in the corpus luteum of female rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Silva
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinária, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Karbalaei N, Ghasemi A, Faraji F, Zahediasl S. Comparison of the effect of maternal hypothyroidism on carbohydrate metabolism in young and aged male offspring in rats. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2012. [DOI: 10.3109/00365513.2012.743164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Asghar Ghasemi
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center
- Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences,
Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Faraji
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center
- Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences,
Tehran, Iran
| | - Saleh Zahediasl
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center
- Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences,
Tehran, Iran
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Stuebe AM, Grewen K, Pedersen CA, Propper C, Meltzer-Brody S. Failed lactation and perinatal depression: common problems with shared neuroendocrine mechanisms? J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2012; 21:264-72. [PMID: 22204416 PMCID: PMC3298672 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2011.3083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In the early postpartum period, mother and infant navigate a critical neuroendocrine transition from pregnancy to lactation. Two major clinical problems that occur during this transition are failed lactation and perinatal mood disorders. These disorders often overlap in clinical settings. Failed lactation is common. Although all major medical organizations recommend 6 months of exclusive breastfeeding, only 13% of women in the United States achieve this recommendation. Perinatal mood disorders affect 10% of mothers, with substantial morbidity for mother and child. We hypothesize that shared neuroendocrine mechanisms contribute to both failed lactation and perinatal mood disorders. In this hypothesis article, we discuss data from both animal models and clinical studies that suggest neuroendocrine mechanisms that may underlie these two disorders. Research to elucidate the role of these underlying mechanisms may identify treatment strategies both to relieve perinatal depression and to enable women to achieve their infant feeding goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison M Stuebe
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA.
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Hyperthyroidism advances luteolysis in the pregnant rat through changes in prostaglandin balance. Fertil Steril 2011; 96:1008-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2011.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2011] [Revised: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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