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Wedage WMM, Harischandra IN, Weerasena OVDSJ, De Silva BGDNK. Genetic diversity and phylogeography of Phlebotomus argentipes (Diptera: Psychodidae, Phlebotominae), using COI and ND4 mitochondrial gene sequences. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0296286. [PMID: 38157363 PMCID: PMC10756540 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0296286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phlebotomus argentipes complex is the primary vector for cutaneous leishmaniasis, a burgeoning health concern in contemporary Sri Lanka, where effective vector control is important for proper disease management. Understanding the genetic diversity of the P. argentipes population in Sri Lanka is vital before implementing a successful vector control program. Various studies have indicated that genetic divergence, caused by genetic drift or selection, can significantly influence the vector capacity of arthropod species. To devise innovative control strategies for P. argentipes, exploring genetic diversity and phylogeography can offer valuable insights into vector competence, key genetic trait transfer, and impact on disease epidemiology. The primary objective is to analyze the genetic diversity and phylogeography of the P. argentipes complex in Sri Lanka, based on two mitochondrial genomic regions in modern representatives of P. argentipes populations. METHODOLOGY A total of 159 P. argentipes specimens were collected from five endemic areas of cutaneous leishmaniasis and identified morphologically. Two mitochondrial regions (Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4 (ND4) were amplified using the total DNA and subsequently sequenced. Partial sequences of those mitochondrial genes were utilized to analyze genetic diversity indices and to explore phylogenetic and phylogeographic relationships. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Among five sampling locations, the highest genetic diversity for COI and ND4 was observed in Hambantota (Hd-0.749, π-0.00417) and Medirigiriya (Hd-0.977, π-0.01055), respectively. Phylogeographic analyses conducted using COI sequences and GenBank retrieved sequences demonstrated a significant divergence of P. argentipes haplotypes found in Sri Lanka. Results revealed that they have evolved from the Indian ancestral haplotype due to historical- geographical connections of the Indian subcontinent with Sri Lanka. CONCLUSIONS Utilizing high-mutation-rate mitochondrial genes, such as ND4, can enhance the accuracy of genetic variability analysis in P. argentipes populations in Sri Lanka. The phylogeographical analysis of COI gene markers in this study provides insights into the historical geographical relationship between India and P. argentipes in Sri Lanka. Both COI and ND4 genes exhibited consistent genetic homogeneity in P. argentipes in Sri Lanka, suggesting minimal impact on gene flow. This homogeneity also implies the potential for horizontal gene transfer across populations, facilitating the transmission of genes associated with traits like insecticide resistance. This dynamic undermines disease control efforts reliant on vector control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Methsala Madurangi Wedage
- Center for Biotechnology, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Iresha N. Harischandra
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Unit, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
- Vidya Sethu Foundation, Battaramulla, Sri Lanka
| | | | - B. G. D. N. K. De Silva
- Center for Biotechnology, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Unit, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
- Sri Lanka Institute of Biotechnology (SLIBTEC), Homagama, Sri Lanka
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Moya SL, Pech-May A, Quintana MG, Manteca-Acosta M, Salomón OD. Phylogenetic relationships of closely-related phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) of Nyssomyia genus and Lutzomyia subgenus. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2020; 115:e200220. [PMID: 32935751 PMCID: PMC7491277 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760200220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sofía Lorián Moya
- Ministerio de Salud de la Nación, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina
| | - Angélica Pech-May
- Ministerio de Salud de la Nación, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina
| | - María Gabriela Quintana
- Ministerio de Salud de la Nación, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina; Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Mariana Manteca-Acosta
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina; Ministerio de Salud de la Nación, Argentina
| | - Oscar Daniel Salomón
- Ministerio de Salud de la Nación, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina
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Aguilar-Domínguez M, Sánchez-Montes S, Esteve-Gassent MD, Barrientos-Salcedo C, Pérez de León A, Romero-Salas D. Genetic structure analysis of Amblyomma mixtum populations in Veracruz State, Mexico. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2018; 10:86-92. [PMID: 30228080 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Amblyomma mixtum Koch, 1844 parasitizes livestock, humans, and wildlife in Mexico. However, information on population genetics for this tick species in the country is missing. Tick samples were collected from livestock in ten regions across the state of Veracruz (22°28'N, 17°09'S, 93°36'E, 98°39'W) to analyze the genetic structure of A. mixtum populations. Ticks were morphologically identified using taxonomic keys. In order to test the intra-specific variability of A. mixtum fragments of the mitochondrial gene 16S-rRNA and cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI) were amplified. Ninety-six sequences were amplified from the 50 specimens' analyzed (96% amplification success). Eleven haplotypes were detected in 16S-rRNA gene and 10 more for COI. Neutrality tests showed negative results in most of the locations analyzed, which is indicative of an excess of recently derived haplotypes. However, these results were not statistically significant. Minimal union network analysis revealed that there is no separation of populations by geography, and that there is an overlap of several haplotypes among diverse populations. Significant genetic differentiation was not detected in the A. mixtum populations sampled in the state of Veracruz, Mexico, this may be due to the frequent movement of livestock hosts. This is the first report on the genetic structure of A. mixtum populations in Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariel Aguilar-Domínguez
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Posta Zootécnica Torreón del Molino, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Sokani Sánchez-Montes
- Centro de Medicina Tropical, Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | - Adalberto Pérez de León
- USDA-ARS Knipling-Bushland U.S. Livestock Insects Research Laboratory and Veterinary Pest Genomics Center, Kerrville, TX, USA
| | - Dora Romero-Salas
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Posta Zootécnica Torreón del Molino, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, Mexico.
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de Souza AAA, da Rocha Barata I, das Graças Soares Silva M, Lima JAN, Jennings YLL, Ishikawa EAY, Prévot G, Ginouves M, Silveira FT, Shaw J, dos Santos TV. Natural Leishmania (Viannia) infections of phlebotomines (Diptera: Psychodidae) indicate classical and alternative transmission cycles of American cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Guiana Shield, Brazil. Parasite 2017; 24:13. [PMID: 28508745 PMCID: PMC5432964 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2017016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
From 1996 to 1999 multi-trapping methods (Center of Diseases Control, CDC) light traps, light-baited Shannon traps, and aspiration on tree bases) were used to study the phlebotomine fauna of the "Serra do Navio" region of the Brazilian State of Amapá, which is part of the Guiana Shield. Fifty-three species were identified among 8,685 captured individuals. The following species, associated with the transmission of American cutaneous leishmaniasis in Amazonian Brazil, were captured: Nyssomyia umbratilis (3,388), Psychodopygus squamiventris maripaensis (995), Ny. anduzei (550), Trichophoromyia ubiquitalis (400), Ny. whitmani (291), Ps. paraensis (116), and Bichromomyia flaviscutellata (50). Flagellate infections were detected in 45 flies. Of the 19 parasites isolated in vitro, 15 were Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis (13 in Ny. umbratilis, 1 in Ny. whitmani, 1 in Ny. anduzei) and three were L. (V.) naiffi (2 in Ps. s. maripaensis, 1 in Ny. anduzei). The results indicate the participation of three phlebotomine species in the transmission of L. (V.) guyanensis and two species in that of L. (V.) naiffi, and show that the same phlebotomine species is involved in the transmission of different Leishmania (Viannia) species in the Guianan/Amazon region. A review of the literature together with the results of the present study, and other published and unpublished results, indicate that eight phlebotomine species potentially participate in the transmission of Leishmania (Viannia) naiffi in Amazonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelson Alcimar Almeida de Souza
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Seção de Parasitologia, Instituto Evandro Chagas (Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde) Ananindeua zip code 67.030-000
Pará State Brazil
| | - Iorlando da Rocha Barata
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Seção de Parasitologia, Instituto Evandro Chagas (Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde) Ananindeua zip code 67.030-000
Pará State Brazil
| | - Maria das Graças Soares Silva
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Seção de Parasitologia, Instituto Evandro Chagas (Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde) Ananindeua zip code 67.030-000
Pará State Brazil
| | - José Aprígio Nunes Lima
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Seção de Parasitologia, Instituto Evandro Chagas (Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde) Ananindeua zip code 67.030-000
Pará State Brazil
| | - Yara Lúcia Lins Jennings
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Seção de Parasitologia, Instituto Evandro Chagas (Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde) Ananindeua zip code 67.030-000
Pará State Brazil
| | - Edna Aoba Yassui Ishikawa
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Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal do Pará Belém zip code 66055-240
Pará State Brazil
| | - Ghislaine Prévot
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Département de Médecine, Ecosystèmes Amazoniens et Pathologie Tropicale, EA 3593, Labex CEBA, Université de Guyane zip code 97300
Cayenne French Guiana
| | - Marine Ginouves
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Département de Médecine, Ecosystèmes Amazoniens et Pathologie Tropicale, EA 3593, Labex CEBA, Université de Guyane zip code 97300
Cayenne French Guiana
| | - Fernando Tobias Silveira
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Seção de Parasitologia, Instituto Evandro Chagas (Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde) Ananindeua zip code 67.030-000
Pará State Brazil
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Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal do Pará Belém zip code 66055-240
Pará State Brazil
| | - Jeffrey Shaw
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Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo zip code 05508-000
São Paulo Brazil
| | - Thiago Vasconcelos dos Santos
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Seção de Parasitologia, Instituto Evandro Chagas (Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde) Ananindeua zip code 67.030-000
Pará State Brazil
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de Souza Freitas MT, Ríos-Velasquez CM, Costa CRL, Figueirêdo CAS, Aragão NC, da Silva LG, de Aragão Batista MV, Balbino TCL, Pessoa FAC, de Queiroz Balbino V. Phenotypic and genotypic variations among three allopatric populations of Lutzomyia umbratilis, main vector of Leishmania guyanensis. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:448. [PMID: 26338469 PMCID: PMC4559179 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-1051-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In South America, Lutzomyia umbratilis is the main vector of Leishmania guyanensis, one of the species involved in the transmission of American tegumentary leishmaniasis. In Brazil, L. umbratilis has been recorded in the Amazon region, and in the state of Pernambuco, Northeastern region, where an isolated population has been identified. This study assessed the phylogeographic structure and size and shape differences of the wing of three Brazilian populations. METHODS Samples of L. umbratilis were collected from Rio Preto da Eva (north of the Amazon River, Amazonas), from Manacapuru (south of the Amazon River), and from the isolated population in Recife, Pernambuco state. These samples were processed to obtain sequences of the Cytochrome Oxidase I mitochondrial gene. Geometrics morphometry analysis of the right wing shape of the three populations was made using discriminate canonical analysis. RESULTS Phylogenetic analysis revealed the presence of two distinct monophyletic clades: one clade comprised of the Recife and Rio Preto da Eva samples, and the other clade comprised of the Manacapuru samples. Comparing the Manacapuru population with the Recife and Rio Preto da Eva populations generated high indices of interpopulational divergence. Geometric morphometry analysis indicated two distinct groups between the studied populations. Canonical variate analysis of wing shape indicated that Rio Preto da Eva population is significantly closer to Recife population, and both populations were genetically distant from Manacapuru. CONCLUSION The polymorphic sites and geometric morphometry analysis indicate that the distance, lack of continuity and environmental differences have not modified the ancestral relationship between Recife and Rio Preto da Eva populations. The genetic and morphological similarities shared by the Recife and Rio Preto da Eva populations suggest that these populations are more closely related evolutionarily. These results confirm the existence of an L. umbratilis species complex in the North and Northeast regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moises Thiago de Souza Freitas
- Departament of Genetic, Federal University of Pernambuco, Avenida Professor Moraes Rego S/N,Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco, 50732-970, Brazil.
| | - Claudia Maria Ríos-Velasquez
- Laboratory of Infectious Disease Ecology in the Amazon, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane - Fiocruz Amazônia, Rua Terezina, 476, Adrianópolis, Manaus, Amazonas, 69.057-070, Brazil.
| | - César Raimundo Lima Costa
- Departament of Genetic, Federal University of Pernambuco, Avenida Professor Moraes Rego S/N,Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco, 50732-970, Brazil.
| | - Carlos Alberto Santiago Figueirêdo
- Departament of Genetic, Federal University of Pernambuco, Avenida Professor Moraes Rego S/N,Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco, 50732-970, Brazil.
| | - Nádia Consuelo Aragão
- Departament of Genetic, Federal University of Pernambuco, Avenida Professor Moraes Rego S/N,Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco, 50732-970, Brazil.
| | - Lidiane Gomes da Silva
- Departament of Genetic, Federal University of Pernambuco, Avenida Professor Moraes Rego S/N,Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco, 50732-970, Brazil.
| | - Marcus Vinicius de Aragão Batista
- Department of Biology, Federal University of Sergipe, Av. Marechal Rondon s/n - Rosa Elze, São Cristóvão, Aracajú, Sergipe, 49100-000, Brazil.
| | - Teresa Cristina Leal Balbino
- Departament of Microbiology, Research Center Aggeu Magalhaes, Avenida Professor Moraes Rego S/N,Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco, 50732-970, Brazil.
| | - Felipe Arley Costa Pessoa
- Laboratory of Infectious Disease Ecology in the Amazon, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane - Fiocruz Amazônia, Rua Terezina, 476, Adrianópolis, Manaus, Amazonas, 69.057-070, Brazil.
| | - Valdir de Queiroz Balbino
- Departament of Genetic, Federal University of Pernambuco, Avenida Professor Moraes Rego S/N,Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco, 50732-970, Brazil.
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Kato H, Cáceres AG, Gomez EA, Mimori T, Uezato H, Hashiguchi Y. Genetic divergence in populations of Lutzomyia ayacuchensis, a vector of Andean-type cutaneous leishmaniasis, in Ecuador and Peru. Acta Trop 2015; 141:79-87. [PMID: 25312337 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Haplotype and gene network analyses were performed on mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I and cytochrome b gene sequences of Lutzomyia (Lu.) ayacuchensis populations from Andean areas of Ecuador and southern Peru where the sand fly species transmit Leishmania (Leishmania) mexicana and Leishmania (Viannia) peruviana, respectively, and populations from the northern Peruvian Andes, for which transmission of Leishmania by Lu. ayacuchensis has not been reported. The haplotype analyses showed higher intrapopulation genetic divergence in northern Peruvian Andes populations and less divergence in the southern Peru and Ecuador populations, suggesting that a population bottleneck occurred in the latter populations, but not in former ones. Importantly, both haplotype and phylogenetic analyses showed that populations from Ecuador consisted of clearly distinct clusters from southern Peru, and the two populations were separated from those of northern Peru.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotomo Kato
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan.
| | - Abraham G Cáceres
- Departamento Académico de Microbiología Médica, Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru; Laboratorio de Entomología, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Lima, Peru
| | - Eduardo A Gomez
- Departamento de Medicina Tropical, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Catolica de Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Tatsuyuki Mimori
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Uezato
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Hashiguchi
- Department of Parasitology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan; Prometeo, Secretaria Nacional de Educacion Superior, Ciencia, Tecnologia e Innovacion (SENESCYT), Quito, Ecuador; Centro de Biomedicina, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
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Contreras Gutiérrez MA, Vivero RJ, Vélez ID, Porter CH, Uribe S. DNA barcoding for the identification of sand fly species (Diptera, Psychodidae, Phlebotominae) in Colombia. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85496. [PMID: 24454877 PMCID: PMC3893204 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Sand flies include a group of insects that are of medical importance and that vary in geographic distribution, ecology, and pathogen transmission. Approximately 163 species of sand flies have been reported in Colombia. Surveillance of the presence of sand fly species and the actualization of species distribution are important for predicting risks for and monitoring the expansion of diseases which sand flies can transmit. Currently, the identification of phlebotomine sand flies is based on morphological characters. However, morphological identification requires considerable skills and taxonomic expertise. In addition, significant morphological similarity between some species, especially among females, may cause difficulties during the identification process. DNA-based approaches have become increasingly useful and promising tools for estimating sand fly diversity and for ensuring the rapid and accurate identification of species. A partial sequence of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase gene subunit I (COI) is currently being used to differentiate species in different animal taxa, including insects, and it is referred as a barcoding sequence. The present study explored the utility of the DNA barcode approach for the identification of phlebotomine sand flies in Colombia. We sequenced 700 bp of the COI gene from 36 species collected from different geographic localities. The COI barcode sequence divergence within a single species was <2% in most cases, whereas this divergence ranged from 9% to 26.6% among different species. These results indicated that the barcoding gene correctly discriminated among the previously morphologically identified species with an efficacy of nearly 100%. Analyses of the generated sequences indicated that the observed species groupings were consistent with the morphological identifications. In conclusion, the barcoding gene was useful for species discrimination in sand flies from Colombia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rafael J. Vivero
- Program of Study and Control of Tropical Diseases, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Iván D. Vélez
- Program of Study and Control of Tropical Diseases, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Charles H. Porter
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, United States of America
| | - Sandra Uribe
- Molecular Systematics Group, National University of Colombia, Medellin, Colombia
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Yamamoto K, Cáceres AG, Gomez EA, Mimori T, Iwata H, Korenaga M, Sakurai T, Katakura K, Hashiguchi Y, Kato H. Genetic diversity of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene in Lutzomyia spp., with special reference to Lutzomyia peruensis, a main vector of Leishmania (Viannia) peruviana in the Peruvian Andes. Acta Trop 2013; 126:156-63. [PMID: 23416127 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2013.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Revised: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The genetic divergence caused by genetic drift and/or selection is suggested to affect the vectorial capacity and insecticide susceptibility of sand flies, as well as other arthropods. In the present study, cytochrome b (cyt b) gene sequences were determined in 13 species circulating in Peru to establish a basis for analysis of the genetic structure, and the intraspecific genetic diversity was assessed in the Lutzomyia (Lu.) peruensis, a main vector species of Leishmania (Viannia) peruviana in Peruvian Andes. Analysis of intraspecific genetic diversity in the cyt b gene sequences from 36 Lu. peruensis identified 3 highly polymorphic sites in the middle region of the gene. Haplotype and gene network analyses were performed on the cyt b gene sequences of 130 Lu. peruensis in 9 Andean areas from 3 Departments (Ancash, Lima and La Libertad). The results showed that the populations of La Libertad were highly polymorphic and that their haplotypes were distinct from those of Ancash and Lima, where dominant haplotypes were observed, suggesting that a population bottleneck may have occurred in Ancash and Lima, but not in La Libertad. The present study indicated that the middle region of the cyt b gene is useful for the analysis of genetic structure in sand fly populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kento Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Hygiene, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
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Pech-May A, Marina CF, Vázquez-Domínguez E, Berzunza-Cruz M, Rebollar-Téllez EA, Narváez-Zapata JA, Moo-Llanes D, Ibáñez-Bernal S, Ramsey JM, Becker I. Genetic structure and divergence in populations of Lutzomyia cruciata, a phlebotomine sand fly (Diptera: Psychodidae) vector of Leishmania mexicana in southeastern Mexico. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2013; 16:254-62. [PMID: 23416432 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Revised: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The low dispersal capacity of sand flies could lead to population isolation due to geographic barriers, climate variation, or to population fragmentation associated with specific local habitats due to landscape modification. The phlebotomine sand fly Lutzomyia cruciata has a wide distribution throughout Mexico and is a vector of Leishmania mexicana in the southeast. The aim of this study was to evaluate the genetic diversity, structure, and divergence within and among populations of Lu. cruciata in the state of Chiapas, and to infer the intra-specific phylogeny using the 3' end of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. We analyzed 62 sequences from four Lu. cruciata populations and found 26 haplotypes, high genetic differentiation and restricted gene flow among populations (Fst=0.416, Nm=0.701, p<0.001). The highest diversity values were recorded in populations from Loma Bonita and Guadalupe Miramar. Three lineages (100% bootstrap and 7% overall divergence) were identified using a maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis which showed high genetic divergence (17.2-22.7%). A minimum spanning haplotype network also supported separation into three lineages. Genetic structure and divergence within and among Lu. cruciata populations are hence affected by geographic heterogeneity and evolutionary background. Data obtained in the present study suggest that Lu. cruciata in the state of Chiapas consists of at least three lineages. Such findings may have implications for vector capacity and hence for vector control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica Pech-May
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública-INSP, 19 Poniente y 4ta Norte, 30700 Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
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Fernández MS, Lestani EA, Cavia R, Salomón OD. Phlebotominae fauna in a recent deforested area with American tegumentary leishmaniasis transmission (Puerto Iguazú, Misiones, Argentina): seasonal distribution in domestic and peridomestic environments. Acta Trop 2012; 122:16-23. [PMID: 22155061 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2011.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Revised: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Phlebotominae sand flies have been involved as vectors of Leishmania. In Argentina, Nyssomyia neivai and Nyssomyia whitmani are involved as the main vectors of American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis (ATL). In the northeastern border of the country, an outbreak of ATL during 2004-2005 was associated with deforestation and subsequent settlement of farmers close to the edge of the forest. The aim of this work was to study the community composition of sand flies along time in farms located near primary and secondary forest in two environments: houses and pigsties. The association of abundance with temperature and precipitation was also evaluated for the most prevalent species. A total of 23,659 Phlebotominae belonging to the genera Nyssomyia, Migonemyia, Pintomyia, Evandromyia, Micropygomyia, Sciopemyia, Dampfomyia, Psathyromyia and Brumptomyia were captured. Ny. whitmani, which was the most abundant species, and Migonemyia migonei, which was the second most abundant species, were present throughout the year. Both species were positively associated with temperature, mostly up to 31-47 days, and with precipitation at 31 days before the sampling day. The abundance was higher in pigsties than in houses, but the time pattern was positively associated between both environments. These results confirm that Ny. whitmani is the dominant species in the study area and its presence throughout the year indicates a potential long period of ATL transmission. The presence of Mg. migonei as the second species in abundance is relevant, because it has been described as a secondary vector of the parasites of ATL and a putative vector of the agent of American Visceral Leishmaniasis. We discuss the role of the pigsty as the environment that attract more sandflies, taking into account the number of sand flies captured there, the distance from the home, and the association of sand fly abundance with each of the two environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Soledad Fernández
- Centro Nacional de Diagnóstico e Investigación en Endemo-epidemias, Paseo Colón 568, 1er piso, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Cohnstaedt LW, Caceres AG, Beati L, Munstermann LE. The population structure of Lutzomyia verrucarum (Diptera: Psycodidae), a Bartonella bacilliformis and Leishmania peruviana vector in Peru. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2012; 49:77-84. [PMID: 22308774 DOI: 10.1603/me11013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The population genetic structure of Lutzomyia verrucarum (Townsend), a sand fly disease vector of Carrion's disease and cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Peruvian Andes, was characterized by sequencing 653 bp of cytochrome b and 1,125 bp of the NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4 genes of its mitochondrial genome. DNA sequence variation within and between valleys was compared in a sample of 220 sand flies from three valleys (Purisima, Huaylas, and Conchucos) and five departments (Amazonas, Cajamarca, Piura, Lima, and Huancavelica). Gene network and phylogenetic analyses indicated a high similarity of haplotypes collected within a single valley (0-0.52% nucleotide divergence). Flies from each valley had unique genotypes not shared with specimens from other valleys or from more distant regions (0.8-3.1% nucleotide divergence). Mountain ranges and geographic distance appear to have impeded migration (N(m) = < 0.18) between valleys and separated populations into discrete genetic units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee W Cohnstaedt
- Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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Rocha LDS, Falqueto A, Dos Santos CB, Grimaldi GJ, Cupolillo E. Possible implication of the genetic composition of the Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae) populations in the epidemiology of the visceral leishmaniasis. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2011; 48:1016-1022. [PMID: 21936320 DOI: 10.1603/me10249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae) is the principal vector of American visceral leishmaniasis. Several studies have indicated that the Lu. longipalpis population structure is complex. It has been suggested that genetic divergence caused by genetic drift, selection, or both may affect the vectorial capacity of Lu. longipalpis. However, it remains unclear whether genetic differences among Lu. longipalpis populations are directly implicated in the transmission features of visceral leishmaniasis. We evaluated the genetic composition and the patterns of genetic differentiation among Lu. longipalpis populations collected from regions with different patterns of transmission of visceral leishmaniasis by analyzing the sequence variation in the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. Furthermore, we investigated the temporal distribution of haplotypes and compared our results with those obtained in a previous study. Our data indicate that there are differences in the haplotype composition and that there has been significant differentiation between the analyzed populations. Our results reveal that measures used to control visceral leishmaniasis might have influenced the genetic composition of the vector population. This finding raises important questions concerning the epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis, because these differences in the genetic structures among populations of Lu. longipalpis may have implications with respect to their efficiency as vectors for visceral leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo de Souza Rocha
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Leishmanioses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, IOC/FIOCRUZ, Pavilhão Leônidas Deane-sala 509, Av. Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil 21045-900.
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Survey of natural infection by Leishmania in sand fly species collected in southeastern Brazil. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2010; 104:461-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2010.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2009] [Revised: 02/10/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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de Souza Rocha L, dos Santos CB, Falqueto A, Grimaldi G, Cupolillo E. Molecular biological identification of monoxenous trypanosomatids and Leishmania from antropophilic sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Southeast Brazil. Parasitol Res 2010; 107:465-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-010-1903-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2010] [Accepted: 04/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Rangel EF, Lainson R. Proven and putative vectors of American cutaneous leishmaniasis in Brazil: aspects of their biology and vectorial competence. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2009; 104:937-54. [PMID: 20027458 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762009000700001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2009] [Accepted: 10/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Salomón OD, Acardi SA, Liotta DJ, Fernández MS, Lestani E, López D, Mastrángelo AV, Figueroa M, Fattore G. Epidemiological aspects of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Iguazú falls area of Argentina. Acta Trop 2009; 109:5-11. [PMID: 18983809 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2008.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2008] [Revised: 07/29/2008] [Accepted: 08/09/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Over the last three decades the incidence of American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) has increased sharply in Argentina and throughout the world. In the Iguazú Falls area, on the border between Brazil and Paraguay, the incidence of human ACL has risen since 2004. Most of the 36 cases of human ACL reported until 2005 have involved males over 15 years old (75%) infected during deforestation to establish individual farms. Captures carried out in primary forest, periurban areas, and deforested land sites yielded 18,438 sand flies belonging to 13 species; the most prevalent species were Lutzomyia (Nyssomyia) whitmani (87.4%) and Lutzomyia (Mygonemyia.) migonei (7.6%). Cluster analysis was used to group traps according to species and abundance of sand flies. The group of traps located in recently deforested places, in pig and chicken dwellings of houses where ACL cases had been reported in the past, and at one house with an active ACL case, had the highest abundance of Lu. whitmani and Lu. whitmani+Lu. migonei as well as the highest ratio of Lu. whitmani/Lu. migonei. Leishmania sp. infections, both in Lu. whitmani, in Lu. quinquefer, and in smears from human cases were detected by DNA kinetoplast amplification using a generic PCR protocol. The risk of ACL outbreak in the Iguazú Falls area is still associated with economic and leisure activities in primary-secondary forest, including deforestation, rural settlements, fishing, hunting, and ecotourism. In addition, the risk of periurban transmission seems likely, and this is discussed within the framework of surveillance and prevention strategies.
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Mazzoni CJ, Souza NA, Andrade-Coelho C, Kyriacou CP, Peixoto AA. Molecular polymorphism, differentiation and introgression in the period gene between Lutzomyia intermedia and Lutzomyia whitmani. BMC Evol Biol 2006; 6:85. [PMID: 17069656 PMCID: PMC1634875 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-6-85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2006] [Accepted: 10/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lutzomyia intermedia and Lutzomyia whitmani (Diptera: Psychodidae) are important and very closely related vector species of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Brazil, which are distinguishable by a few morphological differences. There is evidence of mitochondrial introgression between the two species but it is not clear whether gene flow also occurs in nuclear genes. Results We analyzed the molecular variation within the clock gene period (per) of these two species in five different localities in Eastern Brazil. AMOVA and Fst estimates showed no evidence for geographical differentiation within species. On the other hand, the values were highly significant for both analyses between species. The two species show no fixed differences and a higher number of shared polymorphisms compared to exclusive mutations. In addition, some haplotypes that are "typical" of one species were found in some individuals of the other species suggesting either the persistence of old polymorphisms or the occurrence of introgression. Two tests of gene flow, one based on linkage disequilibrium and a MCMC analysis based on coalescence, suggest that the two species might be exchanging alleles at the per locus. Conclusion Introgression might be occurring between L. intermedia and L. whitmani in period, a gene controlling behavioral rhythms in Drosophila. This result raises the question of whether similar phenomena are occurring at other loci controlling important aspects of behavior and vectorial capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila J Mazzoni
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz – Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Nataly A Souza
- Departamento de Entomologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz – Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Alexandre A Peixoto
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz – Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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de Souza CM, Fortes-Dias CL, Linardi PM, Dias ES. Phenetic studies on randomly amplified polymorphic DNA-polymerase chain reaction-variability of four geographical populations of Lutzomyia whitmani (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2004; 37:148-53. [PMID: 15094900 DOI: 10.1590/s0037-86822004000200007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous evaluation of the genetic variability of four biogeographical populations of Lutzomyia whitmani from known foci of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Brazil demonstrated two main spatial clusters: Corte de Pedra-BA, Ilhéus-BA and Serra de Baturité-CE in the first cluster, and Martinho Campos-MG in the second. Further analysis showed a high degree of homogeneity in Corte de Pedra population but not in the others, which presented a significant percentage of specimens displaced from their phenon of origin (discrepant individuals). In the present work we analyzed the frequencies of association coefficients in the matrixes of similarity per population of Lutzomyia whitmani from both sexes and the general phenograms obtained, in a more detailed study of those discrepant specimens. Populational stability was observed for Corte de Pedra population, whereas the three remaining populations showed varying degrees of heterogeneity and different displacements according to sex. Our results strongly suggested the existence of a genetic flow between the lineages North-South/North-East and Ilhéus/Serra do Baturité of Lutzomyia whitmani.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Margonari de Souza
- Laboratório de Leishmanioses, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Beati L, Cáceres AG, Lee JA, Munstermann LE. Systematic relationships among Lutzomyia sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) of Peru and Colombia based on the analysis of 12S and 28S ribosomal DNA sequences. Int J Parasitol 2004; 34:225-34. [PMID: 15037108 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2003.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2003] [Revised: 10/15/2003] [Accepted: 10/17/2003] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Lutzomyia spp. are New World phlebotomine sand flies, many of which are involved in the transmission of human diseases, such as leishmaniases and bartonellosis. The systematic classification of the approximately 400 species in the genus has been based on morphological characters, but the relationships within the genus are still very much in question. We have inferred phylogenies of 32 species of phlebotomine sand flies belonging to seven sub-genera and two species groups, by using fragments of the mitochondrial small subunit (12SrRNA) and of the nuclear large subunit (28SrRNA) ribosomal gene sequences. The subgenus Helcocyrtomyia and the Verrucarum species group, prominent representatives of the Peruvian sand fly fauna, were represented by 11 and 7 species, respectively. Although based on a limited number of taxa, the resulting phylogenies, based on 837 characters, provide an initial phylogenetic backbone for the progressive reconstruction of infrageneric relationships within Lutzomyia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenza Beati
- Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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Margonari CS, Fortes-Dias CL, Dias ES. Genetic variability in geographical populations of Lutzomyia whitmani elucidated by RAPD-PCR. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2004; 41:187-192. [PMID: 15061277 DOI: 10.1603/0022-2585-41.2.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Unequivocal identification of phlebotomine sand flies is of crucial importance in epidemiological studies of leishmaniasis, because certain species may act as vectors, depending on behavior and physiology. For Lutzomyia whitmani, a major vector of American human cutaneous leishmaniasis in Brazil, an increasing number of studies have suggested the existence of a species complex. In the present work, we evaluated the genetic variability of L. whitmani populations from four Brazilian foci of that disease: Corte de Pedra, Ilhéus, Martinho Campos, and Serra de Baturité. Computational analysis of 85 characters, generated by RAPD-polymerase chain reaction, demonstrated high intrapopulational variability. Those characters led to sex discrimination in three of the populations, with the exception of Martinho Campos individuals, in which sex distinction was not complete. One and two interpopulational phenograms were obtained for females and males, respectively. A higher similarity was observed among the specimens from Ilhéus, Corte de Pedra, and Serra de Baturité, whereas the Martinho Campos population remained external to that cluster. These results, which are in partial accordance with a previous morphometric survey of L. whitmani from the same regions, provide additional evidence to support the existence of at least two spatial clusters of biogeographical populations of L. whitmani in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Margonari
- Laboratório de Leishmanioses, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou/FIOCRUZ, Av. Augusto de Lima 1715, 30190-002, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
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Peterson AT, Shaw J. Lutzomyia vectors for cutaneous leishmaniasis in Southern Brazil: ecological niche models, predicted geographic distributions, and climate change effects. Int J Parasitol 2003; 33:919-31. [PMID: 12906876 DOI: 10.1016/s0020-7519(03)00094-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Geographic and ecological distributions of three Lutzomyia sand flies that are cutaneous leishmaniasis vectors in South America were analysed using ecological niche modelling. This new tool provides a large-scale perspective on species' geographic distributions, ecological and historical factors determining them, and their potential for change with expected environmental changes. As a first step, the ability of this technique to predict geographic distributions of the three species was tested statistically using two subsampling techniques: a random-selection technique that simulates 50% data density, and a quadrant-based technique that challenges the method to predict into broad unsampled regions. Predictivity under both test schemes was highly statistically significant. Visualisation of ecological niches provided insights into the ecological basis for distributional differences among species. Projections of potential geographic distributions across scenarios of global climate change suggested that only Lutzomyia whitmani is likely to be experiencing dramatic improvements in conditions in south-eastern Brazil, where cutaneous leishmaniasis appears to be re-emerging; Lutzomyia intermedia and Lutzomyia migonei may be seeing more subtle improvements in climatic conditions, but the implications are not straightforward. More generally, this technique offers the possibility of new views into the distributional ecology of disease, vector, and reservoir species.
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Arrivillaga JC, Norris DE, Feliciangeli MD, Lanzaro GC. Phylogeography of the neotropical sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2002; 2:83-95. [PMID: 12797984 DOI: 10.1016/s1567-1348(02)00087-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Sand flies in the Lutzomyia longipalpis species complex include the primary vector of Leishmania chagasi, the etiologic agent of visceral leishmaniasis in the Neotropics. Twelve L. longipalpis populations from South and Central America were compared using the cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) gene from the mitochondrial genome. The haplotype profiles for each population revealed that the majority of sequence variation was inter-population (98%) rather than intra-population, suggesting that sequence polymorphisms at the COI locus should provide excellent characters for the study of phylogenetic relationships among populations. Phylogenetic reconstruction using distance (neighbor-joining) and maximum parsimony analysis revealed the existence of four clades among the L. longipalpis populations studied: (1) Laran, (2) Brazilian, (3) cis-Andean and (4) trans-Andean. We suggest that these clades represent species. A biogeographical interpretation of the molecular phylogeny suggests that the process of speciation in the L. longipalpis complex began in the Pliocene, from a sub-Andean-Amazonian gene pool resulting from the Andean orogeny (formation of the East Andean Cordillera). The four clades probably diverged as a result of vicariance events that occurred throughout the late Pliocene and Pleistocene. We propose and discuss several historical scenarios, based on the biogeography and historical geology of Central and South America.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Arrivillaga
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA
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Balbino VQ, Marcondes CB, Alexander B, Luna LK, Lucena MM, Mendes AC, Andrade PP. First report of Lutzomyia (Nyssomyia) umbratilis Ward & Frahia, 1977 outside of Amazonian Region, in Recife, State of Pernambuco, Brazil (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae). Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2001; 96:315-7. [PMID: 11313636 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762001000300005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lutzomyia umbratilis, a known vector of Leishmania guyanensis in the north of Amazon basin, has been exclusively found in the Amazonian region. Here we report for the first time the occurrence of this species in northeastern Brazil. The epidemiological importance of the occurrence of this species in the Atlantic Forest is commented.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Q Balbino
- Departamento de Genética, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, 50732-970, Brasil.
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Soto SI, Lehmann T, Rowton ED, Vélez B ID, Porter CH. Speciation and population structure in the morphospecies Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz & Neiva) as derived from the mitochondrial ND4 gene. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2001; 18:84-93. [PMID: 11161745 DOI: 10.1006/mpev.2000.0863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested that the phlebotomine sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae), the principal vector of visceral leishmaniasis in the Neotropics, may consist of several allopatric sibling species. Phylogenetic and population genetic analyses of nucleotide variation in a 618-bp fragment of the mitochondrial ND4 gene were carried out on specimens of Lu. longipalpis from several locations in Central and South America. The analyses were concordant with previous findings, indicating that certain allopatric populations of Lu. longipalpis have become sufficiently differentiated as to represent sibling species. Phylogenetic analyses revealed deep genetic divisions between four clades represented by specimens from northern South America, Brazil, Central America, and an isolated Colombian population. Strong differentiation also was observed between certain populations within the first two clades. Partitioning of genetic diversity within and between Central American populations did not show the presence of more than one species in the region. However, distance, even within the 70-km range of the Honduran collection sites, was found to have a remarkably strong effect on gene flow. The highly subdivided population structure may be due to the patchiness of their distribution. F(ST) values comparing a Guatemalan population with several Honduran populations revealed a level of differentiation associated with a negligible rate of gene flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- S I Soto
- PECET, Universidad de Antioquia, Apartado 1226, Medellín, Colombia
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