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Azevedo-Martins AK, Santos MP, Abayomi J, Ferreira NJR, Evangelista FS. The Impact of Excessive Fructose Intake on Adipose Tissue and the Development of Childhood Obesity. Nutrients 2024; 16:939. [PMID: 38612973 PMCID: PMC11013923 DOI: 10.3390/nu16070939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, childhood obesity cases continue to rise, and its prevalence is known to increase the risk of non-communicable diseases typically found in adults, such as cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Thus, comprehending its multiple causes to build healthier approaches and revert this scenario is urgent. Obesity development is strongly associated with high fructose intake since the excessive consumption of this highly lipogenic sugar leads to white fat accumulation and causes white adipose tissue (WAT) inflammation, oxidative stress, and dysregulated adipokine release. Unfortunately, the global consumption of fructose has increased dramatically in recent years, which is associated with the fact that fructose is not always evident to consumers, as it is commonly added as a sweetener in food and sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB). Therefore, here, we discuss the impact of excessive fructose intake on adipose tissue biology, its contribution to childhood obesity, and current strategies for reducing high fructose and/or free sugar intake. To achieve such reductions, we conclude that it is important that the population has access to reliable information about food ingredients via food labels. Consumers also need scientific education to understand potential health risks to themselves and their children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Karenina Azevedo-Martins
- Group of Study in Endocrinology and Metabolism, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 03828-000, Brazil; (M.P.S.); (N.J.R.F.); (F.S.E.)
| | - Matheus Pedro Santos
- Group of Study in Endocrinology and Metabolism, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 03828-000, Brazil; (M.P.S.); (N.J.R.F.); (F.S.E.)
| | - Julie Abayomi
- School of Medicine and Nutrition, Faculty of Health, Social Care and Medicine, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk L39 4QP, UK;
| | - Natália Juliana Ramos Ferreira
- Group of Study in Endocrinology and Metabolism, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 03828-000, Brazil; (M.P.S.); (N.J.R.F.); (F.S.E.)
| | - Fabiana S. Evangelista
- Group of Study in Endocrinology and Metabolism, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 03828-000, Brazil; (M.P.S.); (N.J.R.F.); (F.S.E.)
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2
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Forero-Rodríguez J, Zimmermann J, Taubenheim J, Arias-Rodríguez N, Caicedo-Narvaez JD, Best L, Mendieta CV, López-Castiblanco J, Gómez-Muñoz LA, Gonzalez-Santos J, Arboleda H, Fernandez W, Kaleta C, Pinzón A. Changes in Bacterial Gut Composition in Parkinson's Disease and Their Metabolic Contribution to Disease Development: A Gut Community Reconstruction Approach. Microorganisms 2024; 12:325. [PMID: 38399728 PMCID: PMC10893096 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12020325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic and progressive neurodegenerative disease with the major symptoms comprising loss of movement coordination (motor dysfunction) and non-motor dysfunction, including gastrointestinal symptoms. Alterations in the gut microbiota composition have been reported in PD patients vs. controls. However, it is still unclear how these compositional changes contribute to disease etiology and progression. Furthermore, most of the available studies have focused on European, Asian, and North American cohorts, but the microbiomes of PD patients in Latin America have not been characterized. To address this problem, we obtained fecal samples from Colombian participants (n = 25 controls, n = 25 PD idiopathic cases) to characterize the taxonomical community changes during disease via 16S rRNA gene sequencing. An analysis of differential composition, diversity, and personalized computational modeling was carried out, given the fecal bacterial composition and diet of each participant. We found three metabolites that differed in dietary habits between PD patients and controls: carbohydrates, trans fatty acids, and potassium. We identified six genera that changed significantly in their relative abundance between PD patients and controls, belonging to the families Lachnospiraceae, Lactobacillaceae, Verrucomicrobioaceae, Peptostreptococcaceae, and Streptococcaceae. Furthermore, personalized metabolic modeling of the gut microbiome revealed changes in the predicted production of seven metabolites (Indole, tryptophan, fructose, phenylacetic acid, myristic acid, 3-Methyl-2-oxovaleric acid, and N-Acetylneuraminic acid). These metabolites are associated with the metabolism of aromatic amino acids and their consumption in the diet. Therefore, this research suggests that each individual's diet and intestinal composition could affect host metabolism. Furthermore, these findings open the door to the study of microbiome-host interactions and allow us to contribute to personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Forero-Rodríguez
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Research Group, Genetic Institute, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá 111321, Colombia; (J.F.-R.); (J.D.C.-N.); (J.L.-C.)
- Medical Systems Biology Research Group, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany (J.T.)
| | - Johannes Zimmermann
- Medical Systems Biology Research Group, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany (J.T.)
| | - Jan Taubenheim
- Medical Systems Biology Research Group, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany (J.T.)
| | - Natalia Arias-Rodríguez
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Research Group, Genetic Institute, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá 111321, Colombia; (J.F.-R.); (J.D.C.-N.); (J.L.-C.)
| | - Juan David Caicedo-Narvaez
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Research Group, Genetic Institute, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá 111321, Colombia; (J.F.-R.); (J.D.C.-N.); (J.L.-C.)
- Neurosciences Research Group, Genetic Institute, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá 111321, Colombia
| | - Lena Best
- Medical Systems Biology Research Group, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany (J.T.)
| | - Cindy V. Mendieta
- PhD Program in Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá 110231, Colombia;
- Department of Nutrition and Biochemistry, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá 110231, Colombia
| | - Julieth López-Castiblanco
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Research Group, Genetic Institute, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá 111321, Colombia; (J.F.-R.); (J.D.C.-N.); (J.L.-C.)
| | - Laura Alejandra Gómez-Muñoz
- Neurosciences Research Group, Genetic Institute, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá 111321, Colombia
- Cell Death Research Group, Medical School and Genetic Institute, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá 111321, Colombia
| | - Janneth Gonzalez-Santos
- Structural Biochemistry and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá 110231, Colombia
| | - Humberto Arboleda
- Cell Death Research Group, Medical School and Genetic Institute, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá 111321, Colombia
| | - William Fernandez
- Neurosciences Research Group, Genetic Institute, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá 111321, Colombia
- Cell Death Research Group, Medical School and Genetic Institute, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá 111321, Colombia
| | - Christoph Kaleta
- Medical Systems Biology Research Group, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany (J.T.)
| | - Andrés Pinzón
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Research Group, Genetic Institute, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá 111321, Colombia; (J.F.-R.); (J.D.C.-N.); (J.L.-C.)
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3
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Giussani M, Lieti G, Orlando A, Parati G, Genovesi S. Fructose Intake, Hypertension and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Children and Adolescents: From Pathophysiology to Clinical Aspects. A Narrative Review. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:792949. [PMID: 35492316 PMCID: PMC9039289 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.792949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Arterial hypertension, dyslipidemia, alterations in glucose metabolism and fatty liver, either alone or in association, are frequently observed in obese children and may seriously jeopardize their health. For obesity to develop, an excessive intake of energy-bearing macronutrients is required; however, ample evidence suggests that fructose may promote the development of obesity and/or metabolic alterations, independently of its energy intake. Fructose consumption is particularly high among children, because they do not have the perception, and more importantly, neither do their parents, that high fructose intake is potentially dangerous. In fact, while this sugar is erroneously viewed favorably as a natural nutrient, its excessive intake can actually cause adverse cardio-metabolic alterations. Fructose induces the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and reduces the production of anti-atherosclerotic cytokines, such as adiponectin. Furthermore, by interacting with hunger and satiety control systems, particularly by inducing leptin resistance, it leads to increased caloric intake. Fructose, directly or through its metabolites, promotes the development of obesity, arterial hypertension, dyslipidemia, glucose intolerance and fatty liver. This review aims to highlight the mechanisms by which the early and excessive consumption of fructose may contribute to the development of a variety of cardiometabolic risk factors in children, thus representing a potential danger to their health. It will also describe the main clinical trials performed in children and adolescents that have evaluated the clinical effects of excessive intake of fructose-containing drinks and food, with particular attention to the effects on blood pressure. Finally, we will discuss the effectiveness of measures that can be taken to reduce the intake of this sugar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Giussani
- Cardiologic Unit, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Istituto Ricovero Cura Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Lieti
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonina Orlando
- Cardiologic Unit, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Istituto Ricovero Cura Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Milan, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Parati
- Cardiologic Unit, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Istituto Ricovero Cura Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Milan, Italy.,School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Simonetta Genovesi
- Cardiologic Unit, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Istituto Ricovero Cura Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Milan, Italy.,School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
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4
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Ahmed LA, Shiha NA, Attia AS. Escitalopram Ameliorates Cardiomyopathy in Type 2 Diabetic Rats via Modulation of Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products and Its Downstream Signaling Cascades. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:579206. [PMID: 33384599 PMCID: PMC7770111 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.579206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has been recognized as a known risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Additionally, studies have shown the prevalence of depression among people with diabetes. Thus, the current study aimed to investigate the possible beneficial effects of escitalopram, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, on metabolic changes and cardiac complications in type 2 diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced by feeding the rats high fat-high fructose diet (HFFD) for 8 weeks followed by a subdiabetogenic dose of streptozotocin (STZ) (35 mg/kg, i. p.). Treatment with escitalopram (10 mg/kg/day; p. o.) was then initiated for 4 weeks. At the end of the experiment, electrocardiography was performed and blood samples were collected for determination of glycemic and lipid profiles. Animals were then euthanized and heart samples were collected for biochemical and histopathological examinations. Escitalopram alleviated the HFFD/STZ-induced metabolic and cardiac derangements as evident by improvement of oxidative stress, inflammatory, fibrogenic and apoptotic markers in addition to hypertrophy and impaired conduction. These results could be secondary to its beneficial effects on the glycemic control and hence the reduction of receptor for advanced glycation end products content as revealed in the present study. In conclusion, escitalopram could be considered a favorable antidepressant medication in diabetic patients as it seems to positively impact the glycemic control in diabetes in addition to prevention of its associated cardiovascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamiaa A Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nesma A Shiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amina S Attia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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5
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Lelis DDF, Andrade JMO, Almenara CCP, Broseguini-Filho GB, Mill JG, Baldo MP. High fructose intake and the route towards cardiometabolic diseases. Life Sci 2020; 259:118235. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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6
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Thongnak L, Chatsudthipong V, Lungkaphin A. Mitigation of renal inflammation and endoplasmic reticulum stress by vildagliptin and statins in high-fat high-fructose diet-induced insulin resistance and renal injury in rats. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1865:158755. [PMID: 32534015 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Dyslipidemia and insulin resistance in obesity can lead to lipotoxicity and cellular damage. Renal lipotoxicity in association with an impairment of lipid metabolism induces renal damage through the activation of inflammation, ER stress, fibrosis and apoptosis. We investigated the effects of a combination treatment of the DPP-4 inhibitor vildagliptin and atorvastatin on renal lipotoxicity related to renal dysfunction and injury in a high-fat high-fructose diet (HFF)-induced insulin resistant condition. Male Wistar rats were fed on a high-fat diet and were given drinking water with 10% fructose for 16 weeks. After that, rats were divided into: no treatment (HFF), treatment with vildagliptin, atorvastatin and vildagliptin plus atorvastatin for 4 weeks. The results demonstrated that the combination treatment prominently improved insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and kidney morphological changes induced by HFF. These changes correlated well with the increased expression of nephrin and podocin and decreased urine protein. Notably, the combined treatment produced greater improvement in renal lipid metabolism through increasing fatty acid oxidation with the decreases in fatty acid transporters and fatty acid synthesis, thereby reducing renal lipid accumulation in HFF rats. The reduction in renal lipotoxicity via diminishing renal inflammation, ER stress, fibrosis and apoptosis was also more significant in the combined treatment group than in the other groups in which the drug was used as a monotherapy. In conclusion, the combination therapy produced synergistic beneficial effects on metabolic parameters, lipid metabolism and accumulation related to renal lipid accumulation-induced lipotoxicity and kidney injury in the HFF-induced insulin resistant model with improved outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laongdao Thongnak
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Varanuj Chatsudthipong
- Research Center of Transport Protein for Medical Innovation, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Anusorn Lungkaphin
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Functional Food Research Center for Well-being, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
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7
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Dewdney B, Roberts A, Qiao L, George J, Hebbard L. A Sweet Connection? Fructose's Role in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E496. [PMID: 32218179 PMCID: PMC7226025 DOI: 10.3390/biom10040496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma is one of few cancer types that continues to grow in incidence and mortality worldwide. With the alarming increase in diabetes and obesity rates, the higher rates of hepatocellular carcinoma are a result of underlying non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Many have attributed disease progression to an excess consumption of fructose sugar. Fructose has known toxic effects on the liver, including increased fatty acid production, increased oxidative stress, and insulin resistance. These effects have been linked to non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFLD) disease and a progression to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). While the literature suggests fructose may enhance liver cancer progression, the precise mechanisms in which fructose induces tumor formation remains largely unclear. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of fructose metabolism in liver disease and liver tumor development. Furthermore, we consider the latest knowledge of cancer cell metabolism and speculate on additional mechanisms of fructose metabolism in hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany Dewdney
- Molecular and Cell Biology, and The Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville QLD 4811, Australia; (B.D.); (A.R.)
| | - Alexandra Roberts
- Molecular and Cell Biology, and The Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville QLD 4811, Australia; (B.D.); (A.R.)
| | - Liang Qiao
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead Hospital and University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2145, Australia; (L.Q.); (J.G.)
| | - Jacob George
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead Hospital and University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2145, Australia; (L.Q.); (J.G.)
| | - Lionel Hebbard
- Molecular and Cell Biology, and The Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville QLD 4811, Australia; (B.D.); (A.R.)
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead Hospital and University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2145, Australia; (L.Q.); (J.G.)
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Softic S, Stanhope KL, Boucher J, Divanovic S, Lanaspa MA, Johnson RJ, Kahn CR. Fructose and hepatic insulin resistance. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2020; 57:308-322. [PMID: 31935149 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2019.1711360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Excessive caloric intake in a form of high-fat diet (HFD) was long thought to be the major risk factor for development of obesity and its complications, such as fatty liver disease and insulin resistance. Recently, there has been a paradigm shift and more attention is attributed to the effects of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) as one of the culprits of the obesity epidemic. In this review, we present the data invoking fructose intake with development of hepatic insulin resistance in human studies and discuss the pathways by which fructose impairs hepatic insulin action in experimental animal models. First, we described well-characterized pathways by which fructose metabolism indirectly leads to hepatic insulin resistance. These include unequivocal effects of fructose to promote de novo lipogenesis (DNL), impair fatty acid oxidation (FAO), induce endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and trigger hepatic inflammation. Additionally, we entertained the hypothesis that fructose can directly impede insulin signaling in the liver. This appears to be mediated by reduced insulin receptor and insulin receptor substrate 2 (IRS2) expression, increased protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1b) activity, whereas knockdown of ketohexokinase (KHK), the rate-limiting enzyme of fructose metabolism, increased insulin sensitivity. In summary, dietary fructose intake strongly promotes hepatic insulin resistance via complex interplay of several metabolic pathways, at least some of which are independent of increased weight gain and caloric intake. The current evidence shows that the fructose, but not glucose, component of dietary sugar drives metabolic complications and contradicts the notion that fructose is merely a source of palatable calories that leads to increased weight gain and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Softic
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine and Kentucky Children's Hospital, Lexington, KY, USA.,Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kimber L Stanhope
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jeremie Boucher
- Bioscience Metabolism, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden.,The Lundberg Laboratory for Diabetes Research, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Senad Divanovic
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Miguel A Lanaspa
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Richard J Johnson
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - C Ronald Kahn
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, USA
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9
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Aggarwal H, Nair J, Sharma P, Sehgal R, Naeem U, Rajora P, Mathur R. Aegle marmelos differentially affects hepatic markers of glycolysis, insulin signalling pathway, hypoxia, and inflammation in HepG2 cells grown in fructose versus glucose-rich environment. Mol Cell Biochem 2017; 438:1-16. [PMID: 28766170 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-017-3108-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Fructose consumption is responsible for the onset of insulin resistance (IR), and metabolic syndrome. It possesses no functional utility in body and its detrimental effects on hepatic metabolic milieu are beyond those produced by glucose. The need of the hour is to identify fructose-induced IR as an unique pathological state to be managed differentially. The effect of aqueous leaf extract of Aegle marmelos (AM) on hepatic markers of insulin resistance using HepG2 cells cultured in either fructose or glucose-rich environment is investigated. Human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2) were grown under standard conditions in either-DMEM without glucose (NC), DMEM with high glucose 25 mM (Glu), DMEM-glucose+0.55 mM fructose (FC1), DMEM-glucose+1 mM fructose (FC2) or DMEM-glucose+1 mM fructose+0.1 µM insulin (FC3). The cells were treated with either AM, rutin, quercetin, metformin or pioglitazone and assessed for levels of hexokinase, phosphofructokinase (PFK), aldehyde dehydrogenase, phosphatidylinositol kinase (PI3K), signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT-3), mitochondrial target of rapamycin (mTOR), hypoxia-induced factor (HIF-1α), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and tumour necrosis factor (TNF-α). Summarily, when results from fructose- and glucose-rich environment were compared, then (1) IR was more pronounced in former; (2) AM performed better in former; (3) metformin and pioglitazone were equivocal in either; (4) rutin and quercetin showed deviant effects from AM; and lastly (5) effects of rutin were closer to AM than quercetin. We hypothesize that AM ameliorates fructose-induced IR through a mechanism which is distinct from standard drugs and not shared by individual phytoconstituents in toto.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Aggarwal
- Department of Pharmacology, Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research (DIPSAR), Pushp Vihar, Sector-3, MB Road, New Delhi, 110017, India
| | - J Nair
- Department of Pharmacology, Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research (DIPSAR), Pushp Vihar, Sector-3, MB Road, New Delhi, 110017, India
| | - P Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research (DIPSAR), Pushp Vihar, Sector-3, MB Road, New Delhi, 110017, India
| | - R Sehgal
- Department of Pharmacology, Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research (DIPSAR), Pushp Vihar, Sector-3, MB Road, New Delhi, 110017, India
| | - U Naeem
- Department of Pharmacology, Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research (DIPSAR), Pushp Vihar, Sector-3, MB Road, New Delhi, 110017, India
| | - P Rajora
- Department of Pharmacology, Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research (DIPSAR), Pushp Vihar, Sector-3, MB Road, New Delhi, 110017, India
| | - R Mathur
- Department of Pharmacology, Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research (DIPSAR), Pushp Vihar, Sector-3, MB Road, New Delhi, 110017, India.
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10
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Bidwell AJ. Chronic Fructose Ingestion as a Major Health Concern: Is a Sedentary Lifestyle Making It Worse? A Review. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9060549. [PMID: 28555043 PMCID: PMC5490528 DOI: 10.3390/nu9060549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity contributes to metabolic abnormalities such as insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and glucose intolerance, all of which are risk factors associated with metabolic syndrome. The growing prevelance of metabolic syndrome seems to be an end result of our current lifestyle which promotes high caloric, high-fat foods and minimal physical activity, resulting in a state of positive energy balance. Increased adiposity and physical inactivity may represent the beginning of the appearance of these risk factors. Understanding the metabolic and cardiovascular disturbances associated with diet and exercise habits is a crucial step towards reducing the risk factors for metabolic syndrome. Although considerable research has been conducted linking chronic fructose ingestion to the increased prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome risk factors, these studies have mainly been performed on animals, and/or in a post-absorptive state. Further, the magnitude of the effect of fructose may depend on other aspects of the diet, including the total amount of carbohydrates and fats in the diet and the overall consumption of meals. Therefore, the overall aim of this review paper is to examine the effects of a diet high in fructose on postprandial lipidemia, inflammatory markers and glucose tolerance, all risk factors for diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Moreover, an objective is to investigate whether increased physical activity can alter such effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy J Bidwell
- Department of Health Promotion and Wellness, State University of New York at Oswego, 105G Park Hall, Oswego, NY 13027, USA.
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11
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Fructose Consumption in the Development of Obesity and the Effects of Different Protocols of Physical Exercise on the Hepatic Metabolism. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9040405. [PMID: 28425939 PMCID: PMC5409744 DOI: 10.3390/nu9040405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fructose consumption has been growing exponentially and, concomitant with this, the increase in the incidence of obesity and associated complications has followed the same behavior. Studies indicate that fructose may be a carbohydrate with greater obesogenic potential than other sugars. In this context, the liver seems to be a key organ for understanding the deleterious health effects promoted by fructose consumption. Fructose promotes complications in glucose metabolism, accumulation of triacylglycerol in the hepatocytes, and alterations in the lipid profile, which, associated with an inflammatory response and alterations in the redox state, will imply a systemic picture of insulin resistance. However, physical exercise has been indicated for the treatment of several chronic diseases. In this review, we show how each exercise protocol (aerobic, strength, or a combination of both) promote improvements in the obesogenic state created by fructose consumption as an improvement in the serum and liver lipid profile (high-density lipoprotein (HDL) increase and decrease triglyceride (TG) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels) and a reduction of markers of inflammation caused by an excess of fructose. Therefore, it is concluded that the practice of aerobic physical exercise, strength training, or a combination of both is essential for attenuating the complications developed by the consumption of fructose.
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Zanotto TM, Quaresma PGF, Guadagnini D, Weissmann L, Santos AC, Vecina JF, Calisto K, Santos A, Prada PO, Saad MJA. Blocking iNOS and endoplasmic reticulum stress synergistically improves insulin resistance in mice. Mol Metab 2016; 6:206-218. [PMID: 28180062 PMCID: PMC5279911 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent data show that iNOS has an essential role in ER stress in obesity. However, whether iNOS is sufficient to account for obesity-induced ER stress and Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) has not yet been investigated. In the present study, we used iNOS knockout mice to investigate whether high-fat diet (HFD) can still induce residual ER stress-associated insulin resistance. METHODS For this purpose, we used the intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (GTT), euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp, western blotting and qPCR in liver, muscle, and adipose tissue of iNOS KO and control mice on HFD. RESULTS The results of the present study demonstrated that, in HFD fed mice, iNOS-induced alteration in insulin signaling is an essential mechanism of insulin resistance in muscle, suggesting that iNOS may represent an important target that could be blocked in order to improve insulin sensitivity in this tissue. However, in liver and adipose tissue, the insulin resistance induced by HFD was only partially dependent on iNOS, and, even in the presence of genetic or pharmacological blockade of iNOS, a clear ER stress associated with altered insulin signaling remained evident in these tissues. When this ER stress was blocked pharmacologically, insulin signaling was improved, and a complete recovery of glucose tolerance was achieved. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these results reinforce the tissue-specific regulation of insulin signaling in obesity, with iNOS being sufficient to account for insulin resistance in muscle, but in liver and adipose tissue ER stress and insulin resistance can be induced by both iNOS-dependent and iNOS-independent mechanisms.
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Key Words
- AKT, Protein kinase B
- ATF6, activating transcription factor 6
- Blocking
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- Endoplasmic reticulum stress
- GAPDH, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
- GTT, glucose tolerance test
- HFD, high-fat diet
- IKK, kappa α/β kinase
- IRE1, inositol requiring enzyme 1
- ITT, insulin tolerance test
- Improving
- Insulin resistance
- JNK, c-JunN-terminal kinase
- NO, nitric oxide
- PERK, protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase
- UPR, unfolded protein response
- iNOS
- iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase
- qPCR, real time PCR
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamires M Zanotto
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil; Department of Medical Clinics, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (O.C.R.C.), State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Paula G F Quaresma
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil; Department of Medical Clinics, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (O.C.R.C.), State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Dioze Guadagnini
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Lais Weissmann
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Andressa C Santos
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliana F Vecina
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil; Department of Medical Clinics, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (O.C.R.C.), State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Kelly Calisto
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil; Department of Medical Clinics, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (O.C.R.C.), State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Andrey Santos
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Patrícia O Prada
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil; School of Applied Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, SP, Brazil; Department of Medical Clinics, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (O.C.R.C.), State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Mario J A Saad
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil; Department of Medical Clinics, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (O.C.R.C.), State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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Abd El-Wahab HMF, Mohamed MA, El Sayed HH, Bauomy AE. Modulatory effects of rice bran and its oil on lipid metabolism in insulin resistance rats. J Food Biochem 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.12318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanan M. F. Abd El-Wahab
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition; Women's College for Art, Science and Education, Ain Shams University; Cairo Egypt
| | - Mona A. Mohamed
- Biochemistry Division, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Al-Azhar University; Cairo Egypt
| | - Hanaa H. El Sayed
- Department of Nutrition Biochemistry and Metabolism; National Nutrition Institute; Cairo Egypt
| | - Alshimaa E. Bauomy
- Bachelor of Science, Al-Azhar University and Diploma in Biochemistry and Analytical chemistry, Menoufia University; Cairo Egypt
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Kavitha R, Karunagaran S, Chandrabose SS, Lee KW, Meganathan C. Pharmacophore modeling, virtual screening, molecular docking studies and density functional theory approaches to identify novel ketohexokinase (KHK) inhibitors. Biosystems 2015; 138:39-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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Dornas WC, de Lima WG, Pedrosa ML, Silva ME. Health implications of high-fructose intake and current research. Adv Nutr 2015; 6:729-37. [PMID: 26567197 PMCID: PMC4642413 DOI: 10.3945/an.114.008144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Although fructose consumption has dramatically increased and is suspected to be causally linked to metabolic abnormalities, the mechanisms involved are still only partially understood. We discuss the available data and investigate the effects of dietary fructose on risk factors associated with metabolic disorders. The evidence suggests that fructose may be a predisposing cause in the development of insulin resistance in association with the induction of hypertriglyceridemia. Experiments in animals have shown this relation when they are fed diets very high in fructose or sucrose, and human studies also show this relation, although with conflicting results due to the heterogeneity of the studies. The link between increased fructose consumption and increases in uric acid also has been confirmed as a potential risk factor for metabolic syndrome, and insulin resistance/hyperinsulinemia may be causally related to the development of hypertension. Collectively, these results suggest a link between high fructose intake and insulin resistance, although future studies must be of reasonable duration, use defined populations, and improve comparisons regarding the effects of relevant doses of nutrients on specific endpoints to fully understand the effect of fructose intake in the absence of potential confounding factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waleska C Dornas
- Research in Biological Sciences-Center for Research in Biological Sciences (NUPEB),
| | - Wanderson G de Lima
- Research in Biological Sciences–Center for Research in Biological Sciences (NUPEB),,Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Exact and Biological Sciences, and
| | - Maria L Pedrosa
- Research in Biological Sciences–Center for Research in Biological Sciences (NUPEB),,Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Exact and Biological Sciences, and
| | - Marcelo E Silva
- Research in Biological Sciences–Center for Research in Biological Sciences (NUPEB),,Department of Foods, School of Nutrition, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Di Bartolomeo F, Van den Ende W. Fructose and Fructans: Opposite Effects on Health? PLANT FOODS FOR HUMAN NUTRITION (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2015; 70:227-37. [PMID: 25904233 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-015-0485-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Fructans are fructose-based oligo-and polysaccharides of natural origin. Fructan and fructose species are sometimes confused by the great public, although they clearly have different biochemical and physiological properties. This review discusses aspects of the use of fructose and fructans in foods in the context of human health, with possible differential effects on cellular autophagy in cells of the human body. Although there are uncertainties on the daily levels of ingested fructose to be considered harmful to human health, there is an emerging consensus on the benefits of the use of fructans in functional foods, sustaining health via direct immunomodulatory and antioxidant effects or through indirect, prebiotic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Di Bartolomeo
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12/2, 8010, Graz, Austria
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17
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Amin MM, Asaad GF, Abdel Salam RM, El-Abhar HS, Arbid MS. Novel CoQ10 antidiabetic mechanisms underlie its positive effect: modulation of insulin and adiponectine receptors, Tyrosine kinase, PI3K, glucose transporters, sRAGE and visfatin in insulin resistant/diabetic rats. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89169. [PMID: 24586567 PMCID: PMC3930675 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
As a nutritional supplement, coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) was tested previously in several models of diabetes and/or insulin resistance (IR); however, its exact mechanisms have not been profoundly explicated. Hence, the objective of this work is to verify some of the possible mechanisms that underlie its therapeutic efficacy. Moreover, the study aimed to assess the potential modulatory effect of CoQ10 on the antidiabetic action of glimebiride. An insulin resistance/type 2 diabetic model was adopted, in which rats were fed high fat/high fructose diet (HFFD) for 6 weeks followed by a single sub-diabetogenic dose of streptozotocin (35 mg/kg, i.p.). At the end of the 7th week animals were treated with CoQ10 (20 mg/kg, p.o) and/or glimebiride (0.5 mg/kg, p.o) for 2 weeks. CoQ10 alone opposed the HFFD effect and increased the hepatic/muscular content/activity of tyrosine kinase (TK), phosphatidylinositol kinase (PI3K), and adiponectin receptors. Conversely, it decreased the content/activity of insulin receptor isoforms, myeloperoxidase and glucose transporters (GLUT4; 2). Besides, it lowered significantly the serum levels of glucose, insulin, fructosamine and HOMA index, improved the serum lipid panel and elevated the levels of glutathione, sRAGE and adiponectin. On the other hand, CoQ10 lowered the serum levels of malondialdehyde, visfatin, ALT and AST. Surprisingly, CoQ10 effect surpassed that of glimepiride in almost all the assessed parameters, except for glucose, fructosamine, TK, PI3K, and GLUT4. Combining CoQ10 with glimepiride enhanced the effect of the latter on the aforementioned parameters. Conclusion: These results provided a new insight into the possible mechanisms by which CoQ10 improves insulin sensitivity and adjusts type 2 diabetic disorder. These mechanisms involve modulation of insulin and adiponectin receptors, as well as TK, PI3K, glucose transporters, besides improving lipid profile, redox system, sRAGE, and adipocytokines. The study also points to the potential positive effect of CoQ10 as an adds- on to conventional antidiabetic therapies.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/enzymology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/metabolism
- Drug Interactions
- Glucose Transport Proteins, Facilitative/metabolism
- Hypoglycemic Agents/pharmacology
- Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use
- Insulin Resistance
- Liver/drug effects
- Liver/metabolism
- Male
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase/metabolism
- Peroxidase/metabolism
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/metabolism
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism
- Rats
- Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products
- Receptor, Insulin/metabolism
- Receptors, Adiponectin/metabolism
- Receptors, Immunologic/chemistry
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Transferases/metabolism
- Ubiquinone/analogs & derivatives
- Ubiquinone/pharmacology
- Ubiquinone/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed M. Amin
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical Division, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Gihan F. Asaad
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical Division, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rania M. Abdel Salam
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hanan S. El-Abhar
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
- * E-mail:
| | - Mahmoud S. Arbid
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical Division, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
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18
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Bhatt NM, Chavda M, Desai D, Zalawadia R, Patel VB, Burade V, Sharma AK, Singal PK, Gupta S. Cardioprotective and antihypertensive effects of Enicostemma littorale Blume extract in fructose-fed rats. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2012; 90:1065-73. [PMID: 22784355 DOI: 10.1139/y2012-055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the protective effects of Enicostemma littorale Blume (EL) extract on hypertension and insulin resistance along with its associated cardiovascular complications in high fructose (HF) fed rats. For this, rats were divided among 4 groups: (i) control, fed laboratory chow; (ii) fed with a high level of fructose; (iii) fed with a high level of fructose plus E. littorale extract; and (iv) fed with a high level of fructose plus rosiglitazone (Rg). EL and Rg treatments were given simultaneously with HF diet. The results show that untreated HF-fed rats showed altered oral glucose tolerance, increased fasting insulin, and increased fasting glucose. These rats also exhibited hypertriglyceridemia, moderate hypertension, platelet hyperaggregability, decreased prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, altered vascular reactivity, and increased serum levels of enzymes (creatine kinase, type muscle-brain (CK-MB), aspartate aminotransferase (SGOT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and alanine aminotransferase (SGPT). This is the first demonstration of platelet hyperaggregation and prothrombotic alteration in HF-fed rats. HF-fed rats treated with EL showed improved insulin resistance, along with reduced hypertriglyceridemia, hypertension, platelet aggregability, blood coagulation, serum enzymes (CK-MB, SGOT, LDH and SGPT), and vascular reactivity. These effects of EL in HF-induced hypertensive rats might be associated with the suppression of hyperinsulinemia and hypertriglyceridemia, along with its antiatherogenic and antithrombogenic potential. These data indicate that the aqueous extract of EL has great therapeutic potential for the prevention and (or) management of insulin resistance and the associated hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niraj M Bhatt
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara, India
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19
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Maryanoff BE, O'Neill JC, McComsey DF, Yabut SC, Luci DK, Jordan AD, Masucci JA, Jones WJ, Abad MC, Gibbs AC, Petrounia I. Inhibitors of Ketohexokinase: Discovery of Pyrimidinopyrimidines with Specific Substitution that Complements the ATP-Binding Site. ACS Med Chem Lett 2011; 2:538-43. [PMID: 24900346 DOI: 10.1021/ml200070g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Attenuation of fructose metabolism by the inhibition of ketohexokinase (KHK; fructokinase) should reduce body weight, free fatty acids, and triglycerides, thereby offering a novel approach to treat diabetes and obesity in response to modern diets. We have identified potent, selective inhibitors of human hepatic KHK within a series of pyrimidinopyrimidines (1). For example, 8, 38, and 47 exhibited KHK IC50 values of 12, 7, and 8 nM, respectively, and also showed potent cellular KHK inhibition (IC50 < 500 nM), which relates to their intrinsic potency vs KHK and their ability to penetrate cells. X-ray cocrystal structures of KHK complexes of 3, 8, and 47 revealed the important interactions within the enzyme's adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP)-binding pocket.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce E. Maryanoff
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776, United States
| | - John C. O'Neill
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776, United States
| | - David F. McComsey
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776, United States
| | - Stephen C. Yabut
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776, United States
| | - Diane K. Luci
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776, United States
| | - Alfonzo D. Jordan
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776, United States
| | - John A. Masucci
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776, United States
| | - William J. Jones
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776, United States
| | - Marta C. Abad
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776, United States
| | - Alan C. Gibbs
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776, United States
| | - Ioanna Petrounia
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776, United States
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Caloric excess, including increased refined carbohydrate intake, is associated with higher cancer risk emphasizing the importance of improved understanding of cancer cell metabolism in tumor survival and metastasis. AREAS COVERED This article reviews the relationship between increased dietary refined sugar and cancer risk, with specific emphasis on the monosaccharide fructose. Cancer cell metabolism is reviewed, and the potential mechanisms by which dietary sugars contribute to the tumor microenvironment are discussed. Recent observations indicate that cancer cells readily utilize fructose to support proliferation and preferentially use fructose for nucleic acid synthesis. This review discusses the potential role of how dietary fructose can promote cancer growth by a variety of mechanisms, including altered cellular metabolism, increased reactive oxygen species, DNA damage and inflammation. Preliminary insights into potential therapeutic strategies by which fructose-mediated cancer effects may be abrogated are presented. EXPERT OPINION Other sugars (particularly fructose, given its abundance in the modern diet) must be considered with reference to cancer cell metabolism. Cancer cells utilize similar sugars in distinct ways, which may present important new therapeutic avenues of targeting cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Liu
- University of California, David Geffen School of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Departments of Medicine and Neurosurgery, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
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21
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Naringenin enhances insulin-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation and improves the cellular actions of insulin in a dietary model of metabolic syndrome. Eur J Nutr 2009; 49:101-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-009-0054-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2009] [Accepted: 08/20/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Schaalan M, El-Abhar HS, Barakat M, El-Denshary ES. Westernized-like-diet-fed rats: effect on glucose homeostasis, lipid profile, and adipocyte hormones and their modulation by rosiglitazone and glimepiride. J Diabetes Complications 2009; 23:199-208. [PMID: 18407527 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2008.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2007] [Revised: 01/20/2008] [Accepted: 02/09/2008] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Wersternized diet, containing high fat diet intake combined with high consumption of softdrinks, is accused with the emerge of modern epidemic obesity and diabesity. Therefore, we aimed to study the effect of this diet combination on the homeostasis of glucose, lipids, and some adipohormones in rats and to simulate the metabolic perturbations induced by the unhealthy Westernized diet intake, leading to the development of type 2 diabetes. To achieve this, we divided male Wistar rats (80-120 g) into two main groups: the first was fed commercial normal fat diet and the second received an in-house-prepared high-fat diet (HFD), combined with fructose in drinking water for a period of 6 weeks, followed by a subdiabetogenic dose of streptozotocin (STZ) (35 mg/kg) to produce frank hyperglycemia. The effect of this diet alone or after 2 weeks of treatment with rosiglitazone or glimepiride on glucose homeostasis, lipid profile, and levels of resistin and leptin was studied. The HFD/fructose/STZ diet elevated fasting plasma glucose, fructosamine, insulin, and homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) index, as well as serum triglycerides (TGs), total cholesterol (TC), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, with a decrease in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Hepatic TG and TC levels, as well as serum activities of aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), were increased, suggesting a diet-induced hepatic steatosis, beside the increased levels of serum resistin and leptin. Rosiglitazone corrected the altered parameters measured, except for liver TGs; similarly, glimepiride reinstated the inverted parameters but raised insulin level and, consequently, the HOMA index. These results show that this diet could be used to induce an effect that mimics human type 2 diabetes with its metabolic disturbances and is suitable for screening the antidiabetic agents used for management of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Schaalan
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr International University (MIU), Cairo, Egypt.
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23
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Rajasekar P, Viswanathan P, Anuradha CV. Beneficial impact of L-carnitine in liver: a study in a rat model of syndrome X. Amino Acids 2007; 35:475-83. [PMID: 17713746 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-007-0559-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2007] [Accepted: 04/23/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to explore whether L-carnitine (CA) regulates insulin signaling and modulates the changes in liver in a well-characterized insulin resistant rat model. Adult male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups. Groups I and IV animals received starch-based control diet, while groups II and III rats were fed a high fructose-diet (60 g/100 g). Groups III and IV animals additionally received CA (300 mg/kg/day i.p). After a period of 60 days hepatic tyrosine phosphorylation status was determined by assaying protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) and protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) activities. Oxidative damage was monitored by immunohistochemical localization of 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) and dinitrophenol (DNP)-protein adducts. In addition protein kinase C beta II (PKC beta II) expression, propidium iodide staining of isolated hepatocytes and histology of liver tissue were determined to examine liver integrity. Fructose-fed rats displayed reduced insulin action, increased expression of PKC beta II, altered histology, fragmentation of hepatocyte nuclear DNA, and accumulation of oxidatively modified proteins. Simultaneous treatment with CA alleviated the abnormalities associated with fructose feeding. In summary the data suggest that elevated oxidative damage and PKC expression could in part induce insulin resistance and CA has beneficial impact on liver during insulin resistance with modulatory effects at the post-receptor level.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Rajasekar
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India
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24
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Nandhini ATA, Thirunavukkarasu V, Anuradha CV. Taurine modifies insulin signaling enzymes in the fructose-fed insulin resistant rats. DIABETES & METABOLISM 2005; 31:337-44. [PMID: 16369195 DOI: 10.1016/s1262-3636(07)70202-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES High fructose feeding induces insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia in rats. The present study was proposed to elucidate the derangements in the insulin signaling pathway in high fructose-fed rats and whether taurine, a sulphur-containing amino acid could improve insulin action by modulating the signal transduction pathway. METHODS Male Wistar rats of body weight 170-190 g were divided into 4 groups of 6 rats each. Control rats received control diet and water ad libitum. Fructose fed animals received high fructose diet (> 60% of total calories) and water ad libitum. Fructose + taurine rats received fructose diet and 2% taurine solution ad libitum. Control + taurine rats received control diet and 2% taurine solution ad libitum. After the experimental period of 30 days, the effects of taurine on certain parameters on glucose metabolism were determined. The activities of protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) and protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) were assayed in liver. RESULTS The activities of the glycolytic enzymes were significantly lower while the activities of the gluconeogenic enzymes were higher in untreated fructose-fed rats as compared to control animals. Depletion of liver glycogen was observed in fructose-fed rats. Fructose-fed rats showed alterations in the activities of insulin signaling enzymes PTK and PTP. Taurine administration improved insulin sensitivity and controlled hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia in fructose-fed rats. Taurine treatment also restored the glucose metabolizing enzyme activities in fructose-fed rats. CONCLUSIONS Taurine supplementation might have a beneficial effect in overcoming insulin resistance and its associated abnormalities by modifying the post-receptor events of insulin action.
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Affiliation(s)
- A T Anitha Nandhini
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar- 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India
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Basciano H, Federico L, Adeli K. Fructose, insulin resistance, and metabolic dyslipidemia. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2005; 2:5. [PMID: 15723702 PMCID: PMC552336 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-2-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 530] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2005] [Accepted: 02/21/2005] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and type 2 diabetes are occurring at epidemic rates in the United States and many parts of the world. The "obesity epidemic" appears to have emerged largely from changes in our diet and reduced physical activity. An important but not well-appreciated dietary change has been the substantial increase in the amount of dietary fructose consumption from high intake of sucrose and high fructose corn syrup, a common sweetener used in the food industry. A high flux of fructose to the liver, the main organ capable of metabolizing this simple carbohydrate, perturbs glucose metabolism and glucose uptake pathways, and leads to a significantly enhanced rate of de novo lipogenesis and triglyceride (TG) synthesis, driven by the high flux of glycerol and acyl portions of TG molecules from fructose catabolism. These metabolic disturbances appear to underlie the induction of insulin resistance commonly observed with high fructose feeding in both humans and animal models. Fructose-induced insulin resistant states are commonly characterized by a profound metabolic dyslipidemia, which appears to result from hepatic and intestinal overproduction of atherogenic lipoprotein particles. Thus, emerging evidence from recent epidemiological and biochemical studies clearly suggests that the high dietary intake of fructose has rapidly become an important causative factor in the development of the metabolic syndrome. There is an urgent need for increased public awareness of the risks associated with high fructose consumption and greater efforts should be made to curb the supplementation of packaged foods with high fructose additives. The present review will discuss the trends in fructose consumption, the metabolic consequences of increased fructose intake, and the molecular mechanisms leading to fructose-induced lipogenesis, insulin resistance and metabolic dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Basciano
- Clinical Biochemistry Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lisa Federico
- Clinical Biochemistry Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Khosrow Adeli
- Clinical Biochemistry Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Escribano O, Fernández-Moreno MD, Zueco JA, Menor C, Fueyo J, Ropero RM, Diaz-Laviada I, Román ID, Guijarro LG. Insulin receptor substrate-4 signaling in quiescent rat hepatocytes and in regenerating rat liver. Hepatology 2003; 37:1461-9. [PMID: 12774026 DOI: 10.1053/jhep.2003.50245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to characterize insulin receptor substrate-4 (IRS-4) in isolated rat hepatocytes and to examine its role in liver regeneration. Subcellular fractionation revealed that 85% of IRS-4 is located at isolated hepatocyte plasma membranes. The distribution of IRS-4 among intracellular compartments remained unchanged in insulin-stimulated cells. Two bands corresponding to 145 and 138 kd were observed in immunoblotting experiments. Immunoprecipitation of hepatocyte lysates with a highly specific antibody against IRS-4 led to an insulin and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1)-dependent increase in phosphotyrosine residues of the 145-kd band. IRS-4 was found to be associated with Src homology 2 (SH2) domain-containing proteins (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase [PI 3-kinase] and Src homology phosphatase [SHP-2]) and with protein kinase C zeta (PKC zeta). Insulin and IGF-1 elicited a rapid and dose-dependent binding of these 3 proteins to IRS-4. These data suggest that IRS-4 is insulin-/IGF-1-activated by phosphorylation and not by translocation, inducing the recruitment of SH2 domain-containing proteins and PKC zeta to the membrane. To evaluate the possible role of IRS-4 in liver regeneration, we also examined this system after partial hepatectomy (PH). One day after PH, IRS-1 expression increased, consistent with a stimulatory role in the regenerative process, whereas it decreased 7 days after liver resection. This drastic IRS-1 depletion occurred at the expense of increased IRS-2 and IRS-4 expression 7 days after PH. In addition, at this period of time after surgery, the in vivo insulin stimulation of remnant rat livers showed an increase in IRS-4/PI 3-kinase association. Given that 1 and 7 days after PH isolated hepatocytes responded similarly to insulin in terms of induced cell proliferation, a compensatory role is proposed for IRS-2/4 induction. In conclusion, IRS-4 is activated by insulin and IGF-1-like IRS-1 in rat hepatocytes, and the induced expression of IRS-4 is a compensatory mechanism that plays a role in conditions of liver regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Escribano
- Unidad de Toxicología Molecular Hepática, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
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