Tumor necrosis factor-α signaling in macrophages

Palmitic acid and lipopolysaccharide induce macrophage TNFα secretion, suppressing browning regulators and mitochondrial respiration in adipocytes

Obesity and its associated pro-inflammatory activity contribute significantly to metabolic dysfunction. In contrast, browning of white adipose tissue (WAT) generally improves metabolic health. Our prior research suggested that macrophage-derived pro-inflammatory cytokines suppress key regulators of browning-adrenergic receptor β3 (Adrb3) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (Pparg)-as well as energy metabolism mediators-insulin receptor substrate 1 (Irs1) and hormone-sensitive lipase (Lipe)-in diet-induced obese mice. To explore this mechanism, we developed an in vitro model using RAW264.7 macrophages and 3T3-L1 adipocytes exposed to palmitic acid (PA) and/or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). PA (200 μM) and LPS (1.0 μg/ml) synergistically promoted M1 polarization of macrophages and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, with tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), CCL5, and interleukin-6 (IL-6) being predominant. Conditioned media from both control and PA-treated macrophages, when exposed to LPS ≥0.01 μg/ml, significantly downregulated Adrb3, Pparg, Irs1, and Lipe in adipocytes. At physiologically relevant LPS levels (≤0.001 μg/ml), PA-treated macrophage media exerted greater suppression of these genes than controls. Among the cytokines, TNFα emerged as the primary mediator, significantly reducing expression of the four key regulators. Furthermore, adipocytes treated with TNFα exhibited significant reductions in both uncoupling protein 1 (Ucp1) expression and mitochondrial respiration. These findings demonstrate that exposure to obesity-associated factors (PA and LPS) induces macrophage-derived TNFα, which suppresses browning and mitochondrial function in adipocytes. This mechanism may inform new therapeutic strategies targeting TNFα to alleviate obesity-related metabolic disorders.

Effects of resistance exercise on behavioral and molecular changes in transgenic female mice for Alzheimer's disease in early and advanced stages

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative condition that affects memory and cognition, with a higher prevalence in women. Given the lack of effective treatment, physical activity stands out as a complementary approach to prevent or delay disease progression. While numerous studies on humans and animals indicate that aerobic exercise induces brain changes, the impact of resistance exercise (RE) on AD is not fully understood.

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to investigate the behavioral and molecular changes induced by RE in female transgenic mice with AD at the early and advanced stages of the disease.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Adult (initial phase - 7 to 8 months of age, n = 32) and adult/elderly (advanced phase - 22 to 23 months of age, n = 32) female mice (2xTg-AD) for the APPSWE/PS1dE9 mutation were subjected to a four-week RE protocol. Mobility, anxiety-like behavior, long-term memory (LTM), and depressive-like behavior were assessed. Beta-amyloid (βA) and cytokines were quantified using the ELISA technique.

RESULTS

There was a progressive increase in strength in both trained groups at different ages. RE reversed memory deficits only in adult AD animals and the anxiety-like behavior only in adult/elderly AD animals. RE reversed depressive-like behavior in adult and adult/elderly AD animals. RE reduced βA only in adult AD animals. RE modified the expression of several cytokines in animals in the early and advanced stage of AD.

CONCLUSION

RE can be a promising strategy to minimize the deleterious effects of AD; however, its effectiveness may be more limited to the early stages of the disease.

CNPY2 drives DSS-induced colitis via the macrophage-ROS axis

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory condition of the gastrointestinal tract, driven by genetic, environmental, and immune system factors. However, its exact mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that CNPY2 plays a critical role in colitis by modulating macrophage activity. Mice with whole-body Cnpy2 knockout (KO) exhibited significantly reduced dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis compared to wild-type controls. Cnpy2 KO mice showed less mucosal barrier disruption and fewer lamina propria macrophages (LPMφs) following DSS treatment. Proinflammatory cytokine production was also diminished in the colons of Cnpy2 KO mice. Furthermore, Cnpy2 KO macrophages generated markedly lower levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), partly through CHOP regulation. Notably, treatment with the ROS scavenger N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) completely abolished DSS-induced colitis in Cnpy2 KO mice. Thus, CNPY2 exacerbates DSS-induced colitis primarily through macrophage-specific effects, with ROS upregulation being central to its pathogenic role.

Suppressing SPARC gene with siRNA exerts therapeutic effects and inhibits MMP-2/9 and ADAMTS1 overexpression in a murine model of ischemia/reperfusion-induced acute kidney injury

Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC), a collagen-binding matricellular protein, is reported to facilitate inflammation and fibrosis in various tissues including the kidneys. Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) is a major process of acute kidney injury. To investigate whether SPARC inhibition might attenuate renal I/R injury, we injected small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting SPARC into male BALB/c mice one day before 45 min of renal ischemia followed by 72 h of reperfusion. Serum creatinine concentration, blood urea nitrogen, histological tubular damage, tubulointerstitial fibrosis, and expression of collagen I and transforming growth factor-β were increased after I/R. Expression of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, an oxidative stress marker, and the inflammatory cytokines monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and tumor necrosis factor-α, were also upregulated in I/R kidneys. Overexpression of SPARC mRNA was observed after I/R, and immunohistochemistry revealed that SPARC was localized mainly in damaged tubuloepithelial cells. Additionally, a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin type 1 motif (ADAMTS1) expression colocalized with SPARC. Injection of siRNA targeting SPARC attenuated renal dysfunction, histological abnormalities, collagen deposition, oxidative stress, and renal inflammation. In addition, SPARC gene knockdown suppressed the I/R-induced increases in ADAMTS1 and matrix metalloproteinase-2/9 expression. In conclusion, I/R-induced SPARC could be a novel therapeutic target against acute kidney injury.

Therapeutic Potential of Plant-Derived Small Extracellular Vesicles in Sepsis: A Network Meta-analysis

Sepsis is a life-threatening condition characterized by systemic inflammation and multi-organ dysfunction. Plant-derived small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) have emerged as promising therapeutic agents due to their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties. This study conducted a network meta-analysis to identify the most effective plant-derived sEVs for reducing sepsis-induced inflammation and oxidative stress. The analysis included 13 studies evaluating 10 plant-derived sEVs in sepsis-mimicking conditions, with primary outcomes focused on cytokine levels and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in vitro and in vivo. Secondary outcomes included nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) expression and cell viability. The study protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD420251011005). Ginger-derived sEVs were identified as the most effective, significantly reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α), increasing the anti-inflammatory cytokine (interleukin-10), and suppressing ROS production. They also enhanced Nrf2 expression and improved cell viability, highlighting their role in antioxidant defense and cytoprotection. In conclusion, ginger-derived sEVs are the most effective plant-derived sEVs for mitigating sepsis-induced inflammation and oxidation in both in vitro and in vivo sepsis-mimicking models.

Therapeutic effects of Chrysanthemum zawadzkii and its active compound eupatilin in rheumatoid arthritis: in silico and in vitro validation

The 50% ethanol extract of the aerial parts of Chrysanthemum zawadzkii (CZ extract) was evaluated for its inhibitory effects on the production of NO, TNF-α, and XO, and seven isolated flavonoids were tested for COX-2 inhibitory activity. The ethanol extract of C. zawadzkii exhibited a strong inhibitory effect on NO and XO overproduction, with IC50 values of 6.91 µg/mL and 83.48 µg/mL, respectively. Eupatilin (3) significantly suppressed COX-2 expression at a concentration of 100 µM (p < 0.05). Molecular docking analysis and ADMET predictions revealed that eupatilin forms hydrogen bonds and π-σ interactions, which significantly contribute to its binding affinity with residues in the enzyme's active site. Additionally, it exhibits low oral toxicity and good bioavailability in humans. These findings demonstrate the potential of CZ extract and its active compound, eupatilin, as naturally occurring agents with anti-heumatoid arthritis activities, capable of potently inhibiting COX-2 signalling in vitro.

Association of Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Gene Polymorphism (TNF-α 308 G/A) with Enhanced Severity of Metal-Induced Chronic Kidney Disease via Upregulation of Transmembrane Protein Expression

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a progressive disorder often aggravated by environmental exposure to waterborne metal pollutants, such as lead (Pb), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn).These metals induce renal injury predominantly through oxidative stress and inflammatory pathways, with tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) serving as a key mediator. The study aimed to investigate the association of the TNF-α -308 G/A (rs1800629) gene polymorphism and transmembrane(Tm)-TNF-α expression with the risk and severity of metal-induced CKD. A case-control study was conducted, including 80 patients with CKD (40 with early-stage and 40 with late-stage disease) and 40 age- and sex-matched healthy controls, selected according to stringent inclusion criteria. Metal concentrations were quantified using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), TNF-α genotyping was performed via amplification refractory mutation system-polymerase chain reaction (ARMS-PCR), and Tm-TNF-α levels were assessed by flow cytometry. The findings revealed that the A allele was significantly associated with increased CKD risk across dominant, recessive, and allelic genetic models. In a co-dominant model, the AA genotype conferred a fourfold and 15-fold higher risk for early- and late-stage CKD, respectively, compared to those with the GG genotype. Moreover, elevated Tm-TNF-α expression was significantly associated with the GA and AA genotypes and was most pronounced in late-stage CKD patients (p < 0.001). These findings suggest that the TNF-α -308 G/A polymorphism markedly enhances susceptibility to metal-induced CKD, driven by increased Tm-TNF-α expression. Understanding this genetic variation elucidates the pathogenesis of metal-induced nephropathy and offers new opportunities for early diagnosis and targeted therapeutic development.

Role of Tumor Necrosis Factor in Tuberculosis

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a key immunoregulatory cytokine with a dual role in the host response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. While essential for granuloma formation, macrophage activation, and containment of latent infection, TNF can also contribute to tissue damage and immune pathology. This review systematically analyzes over 300 peer-reviewed studies published between 1980 and 2024, highlighting the molecular and cellular mechanisms of TNF action in tuberculosis (TB). Particular attention is given to TNF receptor signaling pathways, the balance between protective and pathological immune responses, and the modulation of TNF activity during anti-TNF therapy in patients with autoimmune diseases. We discuss how different TNF inhibitors vary in their capacity to interfere with host defense mechanisms, with monoclonal antibodies carrying a higher reactivation risk than receptor-based agents. To enhance conceptual clarity, we provide newly developed schematic representations that integrate current knowledge on TNF-driven immune dynamics, including its interaction with other cytokines, effects on granuloma stability, and role in intracellular bacterial control. Understanding the pleiotropic functions of TNF in tuberculosis pathogenesis is crucial for developing safe immunomodulatory strategies and optimizing the clinical management of patients at risk of latent TB reactivation.

Hermetia illucens-Derived Chitosan: A Promising Immunomodulatory Agent for Applications in Biomedical Fields

Chitosan, renowned for its important biological properties, is a valuable pharmaceutical excipient for different therapeutic approaches. Currently, the demand for the biopolymer on the market is growing, and, for this reason, it is important to biologically characterize the biopolymer produced from an alternative source to crustaceans, specifically the bioconverter insect Hermetia illucens. In this work, insect chitosan, yielded via heterogeneous and homogeneous deacetylation from larvae, pupal exuviae, and adults, was studied as an immunomodulatory agent. The inflammatory response of immortalized human keratinocyte cells was induced by Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium lipopolysaccharide. After that, the ability of the biopolymer to reduce the expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-8, IL-1α, and TNF-α was tested after 6 and 24 h of treatment. Insect chitosan samples effectively downregulated cytokine expression, with improved activity obtained from heterogeneous chitosan treatments.

Characteristics of cerebrospinal fluid in autism spectrum disorder - A systematic review

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a range of neurodevelopmental conditions characterized by impaired social interaction, learning, and restricted or repetitive behaviors. The underlying causes of ASD are still debated, but researchers have found many physiological traits like gut problems and impaired immune system to help understand the etiology of ASD. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) plays a critical role in maintaining the homeostasis of the neuronal environment and has, therefore, been analyzed in multiple conditions impacting the central nervous system. The study of CSF is crucial to understanding neurological disorders as its composition changes with the disorders, and these changes may indicate various disorder-related physiological mechanisms. For this systematic review, we searched PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science for studies published between 1977 and 2025 and selected 49 studies after manual screening. We took stock of the evidence supporting the hypothesis that ASD alters the properties and composition of CSF. We systematically report on the different attributes of CSF in the ASD population that could be potential biomarkers and assist in understanding the origins and progression of ASD. We found that in CSF, immune markers, proteins, extra-axial CSF, folate, oxytocin, and vasopressin showed changes in ASD compared to the neurotypicals. We observed gaps in the literature due to variations in age and sample size and noted biases related to sex (i.e., samples are predominantly including male participants) and age (i.e., a handful of studies were conducted on adults). Our review highlights the need for more research on CSF in ASD to improve our understanding of this disorder and identify CSF biomarkers.

Extracellular PKM2 modulates cancer immunity by regulating macrophage polarity

Tumor controls its immunity by educating its microenvironment, including regulating polarity of tumor associated macrophages. It is well documented that cancer cells release PKM2 to facilitate tumor progression. We report here that the extracellular PKM2 (EcPKM2) modulates tumor immunity by facilitating M2 macrophage polarization in tumors. EcPKM2 interacts with integrin αvβ3 on macrophage to activate integrin-FAK-PI3K signal axis. Activation of FAK-PI3K by EcPKM2 suppresses PTEN expression, which subsequently upregulates arginase1 (Arg1) expression and activity in macrophage to facilitate M2 polarity. Our studies uncover a novel and important mechanism for modulation of tumor immunity. More importantly, an antibody against PKM2 that disrupts the interaction between EcPKM2 and integrin αvβ3 is effective in converting M2 macrophages to M1 macrophages in tumors, suggesting a new therapeutic strategy and target for cancer therapies. Combination of the anti-PKM2 antibody with checkpoint blockades provides enhanced treatment effects.

C1q Binds to CD4+ T Cells and Inhibits the Release of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines: Role in the Pathogenesis of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

The association between C1q deficiency and the development of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is well established. Several studies have shown that deficiency in C1q is associated with failed apoptotic cleanup, leading to SLE progression. However, the magnitude of this correlation indicates that C1q may play a much more complex role in the development of lupus. This study provides further insight into the pathogenesis of SLE by investigating the consequences of the interaction between C1q and CD4+ T-cells in the breakdown of self-tolerance. Since the C1q/C1q receptor interaction is postulated to play a role, we first confirmed the presence of surface-expressed C1q and C1q receptors on CD4+ T-cells. Then, cell proliferation assays were performed in the presence and absence of purified C1q, gC1qR, and cC1qR. The supernatants of these cultures were used to determine the levels of immunoregulatory cytokines released. Our data confirm that increasing concentrations of C1q and gC1qR significantly inhibited cell proliferation. Furthermore, the CD4+ cells treated with either C1q or gC1qR secreted reduced inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6 and TNF-alpha, compared to the untreated controls, suggesting that C1q deficiency facilitates the uncontrolled secretion of these critical cytokines, thus contributing to SLE. Although the role of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the induction of SLE is well documented, the mechanism by which C1q contributes to the disease is still a study in progress. Our data demonstrate that the interaction between C1q and its receptors on CD4+ T cells plays a critical role in the suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines that cause tissue injury in SLE. Therefore, the C1q-C1qR axis may provide a rationally sound target for the design of novel therapeutic approaches for SLE treatment.

The impact of size scales and orientations of polymeric scaffold architectural cues on human macrophage polarisation

Macrophage polarisation is crucial for initiating inflammation in response to biomaterial scaffolds, significantly influencing tissue integration and regenerationin vivo. Modulating macrophage polarisation towards a tissue-regeneration-favouring phenotype through the physical properties of scaffolds offers a promising strategy to enhance tissue regeneration while minimising unfavourable immune responses. However, the critical impact of scaffold physical properties, such as size-scale dimensions, orientation of architectural cues, and local-stiffness of these cues on macrophage polarisation, remains largely unexplored and inadequately understood. This study investigates the combinatorial effects of the physical properties of 3D scaffolds made from poly (ϵ-caprolactone) on human macrophage polarisation. Our findings indicate that the size-scale dimensions and orientation of the architectural cues of the scaffold play crucial roles in determining cell shape, attachment, and the modulation of key gene expression (iNOS, IL-1β, MRC1, ARG), as well as cytokines (TNF-α, IL-10) release associated with the polarisation of human macrophages. Specifically, in scaffolds with architectural cues at larger scales (⩾300 µm diameter), macrophage polarisation is primarily determined by the size-scale of the architectural cues and scaffold stiffness, rather than orientation. Conversely, at smaller scales (⩽15 µm), the orientation of the scaffold's architectural cues plays a more critical role. These insights underscore the pivotal role of scaffold design in modulating immune responses for enhanced tissue regeneration, offering valuable guidance for the rational development of biomaterial scaffolds in regenerative medicine.

Aging-related hyperphosphatemia triggers the release of TNF-α from macrophages, promoting indicators of sarcopenia through the reduction of IL-15 expression in skeletal muscle

AIMS

The association between aging-related hyperphosphatemia and sarcopenia has been documented, and evidence suggests that inflammaging is involved in the manifestation of sarcopenia. The present study investigates whether hyperphosphatemia triggers inflammation, thereby inducing the appearance of sarcopenia along with the cytokines involved in these processes.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

RAW 264.7 macrophages were incubated with β-glycerophosphate (BGP), as a phosphate donor, at different time intervals, to assess the production of proinflammatory markers. Conditioned medium from macrophages was collected and added to cultured C2C12 myoblasts to analyse whether proinflammatory molecules, released by macrophages, modified myogenic differentiation, cell senescence or myokine IL-15 expression. A neutralising antibody anti-TNF-α and recombinant IL-15 were added to evaluate the role of these cytokines in the observed effects. Additionally, TNF-α, IL-15, serum phosphate, and sarcopenia signs were evaluated in 5-month-old mice, 24-month-old mice and 24-month-old mice fed with a hypophosphatemic diet.

KEY FINDINGS

BGP increased TNF-α expression in macrophages through NFkB activation. Conditioned medium from BGP-treated macrophages impaired myogenic differentiation in differentiating myoblasts and promoted cellular senescence and reduced IL-15 expression in undifferentiated myoblasts. These effects were mediated by TNF-α. Old mice displayed reduced expression of muscle IL-15 and elevated circulating TNF-α, along with increased serum phosphate levels, which correlated with the appearance of sarcopenia indicators. The hypophosphatemic diet prevented these changes in old mice.

SIGNIFICANCE

Hyperphosphatemia induces TNF-α production in macrophages, which contributes to the reduced expression of muscular IL-15. This mechanism may play a role in inducing sarcopenia in elderly mice.

The use of aptamers as therapeutic inhibitors and biosensors of TNF-alpha

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) is a pivotal cytokine in the pathogenesis of numerous inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Precise and sensitive detection of TNF-α is essential for both clinical applications and research endeavors. In the realm of cytokine detection, particularly TNF-α, the development of highly sensitive and specific biosensors has become a focal point. The biosensing landscape encompasses a variety of biorecognition elements, each with its unique set of characteristics. TNF inhibitors come with a significant price tag and, notably, do not yield positive responses in all patients. Despite the availability of numerous FDA-approved biologic agents (e.g., infliximab, adalimumab, certolizumab pegol, etc.) and monoclonal antibodies (e.g., adalimumab) targeting TNF-α, aptamers tailored for blocking TNF-α activities have yet to receive approval. Aptamers have rapidly gained recognition as readily available, versatile, and highly effective molecular tools for both therapeutic and diagnostic purposes in the context of TNF-alpha. In this manuscript, we explore the potential of short single-stranded DNA or RNA sequences known as aptamers as biorecognition elements in biosensors designed for the detection of TNF-α. We delve into the progress made in the development of aptamer-based TNF-α inhibitors and shed light on successful studies in this burgeoning field.

Leptomonines A and B, two novel rare benzyltetrahydroisoquinoline N-oxides from the aerial parts of Leptopyrum fumarioides as potential COX-2 inhibitors: in vitro and in silico studies

Leptomonines A and B, two novel rare benzyltetrahydroisoquinoline N-oxides, were isolated from the aerial parts of Leptopyrum fumarioides (L.) Reichenb. collected in Tuv province, Mongolia. Their chemical structures, absolute configurations, and conformations were established by 2D-NMR and CD spectral analyses. Leptomonine A (1) can suppress TNF-α production and COX-2 expression in LPS-stimulated RAW 267.4 cells. This compound at a concentration of 100 µM significantly reduced the TNF-α and COX-2 levels by 36.43% and 47.10%, respectively, compared with the negative control. Moreover, leptomonine B (2) remarkably lowers COX-2 levels at the highest concentration. The docking simulations were conducted with the COX-2 enzyme and revealed the binding ability of leptomonine A (1) and leptomonine B (2) with binding energies of - 9.03 and - 8.96 kcal/mol, respectively. The interactions of these alkaloids with the targets were mainly with the hydrophobic and hydrophilic sites, which are quite similar to rofecoxib. Phytochemical investigation revealed the diversity and novelty of the natural isoquinoline alkaloids in Leptopyrum fumarioides. Two new benzyltetrahydroisoquinoline N-oxides were identified as the bioactive constituents of Leptopyrum fumarioides by assessing its anti-inflammatory effects. The findings provide scientific justification to support the traditional application of Leptopyrum fumarioides for treating liver diseases associated with inflammation.

Evaluation of Immunostimulatory Effects of Bacterial Lysate Proteins on THP-1 Macrophages: Pro-inflammatory Cytokine Response and Proteomic Profiling

Bacterial lysate proteins (BLPs) serve as potential immunostimulants, recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) on immune cells, eliciting a robust immune response. In this study, THP-1 macrophages were treated with varying doses of BLPs derived from Streptococcus pyogenes (SP), Streptococcus agalactiae (SA), and Serratia marcescens (SM). The results showed significant increases (p  < 0.05) in pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), eotaxin, and macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α, except for 5 µg of all BLPs for TNF-α and eotaxin, and 5 µg of SP for IL-12 production. No significant differences were found between the corresponding doses of SP and SA or SP and SM, except for GM-CSF in all doses, while SA and SM only showed a difference at the 5 µg dose for GM-CSF. Furthermore, there were no significant differences between the 10 and 20 µg doses of all BLPs, indicating that doses higher than 10 µg do not significantly enhance the pro-inflammatory response. Combination doses of SP + SM and SA + SM did not show significant differences, except for IL-1β, suggesting no synergistic effect. Cytotoxicity was observed to increase with higher BLP concentrations in a dose-dependent manner, with combinations of SP + SM and SA + SM exhibiting greater cytotoxicity than the individual BLPs. Proteomic analysis of BLPs identified immunostimulatory proteins, including heat shock proteins (HSPs; ClpB, DnaK, and GroEL), metabolic enzymes (glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), enolase, and arginine deiminase (ADI)), and surface and secreted proteins (ESAT-6-like protein, CRISPR-associated endonuclease Cas9, OmpA, porin OmpC, and serralysin), which are involved in immune modulation, bacterial clearance, and immune evasion. This study underscores the potential of bacterial proteins as vaccine adjuvants or supplementary therapies; however, further research is essential to find a balance between immune activation and inflammation reduction to develop safer and more effective immunostimulants.

Sequential administration of febuxostat and vitamin E protects against testicular ischemia/reperfusion injury via inhibition of sperm DNA damage in Wistar rats

The pathway of testicular ischemia-reperfusion injury (TIRI) has been shown to involve reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in the ischemic phase and later phase of reperfusion. This study was therefore designed to investigate the effect of blockage of ROS in the ischemic and reperfusion phases of TIRI. Thirty male Wistar rats were grouped into five groups (n = 6 rats each): sham, torsion + detorsion (TD), febuxostat (FEB)-administered (TFD) group, vitamin E (V)-administered (TDV) group, and FEB and vitamin E-administered (TFDV) group. Blood samples (for inflammatory and hormonal assay), testicular (for oxidative stress and histopathology), and epididymal (for sperm DNA damage and indices) tissues were collected after 3 days of detorsion. The TFD and TFDV groups showed a significant reduction in XO and MDA (p < 0.001; η2 > 0.7), as well as a concomitant increase in CAT, thiols, and SOD levels when compared with the TD group (p < 0.01, η2 > 0.5). The TFD group significantly reduced all inflammatory markers (p < 0.05; η2 = 0.75). The observed increase (p < 0.05; η2 = 0.92) in LH level, in response to a low level of testosterone in the TD group, was significantly raised in TFD and TFDV groups. The observed decrease (p < 0.001) in inhibin level in the TD group was raised (p < 0.05; η2 = 0.90) in the TDV group only. A significant increase (p < 0.001) in sperm DNA damage in the TD group was significantly reduced (p < 0.05; η2 = 0.88) in all the treatment groups while the reduced sperm viability (p < 0.01) in the TD group was increased (p < 0.05) in the TFDV group only. There was an improvement in the testicular cytoarchitecture in the TFD and TFDV groups. This study showed that sequential administration of febuxostat in the ischemic phase of TT and vitamin E in the later phase of reperfusion protects the testes against TIRI via inhibition of oxidative stress, inflammation, and sperm DNA damage.

Gold and Silver Nanoparticles Efficiently Modulate the Crosstalk Between Macrophages and Cancer Cells

Background

Macrophages, polarized into pro-inflammatory M1 or anti-inflammatory M2 states, are essential cellular elements of innate immunity. In the tumor microenvironment, owing to a paracrine manipulative program by cancerous cells, tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) evolve, which can shift between M1-like and M2-like phenotypes. Since it is fairly unknown how the promising anticancer agents, silver (AgNPs) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) affect the bidirectional communication and reprogramming in the tumor stroma, we examined the behavior, the tumor-supporting functions, and the expression of polarization and functional marker genes of TAMs to reveal how these are modulated upon interaction with nanoparticle-exposed cancer cells.

Methods

We established co-cultures of murine immortalized J774 or primary bone marrow-derived macrophages with 4T1 breast cancer cells treated with AuNPs or AgNPs or with none of the nanoparticles. We assessed the expression of macrophage polarization and functional markers using RT-qPCR and Proteome Profiler Array and evaluated macrophage migration and matrix metalloproteinase activity by specific assays.

Results

Protein and mRNA levels of most examined factors - except tumor necrosis factor-alpha - such as C-C-motif chemokine ligands 2 and 22, interleukin-23, inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, the macrophage mannose receptor CD206, transforming growth factor-beta, and chitinase-like-3 protein decreased, and the expression of polarization markers revealed a shift towards M1-like phenotype in macrophages co-cultured with AgNP- or AuNP-treated 4T1 cells. Both nanoparticle treatments reduced the levels and activity of cell migration-related factors, such as C-C motif chemokine ligand 3, matrix metalloproteinases, and suppressed macrophage migration.

Conclusion

Both AuNPs and AgNPs showed a remarkable ability to influence macrophage-cancer cell communication, suppressed indirectly M2-like TAM polarization, and perturbed the migration behavior of TAMs that is critical for tumor invasion, indicating modulated immunological functions and debilitated cancer-promoting capabilities of TAMs in this microenvironment.

Mannose-Glycated Metal-Phenolic Microcapsules Orchestrate Phenotype Switch of Macrophages for Boosting Tumor Immunotherapy

Microcapsules are advancing in immunotherapy, with both their core and shell being capable of loading immunoregulatory substances. Notably, microcapsules with intrinsic bioactivities can more directly modulate the immune microenvironment, while current research in this area remains scarce. Herein, immunomodulatory metal-phenolic microcapsules (mMPMs) is developed through the one-step assembly of dopamine-modified hyaluronic acid (HADA) and FeIII onto mannose-glycated bovine serum albumin microbubbles (Man-BSA MBs). Specifically, Man-BSA formed during the early stages of the Maillard reaction is sonicated to produce microbubbles as templates for capsule preparation. Subsequently, HADA is rapidly coated on the templates and coordinates with FeIII to form microcapsules after air escapes from MBs. Mass spectrometry analysis identifies abundant lysine glycation sites on Man-BSA, with the highest glycation site percentage reaching 94.88%. Man-BSA within mMPMs effectively promotes macrophage internalization, induces the accumulation of pro-inflammatory mediators, and thereby results in the M1 polarization of macrophages, as further corroborated by proteomic analysis. Consequently, the compelling anti-tumor effects of mMPMs are demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo. Overall, this work presents an immunomodulatory microcapsule that activates pro-inflammatory phenotype macrophages, which is a promising microcarrier to improve immunotherapeutic effects.

The immunopathogenesis of a cytokine storm: The key mechanisms underlying severe COVID-19

A cytokine storm is marked by excessive pro-inflammatory cytokine release, and has emerged as a key factor in severe COVID-19 cases - making it a critical therapeutic target. However, its pathophysiology was poorly understood, which hindered effective treatment. SARS-CoV-2 initially disrupts angiotensin signalling, promoting inflammation through ACE-2 downregulation. Some patients' immune systems then fail to shift from innate to adaptive immunity, suppressing interferon responses and leading to excessive pyroptosis and neutrophil activation. This amplifies tissue damage and inflammation, creating a pro-inflammatory loop. The result is the disruption of Th1/Th2 and Th17/Treg balances, lymphocyte exhaustion, and extensive blood clotting. Cytokine storm treatments include glucocorticoids to suppress the immune system, monoclonal antibodies to neutralize specific cytokines, and JAK inhibitors to block cytokine receptor signalling. However, the most effective treatment options for mitigating SARS-CoV-2 infection remain vaccines as a preventive measure and antiviral drugs for the early stages of infection. This article synthesizes insights into immune dysregulation in COVID-19, offering a framework to better understand cytokine storms and to improve monitoring, biomarker discovery, and treatment strategies for COVID-19 and other conditions involving cytokine storms.

TNF-α-Driven Changes in Polarized EGF Receptor Trafficking Facilitate Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/Protein Kinase B Signaling From the Apical Surface of MDCK Epithelial Cells

This manuscript describes a novel unconventional secretory pathway that facilitates EGF receptor (EGFR) signaling from apical membranes in polarized epithelial cells responding to immune cell mediators. Epithelial tissues provide a physical barrier between our bodies and the external environment and share an intimate relationship with circulating and local immune cells. Our studies describe an unexpected connection between the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and EGFR typically localized to basolateral membranes in polarized epithelial cells. These two molecules sit atop complex biological networks with a long history of shared investigative interest from the vantage point of signaling pathway interactions. We have discovered that TNF-α alters the functional landscape of fully polarized epithelial cells by changing the speed and direction of EGFR secretion. Our results show apical EGFR delivery occurs within minutes of de novo synthesis likely via a direct route from the endoplasmic reticulum without passage through the Golgi complex. Additionally, our studies have revealed that apical cellular compartmentalization constitutes an important mechanism to specify EGFR signaling via phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase/protein-kinase-B pathways. Our study paves the way for a better understanding of how inflammatory cytokines fine-tune local homeostatic and inflammatory responses by altering the spatial organization of epithelial cell signaling systems.

Bmal1 deficiency in neutrophils alleviates symptoms induced by high-fat diet

Physiological processes, including metabolism and immune responses, are generated by the circadian clock, driven by clock genes. Disrupting circadian rhythms through a high-fat diet promotes obesity and inflammation. Studies show that deleting the clock gene, brain, and muscle ARNT-like 1 (Bmal1) in adipose tissue leads to overeating and weight gain. We now show that Bmal1 deletion in neutrophils protects against diet-induced obesity and reduces inflammatory macrophage infiltration into epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT), despite increased food intake over 20 weeks of a high-fat diet. This protection is linked to enhanced energy expenditure, increased UCP1 expression in iBAT, improved insulin sensitivity, and altered expression of genes encoding chemokine receptors CXCR2, CXCR4, and the ligand Cxcl2 in eWAT. Our findings reveal a key role of Bmal1 in neutrophils in regulating high-fat diet-induced adipose inflammation and emphasize circadian regulation's importance in immuno-metabolic function.

Pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses in B cells during Salmonella infection

B-cells serve as a niche for Salmonella to establish a chronic infection, enabling bacteria to evade immune responses. One mechanism Salmonella uses to survive inside B-cells involves inhibiting the NLRC4 inflammasome activation, thereby preventing pyroptotic cell death. This study investigates whether Salmonella-infected B-cells can mount bactericidal responses to control intracellular bacteria. Our results show that Salmonella-infected B-cells can produce and release TNFα, IL-6, and IL-10, but not RANTES. Furthermore, priming B-cells with TNFα, IL-1β, or IFNγ enhances their bactericidal activity by promoting the production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen production species, reducing intracellular load. These results suggest that B-cells can clear Salmonella infection within a pro-inflammatory environment. However, the concurrent production of IL-10 may counteract the effects of pro-inflammatory cytokines, potentially modulating the immune response in the microenvironment.

Alveolar macrophages from persons with HIV mount impaired TNF signaling networks to M. tuberculosis infection

People living with HIV (PLWH) have an increased risk for developing tuberculosis after M. tuberculosis infection, despite anti-retroviral therapy (ART). To delineate the underlying mechanisms, we conducted single cell transcriptomics on bronchoalveolar lavage cells from PLWH on ART and HIV uninfected healthy controls infected with M. tuberculosis ex vivo. We identify an M1-like proinflammatory alveolar macrophage subset that sequentially acquires TNF signaling capacity in controls but not in PLWH. Cell-cell communication analyses reveal interactions between M1-like macrophages and effector memory T cells within TNF superfamily, chemokine, and costimulatory networks in the airways of controls. These interaction networks were lacking in PLWH infected with M. tuberculosis, where anti-inflammatory M2-like alveolar macrophages and T regulatory cells dominated along with dysregulated T cell signatures. Our data support a model in which impaired TNF-TNFR signaling, M2-like alveolar macrophages and aberrant macrophage-T cell crosstalk, lead to ineffective immunity to M. tuberculosis in PLWH on ART.

Exploring the anti-inflammatory potential of vitamin D in cardiometabolic diseases

The prevalence of cardiometabolic diseases is rising, and this is fuelled by inflammation, which tends to be worse in individuals with vitamin D (VD) deficiency. While non-steroidal anti-inflammatory interventions are available, they present with coagulation events. Hence, alternative therapy in the form of VD supplements is gaining research interest. This study reviewed the effect of VD supplementation on inflammation, focusing on nuclear factor kappa-beta (NF-κβ), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) across different cardiometabolic disease. Thirty-seven studies, 16 rodent models and 21 clinical studies were evaluated. The study considered evidence from rodent models to understand the effect of VD on these markers of inflammation and its translatability to clinical studies. While the potential benefits of VD were notable in rodents, these effects were less consistent in clinical studies. Notably, rodent models showed a more pronounced impact of VD in reducing NF-κβ and TNF-α; however, clinical trials reported conflicting findings. Furthermore, the VD was important in reducing MCP-1 across different rodent models; this was partially demonstrated in clinical trials. Based on these findings, VD modulates inflammation in cardiometabolic disease by inhibiting the activation of NF-κβ and suppressing the production of TNF-α and MCP-1. Although VD has some possible benefits in rodent models, the translatability of these findings in clinical trials is limited. Hence, the presented evidence in this study calls for further randomised controlled trials to assess the effect of VD on inflammation in patients living with different conditions as a therapy to curb the inflammation and the risk thereof. Future trials should also focus on exploring the VD dose-response, optimal dose, and duration of VD intervention among these patients that may offer optimal benefits on inflammation.

OC-STAMP is a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for Silicosis: an exploratory investigation

BACKGROUND

Silicosis, a disease characterized by fibrous changes in lung tissue due to prolonged silica dust inhalation, exhibits a complex pathogenesis that remains inadequately addressed by current interventions. Although osteoclast stimulatory transmembrane protein (OC-STAMP) is implicated in Silicosis progression, its regulatory mechanisms are not fully understood. In this study, we detected elevated OC-STAMP expression in Silicosis patients and found that treatment with OC-STAMP siRNA can alleviate the progression of Silicosis in mice, suggesting the potential of OC-STAMP as a diagnostic and therapeutic target for Silicosis.

METHODS

First, rat models of Silicosis were developed at various stages. A suite of histological and molecular techniques, including Hematoxylin and eosin (HE), Masson, Prussian blue staining, and immunohistochemistry, along with real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), were employed to assess the expression levels of OC-STAMP, as well as indicators of  ferroptosis and fibrosis.Second, MLE-12 cells were cultured in vitro to establish an OC-STAMP overexpression model, and the relationship between OC-STAMP and ferroptosis was evaluated using flow cytometry, and western blotting. Subsequently, to verify the role of OC-STAMP and ferroptosis in Silicosis progression, we administered OC-STAMP siRNA and Fer-1 to Silicosis mice respectively. Whole-body volumetric plethysmography (WBP) was utilized to assess the respiratory function of the mice, and Micro-CT was applied to detect the lung nodules in the mice. The levels of OC-STAMP, as well as indexes associated with ferroptosis and fibrosis, were assessed using Hematoxylin and eosin (HE), Masson, Sirius red staining, immunohistochemistry, and western blot analysis. The polarization of macrophages towards M1 and M2 phenotypes in lung tissues was analyzed by flow cytometry. Ultimately, the plasma expression of OC-STAMP in patients diagnosed with Silicosis was quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

RESULTS

In vivo experiments showed that OC-STAMP accelerates the fibrotic process of Silicosis, which may promote the epithelial-mesenchymal transformation by triggering ferroptosis of alveolar type II epithelial cells, and thus promote the progression of Silicosis. Furthermore, in vitro studies indicated that OC-STAMP overexpression causes ferroptosis in alveolar type II epithelial cells which contributes to fibrosis. Notably, treatment with siRNA in Silicosis mice confirmed that OC-STAMP inhibition effectively mitigates ferroptosis and retarded the progression of Silicosis fibrosis. Plasma of patients with Silicosis exhibited elevated OC-STAMP levels.

CONCLUSIONS

Overall, OC-STAMP induces ferroptosis and exacerbates fibrosis in Silicosis. OC-STAMP siRNA and Fer-1 mitigate abnormal collagen deposition and delay the progression of Silicosis. Collectively, these findings highlight the potential of OC-STAMP as a novel biomarker for diagnosing and treating Silicosis.

Molecular evidence of the inhibitory potential of melatonin against sodium arsenite toxicity

Introduction

Sodium arsenite (SA), NaAsO2, is among the most hazardous toxicants, and wide use and presence of this toxicant leads to a severe environmental threat. Exposure to SA is associated with many health concerns, such as the prevalence of cancer and diabetes mellitus type 2 (DMT2). Many studies suggest that SA induces inflammation and biochemical impairments through different mechanisms, including increasing oxidative stress and altering vital genes such as biochemical and anti-inflammatory. Recent studies on melatonin (MLT), a harmless hormone secreted in the body generally for induction of sleepiness, find many beneficial and positive effects. Mitigating different harms and toxicities through different mechanisms, such as antioxidant properties, anti-inflammatory effects, and critical gene regulation, is essential. Due to these findings, this study aimed to evaluate the hypothesis that MLT may ameliorate pancreatic damage caused by exposure to SA.

Methods

Forty-eight adult healthy male wistar rats aged 7-8 weeks were divided into eight for this research. Group 1 did not receive any intervention. Group 2 received 10 mg/kg/day MLT through intraperitoneal (IP) injection. Groups 3, 4, and 5 received 1.5 (1/10 LD50), 5 (1/3 LD50), and 7.5 (1/2 LD50) mg/kg SA, respectively. Groups 6, 7, and 8 were given 1.5 (1/10 LD50), 5 (1/3 LD50), and 7.5 (1/2 LD50) mg/kg of SA along with 10 mg/kg/day MLT, respectively, during the last ten days of the experiment. After 28 days of the experiment, the blood and tissue samples of the pancreas were removed for biochemical and pathological examination.

Results

MLT attenuates SA toxicity by reducing oxidative stress biomarkers and inflammation markers. Moreover, MLT improves SA exposure's biochemical and functional damages by regulating related genes and pathways.

Conclusion

MLT poses protective and preventive effects on the pancreas against exposure to SA. However, MLT's therapeutic and beneficial impacts have great potential for further investigation.

MiR-6721-5p as a natural regulator of Meta-VCL is upregulated in the serum of patients with coronary artery disease

Background

Coronary artery disease (CAD), the leading cause of mortality globally, arises from atherosclerotic blockage of the coronary arteries. Meta-vinculin (meta-VCL), a large spliced isoform of VCL, co-localizes in muscular adhesive structures and plays significant roles in cardiac physiology and pathophysiology. This study aimed to identify microRNAs (miRNAs) regulating meta-VCL expression and investigate the expression alterations of the miRNAs of interest and meta-VCL as potential biomarkers in the serum of CAD patients.

Methods

Bioinformatics tools were employed to select miRNAs targeting meta-VCL. Cell-based ectopic expression analysis and a dual-luciferase assay were used to examine the interactions between miRNAs and meta-VCL. An ELISA assessed the concentrations of interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). MiRNA and meta-VCL expression patterns and biomarker suitability were evaluated in serum samples from CAD and non-CAD individuals using real-time PCR. A cardiac cell-line data set and CAD blood exosome samples were analyzed using bioinformatics and ROC curve analyses, respectively.

Results

miR-6721-5p directly interacted with the putative target sites at the 3'-UTR of meta-VCL and regulated its expression. IL-10 and TNF-α concentrations, which may act as anti-inflammatory factors, decreased following miR-6721-5p upregulation and meta-VCL downregulation. Bioinformatics and experimental expression analyses confirmed downregulated meta-VCL expression and upregulated miR-6721-5p expression in CAD samples. ROC curve analysis yielded an AUC score of 0.705 (P = 0.018), indicating the potential suitability of miR-6721-5p as a biomarker for CAD.

Conclusions

miR-6721-5p plays a regulatory role in meta-VCL expression and may contribute to CAD development by reducing anti-inflammatory factors. These findings suggest that miR-6721-5p could serve as a novel biomarker in the pathogenesis of CAD.

Harnessing β-glucan conjugated quercetin nanocomplex to function as a promising anti-inflammatory agent via macrophage-targeted delivery

Quercetin, a promising anti-inflammatory agent, faces challenges related to poor bioavailability and limited practical applications. β-glucan, a natural polysaccharide, can be specifically recognized by macrophages, making it an ideal targeting carrier to enhance therapeutic efficacy for macrophage-related dysfunctions. In this study, β-glucan conjugated quercetin nano-complexes (CM-Cur@QT) were developed to target macrophage and alleviate pro-inflammatory response in M1-like macrophages. The results demonstrated that CM-Cur@QT exhibited a spheric shape with an average diameter around 200 nm. FT-IR, 1H NMR, XRD and XPS analyses confirmed the complexation of CM-Cur@QT. This complex showed excellent stability during stimulated digestion, protecting QT from degradation while maintaining favorable antioxidant activity. After complexation, CM-Cur@QT displayed sustained uptake kinetics and enhanced accumulation in macrophages, with a 61.88 % increase compared to individual quercetin after 5 h of incubation. Meanwhile, CM-Cur@QT administration induced evidently cell cycle phases transitions and altered phagocytotic activity in M1-like macrophages. Furthermore, CM-Cur@QT reduced intracellular ROS accumulation, achieving a ROS scavenging rate of up to 49.92 %, compared to 25.59 % in quercetin group. This complex also effectively modulated TNF-a, IL-6 and TGF-β secretion profiles in pro-inflammatory macrophages, outperforming individual QT treatment. Notably, CM-Cur@QT facilitated anti-inflammatory effects while minimizing impacts on inactivated M0 macrophages. These findings underscore the potential of CM-Cur@QT as a promising agent for mitigating inflammatory disorders.

Segment specific loss of NFAT5 function in the kidneys is sufficient to induce a global kidney injury like phenotype

Nuclear factor of activated T-cells 5 (NFAT5) is a transcription factor known for its role in osmotic stress adaptation in the renal inner medulla, due to the osmotic gradient that is generated between the renal cortex and renal inner medulla. However, its broader implications in kidney injury and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are less understood. Here we used two different Cre deleter mice (Ksp1.3-Cre and Aqp2-Cre) to generate tubule segment and even cell type-specific NFAT5-deficient mice and performed extensive gene expression profiling. In both Nfat5 knockout models, we observed massive changes in gene expression pattern, with heightened inflammatory responses and renal injury, culminating in renal fibrosis. Interestingly, inflammatory responses were much more prominent in the Aqp2Cre+/-Nfat5fl/fl mice that lack NFAT5 only in the collecting duct. By analyzing gene expression in the medullary and cortical regions of the kidney separately, we confirmed that the loss of NFAT5 results in kidney injury that extends beyond hypertonic areas. Renal injury correlates with the expression level of genes involved in inflammatory response, injury severity, and cytokine signaling. Thus, NFAT5 is essential not only for adapting to osmotic stress but also for its loss of function, which induces activation of inflammatory response and cytokine signaling that might affect regions with functional NFAT5 expression.

Association of over-the-counter mouthwash use with markers of nitric oxide metabolism, inflammation, and endothelial function-a cross-sectional study

Introduction

Regular use of mouthwash can disrupt nitrate reduction by oral bacteria and may affect systemic nitric oxide (NO) levels, which are important for inflammation and endothelial function. We aim to assess the association between over-the-counter (OTC) mouthwash use and nitrate/nitrite, markers of inflammation (IL-6, TNF-α, CRP) and endothelial function (sICAM-1, sVCAM-1) in serum and saliva, and to assess the relationship between nitrate/nitrite levels and these biomarkers, as well as how OTC mouthwash modulated this relationship. We hypothesize that nitrates/nitrites are associated with these biomarkers, and that their associations would vary with the frequency of mouthwash use.

Method

Our cross-sectional study used data and specimen from the baseline of the San Juan Overweight Adult Longitudinal Study (SOALS). Robust Gamma regression with log-link function, Spearman correlations and partial correlations adjusted for covariates were used for the analysis.

Results

Using OTC mouthwash twice a day or more was significantly associated with lower serum nitrite levels compared to less frequent use (β = -0.357, 95% CI: -0.650, -0.064), but not with other markers of inflammation and endothelial function. Mouthwash use differentially impacted the relationship between nitrate/nitrite and TNF-α, sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1. Specifically, in the participants who used mouthwash less than twice a day or no use, TNF-α (β = -0.35, 95% CI: -0.52, -0.18), and sICAM-1 (β = -0.21, 95% CI: -0.32, -0.09) were negatively associated with serum nitrite. In the participants who used mouthwash twice a day or more use, TNF-α was positively associated with serum nitrate (β = 3.36, 95% CI: 2.07, 4.65), salivary nitrite (β = 1.04, 95% CI: 0.39, 1.69) and salivary nitrate (β = 0.48, 95% CI: 0.25, 0.71); sICAM-1 was positively associated with serum nitrate (β = 1.58, 95% CI: 0.86, 2.29). In both subgroups of mouthwash users, sVCAM-1 was positively correlated with serum nitrate and salivary nitrate. In addition, sVCAM-1 was positively correlated with serum nitrite in participants who used mouthwash frequently (ρ_S = 0.18, p = 0.045).

Discussion

Regular use of OTC mouthwash was associated with systemic nitric oxide. This raises concerns about its potential effects on the levels of inflammatory and endothelial biomarkers associated with cardiometabolic diseases.

Transcytosis of T4 Bacteriophage Through Intestinal Cells Enhances Its Immune Activation

Interactions between bacteriophages with mammalian immune cells are of great interest and most phages possess at least one molecular pattern (nucleic acid, sugar residue, or protein structure) that is recognizable to the immune system through pathogen associated molecular pattern (PAMP) receptors (i.e., TLRs). Given that phages reside in the same body niches as bacteria, they share the propensity to stimulate or quench immune responses depending on the nature of their interactions with host immune cells. While most in vitro research focuses on the outcomes of direct application of phages to immune cells of interest, the potential impact of their transcytosis through the intestinal barrier has yet to be considered. As transcytosis through intestinal cells is a necessary step in healthy systems for access by phage to the underlying immune cell populations, it is imperative to understand how this step may play a role in immune activation. We compared the activation of macrophages (as measured by TNFα secretion) following direct phage application to those stimulated by incubation with phage transcytosed through a polarized Caco2 epithelial barrier model. Our results demonstrate that phages capable of activating TNFα secretion upon direct contact maintain the stimulatory capability following transcytosis. Furthermore, activation of macrophages by a transcytosed phage is enhanced as compared to that occurring with an equivalent multiplicity of directly applied phage.

Oral prodrug of a novel glutathione surrogate reverses metabolic dysregulation and attenuates neurodegenerative process in APP/PS1 mice

Glycation-induced oxidative stress underlies the numerous metabolic ravages of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Reduced glutathione levels in AD lead to increased oxidative stress, including glycation-induced pathology. Previously, we showed that the accumulation of reactive 1,2-dicarbonyls such as methylglyoxal, the major precursor of non-enzymatic glycation products, was reduced by the increased function of GSH-dependent glyoxalase-1 enzyme in the brain. In this two-pronged study, we evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of an orally bioavailable prodrug of our lead glyoxalase substrate, pro-ψ-GSH, for the first time in a transgenic Alzheimer's disease mouse model. This prodrug delivers pharmacodynamically relevant brain concentrations of ψ-GSH upon oral delivery. Chronic oral dosing of pro-ψ-GSH effectively reverses the cognitive decline observed in the APP/PS1 mouse model. The prodrug successfully mirrors the robust effects of the parent drug i.e., reducing amyloid pathology, glycation stress, neuroinflammation, and the resultant neurodegeneration in these mice. We also report the first metabolomics study of such a treatment, which yields key biomarkers linked to the reversal of AD-related metabolic dysregulation. Collectively, this study establishes pro-ψ-GSH as a viable, disease-modifying therapy for AD and paves the way for further preclinical advancement of such therapeutics. Metabolomic signatures identified could prove beneficial in the development of treatment-specific clinically translatable biomarkers.

Biomarkers of sepsis in burn injury: an update

Sepsis, a dysregulated response to infection, is a leading cause of death after burn injury. Changes in the immune response as well as the loss of the skin, the primary barrier to infection, contribute to the increased risk for infection and sepsis in burn patients. This higher risk is further compounded by the development of the systemic inflammatory response and hypermetabolic state, which limit the utility of commonly used infection markers. As such, the development of sepsis biomarkers after burn injury is an imperative. A sepsis biomarker would facilitate earlier diagnosis and treatment of sepsis, thus decreasing length of stay, morbidity, and mortality after burn injury. Numerous different biomarkers, ranging from acute phase reactants, cytokines, and inflammatory markers to omics analyses and extracellular vesicles have been assessed as potential biomarkers in burn sepsis. To date no single biomarker has proven useful as the sole indicator for sepsis. The future of burn sepsis biomarkers will likely require a panel of biomarkers from all categories. The purpose of this review article is to list the various biomarkers that have been studied in burn sepsis and describe their clinical utility and future use in patients with burn injury.

Factors influencing glycocalyx degradation: a narrative review

The glycocalyx is a layer of villus-like structure covering the luminal surface of vascular endothelial cells. Damage to the glycocalyx has been proven linked to the development of many diseases. However, the factors that promote damage to the glycocalyx are not fully elaborated. This review summarizes factors leading to the reduction of the glycocalyx in detail, including inflammatory factors, ischemia-reperfusion, oxidative stress, lipids, glucose, high sodium, female sex hormones and others. Additionally, the mechanisms underlying its degradation are discussed. To better prevent and treat related diseases induced by glycocalyx degradation, it is a meaningful measure to avoid these factors.

Curcumin exerts protective effects against valproic acid-induced testicular damage through modulating the JAK1/STAT-3/IL-6 signaling pathway in rats

OBJECTIVES

This experiment was carried out to investigate the protective effects of curcumin (CUR) on testicular damage induced by the valproic acid (VPA) administration.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Male Wistar-Albino rats (n=28, 250-300 g) were randomly divided into four groups: Control (1 ml saline, oral), VPA (500 mg/kg, IP), CUR (200 mg/kg, oral), or VPA+CUR (500 mg/kg, VPA, IP plus 200 mg/kg CUR, oral). The treatments were applied for 14 days. Serum testosterone and testis [Janus kinases1 (JAK1), signal transducers and activators of transcription-3 (STAT-3), interleukin-6 (IL-6), malondialdehyde (MDA), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-18 (IL-18), and nuclear factor (NF)-κB)] samples were collected for biochemical analyses. Semen samples were subjected to microscopy for spermatological parameters. Testis tissue was also analyzed for histopathological and immunohistochemical methods.

RESULTS

The VPA administration caused a 37% decrease in serum testosterone concentration and 5.32, 9.51, 2.44, and 3.68-fold increases in testicular tissue JAK1, STAT-3, IL-6, and MDA levels, respectively. There were also 50, 52, and 72% reductions in sperm motility, sperm viability, and the mean testicular biopsy score, respectively, accompanied by considerable degenerative changes and necrosis in seminiferous tubules in the VPA group. There is also an immune-positive reaction for IL-18 and NF-κB in only Leydig cells.

CONCLUSION

The CUR treatment may be beneficial in restoring testicular damage through antiinflammatory and anti-oxidant potential.

Synthetic GPCRs for programmable sensing and control of cell behaviour

Synthetic receptors that mediate antigen-dependent cell responses are transforming therapeutics, drug discovery and basic research1,2. However, established technologies such as chimeric antigen receptors3 can only detect immobilized antigens, have limited output scope and lack built-in drug control3-7. Here we engineer synthetic G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that are capable of driving a wide range of native or non-native cellular processes in response to a user-defined antigen. We achieve modular antigen gating by engineering and fusing a conditional auto-inhibitory domain onto GPCR scaffolds. Antigen binding to a fused nanobody relieves auto-inhibition and enables receptor activation by drug, thus generating programmable antigen-gated G-protein-coupled engineered receptors (PAGERs). We create PAGERs that are responsive to more than a dozen biologically and therapeutically important soluble and cell-surface antigens in a single step from corresponding nanobody binders. Different PAGER scaffolds allow antigen binding to drive transgene expression, real-time fluorescence or endogenous G-protein activation, enabling control of diverse cellular functions. We demonstrate multiple applications of PAGER, including induction of T cell migration along a soluble antigen gradient, control of macrophage differentiation, secretion of therapeutic antibodies and inhibition of neuronal activity in mouse brain slices. Owing to its modular design and generalizability, we expect PAGERs to have broad utility in discovery and translational science.

Proinflammatory Cytokine Profiles in Menière's Disease and Vestibular Migraine

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the levels of inflammatory cytokines and symptom survey scores in patients diagnosed with Menière's disease or vestibular migraine from a single center by a single neurotologist compared to control subjects with no history of dizziness or migraine.

STUDY DESIGN

Cross-sectional pilot study.

SETTING

Single-center tertiary referral center in Charleston, SC.

PATIENTS

Patients were recruited from the neurotology clinic at a tertiary referral center. Patients with definite Menière's disease or definite vestibular migraine as defined by the Barany consensus criteria were eligible. Control subjects presented to clinic without dizziness, vertigo, fluctuating hearing loss, or a history of migraine.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Questionnaire scores include DHI, SF-20, CFQ, PHQ-9, PSWQ, GAD-7, NVI, DCS, VM-PATHI, and MD-POSI. Circulating and in vitro levels of cytokines include ENA-78, GROα, IFN-α2a, IFN-γ, IL-10, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-1RA, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1, MCP-2, MDC, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, and TNF-α. Cytokine levels were compared with effect size analysis.

RESULTS

There were 20 Menière's disease, 20 vestibular migraine, and 10 control patients enrolled in this study. Episode frequencies ranged from three per week to two to five per year in the MD group and daily to 1 every 2 to 3 months in the VM group. When patient-derived PBMC samples were compared to vestibular migraine, TNF-α ( d = -0.427 [-0.879, 0.025]) and IFN-γ ( d = -0.818 [-1.313, -0.323]) were found to be higher in Menière's disease, whereas ENA-78 ( d = -0.652 [-1.361, 0.056]) was found to be lower. No differences were found when cytokines were measured following stimulation with LPS.

CONCLUSIONS

This pilot study suggests Menière's disease patients may have higher levels of TNF-α and IFN-γ and lower levels of ENA-78 than vestibular migraine patients when measured following in vitro release from patient-derived PBMC. Increased sample size, optimized blood draw timing, and more specific PBMC stimulation may help us further elucidate inflammatory pathways implicated in these disorders.

Statins as a Potential Treatment for Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Target Deconvolution using Protein-protein Interaction Network Analysis

BACKGROUND

The hallmark of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is aberrant buildup of triglycerides (TGs) in hepatocytes. Many genes promote NAFLD development. Using bioinformatics tools, we investigated the possible effect of statins on genes involved in NAFLD progression.

METHODS

Protein interactions of statins and NAFLD were searched in gene-drug and gene-disease databases. A Protein-Protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed to find hub genes and Molecular Complex Detection (MCODE) of NAFLD-related genes. Shared protein targets between protein targets of statins and NAFLD-associated genes were identified. Next, targets of each statin were assayed with all modular clusters in the MCODEs related to NAFLD. Biological process and pathway enrichment analysis for shared proteins was performed.

RESULTS

Screening protein targets for conventional statins and curated NAFLD-related genes identified 343 protein targets and 70 genes, respectively. A Venn diagram of NAFLD-related genes and protein targets of statins showed 24 shared proteins. The biological pathways on KEGG enrichment associated with the 24 shared protein sets were evaluated and included cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, adipocytokine, PPAR, TNF and AMPK signaling pathways. Gene Ontology analysis showed major involvement in lipid metabolic process regulation and inflammatory response. PPI network analysis of 70 protein targets indicated 13 hub genes (PPARA, IL4, CAT, LEP, SREBF1, PRKCA, CYP2E1, NFE2L2, PTEN, NR1H4, ADIPOQ, GSTP1 and TGFB1). Comparing all seven statins with the three MCODE clusterings and 13 hub genes revealed that simvastatin as the most associated statin with NAFLD.

CONCLUSION

Simvastatin has the most impact on NAFLD-related genes versus other statins.

Drug Delivery Approaches for Rheumatoid Arthritis: Recent Advances and Clinical Translation Aspects

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a multifactorial autoimmune disease characterized with symmetrical progression of joint deformity that is often diagnosed at a chronic condition with other associated pathological conditions such as pericarditis, keratitis, pulmonary granuloma. Despite the understanding of RA pathophysiology in disease progression, current clinical treatment options such as disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs), biologics, steroids, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) provide only palliative therapy while causing adverse side effects such as off-target multi-organ toxicity and risk of infections. Further, available drug delivery strategies to treat RA pathogenicity does not successfully reach the site of action due to various barriers such as phagocytosis and first pass effect in addition to the disease complexity and unknown etiology, thereby leading to the development of irreversible joint dysfunction. Therefore, novel and effective strategies remain an unmet need to control the disease progression and to maintain the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. This review provides a comprehensive outlook on the RA pathophysiology and its corresponding disease progression. Contributions of synoviocytes such as macrophages, fibroblast-like cells in increasing invasiveness to exacerbate joint damage is also outlined in this review, which could be a potential future therapeutic target to complement the existing treatment regimens in controlling RA pathogenesis. Further, various smart drug delivery approaches under research to achieve maximum therapeutic efficacy with minimal adverse side effects have been discussed, which in turn emphasize the unmet challenges and future perspectives in addressing RA complications.

Temporary Nanoencapsulation of Human Intestinal Organoids Using Silk Ionomers

Human intestinal organoids (HIOs) are vital for modeling intestinal development, disease, and therapeutic tissue regeneration. However, their susceptibility to stress, immunological attack, and environmental fluctuations limits their utility in research and therapeutic applications. This study evaluated the effectiveness of temporary silk protein-based layer-by-layer (LbL) nanoencapsulation technique to enhance the viability and functions of HIOs against common biomedical stressors, without compromising their native functions. Cell viability and differentiation capacity are assessed, finding that nanoencapsulation significantly improved HIO survival under the various environmental perturbations studied without compromising cellular functionality. Post-stress exposures, the encapsulated HIOs still successfully differentiated into essential intestinal cell types such as enterocytes, goblet cells, enteroendocrine cells, and Paneth cells. Moreover, the silk nanocoatings effectively protected against environmental stressors such as ultraviolet (UV) light exposure, protease degradation, antibody binding, and cytokine-induced inflammation. This nanoencapsulation technique shows promise for advancing HIO applications in disease modeling, drug testing, and potential transplantation therapies.

Sex-specific transcriptomic effects of low-dose inorganic arsenic exposure on bone marrow-derived macrophages

Both tissue-resident macrophages and monocytes recruited from the bone marrow that transform into tissue-resident cells play critical roles in mediating homeostasis as well as in the pathology of inflammatory diseases. Inorganic arsenic (iAs) is the most common drinking water contaminant worldwide and represents a major public health concern. There are numerous diseases caused by iAs exposure in which macrophages are involved, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, and increased risk of (respiratory) infectious diseases. Notably, prenatal iAs exposure is also associated with negative birth outcomes and developmental immunotoxicity (DIT) contributing to long-term adverse outcomes of these immune-related diseases. Therefore, understanding the effects of iAs exposure on macrophages, particularly during immune development or tissue injury and inflammation, can help us better grasp the full range of arsenic immunotoxicity and better design therapeutic targets for iAs-induced diseases particularly in exposed populations. In contrast to prior published studies which often only focused on the effect of iAs on mature macrophages after development, in this study, we analyzed the transcriptome of M0-, M1- and M2-polarized male and female murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) which were exposed to iAs during the differentiation phase, as a model to study iAs (developmental) immunotoxicity. We identified differentially expressed genes by iAs in a sex- and stimulation-dependent manner and used bioinformatics tools to predict protein-protein interactions, transcriptional regulatory networks, and associated biological processes. Overall, our data suggest that M1-stimulated, especially female-derived, BMDMs are most susceptible to iAs exposure during differentiation. Most notably, we observed significant downregulation of major proinflammatory transcription factors, like IRF8, and its downstream targets, as well as genes encoding proteins involved in pattern recognition and antigen presentation, such as TLR7, TLR8, and H2-D1, potentially providing causal insight regarding the role of (early-life) arsenic exposure in perturbing immune responses to infectious diseases. We also observed significant downregulation of genes involved in processes crucial to coordinating a proinflammatory response including leukocyte migration, differentiation, and cytokine and chemokine production and response. Finally, we discovered that 24 X-linked genes were dysregulated in iAs-exposed female stimulation groups compared to only 3 across the iAs-exposed male stimulation groups. These findings elucidate the potential mechanisms underlying the sex-differential iAs-associated immune-related disease risk.

Key biomarkers in type 2 diabetes patients: A systematic review

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is not just a local health issue but a significant global health burden, affecting patient outcomes and clinical management worldwide. Despite the wealth of studies reporting T2DM biomarkers, there is an urgent need for a comparative review. This review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis based on the reported T2DM biomarkers and how these are linked with other conditions, such as inflammation and wound healing. A comparative review was conducted on 24 001 study participants, including 10 024 T2DM patients and 13 977 controls (CTL; age 30-90 years). Four main profiles were extracted and analysed from the clinical reports over the past 11 years: haematological (1084 cases vs. 1458 CTL), protein (6753 cases vs. 9613 CTL), cytokine (975 cases vs. 1350 CTL) and lipid (1212 cases vs. 1556 CTL). This review provides a detailed analysis of the haematological profile in T2DM patients, highlighting fundamental changes such as increased white blood cells and platelet counts, accompanied by decreases in red blood cell counts and iron absorption. In the serum protein profile, a reduction in albumin and anti-inflammatory cytokines was noted along with an increase in globulin levels and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, changes in lipid profiles were discussed, specifically the decreases in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and the increases in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and triglycerides. Understanding the changes in these four biomarker profiles is essential for developing innovative strategies to create diagnostic and prognostic tools for diabetes management.

Anti-Rheumatic potential of biological DMARDS and protagonistic role of bio-markers in early detection and management of rheumatoid arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease that primarily affects the synovial joint linings, resulting in progressive disability, increased mortality, and considerable economic costs. Early treatment with disease-modifying antirheumatic medications (DMARDs) can significantly improve the overall outlook for people with RA. Contemporary pharmaceutical interventions, encompassing standard, biological, and emerging small molecule disease- modifying anti-rheumatic medications continue to be the cornerstone of RA management, with substantial advancements made in the pursuit of achieving remission from the disease and preventing joint deformities. Nevertheless, a substantial segment of individuals with RA do not experience a satisfactory response to existing treatments, underscoring the pressing need for novel therapeutic options. Biologic DMARDs are among the therapy choices. Non-tumor necrosis factor inhibitors (Non-TNFi) such as abatacept, rituximab, tocilizumab, and sarilumab are examples, as are anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) medications such as infliximab, adalimumab, etanercept, golimumab, and certolizumab pegol. More recent biomarkers have emerged and showed usefulness in the early detection of RA. These biomarkers, often referred to simply as "biomarkers", are quantifiable indicators of normal or pathologic processes, and they can also gauge treatment response. The assessment of RA treatment response typically combines patient-reported outcomes, physical evaluations, and laboratory findings, as there isn't a single biomarker that has proven sufficient for measuring disease activity. This review explores the usage of biologic DMARDs as a therapeutic approach for RA, as well as the biomarkers typically used for RA early diagnosis, prognosis prediction, and disease activity evaluation.

Green synthesized Zingiber officinale-ZnO nanoparticles: anticancer efficacy against 3D breast cancer model

Aim: ZnO NPs were prepared via green synthesis utilizing Zingiber Officinale.Methodology: Physical characterization and biological activity were performed against 2D, and 3D spheroids MCF-7 cell lines.Results: The NPs exhibited 188.9, 175.7 and 171.2 nm size with charge of -8.2, -11.7 and -9.7 mV for the 2%, 3% and 4% formulations. XRD confirmed a wurtzite hexagonal phase. FTIR spectra showed Zn-O stretching vibrations. The 2%, 3% and 4% formulations presented IC50 values of 14.7, 26.2 and 47 μg/ml, respectively, with complete destruction of MCF-7 spheroids. Elevated TNF-α levels suggested an inflammatory-mediated mechanism of action.Conclusion: 2% Zingiber officinale-derived ZnO NPs showed antitumor potential against deserving further mechanistic and in vivo explorations.

RNAi in psoriasis: A melodic exploration of miRNA, shRNA, and amiRNA with a spotlight on siRNA

Psoriasis (Pso) is an autoimmune inflammatory skin disease characterised by well-demarcated, red plaques covered in silver scales. It affects people of all ages and can be passed down through generations. Genetics play an important role in determining vulnerability to develop Pso. Several large-scale genome-wide association studies have identified over 80 genetic loci associated with Pso susceptibility. Gene expression can be regulated via RNA interference (RNAi). RNAi suppresses gene expression by degrading mRNA molecules. Since its discovery, RNAi has generated considerable excitement over its potential therapeutic benefits. RNAi is mediated by endogenous small RNA molecules like microRNA (miRNA) or exogenous small RNA molecules like small interfering RNA (siRNA), short hairpin RNA (shRNA), and artificial micro RNA (amiRNA). These small RNA molecules can silence a disease-related gene in a sequence-specific manner. Targeting RNAi pathways can help modify disease-related biological processes in various medical conditions, including autoimmune disorders. In Pso, RNAi can downregulate the expression of molecules involved in the pathophysiology of the disease. Significant progress has been made in the field of RNAi therapeutics. However, further research is needed to fine-tune the design and delivery of RNAi therapeutics in humans. In this review, we discuss various effectors of RNAi, some challenges related to RNAi therapeutics (emphasizing siRNA) and strategies to overcome these challenges. Furthermore, we have discussed some studies that employ RNAi therapeutics for Pso.

Distinct therapeutic effects of auraptene and umbelliprenin on TNF-α and IL-17 levels in a murine model of chronic inflammation

Objective

To compare the anti-arthritic potential of orally administered auraptene (AUR) and umbellliprenin (UMB) in chronic inflammation by exploring the differential effect on regulating TNF-α and IL-17.

Methods & materials

Sixty male rats were divided into ten groups, and after confirming chronic inflammation, the treatment groups received AUR or UMB orally for 9 days. On day 16, histopathological changes were evaluated. Altered serum levels of the inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-17 were examined as the underlying mechanisms.

Results

Administering AUR orally at 16 mM/kg caused a significant increase in body weight gain compared to the baseline (p < 0.05), while UMB at a dose of 64 mM/kg significantly reduced edema size (p < 0.01). TNF-α levels were significantly lower in all doses of AUR and UMB treatments compared to the arthritis control group (p < 0.05). Treatment with AUR at all relative doses resulted in a significant decrease in IL-17 levels compared to the arthritis control group (p < 0.05), whereas UMB treatment did not show a significant effect on IL-17 levels.

Conclusion

AUR and UMB regulate TNF-α and IL-17 differently; AUR inhibits both, showing broad therapeutic potential, while UMB specifically targets TNF-α, showing a specialized role.

Time-dependent variation in immunoparalysis biomarkers among patients with sepsis and critical illness

Introduction

Immunoparalysis is a state of immune dysfunction characterized by a marked reduction in the immune system's responsiveness, often observed following severe infections, trauma, or critical illness. This study aimed to perform a longitudinal assessment of immune function over the initial two weeks following the onset of sepsis and critical illness.

Methods

We compared ex vivo-stimulated cytokine release from whole blood of critically ill patients to traditional markers of immunoparalysis, including monocyte Human Leukocyte Antigen (mHLA)-DR expression and absolute lymphocyte count (ALC). A total of 64 critically ill patients were recruited in a tertiary care academic medical setting, including 31 septic and 33 non-septic patients.

Results

While mHLA-DR expression significantly increased over time, this was primarily driven by the non-septic subset of critically ill patients. ALC recovery was more pronounced in septic patients. Ex vivo stimulation of blood from septic patients revealed significant increases in TNF and IL-6 production over time. However, interferon-gamma production varied depending on the ex vivo stimulant used, and after normalization of cytokine concentrations to lymphocyte counts, it did not show significant recovery over time from illness onset. No significant correlation was found between mHLA-DR expression and other immunoparalysis biomarkers.

Discussion

These findings suggest the need for more nuanced immune monitoring approaches beyond the traditional 'sepsis' versus 'non-sepsis' classifications in critically ill patients. Additionally, they provide further evidence of a potential window for targeted immunotherapy in the first weeks of critical illness.

The Effects of a Grape Seed Procyanidin Extract on Cytochrome P450 3A4 Activity and Inflammatory Mediators in the Lungs of Heavy Active and Former Smokers

Grape seed procyanidin extract (GSE) is widely used to promote cardiovascular health and has purported anti-inflammatory properties. Chronic inflammation in the lungs caused by environmental toxins such as tobacco smoking plays a pivotal role in lung cancer development. In a modified phase I lung cancer chemoprevention study conducted in heavy active and former smokers using leucoselect phytosome (LP), a standardized grape seed procyanidin extract complexed with soy phospholipids to enhance bioavailability, three months of LP treatment favorably modulated a variety of surrogate endpoint biomarkers, including markers of cell proliferation. In this correlative study, we further analyzed the effects of LP on cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) activities by comparing the endogenous conversions of cortisol and cortisone to 6-beta-hydroxycortisol and 6-beta-hydroxycortisone, respectively, before and after LP treatment and the anti-inflammatory effects of LP in the lung microenvironment of these participants by comparing a profile of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in matched pre- and post-treatment bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluids. LP treatment did not significantly alter CYP3A4 activity, and three months of LP treatment significantly decreased tumor necrosis factor (TNF), C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 3 (CCL3) and granzyme B in BAL fluids. Furthermore, post-LP-treatment BAL fluids significantly reduced migration/invasion of various human lung neoplastic cells in vitro. Our findings support the anti-inflammatory effects of GSE/LP in the lung microenvironment and its potential utility for reducing cancerizing forces, as well as driving forces for other common respiratory diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma, in the lungs of heavy former and active smokers.