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Jiang G, Xu S, Mai X, Tu J, Wang L, Wang L, Zhan Y, Wang Y, Zhang Q, Zheng L, Li J, Tang P, Qi C. SAP deletion promotes malignant insulinoma progression by inducing CXCL12 secretion from CAFs via the CXCR4/p38/ERK signalling pathway. J Cell Mol Med 2024; 28:e18397. [PMID: 38766687 PMCID: PMC11103456 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.18397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Malignant insulinoma is an extremely rare type of functioning pancreatic neuroendocrine tumour with a high degree of malignancy and a high incidence of metastasis. However, it is still unclear how malignant insulinomas develop and metastasize. Serum amyloid P component (SAP), a member of the pentraxin protein family, is an acute-phase protein secreted by liver cells. The role of SAP in insulinoma and the related mechanism are still unknown. To determine the effect of SAP on insulinoma, we crossed Rip1-Tag2 mice, which spontaneously develop insulinoma, and SAP knockout (KO) mice to generate Rip1-Tag2;SAP-/- mice. We found that SAP deletion significantly promoted the growth, invasion and metastasis of malignant insulinoma through C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12) secreted by cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). Further study showed that SAP deletion promoted CXCL12 secretion by CAFs through the CXCR4/p38/ERK signalling pathway. These findings reveal a novel role and mechanism of SAP in malignant insulinoma and provide direct evidence that SAP may be a therapeutic agent for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangchun Jiang
- School of Basic Medical SciencesGuangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Shuo Xu
- School of Basic Medical SciencesGuangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Xiaobin Mai
- School of Basic Medical SciencesGuangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Juan Tu
- School of Basic Medical SciencesGuangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Le Wang
- School of Basic Medical SciencesGuangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Lijing Wang
- School of Basic Medical SciencesGuangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Yaping Zhan
- School of Basic Medical SciencesGuangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Basic Medical SciencesGuangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- School of Basic Medical SciencesGuangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Lingyun Zheng
- School of Basic Medical SciencesGuangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Jiangchao Li
- School of Basic Medical SciencesGuangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Pei Tang
- School of Basic Medical SciencesGuangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Cuiling Qi
- School of Basic Medical SciencesGuangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
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Nevzorova YA, Cubero FJ. Obesity under the moonlight of c-MYC. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1293218. [PMID: 38116204 PMCID: PMC10728299 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1293218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The moonlighting protein c-Myc is a master regulator of multiple biological processes including cell proliferation, differentiation, angiogenesis, apoptosis and metabolism. It is constitutively and aberrantly expressed in more than 70% of human cancers. Overwhelming evidence suggests that c-Myc dysregulation is involved in several inflammatory, autoimmune, metabolic and other non-cancerous diseases. In this review, we addressed the role of c-Myc in obesity. Obesity is a systemic disease, accompanied by multi-organ dysfunction apart from white adipose tissue (WAT), such as the liver, the pancreas, and the intestine. c-Myc plays a big diversity of functions regulating cellular proliferation, the maturation of progenitor cells, fatty acids (FAs) metabolism, and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling. Moreover, c-Myc drives the expression of a wide range of metabolic genes, modulates the inflammatory response, induces insulin resistance (IR), and contributes to the regulation of intestinal dysbiosis. Altogether, c-Myc is an interesting diagnostic tool and/or therapeutic target in order to mitigate obesity and its consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia A. Nevzorova
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Complutense University School of Medicine, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Cubero
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Complutense University School of Medicine, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
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Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1 with Concomitant Existence of Malignant Insulinoma: A Rare Finding. Case Rep Endocrinol 2021; 2021:8842667. [PMID: 34367700 PMCID: PMC8337156 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8842667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) is a rare syndrome of autosomal dominant inheritance defined by co-occurrence of two or more tumors originating from the parathyroid gland, pancreatic islet cells, and/or anterior pituitary. Insulinoma which has an incidence of 0.4% is a rare pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor. Malignant insulinoma is extremely rare, while primary hyperparathyroidism is a common occurrence in MEN1. We present a case of MEN1 syndrome with 2.6 cm insulinoma in the pancreatic head and parathyroid adenoma in a 56-year-old female who presented with symptoms suggestive of hypoglycemia like multiple episodes of loss of consciousness for four years. Classical pancreaticoduodenectomy was carried out, and the postoperative period was uneventful. Later, subtotal parathyroidectomy was performed, which showed parathyroid adenoma. Patients presenting with features of hypoglycemia should be vigilantly assessed for the presence of a sinister pathology.
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Karatug Kacar A. Indomethacin decreases insulin secretion by reducing KCa3.1 as a biomarker of pancreatic tumor and causes apoptotic cell death. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2020; 34:e22488. [PMID: 32128977 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Insulinomas originate from pancreatic β cells and it is the most widely known tumor. Indomethacin is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, which is used for blocking the production of some natural substances that cause inflammation and decrease pain. In this study, I aimed to investigate the effects of indomethacin on rat insulinoma INS-1 cells. The relationship between cell death and insulin metabolism was determined with the administration of indomethacin. The cell viability by WST-1; the apoptosis and necrosis levels by ELISA kits; malondialdehyde levels by spectrophotometer; and beclin, intracellular insulin, insulin secretion, KCa3.1, insulin receptor (IR), glucose transporter type 2 (GLUT2), activating transcription factor 2 (ATF2), Elk1, c-Jun, Akt and phosphorylated ATF2, Elk1, c-Jun, Akt, intracellular betacellulin and betacellulin secretion levels by Western blot analysis investigated. The Ins1, Ins2, IR, GLUT2, ATF2, Elk1, c-Jun, Akt, and Betacellulin gene expression levels were determined by the real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction method. Apoptotic cell death was observed with the administration of indomethacin. The insulin secretion and Ins1, Ins2 gene expression levels decreased. The insulin receptor and GLUT2 levels increased, while KCa3.1 (KCNN4) levels decreased with the administration of indomethacin to insulinoma INS-1 cells. A decrease was observed in the total c-Jun, phosphorylated ATF2, Elk1, c-Jun, and Akt levels. Betacellulin secretion levels increased. In insulinoma INS-1 cells, apoptotic cell death occurred in the following manner: (i) indomethacin might decrease insulin secretion by reducing KCa3.1, (ii) might inactivate the JNK/ERK pathway with the inactivity of transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Karatug Kacar
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Karatug Kacar A, Gezginci-Oktayoglu S, Bolkent S. 4-Methylcatechol stimulates apoptosis and reduces insulin secretion by decreasing betacellulin and inhibin beta-A in INS-1 beta-cells. Hum Exp Toxicol 2018; 37:1123-1130. [PMID: 29473434 DOI: 10.1177/0960327118758365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Insulinoma INS-1 cell line is a pancreatic beta cell tumor which is characterized with high insulin content and secretion in response to increasing glucose levels. 4-Methylcatechol (4-MC) is a metabolite of quercetin, which is known as a potential drug for inhibition of tumorigenesis. The aim of this study was to determine the applying doses of 4-methylcatechol (4-MC) for triggening cell death and decreasing the cell function of rat insulinoma INS-1 beta cells. The rate of apoptosis and the amount of insulin in the cell and the secretions were determined by the ELISA method. Betacellulin (BTC) and inhibin beta-A amounts in both the cell and the glucose induced secretion were investigated by Western blotting. Furthermore, BTC, Inhibin beta-A, Ins1, Ins2, and GLUT2 gene expression levels were determined by the by the real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) method. We noted a significant decrease in cell viability, while an increase in apoptotic cell death by 4-MC treatment. It caused a decrease in the secretion of BTC, expressions of both BTC and inhibin beta-A. We showed a decrease in the expressions of Ins1 and GLUT2, while there is no alteration in the level of insulin protein. Insulin secretion levels increased in INS-1 cells given 4-MC by basal glucose concentration while they did not response to high concentration of glucose, which indicates that 4-MC disrupts the functionality of INS-1 cells. These results revealed that 4-MC induces apoptosis and decreases insulin secretion by reducing BTC and inhibin beta-A in insulinoma INS-1 cells. Thus, 4-MC may be offered as a potential molecule for treatment of insulinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Karatug Kacar
- Istanbul University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - S Gezginci-Oktayoglu
- Istanbul University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - S Bolkent
- Istanbul University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Istanbul, Turkey
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6
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Karatug Kacar A, Bolkent S. Necrotic cell death occur via JNK pathway with the activity of transcription factor c-Jun by 4-MC in INS-1 cell line. J Cell Biochem 2017; 119:2048-2060. [PMID: 28833446 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In this study, it was aimed to determine the doses of 4-methylcatechol causing cell death in rat insulinoma β-cells (INS-1), to find out the type of cellular death at these doses, and to investigate the molecular mechanism of cellular death occurring. More necrotic cells were observed than apoptosis with the administration of 350, 400, and 450 μM 4-methylcatechol. Lactate dehydrogenase levels, reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial potential loss, ATP, and GTP losses increased at these doses. The JNK and ERK cellular pathway were screened. We observed an increase in p-RAF1 activity, the active JNK amount, the total c-Jun amount, while a decrease in p-RAF1 expression, the total JNK amount, JNK expression, ATF2 expression, active ERK, and its expression and Elk1 expression. It was concluded that cells perform necrotic death by the following options: i) phosphorylated RAF1 activates the JNK pathway with the activity of transcription factor c-Jun; ii) Hsp 70 and Hsp 90 do not show a change inside the cell, rendering the JNK pathway active.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Karatug Kacar
- Istanbul University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sehnaz Bolkent
- Istanbul University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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7
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Jyotsna VP, Malik E, Birla S, Sharma A. Novel MEN 1 gene findings in rare sporadic insulinoma--a case control study. BMC Endocr Disord 2015; 15:44. [PMID: 26307114 PMCID: PMC4549893 DOI: 10.1186/s12902-015-0041-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insulinomas, which are rare tumors causing hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia are usually sporadic but may also occur in association with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN-1) syndrome an autosomal dominant disorder caused by MEN1 gene mutations. MEN1 encodes a nuclear protein Menin, a tumor suppressor which acts as an adapter and interacts with partner proteins involved in crucial activities like transcriptional regulation, cell division, proliferation and genome stability. This study reports on clinical findings and mutation screening in sporadic insulinoma patients. METHODS Seventeen patients diagnosed with insulinoma were recruited along with 30 healthy volunteers who acted as controls for the present study. The patients presented with symptoms of sweating, tremors, drowsiness, palpitations, loss of consciousness, abnormal behavior, seizures and weight gain. Detailed clinical and family history was collected from all the participants along with 5 ml of blood sample after taking informed consent. Genomic DNA isolated from blood was subjected to MEN1 gene amplification followed by direct sequencing. Nucleotide sequences obtained were compared with published MEN1 cDNA sequences. Prediction of functional effects of novel changes was done using various bioinformatics algorithms. RESULTS Molecular analysis revealed presence of three novel exonic mutations (M561K, Q192K and Q261Q), two novel intronic variations c.445-44G → A and c.913-42G → C in introns two and six respectively and three reported exon SNPs; H433H (rs540012), D418D (rs2071313), A541T (rs2959656) and one intronic SNP (rs669976). CONCLUSIONS The study identified presence of novel pathogenic MEN1 mutations in sporadic cases of insulinoma. The new mutations identified were in regions involved in defective binding of menin to proteins implicated in genetic and epigenetic mechanisms. The outcome of the study extends the growing list of MEN1 pathogenic mutations even in sporadic cases providing consequential insight into phenotypic heterogeneity and in the expression of individual mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viveka P Jyotsna
- Department of Endocrinology and metabolism, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Room No. 305, Third Floor, Biotechnology Building, New Delhi, India.
| | - Ekta Malik
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
| | - Shweta Birla
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
| | - Arundhati Sharma
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
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8
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Wang P, Alvarez-Perez JC, Felsenfeld DP, Liu H, Sivendran S, Bender A, Kumar A, Sanchez R, Scott DK, Garcia-Ocaña A, Stewart AF. A high-throughput chemical screen reveals that harmine-mediated inhibition of DYRK1A increases human pancreatic beta cell replication. Nat Med 2015; 21:383-8. [PMID: 25751815 PMCID: PMC4690535 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Types 1 and 2 diabetes affect some 380 million people worldwide. Both ultimately result from a deficiency of functional pancreatic insulin-producing beta cells. Beta cells proliferate in humans during a brief temporal window beginning around the time of birth, with a peak percentage (∼2%) engaged in the cell cycle in the first year of life. In embryonic life and after early childhood, beta cell replication is barely detectable. Whereas beta cell expansion seems an obvious therapeutic approach to beta cell deficiency, adult human beta cells have proven recalcitrant to such efforts. Hence, there remains an urgent need for antidiabetic therapeutic agents that can induce regeneration and expansion of adult human beta cells in vivo or ex vivo. Here, using a high-throughput small-molecule screen (HTS), we find that analogs of the small molecule harmine function as a new class of human beta cell mitogenic compounds. We also define dual-specificity tyrosine-regulated kinase-1a (DYRK1A) as the likely target of harmine and the nuclear factors of activated T cells (NFAT) family of transcription factors as likely mediators of human beta cell proliferation and differentiation. Using three different mouse and human islet in vivo-based models, we show that harmine is able to induce beta cell proliferation, increase islet mass and improve glycemic control. These observations suggest that harmine analogs may have unique therapeutic promise for human diabetes therapy. Enhancing the potency and beta cell specificity of these compounds are important future challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- The Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, NY USA
- The Division of Endocrinology and Bone Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, NY USA
| | - Juan-Carlos Alvarez-Perez
- The Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, NY USA
- The Division of Endocrinology and Bone Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, NY USA
| | - Dan P. Felsenfeld
- The Experimental Therapeutics Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, NY USA
- The Integrated Screening Core, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, NY USA
| | - Hongtao Liu
- The Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, NY USA
| | - Sharmila Sivendran
- The Experimental Therapeutics Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, NY USA
- The Integrated Screening Core, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, NY USA
| | - Aaron Bender
- The Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, NY USA
- The Division of Endocrinology and Bone Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, NY USA
| | - Anil Kumar
- The Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, NY USA
- The Division of Endocrinology and Bone Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, NY USA
| | - Roberto Sanchez
- The Experimental Therapeutics Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, NY USA
| | - Donald K. Scott
- The Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, NY USA
- The Division of Endocrinology and Bone Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, NY USA
- The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, NY USA
| | - Adolfo Garcia-Ocaña
- The Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, NY USA
- The Division of Endocrinology and Bone Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, NY USA
- The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, NY USA
| | - Andrew F. Stewart
- The Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, NY USA
- The Division of Endocrinology and Bone Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, NY USA
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Vitale G, Gaudenzi G, Dicitore A, Cotelli F, Ferone D, Persani L. Zebrafish as an innovative model for neuroendocrine tumors. Endocr Relat Cancer 2014; 21:R67-83. [PMID: 24292602 DOI: 10.1530/erc-13-0388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Tumor models have a relevant role in furthering our understanding of the biology of malignant disease and in preclinical cancer research. Only few models are available for neuroendocrine tumors (NETs), probably due to the rarity and heterogeneity of this group of neoplasms. This review provides insights into the current state-of-the-art of zebrafish as a model in cancer research, focusing on potential applications in NETs. Zebrafish has a complex circulatory system similar to that of mammals. A novel angiogenesis assay based on the injection of human NET cell lines (TT and DMS79 cells) into the subperidermal space of the zebrafish embryos has been developed. Proangiogenic factors locally released by the tumor graft affect the normal developmental pattern of the subintestinal vessels by stimulating the migration and growth of sprouting vessels toward the implant. In addition, a description of the striking homology between zebrafish and humans of molecular targets involved in tumor angiogenesis (somatostatin receptors, dopamine receptors, mammalian target of rapamycin), and currently used as targeted therapy of NETs, is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Vitale
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health (DISCCO), University of Milan, Milan, Italy Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, via Zucchi 18, Cusano Milanino (MI) 20095, Italy Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy Endocrinology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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10
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Le HS, Bar-Joseph Z. Integrating sequence, expression and interaction data to determine condition-specific miRNA regulation. Bioinformatics 2013; 29:i89-97. [PMID: 23813013 PMCID: PMC3694655 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btt231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Motivation: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally. MiRNAs were shown to play an important role in development and disease, and accurately determining the networks regulated by these miRNAs in a specific condition is of great interest. Early work on miRNA target prediction has focused on using static sequence information. More recently, researchers have combined sequence and expression data to identify such targets in various conditions. Results: We developed the Protein Interaction-based MicroRNA Modules (PIMiM), a regression-based probabilistic method that integrates sequence, expression and interaction data to identify modules of mRNAs controlled by small sets of miRNAs. We formulate an optimization problem and develop a learning framework to determine the module regulation and membership. Applying PIMiM to cancer data, we show that by adding protein interaction data and modeling cooperative regulation of mRNAs by a small number of miRNAs, PIMiM can accurately identify both miRNA and their targets improving on previous methods. We next used PIMiM to jointly analyze a number of different types of cancers and identified both common and cancer-type-specific miRNA regulators. Contact:zivbj@cs.cmu.edu Supplementary information:Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Son Le
- Machine Learning Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Tarabra E, Pelengaris S, Khan M. A simple matter of life and death-the trials of postnatal Beta-cell mass regulation. Int J Endocrinol 2012; 2012:516718. [PMID: 22577380 PMCID: PMC3346985 DOI: 10.1155/2012/516718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic beta-cells, which secrete the hormone insulin, are the key arbiters of glucose homeostasis. Defective beta-cell numbers and/or function underlie essentially all major forms of diabetes and must be restored if diabetes is to be cured. Thus, the identification of the molecular regulators of beta-cell mass and a better understanding of the processes of beta-cell differentiation and proliferation may provide further insight for the development of new therapeutic targets for diabetes. This review will focus on the principal hormones and nutrients, as well as downstream signalling pathways regulating beta-cell mass in the adult. Furthermore, we will also address more recently appreciated regulators of beta-cell mass, such as microRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Tarabra
- School of Life Sciences, Warwick University, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- *Elena Tarabra:
| | - Stella Pelengaris
- School of Life Sciences, Warwick University, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Michael Khan
- School of Life Sciences, Warwick University, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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12
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Karslioglu E, Kleinberger JW, Salim FG, Cox AE, Takane KK, Scott DK, Stewart AF. cMyc is a principal upstream driver of beta-cell proliferation in rat insulinoma cell lines and is an effective mediator of human beta-cell replication. Mol Endocrinol 2011; 25:1760-72. [PMID: 21885567 DOI: 10.1210/me.2011-1074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult human β-cells replicate slowly. Also, despite the abundance of rodent β-cell lines, there are no human β-cell lines for diabetes research or therapy. Prior studies in four commonly studied rodent β-cell lines revealed that all four lines displayed an unusual, but strongly reproducible, cell cycle signature: an increase in seven G(1)/S molecules, i.e. cyclins A, D3, and E, and cdk1, -2, -4, and -6. Here, we explore the upstream mechanism(s) that drive these cell cycle changes. Using biochemical, pharmacological and molecular approaches, we surveyed potential upstream mitogenic signaling pathways in Ins 1 and RIN cells. We used both underexpression and overexpression to assess effects on rat and human β-cell proliferation, survival and cell cycle control. Our results indicate that cMyc is: 1) uniquely up-regulated among other candidates; 2) principally responsible for the increase in the seven G(1)/S molecules; and, 3) largely responsible for proliferation in rat β-cell lines. Importantly, cMyc expression in β-cell lines, although some 5- to 7-fold higher than normal rat β-cells, is far below the levels (75- to 150-fold) previously associated with β-cell death and dedifferentiation. Notably, modest overexpression of cMyc is able to drive proliferation without cell death in normal rat and human β-cells. We conclude that cMyc is an important driver of replication in the two most commonly employed rat β-cell lines. These studies reverse the current paradigm in which cMyc overexpression is inevitably associated with β-cell death and dedifferentiation. The cMyc pathway provides potential approaches, targets, and tools for driving and sustaining human β-cell replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Karslioglu
- Division of Endocrinology, the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
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Gupta S, McGrath B, Cavener DR. PERK regulates the proliferation and development of insulin-secreting beta-cell tumors in the endocrine pancreas of mice. PLoS One 2009; 4:e8008. [PMID: 19956728 PMCID: PMC2776514 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2009] [Accepted: 10/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND PERK eIF2alpha kinase is required for the proliferation of the insulin-secreting beta- cells as well as insulin synthesis and secretion. In addition, PERK signaling has been found to be an important factor in determining growth and angiogenesis of specific types of tumors, and was attributed to PERK-dependent regulation of the hypoxic stress response. In this report we examine the role of PERK in regulating proliferation and angiogenesis of transformed beta-cells in the development of insulinomas. METHODOLOGY The SV40 Large T-antigen (Tag) was genetically introduced into the insulin secreting beta-cells of Perk KO mice under the control of an inducible promoter. Tumor growth and the related parameters of cell proliferation were measured. In late stage insulinomas the degree of vascularity was determined. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The formation and growth of insulinomas in Perk-deficient mice was dramatically ablated with much fewer tumors, which averaged 38-fold smaller than seen in wild-type control mice. Beta-cell proliferation was ablated in Perk-deficient mice associated with reduced tumor growth. In the small number of large encapsulated insulinomas that developed in Perk-deficient mice, we found a dramatic reduction in tumor vascularity compared to similar sized insulinomas in wild-type mice. Although insulinoma growth in Perk-deficient mice was largely impaired, beta-cell mass was increased sufficiently by T-antigen induction to rescue the hypoinsulinemia and diabetes in these mice. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that PERK has two roles in the development of beta-cell insulinomas, first to support rapid cell proliferation during the initial transition to islet hyperplasia and later to promote angiogenesis during the progression to late-stage encapsulated tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sounak Gupta
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Barbara McGrath
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Douglas R. Cavener
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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High frequency of down-regulation of E-cadherin detected in benign sporadic insulinomas by multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification. Hum Pathol 2009; 40:1336-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2009.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2009] [Revised: 03/02/2009] [Accepted: 03/03/2009] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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15
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Labriola L, Peters MG, Krogh K, Stigliano I, Terra LF, Buchanan C, Machado MCC, Bal de Kier Joffé E, Puricelli L, Sogayar MC. Generation and characterization of human insulin-releasing cell lines. BMC Cell Biol 2009; 10:49. [PMID: 19545371 PMCID: PMC2706802 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2121-10-49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2009] [Accepted: 06/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The in vitro culture of insulinomas provides an attractive tool to study cell proliferation and insulin synthesis and secretion. However, only a few human beta cell lines have been described, with long-term passage resulting in loss of insulin secretion. Therefore, we set out to establish and characterize human insulin-releasing cell lines. Results We generated ex-vivo primary cultures from two independent human insulinomas and from a human nesidioblastosis, all of which were cultured up to passage number 20. All cell lines secreted human insulin and C-peptide. These cell lines expressed neuroendocrine and islets markers, confirming the expression profile found in the biopsies. Although all beta cell lineages survived an anchorage independent culture, none of them were able to invade an extracellular matrix substrate. Conclusion We have established three human insulin-releasing cell lines which maintain antigenic characteristics and insulin secretion profiles of the original tumors. These cell lines represent valuable tools for the study of molecular events underlying beta cell function and dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Labriola
- Nucleo de Terapia Celular e Molecular, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. .
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Ballian N, Hu M, Liu SH, Brunicardi FC. Proliferation, hyperplasia, neogenesis, and neoplasia in the islets of Langerhans. Pancreas 2007; 35:199-206. [PMID: 17895838 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0b013e318074c6ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic disease is responsible for significant morbidity and mortality as a result of pancreatic carcinoma and diabetes mellitus. Regulation of endocrine cell mass is thought to have a central role in the pathogenesis of both these diseases. Islet cell proliferation, hypertrophy, neogenesis, and apoptosis are the main determinants of endocrine cell mass in the pancreas, and their understanding has been improved by new clues of their genetic and molecular basis. Beta cells have attracted most research interest because of potential implications in the treatment of diabetes mellitus and hypoglycemic disorders. The processes that operate during pancreatic adaptation to a changing hormonal milieu are important in pancreatic carcinogenesis. There is evidence that somatostatin and its receptors are fundamental regulators of endocrine cell mass and are involved in islet tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikiforos Ballian
- Department of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
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17
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de Sá SV, Corrêa-Giannella ML, Machado MC, Krogh K, de Almeida MQ, Albergaria Pereira MA, Coelho Siqueira SA, Patzina RA, Ibuki FS, Sogayar MC, Machado MCC, Giannella-Neto D. Serpin peptidase inhibitor clade A member 1 as a potential marker for malignancy in insulinomas. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:5322-30. [PMID: 17855650 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-06-1477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The biological behavior of insulinomas cannot be predicted based on histopathologic criteria in which the diagnosis of malignancy is confirmed by the presence of metastases. In this study, microarray and quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR were applied to identify differentially expressed genes between malignant and nonmalignant insulinomas to search for useful biomarkers to recognize the metastatic potential of insulinomas. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Code Link human bioarrays were used to analyze differences in approximately 20,000 genes between six well-differentiated endocrine tumors of benign behavior compared with one well-differentiated endocrine carcinoma (WDEC) and three metastases of endocrine carcinomas (MEC). Quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR was used to validate differential expressions of five genes in a series of 35 sporadic insulinomas. Serpin peptidase inhibitor clade A member 1 (SERPINA1; alpha-1-antitrypsin) expression, identified as up-regulated in malignant insulinomas, was also evaluated by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Analysis of microarray data resulted in 230 differentially expressed genes. Gene Ontology analysis identified serine-type endopeptidase activity and serine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity as pathways presenting significant differential expression. Protease serine 2 and complement factor B (from serine-type endopeptidase activity pathway) were respectively confirmed as up-regulated in well-differentiated endocrine tumors of benign behavior (WDET) and in WDEC/MEC. Angiotensinogen and SERPINA1 (from serine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity pathway) were confirmed as up-regulated in WDEC/MEC. SERPINA1 was shown to be expressed in 85.7% of malignant versus 14.3% of nonmalignant insulinomas by immunohistochemistry. CONCLUSIONS Our data are consistent to the possibility that SERPINA1 is a marker of malignancy in insulinomas. Given the widespread availability of antibody anti-alpha-1-antitrypsin in pathology services, SERPINA1 expression evaluation might be of clinical utility in recognizing patients more likely to develop an aggressive presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Valéria de Sá
- Laboratory for Cellular and Molecular Endocrinology LIM-25, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Liao JD, Adsay NV, Khannani F, Grignon D, Thakur A, Sarkar FH. Histological complexities of pancreatic lesions from transgenic mouse models are consistent with biological and morphological heterogeneity of human pancreatic cancer. Histol Histopathol 2007; 22:661-76. [PMID: 17357096 PMCID: PMC3882316 DOI: 10.14670/hh-22.661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Although pancreatic cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer death, it has received much less attention compared to other malignancies. There are several transgenic animal models available for studies of pancreatic carcinogenesis, but most of them do not recapitulate, histologically, human pancreatic cancer. Here we review some detailed molecular complexity of human pancreatic cancer and their reflection in histomorphological complexities of pancreatic lesions developed in various transgenic mouse models with a special concern for studying the effects of chemotherapeutic and chemopreventive agents. These studies usually require a large number of animals that are at the same age and gender and should be either homozygote or heterozygote but not a mixture of both. Only single-transgene models can meet these special requirements, but many currently available models require a mouse to simultaneously bear several transgene alleles. Thus it is imperative to identify new gene promoters or enhancers that are specific for the ductal cells of the pancreas and are highly active in vivo so as to establish new single-transgene models that yield pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas for chemotherapeutic and chemopreventive studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Liao
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
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Wang X, Liu Y, Dong R, Jin Y. The induction of growth arrest in fibroblasts by SV40 T antigen. Mol Biol Rep 2006; 33:181-6. [PMID: 16850187 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-005-2306-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/10/2005] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
DNA tumor viruses such as SV40, Ras and papillomaviruses are the most commonly used agents in immortalization of non-hematopoietic cells, but the results are quite different. Some of them even lead instead to a senescence-like state. To verify the potential of SV40 T antigen-mediated immortalization or properties and functions of it to regulate cell growth, human dermal fibroblasts were cultured and then transfected with eukaryotic expressing plasmid psv3-neo which containing SV40 T DNA. We found that expression of oncogenic SV40 T in human dermal fibroblasts resulted in growth, arrest, earlier than the occurrence of control cell senescence, although telomerase was positive and cells grew faster than control ones in early stage following transfection. These observations suggest that SV40 T antigen can activate growth arrest in human dermal fibroblasts under normal growth condition instead of always prolonging the lifespan of fibroblasts. Moreover, high rate of cell division in early stage after transfection may be associated with the expression of telomerase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinwen Wang
- Department of Oral Histology and Pathology, Center for Tissue Engineering, Stomatological College, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
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20
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Gartner W, Koc F, Nabokikh A, Daneva T, Niederle B, Luger A, Wagner L. Long-term in vitro growth of human insulin-secreting insulinoma cells. Neuroendocrinology 2006; 83:123-30. [PMID: 16888402 DOI: 10.1159/000094875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2006] [Accepted: 07/03/2006] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Long-term in vitro maintenance of human insulin-secreting insulinoma cells. METHODS (1) Cell culture of ex vivo-derived insulinoma cell suspensions from 8 individual human donors, using various cell culture medium supplementations; (2) determination of insulin synthesis and secretion using immunocytochemistry and insulin and pro-insulin radioimmunoassays; (3) nestin-immunostaining of long-term in vitro grown insulinoma cell suspensions, and (4) phase-contrast light microscopy for analyzing the in vitro growth characteristics of the insulinoma cells. RESULTS (1) Parallel persistence of in vitro insulinoma cell proliferation as well as insulin-synthesizing and -secreting capacity depended on both the co-culture of insulinoma cells with human fibroblasts and the supplementation of the cell culture medium with tissue culture supernatant derived from the rodent pituitary adenoma cell line GH-3; (2) immunostaining for insulin and secretagogin confirmed the neuroendocrine origin of the insulinoma cells grown in vitro; (3) insulin secretion capability persisted up to an observation period of 25 weeks; (4) insulin secretion rates after 6 weeks of in vitro growth ranged from 3.5 to 83.3 muU/ml/h/60,000 cells plated, and (5) after long-term in vitro growth of insulinoma-derived cell suspensions with persistent insulin-secreting capacity, nestin staining was observed predominantly in co-cultured fibroblasts. CONCLUSION Our data describe for the first time the long-term in vitro culture of insulin-secreting human insulinomas and highlight the importance of beta-cell trophic factors for insulinoma cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Gartner
- Department of Medicine III, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Abstract
During the last decade significant advances in gene therapy have made it possible to treat various pancreatic disorders in both animal models and in humans. For example, insulin gene delivery to non-beta-cell tissues has been shown to reverse hyperglycemia in diabetic mice, and islet transplantation, based on in vitro differentiation of beta cells and concomitant gene targeting to prevent host autoimmune responses, has become more feasible. Additionally, introduction of the glucokinase regulatory protein and protein kinase C-zeta have been shown to improve glucose tolerance in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus animal models. Pancreatic cancer studies utilize several DNA-based strategies for tumor treatment including introduction of tumor suppressor genes, suppression of oncogenes, suicide gene/prodrug therapy, and restricted replication-competent virus therapy. Tumor-specific targeting is an important part of suicide gene therapy, and tumor-specific promoters are used for cell-specific targeting. Tumor-specific suicide gene therapy directed by the rat insulin promoter has been used to eliminate insulinoma tumors in a mouse model. This review compiles a compendium of information related to the treatment of pancreatic disorders using gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiichi Tamada
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Yang HW, Kutok JL, Lee NH, Piao HY, Fletcher CDM, Kanki JP, Look AT. Targeted expression of human MYCN selectively causes pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors in transgenic zebrafish. Cancer Res 2004; 64:7256-62. [PMID: 15492244 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-0931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The zebrafish model organism has been used extensively for studies of genetic pathways in development, indicating its potential applicability to cancer. Here we show that targeted expression of MYCN in cells of the pancreatic islet induces neuroendocrine carcinoma. Four transgenic fish developed abdominal tumors between 4 and 6 months of age, and histologic analysis revealed lobulated arrangements of neoplastic cells with expression of the MYCN transgene. The tumors also expressed insulin mRNA, and pancreatic exocrine cells and ducts were identified within the neoplasms, indicating a pancreatic origin for the tumor. Transmission electron microscopy revealed cytoplasmic, endocrine-dense core granules, analogous to those found in human neuroendocrine tumors. Our studies establish a zebrafish transgenic model of pancreatic neuroendocrine carcinoma, setting the stage to evaluate molecular pathways downstream of MYCN in this vertebrate forward genetic model system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wei Yang
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Diaz-Rubio JL, Duarte-Rojo A, Saqui-Salces M, Gamboa-Dominguez A, Robles-Diaz G. Cellular proliferative fraction measured with topoisomerase IIalpha predicts malignancy in endocrine pancreatic tumors. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2004; 128:426-9. [PMID: 15043465 DOI: 10.5858/2004-128-426-cpfmwt] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Endocrine pancreatic tumors (EPTs) are rare lesions with varying biological behavior. Establishing malignancy is a challenge for clinicians and pathologists. OBJECTIVE To establish the role of proliferative, apoptotic, angiogenic, and hormonal markers as predictors of malignancy in EPTs. DESIGN Paraffin-embedded EPT samples were studied for prognostic markers. PATIENTS Twenty-one consecutive patients with a diagnosis of EPT. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The proliferative fraction (topoisomerase IIalpha), microvascular density (CD34), vascular endothelial growth factor expression, and estrogen receptor-beta (ERbeta) expression were studied by immunohistochemistry on all EPTs. Apoptosis was also assessed with terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase nick-end labeling. RESULTS We identified 13 benign and 8 malignant tumors. Topoisomerase IIalpha was significantly increased in malignant tumors (P =.001), while there were no differences in apoptosis, microvascular density, or vascular endothelial growth factor expression in association with malignancy. No correlation could be identified between microvascular density and vascular endothelial growth factor expression, and ERbeta was not detected. A receiver operating characteristic curve for topoisomerase IIalpha disclosed that above a labeling index of 13, the test had 88% sensitivity and 100% specificity for predicting malignancy. CONCLUSION Cellular proliferation measured with topoisomerase IIalpha is a simple prognostic marker for malignancy in EPTs, unlike apoptosis, angiogenesis, or the presence of ERbeta, which were not associated with malignant behavior. These findings designate a defined field for future research on endocrine pancreatic carcinogenesis and a possible target for chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Luis Diaz-Rubio
- Department of Gastroenterology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador Zubiran, Mexico City, Mexico
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Simon B, Lubomierski N. Implication of the INK4a/ARF locus in gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumorigenesis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2004; 1014:284-99. [PMID: 15153447 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1294.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The INK4a/ARF locus on chromosome 9p21 is one of the important defenses against tumor development and engages both the Rb and the p53 tumor suppressor pathways through its capacity to encode two distinct proteins, p16(INK4a) and p14(ARF). Despite controversial reports, the body of present data suggests that tumor suppressors p16(INK4a) and p14(ARF) are targets of in-activation in GEP-NETs. Moreover, tumor type-specific aberrant p16(INK4a) silencing appears to be associated with advanced tumor stage and may function as a predictor of patients' outcome after surgical resection. Since conventional histological and biochemical assessment are limited with respect to predicting GEP-NET behavior or outcome, methylation profiles including INK4a/ARF might offer a tool to refine future diagnosis and therapeutic management of GEP-NET patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babette Simon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
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Abstract
Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) constitute a heterogeneous group of neoplasms that originate from endocrine glands such as the pituitary, the parathyroids, and the (neuroendocrine) adrenal, as well as endocrine islets within glandular tissue (thyroid or pancreatic) and cells dispersed between exocrine cells, such as endocrine cells of the digestive (gastroenteropancreatic) and respiratory tracts. Conventionally, NETs may present with a wide variety of functional or nonfunctional endocrine syndromes and may be familial and have other associated tumors. Assessment of specific or general tumor markers offers high sensitivity in establishing the diagnosis and can also have prognostic significance. Imaging modalities include endoscopic ultrasonography, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, and particularly, scintigraphy with somatostatin analogs and metaiodobenzylguanidine. Successful treatment of disseminated NETs requires a multimodal approach; radical tumor surgery may be curative but is rarely possible. Well-differentiated and slow-growing gastroenteropancreatic tumors should be treated with somatostatin analogs or alpha-interferon, with chemotherapy being reserved for poorly differentiated and progressive tumors. Therapy with radionuclides may be used for tumors exhibiting uptake to a diagnostic scan, either after surgery to eradicate microscopic residual disease or later if conventional treatment or biotherapy fails. Maintenance of the quality of life should be a priority, particularly because patients with disseminated disease may experience prolonged survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory A Kaltsas
- Department of Endocrinology, St Bartholomew's Hospital, London EC1A 7BE, United Kingdom
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Minn AH, Kayton M, Lorang D, Hoffmann SC, Harlan DM, Libutti SK, Shalev A. Insulinomas and expression of an insulin splice variant. Lancet 2004; 363:363-7. [PMID: 15070567 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(04)15438-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insulinomas are beta-cell tumours characterised by uncontrolled insulin secretion even in the presence of hypoglycaemia. However, the mechanisms allowing such excessive insulin secretion are not known. Insulin secretion can occur only when the beta-cell insulin stores have been replenished by insulin biosynthesis, which is mainly controlled by translation. Such specific translational regulation often involves the 5' untranslated region. We have identified an insulin splice variant in isolated human pancreatic islets of non-diabetic donors that retains 26 bp of intron 1 and thereby changes the 5' untranslated region, but leaves the coding region unchanged. This splice variant has increased translation efficiency in vitro and in vivo compared with native insulin mRNA. However, splice variant expression is less than 1% of native insulin mRNA in normal islets. METHODS To test whether this splice variant is involved in insulin production by human insulinomas, we extracted RNA from nine laser-captured surgical insulinoma samples and from isolated islets of nine donors who did not have diabetes. We then determined the ratio of splice variant to native insulin mRNA by quantitative real-time RT-PCR. FINDINGS The mean ratio of the splice variant to native insulin mRNA was increased more than 50-fold in insulinomas compared with normal islets, and this difference was present in all nine human insulinomas. Overexpression of the splice variant therefore seems to be a general characteristic of insulinomas and is estimated to contribute about 90% to insulin synthesis by these tumours. INTERPRETATION Overexpression of the insulin splice variant with increased translation efficiency in insulinomas might explain how these tumours maintain high levels of insulin synthesis and secretion leading to hyperinsulinaemia-the hallmark of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra H Minn
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology Section, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA
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Montuenga LM, Guembe L, Burrell MA, Bodegas ME, Calvo A, Sola JJ, Sesma P, Villaro AC. The diffuse endocrine system: from embryogenesis to carcinogenesis. PROGRESS IN HISTOCHEMISTRY AND CYTOCHEMISTRY 2003; 38:155-272. [PMID: 12756892 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6336(03)80004-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In the present review we will summarise the current knowledge about the cells comprising the Diffuse Endocrine System (DES) in mammalian organs. We will describe the morphological, histochemical and functional traits of these cells in three major systems gastrointestinal, respiratory and prostatic. We will also focus on some aspects of their ontogeny and differentiation, as well as to their relevance in carcinogenesis, especially in neuroendocrine tumors. The first chapter describes the characteristics of DES cells and some of their specific biological and biochemical traits. The second chapter deals with DES in the gastrointestinal organs, with special reference to the new data on the differentiation mechanisms that leads to the appearance of endocrine cells from an undifferentiated stem cell. The third chapter is devoted to DES of the respiratory system and some aspects of its biological role, both, during development and adulthood. Neuroendocrine hyperplasia and neuroendocrine lung tumors are also addressed. Finally, the last chapter deals with the prostatic DES, discussing its probable functional role and its relevance in hormone-resistant prostatic carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis M Montuenga
- Department of Histology and Pathology, Schools of Science and Medicine, University of Navarra, 31080 Pamplona, Spain.
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Conget I, Castellví J, Alvarez A. [Relapsing hypoglycemia in a 72-year-old male with diabetes mellitus]. Med Clin (Barc) 2003; 120:308-16. [PMID: 12636902 DOI: 10.1016/s0025-7753(03)73684-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Conget
- Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición. Hospital Clínic de Barcelona. Spain.
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