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Cui ZY, Li WJ, Wang WK, Wu QC, Jiang YW, Aisikaer A, Zhang F, Chen HW, Yang HJ. Wheat silage partially replacing oaten hay exhibited greater feed efficiency and fibre digestion despite low feed intake by feedlot lambs. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2023; 15:332-340. [PMID: 38053804 PMCID: PMC10694067 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2023.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the feeding effect of wheat silage on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation, and microbiota composition in feedlot lambs. Sixty-four male crossbred Chinese Han lambs (BW = 27.8 ± 0.67 kg, 3 months of age) were randomly assigned to four ration groups with wheat silage replacing 0% (WS0), 36% (WS36), 64% (WS64), and 100% (WS100) of oaten hay on forage dry matter basis. The concentrate-to-forage ratio was 80:20 and the feeding trial lasted 52 d. Increasing wheat silage inclusion linearly decreased dry matter intake by 4% to 27% (P < 0.01). However, increasing the wheat silage replacement of oaten hay by no more than 64% improved the feed efficiency by 14% as noted by the feed-to-gain ratio (P = 0.04). Apparent digestibility of organic matter (P < 0.01), neutral detergent fibre (P = 0.04) and acid detergent fibre (P < 0.01) quadratically increased. Ammonia nitrogen (P = 0.01) decreased while microbial protein production (P < 0.01) increased with the increase of wheat silage inclusion. Total volatile fatty acids concentration increased quadratically with the increase of wheat silage inclusion (P < 0.01), and the highest occurred in WS64. The molar proportion of acetate (P < 0.01) and acetate-to-propionate ratio (P = 0.04) decreased while butyrate (P < 0.01) and isovalerate (P = 0.04) increased. Increasing wheat silage inclusion increased the Firmicutes-to-Bacteroidota ratio by 226% to 357%, resulting in Firmicutes instead of Bacteroidota being the most abundant phylum. The relative abundance of cellulolytic Ruminococcus numerically increased but that of amylolytic Prevotella (P < 0.01) decreased as increasing wheat silage inclusion. Taken together, increasing wheat silage replacement of oaten hay by no more than 64% exhibited greater feed efficiency and fibre digestion despite low feed intake by feedlot lambs due to the change of Firmicutes-to-Bacteroidota ratio in the rumen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Yang Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wen-Juan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wei-Kang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qi-Chao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yao-Wen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ailiyasi Aisikaer
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - He-Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hong-Jian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Monegi P, Mkhize NR, Masondo PT, Mbatha KR, Luseba D, Tjelele JT. Diet Mixing and Supplementation Present an Opportunity to Increase the Use of Encroaching Woody Plants by Goats. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3509. [PMID: 38003127 PMCID: PMC10668674 DOI: 10.3390/ani13223509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Along with the woody plant expansion that is predicted to continue at the expense of the grassy layer is the increasing societal demand for animal protein and livestock products. Unless concerted efforts by land users, ecologists, and animal scientists are made to increase the utilization of trees and shrubs as forage, it will be impossible to meet future demand for meat and meat products. We conducted two short-term pen experiments to determine the effects of (1) supplementation with polyethylene glycol (PEG-a polymer purported to bind and neutralize the negative effects of tannins), a high-protein source (soybean meal), and a high-energy source (yellow maize grain) and (2) diet mixing (single-species vs. multispecies diets) on the intake of condensed tannin-rich woody plants (i.e., Searsia lancea, S. pyroides, and Euclea crispa) by goats. While all three forage species were used in the diet mixing experiment (Exp. 2), only E. crispa was used in the supplementation experiment (Exp. 1). Supplementing goats with energy- and protein-rich sources significantly increased the intake of E. crispa (p < 0.05), 713.4 g ± 13.5 and 760 g ± 28.9, respectively, whereas those on the control diet maintained their intake at 540.32 g ± 11.2. Although PEG tended to increase the consumption of E. crispa by goats, the observed increase was not significant (p > 0.05) from that observed in other treatments. In the diet mixing experiment, goats offered a combination of all three forage species attained substantially higher dry matter intakes compared to the goats offered these species individually (p < 0.05). While longer-term field experiments are needed in the African savannas, we postulate from the current results that management strategies that provide animals with (1) a variety of species in the diet vs. monocultures and (2) a combination of nutrient-rich and tannin-rich species may improve the ability of goats to consume chemically defended woody plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piet Monegi
- Agricultural Research Council, Animal Production, Range and Forage Sciences, Irene, Pretoria 0062, South Africa
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, University of South Africa, Florida, Roodepoort 1709, South Africa;
| | - Ntuthuko Raphael Mkhize
- Agricultural Research Council, Animal Production, Range and Forage Sciences, Irene, Pretoria 0062, South Africa
- Animal and Poultry Science, School of Agriculture, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa
| | - Purity Thobekile Masondo
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Staatsartillerie Road, Pretoria West, Pretoria 0001, South Africa (D.L.)
| | - Khanyisile Rebecca Mbatha
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, University of South Africa, Florida, Roodepoort 1709, South Africa;
| | - Dibungi Luseba
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Staatsartillerie Road, Pretoria West, Pretoria 0001, South Africa (D.L.)
| | - Julius Tlou Tjelele
- Agricultural Research Council, Animal Production, Range and Forage Sciences, Irene, Pretoria 0062, South Africa
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Xu G, Zheng Q, Wei P, Zhang J, Liu P, Zhang H, Zhai N, Li X, Xu X, Chen Q, Cao P, Zhao J, Zhou H. Metabolic engineering of a 1,8-cineole synthase enhances aphid repellence and increases trichome density in transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.). PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:3342-3353. [PMID: 37132116 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The green peach aphid (Myzus persicae Sulzer) is a harmful agricultural pest that causes severe crop damage by directly feeding or indirectly vectoring viruses. 1,8-cineole synthase (CINS) is a multiproduct enzyme that synthesizes monoterpenes, with 1,8-cineole dominating the volatile organic compound profile. However, the relationship between aphid preference and CINS remains elusive. RESULTS Here, we present evidence that SoCINS, a protein from garden sage (Salvia officinalis), enhanced aphid repellence and increased trichome density in transgenic tobacco. Our results demonstrated that overexpression of SoCINS (SoCINS-OE) led to the emission of 1,8-cineole at a level of up to 181.5 ng per g fresh leaf. Subcellular localization assay showed that SoCINS localized to chloroplasts. A Y-tube olfactometer assay and free-choice assays revealed that SoCINS-OE plants had a repellent effect on aphids, without incurring developmental or fecundity-related penalties. Intriguingly, the SoCINS-OE plants displayed an altered trichome morphology, showing increases in trichome density and in the relative proportion of glandular trichomes, as well as enlarged glandular cells. We also found that SoCINS-OE plants had significantly higher jasmonic acid (JA) levels than wild-type plants. Furthermore, application of 1,8-cineole elicited increased JA content and trichome density. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that SoCINS-OE plants have a repellent effect on aphids, and suggest an apparent link between 1,8-cineole, JA and trichome density. This study presents a viable and sustainable approach for aphid management by engineering the expression of 1,8-cineole synthase gene in plants, and underscores the potential usefulness of monoterpene synthase for pest control. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyun Xu
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, P.R. China
| | - Qingxia Zheng
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, P.R. China
| | - Pan Wei
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jianfeng Zhang
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, P.R. China
| | - Pingping Liu
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, P.R. China
| | - Hui Zhang
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, P.R. China
| | - Niu Zhai
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxu Li
- Tobacco Research Center, Technology Center, China Tobacco Hunan Industrial Co., Ltd., Changsha, P.R. China
| | - Xiangli Xu
- Tobacco Research Center, Technology Center, China Tobacco Hunan Industrial Co., Ltd., Changsha, P.R. China
| | - Qiansi Chen
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, P.R. China
| | - Peijian Cao
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jian Zhao
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, P.R. China
| | - Huina Zhou
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, P.R. China
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de Brito-Machado D, Ramos YJ, Defaveri ACAE, de Queiroz GA, Guimarães EF, de Lima Moreira D. Volatile Chemical Variation of Essential Oils and Their Correlation with Insects, Phenology, Ontogeny and Microclimate: Piper mollicomum Kunth, a Case of Study. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:3535. [PMID: 36559647 PMCID: PMC9785739 DOI: 10.3390/plants11243535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to monitor the volatile chemical composition from leaves and reproductive organs of Piper mollicomum Kunth (PM), in its reproduction period, as well as register inflorescence visitors, microclimate and phenological information. The essential oils (EOs) obtained from the different fresh organs by hydrodistillation were identified and quantified by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) and by GC coupled to a Flame Ionization Detector (GC/FID), respectively. The cercentage content of some volatiles present in reproductive organs, such as limonene, 1,8-cineole, linalool and eupatoriochromene, increased during the maturation period of the inflorescences, and decreased during the fruiting period, suggesting a defense/attraction activities. Furtermore, a biosynthetic dichotomy between 1,8-cineole (leaves) and linalool (reproductive organs) was recorded. A high frequency of bee visits was registered weekly, and some correlations showed a positive relationship between this variable and terpenes. Microclimate has an impact on this species' phenological cycles and insect visiting behavior. All correlations between volatiles, insects, phenology and microclimate allowed us to present important data about the complex information network in PM. These results are extremely relevant for the understanding of the mechanisms of chemical-ecological plant-insect interactions in Piperaceae, a basal angiosperm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel de Brito-Machado
- Instituto de Biologia, Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Maracanã, Rio de Janeiro 20550-013, Brazil
- Diretoria de Pesquisa do Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 22460-030, Brazil
- Centro de Responsabilidade Socioambiental do Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 22460-030, Brazil
| | - Ygor Jessé Ramos
- Diretoria de Pesquisa do Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 22460-030, Brazil
- Centro de Responsabilidade Socioambiental do Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 22460-030, Brazil
| | - Anna Carina Antunes e Defaveri
- Centro de Responsabilidade Socioambiental do Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 22460-030, Brazil
| | - George Azevedo de Queiroz
- Diretoria de Pesquisa do Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 22460-030, Brazil
| | - Elsie Franklin Guimarães
- Diretoria de Pesquisa do Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 22460-030, Brazil
| | - Davyson de Lima Moreira
- Instituto de Biologia, Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Maracanã, Rio de Janeiro 20550-013, Brazil
- Diretoria de Pesquisa do Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 22460-030, Brazil
- Instituto de Tecnologia em Fármacos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, Brazil
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Beale PK, Connors PK, Dearing MD, Moore BD, Krockenberger AK, Foley WJ, Marsh KJ. Warmer Ambient Temperatures Depress Detoxification and Food Intake by Marsupial Folivores. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.888550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ambient temperature is an underappreciated determinant of foraging behaviour in wild endotherms, and the requirement to thermoregulate likely influences food intake through multiple interacting mechanisms. We investigated relationships between ambient temperature and hepatic detoxification capacity in two herbivorous marsupials, the common ringtail possum (Pseudocheirus peregrinus) and common brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) that regularly feed on diets rich in plant toxins. As an indicator of hepatic detoxification capacity, we determined the functional clearance rate of an anaesthetic agent, Alfaxalone, after possums were acclimated to 10°C [below the thermoneutral zone (TNZ)], 18°C [approximately lower critical temperature (LCT)], and 26°C [approximately upper critical temperature (UCT)] for either 7 days or less than 24 h. We then measured intake of foods with high or low plant secondary metabolite (PSM) concentrations under the same temperature regimes. After 7 days of acclimation, we found a positive correlation between the functional clearance rate of Alfaxalone and ambient temperature, and a negative relationship between ambient temperature and intake of foods with high or low PSM concentrations for both species. The effect of ambient temperature on intake of diets rich in PSMs was absent or reduced when possums were kept at temperatures for less than 24 h. Our results underscore the effects of ambient temperature in hepatic metabolism particularly with respect intake of diets containing PSMs. Given that the planet is warming, it is vital that effects of ambient temperature on metabolism, nutrition and foraging by mammalian herbivores is taken into account to predict range changes of species and their impact on ecosystems.
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Sedio BE, Devaney JL, Pullen J, Parker GG, Wright SJ, Parker JD. Chemical novelty facilitates herbivore resistance and biological invasions in some introduced plant species. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:8770-8792. [PMID: 32884656 PMCID: PMC7452787 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecological release from herbivory due to chemical novelty is commonly predicted to facilitate biological invasions by plants, but has not been tested on a community scale. We used metabolomics based on mass spectrometry molecular networks to assess the novelty of foliar secondary chemistry of 15 invasive plant species compared to 46 native species at a site in eastern North America. Locally, invasive species were more chemically distinctive than natives. Among the 15 invasive species, the more chemically distinct were less preferred by insect herbivores and less browsed by deer. Finally, an assessment of invasion frequency in 2,505 forest plots in the Atlantic coastal plain revealed that, regionally, invasive species that were less preferred by insect herbivores, less browsed by white-tailed deer, and chemically distinct relative to the native plant community occurred more frequently in survey plots. Our results suggest that chemically mediated release from herbivores contributes to many successful invasions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian E. Sedio
- Department of Integrative BiologyUniversity of Texas at AustinAustinTXUSA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research InstituteAncónRepublic of Panama
- Center for Biodiversity and Drug DiscoveryInstituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología‐AIPAncónRepublic of Panama
| | | | - Jamie Pullen
- Smithsonian Environmental Research CenterEdgewaterMDUSA
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Abstract
AbstractAn important component of reintroduction is acclimatization to the release site. Movement parameters and breeding are common metrics used to infer the end of the acclimatization period, but the time taken to locate preferred food items is another important measure. We studied the diet of a reintroduced population of brushtail possums Trichosurus vulpecula in semi-arid South Australia over a 12 month period, investigating changes over time as well as the general diet. We used next-generation DNA sequencing to determine the contents of 253 scat samples, after creating a local plant reference library. Vegetation surveys were conducted monthly to account for availability. Dietary diversity and richness decreased significantly with time since release after availability was accounted for. We used Jacob's Index to assess selectivity; just 13.4% of available plant genera were significantly preferred overall, relative to availability. The mean proportion of preferred plant genera contained within individual samples increased significantly with time since release, but the frequency of occurrence of preferred plants did not. Five genera (Eucalyptus, Petalostylis, Maireana, Zygophyllum and Callitris) were present in more than half of samples. There was no difference in dietary preferences between sexes (Pianka overlap = 0.73). Our results suggest that acclimatization periods may be longer than those estimated via reproduction, changes in mass and movement parameters, but that under suitable conditions a changeable diet should not negatively affect reintroduction outcomes. Reintroduction projects should aim to extend post-release monitoring beyond the dietary acclimatization period and, for dry climates, diet should be monitored through a drought period.
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Nobler JD, Camp MJ, Crowell MM, Shipley LA, Dadabay C, Rachlow JL, James L, Forbey JS. Preferences of Specialist and Generalist Mammalian Herbivores for Mixtures Versus Individual Plant Secondary Metabolites. J Chem Ecol 2018; 45:74-85. [PMID: 30397901 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-018-1030-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Herbivores that forage on chemically defended plants consume complex mixtures of plant secondary metabolites (PSMs). However, the mechanisms by which herbivores tolerate mixtures of PSMs are relatively poorly understood. As such, it remains difficult to predict how PSMs, singly or as complex mixtures, influence diet selection by herbivores. Although relative rates of detoxification of PSMs have been used to explain tolerance of PSMs by dietary specialist herbivores, few studies have used the rate of detoxification of individual PSMs to understand dietary preferences of individual herbivores for individual versus mixtures of PSMs. We coupled in vivo experiments using captive feeding trials with in vitro experiments using enzymatic detoxification assays to evaluate the dietary preferences and detoxification capacities of pygmy rabbits (Brachylagus idahoensis), dietary specialists on sagebrush (Artemisia spp.), and mountain cottontails (Sylvilagus nuttallii), dietary generalists. We compared preference for five single PSMs in sagebrush compared to a mixture containing those same five PSMs. We hypothesized that relative preference for individual PSMs would coincide with faster detoxification capacity for those PSMs by specialists and generalists. Pygmy rabbits generally showed little preference among individual PSMs compared to mixed PSMs, whereas mountain cottontails exhibited stronger preferences. Pygmy rabbits had faster detoxification capacities for all PSMs and consumed higher concentrations of individual PSMs versus a mixture than cottontails. However, detoxification capacity for an individual PSM did not generally coincide with preferences or avoidance of individual PSMs by either species. Cottontails avoided, but pygmy rabbits preferred, camphor, the PSM with the slowest detoxification rate by both species. Both species avoided β-pinene despite it having one of the fastest detoxification rate. Taken together our in vivo and in vitro results add to existing evidence that detoxification capacity is higher in dietary specialist than generalist herbivores. However, results also suggest that alternative mechanisms such as absorption and the pharmacological action of individual or mixtures of PSMs may play a role in determining preference of PSMs within herbivore species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan D Nobler
- Boise State University, 1910 W. University Dr, Boise, ID, 83725, USA.
| | - Meghan J Camp
- Washington State University, PO Box 64, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Miranda M Crowell
- University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 N. Virginia St, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Lisa A Shipley
- Washington State University, PO Box 64, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Carolyn Dadabay
- College of Idaho, 2112 Cleveland Blvd, Caldwell, ID, 83605, USA
| | - Janet L Rachlow
- University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Dr, Moscow, ID, 83844, USA
| | - Lauren James
- College of Idaho, 2112 Cleveland Blvd, Caldwell, ID, 83605, USA
| | - Jennifer S Forbey
- Boise State University, 1910 W. University Dr, Boise, ID, 83725, USA
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9
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Review: Using physiologically based models to predict population responses to phytochemicals by wild vertebrate herbivores. Animal 2018; 12:s383-s398. [PMID: 30251623 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731118002264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand how foraging decisions impact individual fitness of herbivores, nutritional ecologists must consider the complex in vivo dynamics of nutrient-nutrient interactions and nutrient-toxin interactions associated with foraging. Mathematical modeling has long been used to make foraging predictions (e.g. optimal foraging theory) but has largely been restricted to a single currency (e.g. energy) or using simple indices of nutrition (e.g. fecal nitrogen) without full consideration of physiologically based interactions among numerous co-ingested phytochemicals. Here, we describe a physiologically based model (PBM) that provides a mechanistic link between foraging decisions and demographic consequences. Including physiological mechanisms of absorption, digestion and metabolism of phytochemicals in PBMs allows us to estimate concentrations of ingested and interacting phytochemicals in the body. Estimated phytochemical concentrations more accurately link intake of phytochemicals to changes in individual fitness than measures of intake alone. Further, we illustrate how estimated physiological parameters can be integrated with the geometric framework of nutrition and into integral projection models and agent-based models to predict fitness and population responses of vertebrate herbivores to ingested phytochemicals. The PBMs will improve our ability to understand the foraging decisions of vertebrate herbivores and consequences of those decisions and may help identify key physiological mechanisms that underlie diet-based ecological adaptations.
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10
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Crowell MM, Shipley LA, Forbey JS, Rachlow JL, Kelsey RG. Dietary partitioning of toxic leaves and fibrous stems differs between sympatric specialist and generalist mammalian herbivores. J Mammal 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyy018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M M Crowell
- School of the Environment, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - L A Shipley
- School of the Environment, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - J S Forbey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA
| | - J L Rachlow
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - R G Kelsey
- United States Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Corvallis, OR, USA
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Kitanovic S, Orr TJ, Spalink D, Cocke GB, Schramm K, Wilderman PR, Halpert JR, Dearing MD. Role of cytochrome P450 2B sequence variation and gene copy number in facilitating dietary specialization in mammalian herbivores. Mol Ecol 2018; 27:723-736. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.14480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Teri J. Orr
- Department of Biology University of Utah Salt Lake City UT USA
| | - Daniel Spalink
- Department of Biology University of Utah Salt Lake City UT USA
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Mkhize NR, Heitkӧnig IMA, Scogings PF, Hattas D, Dziba LE, Prins HHT, de Boer WF. Seasonal regulation of condensed tannin consumption by free-ranging goats in a semi-arid savanna. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0189626. [PMID: 29293513 PMCID: PMC5749680 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Although condensed tannins (CTs) are known to reduce forage intake by mammalian herbivores in controlled experiments, few studies have tested these effects in the field. Thus the role of CTs on foraging ecology of free-ranging herbivores is inadequately understood. To investigate the effects of CTs under natural savanna conditions, we pre-dosed groups of goats with polyethylene glycol (PEG, a CT-neutralising chemical), CT powder or water before observing their foraging behaviour. While accounting for the effects of season and time of the day, we tested the hypothesis that herbivores forage in ways that reduce the intake rate (g DM per minute) of CTs. We expected pre-dosing goats with CTs to reduce CT intake rates by (1) consuming diets low in CTs, (2) reducing bite rates, (3) increasing the number of foraging bouts, or (4) reducing the length of foraging bouts. Lastly, (5) expected CT to have no influence the number of dietary forage species. In both wet and dry seasons, pre-dosing goats with CTs resulted in lower CT consumption rates compared to PEG goats which seemed relieved from the stress associated with CT consumption. During dry season, the number of dietary forage species was similar across treatments, although goats that were dosed with PEG significantly increased this number in the wet season. Dosing goats with PEG increased the number and length of browsing bouts compared to goats from the other treatments. Pre-loading goats with PEG also tended to increase bite rates on browse forages, which contributed to increased consumption rates of CTs. Based on the behavioural adjustments made by goats in this study and within the constraints imposed by chemical complexity in savanna systems, we concluded that herbivores under natural conditions foraged in ways that minimised CTs consumption. More research should further elucidate the mechanism through which CTs regulated feeding behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ntuthuko R. Mkhize
- Resource Ecology Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Agricultural Research Council, Animal Production Institute, Hilton, South Africa
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Peter F. Scogings
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg Campus, Scottsville, South Africa
| | - Dawood Hattas
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, H.W. Pearson building, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Luthando E. Dziba
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Natural Resources and the Environment, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Herbert H. T. Prins
- Resource Ecology Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa
| | - Willem F. de Boer
- Resource Ecology Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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13
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Marschner C, Higgins DP, Krockenberger MB. A Survey of Pesticide Accumulation in a Specialist Feeder, the Koala (Phascolarctos cinereus). BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2017; 99:303-307. [PMID: 28712016 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-017-2140-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
To maintain profitability in Australia's agricultural and urban landscapes pesticides are used throughout the range of koala habitats. The koala is a specialist feeder, reliant on metabolic enzyme capacities to utilise a toxic diet of eucalypt leaves and is potentially prone to adverse effects when xenobiotic interactions between dietary and anthropogenic xenobiotics occur. The aim of this study was to investigate accumulation of frequently used pesticides in wild koalas in 4 areas of New South Wales and Queensland. Liver samples of 57 deceased koalas were collected from care facilities and analysed using a modified QuEChERS extraction method followed by GCMSMS, HRLCMS and LCMSMS. No accumulation of any of the 166 investigated pesticides was found. Data indicate hepatic accumulation of pesticides in this species is uncommon even with close interactions with intensive land use. Despite the lack of hepatic bioaccumulation, this study cannot exclude a direct effect on hepatocellular metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Marschner
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006, NSW, Australia.
| | - Damien P Higgins
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006, NSW, Australia
| | - Mark B Krockenberger
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006, NSW, Australia
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14
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Heroy KY, St Clair SB, Burritt EA, Villalba JJ. Plant Community Chemical Composition Influences Trembling Aspen (Populus tremuloides) Intake by Sheep. J Chem Ecol 2017; 43:817-830. [PMID: 28744731 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-017-0872-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Nutrients and plant secondary compounds in aspen (Populus tremuloides) may interact with nutrients in the surrounding vegetation to influence aspen use by herbivores. Thus, this study aimed to determine aspen intake and preference by sheep in response to supplementary nutrients or plant secondary compounds (PSC) present in aspen trees. Thirty-two lambs were randomly assigned to one of four molasses-based supplementary feeds to a basal diet of tall fescue hay (N = 8) during three experiments. The supplements were as follows: (1) high-protein (60% canola meal), (2) a PSC (6% quebracho tannins), (3) 25% aspen bark, and (4) control (100% molasses). Supplements were fed from 0700 to 0900, then lambs were fed fresh aspen leaves collected from stands containing high (Experiment 1, 2) or low (Experiment 3) concentrations of phenolic glycosides (PG). In Experiment 2, lambs were simultaneously offered aspen, a forb (Lathyrus pauciflorus), and a grass (Bromus inermis) collected from the aspen understory. Animals supplemented with high protein or tannins showed greater intake of aspen leaves than animals supplemented with bark or the control diet (P < 0.05), likely because some condensed tannins have a positive effect on protein nutrition and protein aids in PSC detoxification. Overall, animals supplemented with bark showed the lowest aspen intake, suggesting PSC in bark and aspen leaves had additive inhibitory effects on intake. In summary, these results suggest that not only the concentration but also the types and proportions of nutrients and chemical defenses available in the plant community influence aspen use by herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Y Heroy
- Department of Wildland Resources, Utah State University, Logan, 84322-5230, USA.
| | - Samuel B St Clair
- Department of Plant & Wildlife Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Burritt
- Department of Wildland Resources, Utah State University, Logan, 84322-5230, USA
| | - Juan J Villalba
- Department of Wildland Resources, Utah State University, Logan, 84322-5230, USA
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15
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Reid ML, Sekhon JK, LaFramboise LM. Toxicity of Monoterpene Structure, Diversity and Concentration to Mountain Pine Beetles, Dendroctonus ponderosae: Beetle Traits Matter More. J Chem Ecol 2017; 43:351-361. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-017-0824-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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16
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Yang Z, Wang Y, Yuan X, Wang L, Wang D. Forage intake and weight gain of ewes is affected by roughage mixes during winter in northeastern China. Anim Sci J 2016; 88:1058-1065. [PMID: 27925352 DOI: 10.1111/asj.12747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We studied the effect of dietary roughage species and their combinations on forage intake and growth rate of ewes during winter in a pastoral-farming area of northeast China. Twenty-five Northeast crossbred ewes (fine-wool sheep × Small-tailed Han sheep) were randomly selected and divided into five groups (G1, G2, G3, G4 and G5). During a 30 day feeding trial, each group of ewes were offered the same basal diet (composed of 0.36 kg chopped maize stalk (10 mm), 0.14 kg corn meal, 0.05 kg soybean meal and 1.2 g NaCl) and one of the five supplementary roughage mixes, namely 100% Leymus chinensis hay (G1), 100% Vigna radiata stalk (G2), L. chinensis hay plus Suaeda glauca (G3), V. radiata stalk plus S. glauca (G4) and L. chinensis hay plus V. radiata stalk and S. glauca (G5). The results showed that roughage mixes had significant influences on daily roughage intake and daily weight gain of ewes. Ewes had greater daily roughage intake when supplemented with three species of roughage compared to the roughage with one species; however, there was no significant difference between G1 and G2, G3 and G4, or between G4 and G5. The average daily gain of ewes was also greater when they were supplemented with the roughage combination of L. chinensis, V. radiata stalk and S. glauca. No difference in average daily weight gain was observed between the G4 and G5 treatments (P > 0.05). The lowest average daily weight gain was observed when the ewes were supplemented with V. radiata stalk alone (G2) (P < 0.05). The results indicated that supplying ewes with various roughages simultaneously in winter could improve their forage intake and average daily weight gain compared to offering the ewes only one type of dietary roughage. Further, feeding roughage supplements containing a diverse mix of roughage species represents one method for increasing roughage utilization in livestock production during winter in the pastoral-farming areas of northeastern China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiming Yang
- Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University, and Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology and Jilin Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration and Ecosystem Management, Changchun, Jilin, China.,Veterinary and Animal Science College, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yunbo Wang
- Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University, and Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology and Jilin Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration and Ecosystem Management, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xia Yuan
- Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University, and Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology and Jilin Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration and Ecosystem Management, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University, and Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology and Jilin Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration and Ecosystem Management, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Deli Wang
- Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University, and Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology and Jilin Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration and Ecosystem Management, Changchun, Jilin, China
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Catanese F, Fernández P, Villalba JJ, Distel RA. The physiological consequences of ingesting a toxic plant (Diplotaxis tenuifolia) influence subsequent foraging decisions by sheep (Ovis aries). Physiol Behav 2016; 167:238-247. [PMID: 27650920 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Toxins and nutrients interact and define herbivores' experiences with toxic plants. However, there are still open questions about the mechanisms by which nutrient-toxin interactions affect experience and as a consequence foraging decisions by consumers. This study provides a deeper insight into such mechanisms by using supplemental nutrients, a toxic plant typically avoided by herbivores (wild rocket; Diplotaxis tenuifolia), and a small ruminant (sheep; Ovis aries) as models. Thirty-six sheep were randomly assigned to four treatments (n=9) where animals consumed: wild rocket ("DT"), wild rocket followed by a protein supplement ("DT+P"), wild rocket followed by a protein supplement+a mineral supplement containing iodine and copper ("DT+P+M"), or alfalfa pellets in amounts that paired the ingestion of wild rocket by DT ("CTRL"). Towards the end of the phase of exposure (day 35), DT showed the lowest intake of wild rocket, as well as reduced levels of plasma thyroid hormones (T3 and T4), alanine aminotransferase, and a trend towards reduced hemoglobin relative to DT+P and DT+P+M. Total concentration of serum proteins and albumins were greater in sheep fed the protein supplements, which have probably elicited a protective effect on toxin ingestion. Foraging behavior was then evaluated in an experimental arena where animals could select among randomly distributed buckets containing a fixed amount of wild rocket or variable amounts of barley grain (a preferred food). Regardless of barley grain availability, DT showed lower intake and lower times spent eating wild rocket than DT+P and DT+P+M. Unexpectedly, CTRL (without previous experience with wild rocket) ingested amounts of wild rocket comparable to those observed by DT+P and DT+P+M. A negative feeding experience with wild rocket is needed for animals to display the typical pattern of aversion commonly observed in grazing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Catanese
- CERZOS, CONICET, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina.
| | - P Fernández
- CERZOS, CONICET, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina; Departamento de Agronomía, Universidad Nacional del Sur, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - J J Villalba
- Department of Wildland Resources, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322-5230, USA
| | - R A Distel
- CERZOS, CONICET, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina; Departamento de Agronomía, Universidad Nacional del Sur, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina
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18
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Ballhorn DJ, Rakotoarivelo FP, Kautz S. Coevolution of Cyanogenic Bamboos and Bamboo Lemurs on Madagascar. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158935. [PMID: 27532127 PMCID: PMC4988758 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Feeding strategies of specialist herbivores often originate from the coevolutionary arms race of plant defenses and counter-adaptations of herbivores. The interaction between bamboo lemurs and cyanogenic bamboos on Madagascar represents a unique system to study diffuse coevolutionary processes between mammalian herbivores and plant defenses. Bamboo lemurs have different degrees of dietary specialization while bamboos show different levels of chemical defense. In this study, we found variation in cyanogenic potential (HCNp) and nutritive characteristics among five sympatric bamboo species in the Ranomafana area, southeastern Madagascar. The HCNp ranged from 209±72 μmol cyanide*g-1 dwt in Cathariostachys madagascariensis to no cyanide in Bambusa madagascariensis. Among three sympatric bamboo lemur species, the greater bamboo lemur (Prolemur simus) has the narrowest food range as it almost exclusively feeds on the highly cyanogenic C. madagascariensis. Our data suggest that high HCNp is the derived state in bamboos. The ancestral state of lemurs is most likely "generalist" while the ancestral state of bamboo lemurs was determined as equivocal. Nevertheless, as recent bamboo lemurs comprise several "facultative specialists" and only one "obligate specialist" adaptive radiation due to increased flexibility is likely. We propose that escaping a strict food plant specialization enabled facultative specialist bamboo lemurs to inhabit diverse geographical areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Ballhorn
- Department of Biology, Portland State University, 1719 SW 10th Ave, Portland, OR 97201, United States of America
| | | | - Stefanie Kautz
- Department of Biology, Portland State University, 1719 SW 10th Ave, Portland, OR 97201, United States of America
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19
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Camp MJ, Shipley LA, Johnson TR, Forbey JS, Rachlow JL, Crowell MM. Modeling trade-offs between plant fiber and toxins: a framework for quantifying risks perceived by foraging herbivores. Ecology 2016; 96:3292-302. [PMID: 26909434 DOI: 10.1890/14-2412.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
When selecting habitats, herbivores must weigh multiple risks, such as predation, starvation, toxicity, and thermal stress, forcing them to make fitness trade-offs. Here, we applied the method of paired comparisons (PC) to investigate how herbivores make trade-offs between habitat features that influence selection of food patches. The method of PC measures utility and the inverse of utility, relative risk, and makes trade-offs and indifferences explicit by forcing animals to make choices between two patches with different types of risks. Using a series of paired-choice experiments to titrate the equivalence curve and find the marginal rate of substitution for one risk over the other, we evaluated how toxin-tolerant (pygmy rabbit Brachylagus idahoensis) and fiber-tolerant (mountain cottontail rabbit Sylviagus nuttallii) herbivores differed in their hypothesized perceived risk of fiber and toxins in food. Pygmy rabbits were willing to consume nearly five times more of the toxin 1,8-cineole in their diets to avoid consuming higher levels of fiber than were mountain cottontails. Fiber posed a greater relative risk for pygmy rabbits than cottontails and cineole a greater risk for cottontails than pygmy rabbits. Our flexible modeling approach can be used to (1) quantify how animals evaluate and trade off multiple habitat attributes when the benefits and risks are difficult to quantify, and (2) integrate diverse risks that influence fitness and habitat selection into a single index of habitat value. This index potentially could be applied to landscapes to predict habitat selection across several scales.
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20
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Šarić T, Rogošić J, Provenza F, ̌Zupan I, TkalČić S, Franin K, Šikić Z, Ivanković S, Herceg N. Mediterranean Shrub Diversity and its Effect on Food Intake in Goats. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.4081/ijas.2014.3299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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21
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22
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Feng C, Ding S, Zhang T, Li Z, Wang D, Wang L, Liu C, Sun J, Peng F. High plant diversity stimulates foraging motivation in grazing herbivores. Basic Appl Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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23
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Villalba JJ, Manteca X, Vercoe PE, Maloney SK, Blache D. Integrating Nutrition and Animal Welfare in Extensive Systems. Anim Welf 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-27356-3_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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24
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Maldonado A, Johnson A, Gochfeld D, Slattery M, Ostrander GK, Bingham JP, Schlenk D. Hard coral (Porites lobata) extracts and homarine on cytochrome P450 expression in Hawaiian butterflyfishes with different feeding strategies. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 179:57-63. [PMID: 26297807 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Dietary specialists tend to be less susceptible to the effects of chemical defenses produced by their prey compared to generalist predators that feed upon a broader range of prey species. While many researchers have investigated the ability of insects to detoxify dietary allelochemicals, little research has been conducted in marine ecosystems. We investigated metabolic detoxification pathways in three species of butterflyfishes: the hard coral specialist feeder, Chaetodon multicinctus, and two generalist feeders, Chaetodon auriga and Chaetodon kleinii. Each species was fed tissue homogenate of the hard coral Porites lobata or the feeding deterrent compound homarine (found in the coral extract), and the expression and catalytic activity of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A-like and CYP2-like enzymes were examined after one-week of treatment. The P. lobata homogenate significantly induced content and catalytic activity of CYP2-like and CYP3A-like forms, by 2-3 fold and by 3-9 fold, respectively, in C. multicinctus. Homarine caused a significant decrease of CYP2-like and CYP3A-like proteins at the high dose in C. kleinii and 60-80% mortality in that species. Homarine also induced CYP3A-like content by 3-fold and catalytic activity by 2-fold in C. auriga, while causing non-monotonic increases in CYP2-like and CYP3A-like catalytic activity in C. multicinctus. Our results indicate that dietary exposure to coral homogenates and the feeding deterrent constituent within these homogenates caused species-specific modulation of detoxification enzymes consistent with the prey selection strategies of generalist and specialist butterflyfishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aileen Maldonado
- Department of Environmental Science, University of California, Riverside, 2258 Geology, 900 University Ave., Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
| | - Amber Johnson
- Department of Environmental Science, University of California, Riverside, 2258 Geology, 900 University Ave., Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Deborah Gochfeld
- National Center for Natural Products Research and Department of BioMolecular Science, University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Marc Slattery
- National Center for Natural Products Research and Department of BioMolecular Science, University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Gary K Ostrander
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-1330, USA
| | - Jon-Paul Bingham
- Department of Molecular Bioscience and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1955 East-West Road, Ag. Science 218, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Daniel Schlenk
- Department of Environmental Science, University of California, Riverside, 2258 Geology, 900 University Ave., Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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25
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Gloury AM, Handasyde KA. Comparative dietary ecology of two congeneric marsupial folivores. AUSTRAL ECOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.12320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- April Maree Gloury
- School of BioSciences; The University of Melbourne; Melbourne VIC 3010 Australia
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Moore BD, Wiggins NL, Marsh KJ, Dearing MD, Foley WJ. Translating physiological signals to changes in feeding behaviour in mammals and the future effects of global climate change. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1071/an14487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Mammals cannot avoid ingesting secondary metabolites, often in significant amounts. Thus, their intake must be regulated to avoid intoxication. Three broad mechanisms have been described by which this can be achieved. These are conditioned aversions mediated by nausea, non-conditioned aversions and the recognition of limits to detoxification. Although there is some overlap between these, we know little about the way that mechanisms of toxin avoidance interact with regulation of nutrient intake and whether one has priority over the other. Nonetheless, regulation of meal length and inter-meal length allows the intake of some plant secondary metabolites to be matched with an animal’s capacity for detoxification and its nutritional requirements. Toxicity itself is not a fixed limitation and recent work suggests that ambient temperature can be a major determinant of the toxicity of plant secondary metabolites, largely through effects on liver function. These effects are likely to be of major importance in predicting the impact of global climate change on herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peri A. Mason
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Colorado Boulder UCB 334 Colorado 80309 USA
| | - Michael S. Singer
- Biology Department Wesleyan University Middletown Connecticut 06459 USA
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28
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Stalenberg E, Wallis IR, Cunningham RB, Allen C, Foley WJ. Nutritional correlates of koala persistence in a low-density population. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113930. [PMID: 25470599 PMCID: PMC4254974 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely postulated that nutritional factors drive bottom-up, resource-based patterns in herbivore ecology and distribution. There is, however, much controversy over the roles of different plant constituents and how these influence individual herbivores and herbivore populations. The density of koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) populations varies widely and many attribute population trends to variation in the nutritional quality of the eucalypt leaves of their diet, but there is little evidence to support this hypothesis. We used a nested design that involved sampling of trees at two spatial scales to investigate how leaf chemistry influences free-living koalas from a low-density population in south east New South Wales, Australia. Using koala faecal pellets as a proxy for koala visitation to trees, we found an interaction between toxins and nutrients in leaves at a small spatial scale, whereby koalas preferred trees with leaves of higher concentrations of available nitrogen but lower concentrations of sideroxylonals (secondary metabolites found exclusively in eucalypts) compared to neighbouring trees of the same species. We argue that taxonomic and phenotypic diversity is likely to be important when foraging in habitats of low nutritional quality in providing diet choice to tradeoff nutrients and toxins and minimise movement costs. Our findings suggest that immediate nutritional concerns are an important priority of folivores in low-quality habitats and imply that nutritional limitations play an important role in constraining folivore populations. We show that, with a careful experimental design, it is possible to make inferences about populations of herbivores that exist at extremely low densities and thus achieve a better understanding about how plant composition influences herbivore ecology and persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Stalenberg
- Division of Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Ian R. Wallis
- Division of Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Ross B. Cunningham
- Fenner School of Environment and Society, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Chris Allen
- National Parks and Wildlife Service, NSW Office of Environment and Heritage, Far South Coast, New South Wales, Australia
| | - William J. Foley
- Division of Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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29
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Mella VSA, Ward AJW, Banks PB, McArthur C. Personality affects the foraging response of a mammalian herbivore to the dual costs of food and fear. Oecologia 2014; 177:293-303. [PMID: 25294220 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-014-3110-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Predators attack and plants defend, so herbivores face the dilemma of how to eat enough without being eaten. But do differences in the personality of herbivores affect the foraging choices of individuals? We explored the ecological impact of personality in a generalist herbivore, the brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula). After quantifying personality traits in wild individuals brought temporarily into captivity, we tested how these traits altered foraging by individuals when free-ranging in their natural habitat. To measure their responses to the dual costs of predation risk and plant toxin, we varied the toxin concentration of food in safe foraging patches against paired, non-toxic risky patches, and used a novel synthesis of a manipulative Giving-Up-Density (GUD) experiment and video behavioural analysis. At the population level, the cost of safe patches pivoted around that of risky patches depending on food toxin concentration. At the individual level, boldness affected foraging at risky high-quality food patches (as behavioural differences between bold and shy), and at safe patches only when food toxin concentration was low (as differences in foraging outcome). Our results ecologically validate the personality trait of boldness, in brushtail possums. They also reveal, for the first time, a nuanced link between personality and the way in which individuals balance the costs of food and fear. Importantly, they suggest that high plant defence effectively attenuates differences in foraging behaviour arising from variation in personality, but poorly defended plants in safe areas should be differentially subject to herbivory depending on the personality of the herbivore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina S A Mella
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia,
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30
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The dilemma of foraging herbivores: dealing with food and fear. Oecologia 2014; 176:677-89. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-014-3076-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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31
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Mason PA, Bernardo MA, Singer MS. A mixed diet of toxic plants enables increased feeding and anti-predator defense by an insect herbivore. Oecologia 2014; 176:477-86. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-014-3029-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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32
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Quantifying the response of free-ranging mammalian herbivores to the interplay between plant defense and nutrient concentrations. Oecologia 2014; 175:1167-77. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-014-2980-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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33
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Oudman T, Onrust J, de Fouw J, Spaans B, Piersma T, van Gils JA. Digestive Capacity and Toxicity Cause Mixed Diets in Red Knots That Maximize Energy Intake Rate. Am Nat 2014; 183:650-9. [DOI: 10.1086/675759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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34
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Moore BD, Andrew RL, Külheim C, Foley WJ. Explaining intraspecific diversity in plant secondary metabolites in an ecological context. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 201:733-750. [PMID: 24117919 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Plant secondary metabolites (PSMs) are ubiquitous in plants and play many ecological roles. Each compound can vary in presence and/or quantity, and the composition of the mixture of chemicals can vary, such that chemodiversity can be partitioned within and among individuals. Plant ontogeny and environmental and genetic variation are recognized as sources of chemical variation, but recent advances in understanding the molecular basis of variation may allow the future deployment of isogenic mutants to test the specific adaptive function of variation in PSMs. An important consequence of high intraspecific variation is the capacity to evolve rapidly. It is becoming increasingly clear that trait variance linked to both macro- and micro-environmental variation can also evolve and may respond more strongly to selection than mean trait values. This research, which is in its infancy in plants, highlights what could be a missing piece of the picture of PSM evolution. PSM polymorphisms are probably maintained by multiple selective forces acting across many spatial and temporal scales, but convincing examples that recognize the diversity of plant population structures are rare. We describe how diversity can be inherently beneficial for plants and suggest fruitful avenues for future research to untangle the causes and consequences of intraspecific variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben D Moore
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, 2751, NSW, Australia
| | - Rose L Andrew
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 3529-6270 University Blvd, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Carsten Külheim
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, 0200, ACT, Australia
| | - William J Foley
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, 0200, ACT, Australia
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35
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Clauss M, Steuer P, Müller DWH, Codron D, Hummel J. Herbivory and body size: allometries of diet quality and gastrointestinal physiology, and implications for herbivore ecology and dinosaur gigantism. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68714. [PMID: 24204552 PMCID: PMC3812987 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Digestive physiology has played a prominent role in explanations for terrestrial herbivore body size evolution and size-driven diversification and niche differentiation. This is based on the association of increasing body mass (BM) with diets of lower quality, and with putative mechanisms by which a higher BM could translate into a higher digestive efficiency. Such concepts, however, often do not match empirical data. Here, we review concepts and data on terrestrial herbivore BM, diet quality, digestive physiology and metabolism, and in doing so give examples for problems in using allometric analyses and extrapolations. A digestive advantage of larger BM is not corroborated by conceptual or empirical approaches. We suggest that explanatory models should shift from physiological to ecological scenarios based on the association of forage quality and biomass availability, and the association between BM and feeding selectivity. These associations mostly (but not exclusively) allow large herbivores to use low quality forage only, whereas they allow small herbivores the use of any forage they can physically manage. Examples of small herbivores able to subsist on lower quality diets are rare but exist. We speculate that this could be explained by evolutionary adaptations to the ecological opportunity of selective feeding in smaller animals, rather than by a physiologic or metabolic necessity linked to BM. For gigantic herbivores such as sauropod dinosaurs, other factors than digestive physiology appear more promising candidates to explain evolutionary drives towards extreme BM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Clauss
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Patrick Steuer
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Daryl Codron
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Florisbad Quaternary Research, National Museum, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Jürgen Hummel
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Ruminant Nutrition, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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36
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Roles of the volatile terpene, 1,8-cineole, in plant–herbivore interactions: a foraging odor cue as well as a toxin? Oecologia 2013; 174:827-37. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-013-2801-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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37
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Andrew RL, Keszei A, Foley WJ. Intensive sampling identifies previously unknown chemotypes, population divergence and biosynthetic connections among terpenoids in Eucalyptus tricarpa. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2013; 94:148-158. [PMID: 23769022 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2013.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Revised: 03/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Australian members of the Myrtaceae produce large quantities of ecologically and economically important terpenes and display abundant diversity in both yield and composition of their oils. In a survey of the concentrations of leaf terpenes in Eucalyptus tricarpa (L.A.S. Johnson) L.A.S. Johnson & K.D. Hill, which were previously known from few samples, exceptional variability was found in composition. The aim was to characterize the patterns of variation and covariation among terpene components in this species and to use this information to enhance our understanding of their biosynthesis. There were marked discontinuities in the distributions of numerous compounds, including the overall proportions of mono- and sesquiterpenes, leading us to delineate three distinct chemotypes. Overall, positive covariation predominated, but negative covariation suggested competitive interactions involved in monoterpene synthesis. Two groups of covarying monoterpenes were found, each of which was positively correlated with a group of sesquiterpenes and negatively correlated with the alternate sesquiterpene group. These results imply substantial cross-talk between mono- and sesquiterpene biosynthesis pathways. However, only those compounds hypothesized to share final carbocation intermediates or post-processing steps were strongly positively correlated within chemotypes. This suggests that the broader patterns of covariation among groups of compounds may result from co-regulation of multiple biosynthetic genes, controlling the complex terpene profiles of the chemotypes of Eucalyptus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose L Andrew
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia.
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38
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DeGabriel JL, Moore BD, Felton AM, Ganzhorn JU, Stolter C, Wallis IR, Johnson CN, Foley WJ. Translating nutritional ecology from the laboratory to the field: milestones in linking plant chemistry to population regulation in mammalian browsers. OIKOS 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2013.00727.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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39
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Byrnes JEK, Cardinale BJ, Reed DC. Interactions between sea urchin grazing and prey diversity on temperate rocky reef communities. Ecology 2013; 94:1636-46. [PMID: 23951723 DOI: 10.1890/11-2310.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
While we frequently observe that increasing species richness within a trophic level can increase the rates of predation or herbivory on lower trophic levels, the general impacts of prey diversity on consumption rates by their predators or herbivores remains unclear. Here we report the results of two field experiments that examined how subcanopy sessile species richness affects rates of consumption by sea urchins. We crossed a natural gradient of species richness in a benthic subtidal community of understory macroalgae and sessile invertebrates against two experimental gradients of urchin density (0-50 and 0-14 individuals) in 0.5-m2 fenced plots. We found that the percent cover of macroalgae and invertebrates consumed by urchins was greater at higher levels of sessile prey species richness. However, this positive association between prey richness and sea urchin consumption was only apparent at low urchin densities; at high urchin densities nearly all algal and invertebrate biomass was consumed irrespective of sessile species richness. The positive relationship between prey richness and urchin consumption was also stronger when the abundance of prey species was more even (i.e., higher Simpson's evenness). Collectively, our results show that the consumptive impacts of urchins on kelp forest understory communities increases as a function of species diversity (both prey richness and evenness), but that prey diversity becomes irrelevant when urchins reach high densities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarrett E K Byrnes
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93101, USA.
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40
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Sotka EE, Gantz J. Preliminary evidence that the feeding rates of generalist marine herbivores are limited by detoxification rates. CHEMOECOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00049-013-0137-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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41
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Au J, Marsh KJ, Wallis IR, Foley WJ. Whole-body protein turnover reveals the cost of detoxification of secondary metabolites in a vertebrate browser. J Comp Physiol B 2013; 183:993-1003. [DOI: 10.1007/s00360-013-0754-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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42
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A pharm-ecological perspective of terrestrial and aquatic plant-herbivore interactions. J Chem Ecol 2013; 39:465-80. [PMID: 23483346 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-013-0267-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2012] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We describe some recent themes in the nutritional and chemical ecology of herbivores and the importance of a broad pharmacological view of plant nutrients and chemical defenses that we integrate as "Pharm-ecology". The central role that dose, concentration, and response to plant components (nutrients and secondary metabolites) play in herbivore foraging behavior argues for broader application of approaches derived from pharmacology to both terrestrial and aquatic plant-herbivore systems. We describe how concepts of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics are used to better understand the foraging phenotype of herbivores relative to nutrient and secondary metabolites in food. Implementing these concepts into the field remains a challenge, but new modeling approaches that emphasize tradeoffs and the properties of individual animals show promise. Throughout, we highlight similarities and differences between the historic and future applications of pharm-ecological concepts in understanding the ecology and evolution of terrestrial and aquatic interactions between herbivores and plants. We offer several pharm-ecology related questions and hypotheses that could strengthen our understanding of the nutritional and chemical factors that modulate foraging behavior of herbivores across terrestrial and aquatic systems.
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43
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Wöll S, Kim SH, Greten HJ, Efferth T. Animal plant warfare and secondary metabolite evolution. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2013; 3. [PMCID: PMC4131614 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-013-0004-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Abstract The long-lasting discussion, why plants produce secondary metabolites, which are pharmacologically and toxicologically active towards mammals traces back to the eminent role of medicinal plants in the millennia-old history of manhood. In recent years, the concept of an animal plant warfare emerged, which focused on the co-evolution between plants and herbivores. As a reaction to herbivory, plants developed mechanical defenses such as thorns and hard shells, which paved the way for adapted animal physiques. Plants evolved further defense systems by producing chemicals that exert toxic effects on the animals that ingest them. As a result of this selective pressure, animals developed special enzymes, e.g. cytochrome P450 monooxigenases (CYP450) that metabolize xenobiotic phytochemicals. As a next step in the evolutionary competition between plants and animals, plants evolved to produce non-toxic pro-drugs, which become toxic only after ingestion by animals through metabolization by enzymes such as CYP450. Because these sequestered evolutionary developments call to mind an arms race, the term animal plant warfare has been coined. The evolutionary competition between plants and animals may help to better understand the modes of action of medicinal plants and to foster the efficient and safe use of phytotherapy nowadays. Graphical abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Wöll
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sun Hee Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Henry Johannes Greten
- Heidelberg School of Chinese Medicine, Karlsruher Straße 12, 69126 Heidelberg, Germany
- Biomedical Sciences Institute Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
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Copani G, Hall JO, Miller J, Priolo A, Villalba JJ. Plant secondary compounds as complementary resources: are they always complementary? Oecologia 2012; 172:1041-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-012-2551-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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45
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Nersesian CL, Banks PB, McArthur C. Influences of Plant Toxins and Their Spatial Distribution on Foraging by the Common Brushtail Possum, a Generalist Mammalian Herbivore. J Chem Ecol 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-012-0218-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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46
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Nersesian CL, Banks PB, Simpson SJ, McArthur C. Mixing nutrients mitigates the intake constraints of a plant toxin in a generalist herbivore. Behav Ecol 2012. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/ars049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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47
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McArthur C, Orlando P, Banks PB, Brown JS. The foraging tightrope between predation risk and plant toxins: a matter of concentration. Funct Ecol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2011.01930.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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48
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The limit to the distribution of a rainforest marsupial folivore is consistent with the thermal intolerance hypothesis. Oecologia 2011; 168:889-99. [PMID: 21987269 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-011-2146-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Models of impacts of climate change on species are generally based on correlations between current distributions and climatic variables, rather than a detailed understanding of the mechanisms that actually limit distribution. Many of the vertebrates endemic to rainforests of northeastern Australia are restricted to upland forests and considered to be threatened by climate change. However, for most of these species, the factors controlling their distributions are unknown. We examined the role of thermal intolerance as a possible mechanism limiting the distribution of Pseudochirops archeri (green ringtail possum), a specialist arboreal folivore restricted to rainforests above an altitude of 300 m in Australia's Wet Tropics. We measured short-term metabolic responses to a range of ambient temperatures, and found that P. archeri stores heat when ambient temperatures exceed 30°C, reducing water requirements for evaporative cooling. Due to the rate at which body temperature increases with ambient temperatures >30°C, this strategy is not effective over periods longer than 5 h. We hypothesise that the distribution of P. archeri is limited by interactions between (i) the duration and severity of extreme ambient temperatures (over 30°C), (ii) the scarcity of free water in the rainforest canopy in the dry season, and (iii) constraints on water intake from foliage imposed by plant secondary metabolites and fibre. We predict that dehydration becomes limiting for P. archeri where extreme ambient temperatures (>30°C) persist for more than 5 h per day over 4-6 days or more. Consistent with our hypothesis, the abundance of P. archeri in the field is correlated with the occurrence of extreme temperatures, declining markedly at sites where the average maximum temperature of the warmest week of the year is above 30°C. Assuming the mechanism of limitation is based on extreme temperatures, we expect impacts of climate change on P. archeri to occur in discrete, rapid events rather than as a slow contraction in range.
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Hibert F, Sabatier D, Andrivot J, Scotti-Saintagne C, Gonzalez S, Prévost MF, Grenand P, Chave J, Caron H, Richard-Hansen C. Botany, genetics and ethnobotany: a crossed investigation on the elusive tapir's diet in French Guiana. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25850. [PMID: 21991372 PMCID: PMC3185057 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
While the populations of large herbivores are being depleted in many tropical rainforests, the importance of their trophic role in the ecological functioning and biodiversity of these ecosystems is still not well evaluated. This is due to the outstanding plant diversity that they feed upon and the inherent difficulties involved in observing their elusive behaviour. Classically, the diet of elusive tropical herbivores is studied through the observation of browsing signs and macroscopic analysis of faeces or stomach contents. In this study, we illustrate that the original coupling of classic methods with genetic and ethnobotanical approaches yields information both about the diet diversity, the foraging modalities and the potential impact on vegetation of the largest terrestrial mammal of Amazonia, the lowland tapir. The study was conducted in the Guianan shield, where the ecology of tapirs has been less investigated. We identified 92 new species, 51 new genera and 13 new families of plants eaten by tapirs. We discuss the relative contribution of our different approaches, notably the contribution of genetic barcoding, used for the first time to investigate the diet of a large tropical mammal, and how local traditional ecological knowledge is accredited and valuable for research on the ecology of elusive animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Hibert
- Direction Etudes et Recherches Guyane, Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage, Kourou, French Guiana, France.
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50
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Torregrossa AM, Azzara AV, Dearing MD. Differential regulation of plant secondary compounds by herbivorous rodents. Funct Ecol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2011.01896.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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