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Liu G, Liu R, Lee BR, Song X, Zhang W, Zhu Z, Shi Y. The Invasion of Galinsoga quadriradiata into High Elevations Is Shaped by Variation in AMF Communities. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3190. [PMID: 37765354 PMCID: PMC10534310 DOI: 10.3390/plants12183190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Mountain ranges have been previously suggested to act as natural barriers to plant invasion due to extreme environmental conditions. However, how arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) affect invasion into these systems has been less explored. Here, we investigated how changes in AMF communities affect the performance of Galinsoga quadriradiata in mountain ranges. We performed a greenhouse experiment to study the impact of inoculations of AMF from different elevations on the performance and reproduction of invaders and how competition with native plants changes the effects of invader-AMF interactions. We found strong evidence for a nuanced role of AMF associations in the invasion trajectory of G. quadriradiata, with facilitative effects at low elevations and inhibitory effects at high elevations. Galinsoga quadriradiata performed best when grown with inoculum collected from the same elevation but performed worst when grown with inoculum collected from beyond its currently invaded range, suggesting that AMF communities can help deter invasion at high elevations. Finally, the invasive plants grown alone experienced negative effects from AMF, while those grown in competition experienced positive effects, regardless of the AMF source. This suggests that G. quadriradiata lowers its partnerships with AMF in stressful environments unless native plants are present, in which case it overpowers native plants to obtain AMF support during invasion. Finally, our results indicate that invader-AMF interactions can inhibit invasive range expansion at high elevations, and biotic interactions, in addition to harsh environmental conditions, make high-elevation mountain ranges natural barriers against continued invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China; (R.L.); (X.S.); (W.Z.); (Z.Z.); (Y.S.)
- Research Center for UAV Remote Sensing, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
- Changqing Teaching & Research Base of Ecology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
| | - Ruiling Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China; (R.L.); (X.S.); (W.Z.); (Z.Z.); (Y.S.)
| | - Benjamin R. Lee
- Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA;
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Holden Forest and Gardens, Kirtland, OH 44094, USA
| | - Xingjiang Song
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China; (R.L.); (X.S.); (W.Z.); (Z.Z.); (Y.S.)
| | - Wengang Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China; (R.L.); (X.S.); (W.Z.); (Z.Z.); (Y.S.)
| | - Zhihong Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China; (R.L.); (X.S.); (W.Z.); (Z.Z.); (Y.S.)
- Research Center for UAV Remote Sensing, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
- Changqing Teaching & Research Base of Ecology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
| | - Yan Shi
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China; (R.L.); (X.S.); (W.Z.); (Z.Z.); (Y.S.)
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2
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Graham EB, Knelman JE. Implications of Soil Microbial Community Assembly for Ecosystem Restoration: Patterns, Process, and Potential. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2023; 85:809-819. [PMID: 36735065 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-022-02155-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
While it is now widely accepted that microorganisms provide essential functions in restoration ecology, the nature of relationships between microbial community assembly and ecosystem recovery remains unclear. There has been a longstanding challenge to decipher whether microorganisms facilitate or simply follow ecosystem recovery, and evidence for each is mixed at best. We propose that understanding microbial community assembly processes is critical to understanding the role of microorganisms during ecosystem restoration and thus optimizing management strategies. We examine how the connection between environment, community structure, and function is fundamentally underpinned by the processes governing community assembly of these microbial communities. We review important factors to consider in evaluating microbial community structure in the context of ecosystem recovery as revealed in studies of microbial succession: (1) variation in community assembly processes, (2) linkages to ecosystem function, and (3) measurable microbial community attributes. We seek to empower restoration ecology with microbial assembly and successional understandings that can generate actionable insights and vital contexts for ecosystem restoration efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily B Graham
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA.
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Richland, WA, USA.
| | - Joseph E Knelman
- Institute for Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
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3
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Bowman EA, Plowes RM, Gilbert LE. Evidence of plant-soil feedback in South Texas grasslands associated with invasive Guinea grass. NEOBIOTA 2023. [DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.81.86672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Plant-soil feedback (PSF) processes play an integral role in structuring plant communities. In native grasslands, PSF has a largely negative or stabilizing effect on plant growth contributing to species coexistence and succession, but perturbations to a system can alter PSF, leading to long-term changes. Through changes to soil abiotic and biotic properties, invasion by non-native plants has a strong impact on belowground processes with broad shifts in historical PSFs. Guinea grass, Megathyrsus maximus, an emerging invasive in South Texas, can efficiently exclude native plants in part due to its fast growth rate and high biomass accumulation, but its impacts on belowground processes are unknown. Here, we provide a first look at PSF processes in South Texas savannas currently undergoing invasion by Guinea grass. In this pilot study, we addressed the question of how the presence of the invasive M. maximus may alter PSF compared to uninvaded grasslands. Under greenhouse conditions, we assessed germination and growth of Guinea grass and the seed bank in soil collected from grasslands invaded and uninvaded by Guinea grass. We found that Guinea grass grown in soil from invaded grasslands grew taller and accumulated higher biomass than in soil from uninvaded grasslands. Plants grown from the seed bank were more species rich and abundant in soil from uninvaded grasslands but had higher biomass in soil from invaded grasslands. In South Texas savannas, we found evidence to support shifts in the direction of PSF processes in the presence of Guinea grass with positive feedback processes appearing to reinforce invasion and negative feedback processes possibly contributing to species coexistence in uninvaded grasslands. Future work is needed to determine the mechanisms behind the observed shifts in PSF and further explore the role PSF has in Guinea grass invasion.
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4
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Wang XY, Gao S, Chen T, Wang J, Yu FH. Interactions between soil microbes and native species drive a diversity-invasibility relationship. Biol Invasions 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-022-02988-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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5
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Guisande‐Collazo A, González L, Souza‐Alonso P. Origin makes a difference: Alternative responses of an AM-dependent plant to mycorrhizal inoculum from invaded and native soils under abiotic stress. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2022; 24:417-429. [PMID: 35220660 PMCID: PMC9303955 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The presence of invasive alien plants (IAPs) alters the composition of soil arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal communities. Although fundamental for plant development, plant responses to AM from invaded soils have not been widely explored, especially under environmental stress. We compared plant growth, P accumulation, root colonization and the photosynthetic responses of the native AM-dependent Plantago lanceolata growing in contact with AM fungi from communities invaded by Acacia dealbata Link (AMinv) or non-invaded communities (AMnat) exposed to water and light restriction (shade). Under optimal growing conditions, plants in contact with AMnat produced higher leaf biomass and accumulated more P. However, plant responses to different AM inocula varied as the level of stress increased. Inoculation with AMinv promoted plant growth and root length under light restriction. When plants grew in contact with AMnat under drought, leaf P increased under severe water restriction, and leaf and root P increased under intermediate water irrigation. Growing in contact with the AMnat inoculum promoted root P content in both full light and light restriction. Colonization rates of P. lanceolata roots were comparable between treatments, and plants maintained photosynthetic activity within similar ranges, regardless of the level of stress applied. Our results suggest that origin of the inoculum (native soils versus invaded soils) did not affect the ability of AM species therein to establish effective mutualistic associations with P. lanceolata roots but did influence plant responses depending on the type and level of the abiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Guisande‐Collazo
- Plant Ecophysiology GroupDepartment of Plant Biology and Soil ScienceUniversity of VigoVigoSpain
- CITACAAgri‐Food Research and Transfer ClusterCampus da AugaUniversity of VigoOurenseSpain
| | - L. González
- Plant Ecophysiology GroupDepartment of Plant Biology and Soil ScienceUniversity of VigoVigoSpain
- CITACAAgri‐Food Research and Transfer ClusterCampus da AugaUniversity of VigoOurenseSpain
| | - P. Souza‐Alonso
- Department of Soil Science and Agricultural ChemistryUniversity of Santiago de CompostelaLugoSpain
- Department of Environmental ChemistryUniversidad Católica de Concepción UCSCConcepciónChile
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6
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Eppinga MB, Van der Putten WH, Bever JD. Plant-soil feedback as a driver of spatial structure in ecosystems. Phys Life Rev 2022; 40:6-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plrev.2022.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Liu G, Liu RL, Zhang WG, Yang YB, Bi XQ, Li MZ, Chen XY, Nie H, Zhu ZH. Arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization rate of an exotic plant, Galinsoga quadriradiata, in mountain ranges changes with altitude. MYCORRHIZA 2021; 31:161-171. [PMID: 33559745 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-020-01009-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are suggested to be important for invasions by many exotic plants. However, it is not yet known how associations between AMF and invasive plant populations change in mountains ranges and how changed associations affect further expansion of different populations in new habitats. We conducted a field survey to detect AMF colonization rate of the invasive Galinsoga quadriradiata along an elevational gradient ranging from 223 to 1947 masl in the Qinling and Bashan Mountains, China. Additionally, a greenhouse experiment was conducted to compare plant growth performance among five elevational populations. In the field, total plant mass and seed production, as well as root AMF colonization rate, significantly decreased with elevation. When populations were grown in a novel soil environment in the greenhouse, the high-altitude populations achieved higher seed and total mass at lower AMF colonization rate than the low-altitude populations. Moreover, high AMF association was related to high intraspecific competition within low-altitude populations and limited seed production. Our results revealed that the associations between AMF and G. quadriradiata decrease with altitude in mountain ranges, and this may indicate that differentiation of association between AMF and elevational populations occurs during range expansion of G. quadriradiata. The results of the greenhouse experiment suggest that the high-altitude populations are more aggressive than the low-altitude populations in a non-stressful environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, Shaanxi, China.
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Rui-Ling Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wen-Gang Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ying-Bo Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiao-Qiong Bi
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ming-Zhu Li
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hua Nie
- School of Mathematics and Information Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhi-Hong Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, Shaanxi, China
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Zhao M, Lu X, Zhao H, Yang Y, Hale L, Gao Q, Liu W, Guo J, Li Q, Zhou J, Wan F. Ageratina adenophora invasions are associated with microbially mediated differences in biogeochemical cycles. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 677:47-56. [PMID: 31051382 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Invasive plant species may alter soil nutrient availability to facilitate their growth and competitiveness. However, the roles and functional mechanisms of plant-associated microbes that mediate these soil biogeochemical cycles remain elusive. Here, we studied how soil microorganisms and their functional processes differed between soils invaded by Ageratina adenophora and adjacent non-invaded soils in a region of China with heavy invasion. Our results indicated that soil nitrogen contents were over 4.32 mg/kg higher (p < 0.05) in both rhizosphere soils and bulk soils dominated by A. adenophora as compared with those in soils dominated by non-invaded plants. Concurrently, soil microbial-mediated functional processes, i.e. nitrogen fixation rate, nitrification rate and ammonification rate, were also significantly (p < 0.05) higher in either rhizosphere soils or bulk soils of invasive A. adenophora. Using a functional gene microarray, we found higher relative abundances of soil microbial genes involved in N cycling processes in A. adenophora soils, e.g. nifH, required for nitrogen fixation, which significantly correlated with ammonia contents (r = 0.35 in bulk soils, r = 0.37 in rhizosphere soils, p < 0.05) and the nitrogen fixation rate (r = 0.44, p < 0.05). We also found that the relative abundances of labile carbon decomposition genes were higher in invasive A. adenophora soils, implying a potential higher availability of carbon. These results suggest that the soil surrounding the invasive plant A. adenophora is a self-reinforcing environment. The plant litter and rhizosphere environment of the invasive may influence soil microbial communities, promoting self-supporting soil processes. Alternatively, the regions invaded by A. adenophora may have already had properties that facilitated these beneficial microbial community traits, allowing easier invasion by the exotics. Both scenarios offer important insights for the mitigation of plant invasion and provide an ecosystem-level understanding of the invasive mechanisms utilized by alien plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China; State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
| | - Xiaofei Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haixia Zhao
- School of Information Technology Engineering, Weifang Vocational College, Weifang, China
| | - Yunfeng Yang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
| | - Lauren Hale
- Institute for Environmental Genomics, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA; USDA, Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, 9611 South Riverbend Avenue, Parlier, CA 93648-9757, USA.
| | - Qun Gao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
| | - Wanxue Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Jianying Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Qiao Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jizhong Zhou
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Institute for Environmental Genomics, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA.
| | - Fanghao Wan
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China; College of Agronomy and Plant Protection, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China.
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de Souza TAF, Santos D, de Andrade LA, Freitas H. Plant-soil feedback of two legume species in semi-arid Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2019; 50:1011-1020. [PMID: 31396863 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-019-00125-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Positive feedback between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) and vascular plants can contribute to plant species establishment, but how this feedback affects plant invasion by Prosopis juliflora SW. (DC.), or resistance to invasion by Mimosa tenuiflora (Willd.) Poir in Brazilian semi-arid region is not well known. In this work, we tested how modified and native AMF communities affect the establishment of P. juliflora and M. tenuiflora plants. We examined the effects of inoculation with modified and native AMF communities on number of AMF spores, root colonization, number of N-fixing nodules, plant dry biomass, plant phosphorous concentration, and plant responsiveness to mycorrhizas of P. juliflora and M. tenuiflora. We found that the modified AMF community enhanced the root colonization, plant dry biomass, and plant phosphorous concentration of invasive P. juliflora, whereas native AMF enhanced M. tenuiflora. Our results demonstrate that the invasive P. juliflora alters soil AMF community composition, and this change generates positive feedback to the invasive P. juliflora itself and decreases AMF associations with native M. tenuiflora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tancredo Augusto Feitosa de Souza
- Agrarian Science Center, Department of Soils and Rural Engineering, Federal University of Paraíba, Areia, Paraíba, 58397-000, Brazil.
| | - Djail Santos
- Agrarian Science Center, Department of Soils and Rural Engineering, Federal University of Paraíba, Areia, Paraíba, 58397-000, Brazil
| | - Leonaldo Alves de Andrade
- Agrarian Science Center, Department of Soils and Rural Engineering, Federal University of Paraíba, Areia, Paraíba, 58397-000, Brazil
| | - Helena Freitas
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal
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10
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Chung YA, Jumpponen A, Rudgers JA. Divergence in Diversity and Composition of Root-Associated Fungi Between Greenhouse and Field Studies in a Semiarid Grassland. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2019; 78:122-135. [PMID: 30421114 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-018-1277-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Investigations of plant-soil feedbacks (PSF) and plant-microbe interactions often rely exclusively on greenhouse experiments, yet we have little understanding of how, and when, results can be extrapolated to explain phenomena in nature. A systematic comparison of microbial communities using the same host species across study environments can inform the generalizability of such experiments. We used Illumina MiSeq sequencing to characterize the root-associated fungi of two foundation grasses from a greenhouse PSF experiment, a field PSF experiment, field monoculture stands, and naturally occurring resident plants in the field. A core community consisting < 10% of total fungal OTU richness but > 50% of total sequence abundance occurred in plants from all study types, demonstrating the ability of field and greenhouse experiments to capture the dominant component of natural communities. Fungal communities were plant species-specific across the study types, with the core community showing stronger host specificity than peripheral taxa. Roots from the greenhouse and field PSF experiments had lower among sample variability in community composition and higher diversity than those from naturally occurring, or planted monoculture plants from the field. Core and total fungal composition differed substantially across study types, and dissimilarity between fungal communities did not predict plant-soil feedbacks measured in experiments. These results suggest that rhizobiome assembly mechanisms in nature differ from the dynamics of short-term, inoculation studies. Our results validate the efficacy of common PSF experiment designs to test soil inoculum effects, and highlight the challenges of scaling the underlying microbial mechanisms of plant responses from whole-community inoculation experiments to natural ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Anny Chung
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
- Department of Wildland Resources, Utah State University, 5230 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84322, USA.
| | - A Jumpponen
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
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11
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An ectomycorrhizal symbiosis differently affects host susceptibility to two congeneric fungal pathogens. FUNGAL ECOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2018.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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12
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Mack KML, Eppinga MB, Bever JD. Plant-soil feedbacks promote coexistence and resilience in multi-species communities. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211572. [PMID: 30742633 PMCID: PMC6370276 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Both ecological theory and empirical evidence suggest that negative frequency dependent feedbacks structure plant communities, but integration of these findings has been limited. Here we develop a generic model of frequency dependent feedback to analyze coexistence and invasibility in random theoretical and real communities for which frequency dependence through plant-soil feedbacks (PSFs) was determined empirically. We investigated community stability and invasibility by means of mechanistic analysis of invasion conditions and numerical simulations. We found that communities fall along a spectrum of coexistence types ranging from strict pair-wise negative feedback to strict intransitive networks. Intermediate community structures characterized by partial intransitivity may feature "keystone competitors" which disproportionately influence community stability. Real communities were characterized by stronger negative feedback and higher robustness to species loss than randomly assembled communities. Partial intransitivity became increasingly likely in more diverse communities. The results presented here theoretically explain why more diverse communities are characterized by stronger negative frequency dependent feedbacks, a pattern previously encountered in observational studies. Natural communities are more likely to be maintained by strict negative plant-soil feedback than expected by chance, but our results also show that community stability often depends on partial intransitivity. These results suggest that plant-soil feedbacks can facilitate coexistence in multi-species communities, but that these feedbacks may also initiate cascading effects on community diversity following from single-species loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keenan M. L. Mack
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Maarten B. Eppinga
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - James D. Bever
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Kansas Biological Survey, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States of America
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13
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Senior JK, Potts BM, O'Reilly‐Wapstra JM, Bissett A, Wooliver RC, Bailey JK, Glen M, Schweitzer JA. Phylogenetic trait conservatism predicts patterns of plant‐soil feedback. Ecosphere 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- John K. Senior
- School of Natural Sciences University of Tasmania Private Bag 55 Hobart TAS 7001Australia
- Institutionen för vilt fisk och miljö Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet 901 83 Umeå Sweden
| | - Brad M. Potts
- School of Natural Sciences University of Tasmania Private Bag 55 Hobart TAS 7001Australia
| | | | - Andrew Bissett
- Oceans and Atmosphere Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation HobartTAS 7001 Australia
| | - Rachel C. Wooliver
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Tennessee Knoxville Tennessee 37996 USA
| | - Joseph K. Bailey
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Tennessee Knoxville Tennessee 37996 USA
| | - Morag Glen
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture University of Tasmania Private Bag 54 HobartTAS 7001 Australia
| | - Jennifer A. Schweitzer
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Tennessee Knoxville Tennessee 37996 USA
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Rodríguez-Caballero G, Caravaca F, Roldán A. The unspecificity of the relationships between the invasive Pennisetum setaceum and mycorrhizal fungi may provide advantages during its establishment at semiarid Mediterranean sites. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 630:1464-1471. [PMID: 29554765 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.02.321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The involvement of mutualistic plant-fungal interactions in invasion processes, especially in some climatic regions including semiarid areas, has not been sufficiently investigated. We compared the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) communities hosted by the invasive plant Pennisetum setaceum with those from the co-occurring native Hyparrhenia hirta at five Mediterranean semiarid locations with different edaphic characteristics. Illumina technology was used to investigate the AMF communities in the roots. The subsequent multivariate analysis showed that native and non-native host plants shared a similar AMF community, whereas the invaded locations differed in AMF communities harbored in the plant roots. The indicator species analysis revealed the absence of indicator virtual taxa for the fungal communities of the roots of native or invasive plants. In contrast, different numbers of indicator species were recorded in different sampling locations. According to the canonical correspondence analysis, the variability in the AMF communities between sampling sites was related to changes in soil total carbon, electrical conductivity, respiration, and protease and urease activities. These findings reveal the unspecificity of P. setaceum in relation to its association with the AMF community encountered in the invaded locations, which could have facilitated its successful establishment and spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Rodríguez-Caballero
- CSIC-Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura, Department of Soil and Water Conservation, P.O. Box 164, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, (Spain).
| | - F Caravaca
- CSIC-Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura, Department of Soil and Water Conservation, P.O. Box 164, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, (Spain)
| | - A Roldán
- CSIC-Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura, Department of Soil and Water Conservation, P.O. Box 164, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, (Spain)
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de Souza TAF, de Andrade LA, Freitas H, da Silva Sandim A. Biological Invasion Influences the Outcome of Plant-Soil Feedback in the Invasive Plant Species from the Brazilian Semi-arid. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2018; 76:102-112. [PMID: 28560606 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-017-0999-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Plant-soil feedback is recognized as the mutual interaction between plants and soil microorganisms, but its role on the biological invasion of the Brazilian tropical seasonal dry forest by invasive plants still remains unclear. Here, we analyzed and compared the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) communities and soil characteristics from the root zone of invasive and native plants, and tested how these AMF communities affect the development of four invasive plant species (Cryptostegia madagascariensis, Parkinsonia aculeata, Prosopis juliflora, and Sesbania virgata). Our field sampling revealed that AMF diversity and frequency of the Order Diversisporales were positively correlated with the root zone of the native plants, whereas AMF dominance and frequency of the Order Glomerales were positively correlated with the root zone of invasive plants. We grew the invasive plants in soil inoculated with AMF species from the root zone of invasive (I changed) and native (I unaltered) plant species. We also performed a third treatment with sterilized soil inoculum (control). We examined the effects of these three AMF inoculums on plant dry biomass, root colonization, plant phosphorous concentration, and plant responsiveness to mycorrhizas. We found that I unaltered and I changed promoted the growth of all invasive plants and led to a higher plant dry biomass, mycorrhizal colonization, and P uptake than control, but I changed showed better results on these variables than I unaltered. For plant responsiveness to mycorrhizas and fungal inoculum effect on plant P concentration, we found positive feedback between changed-AMF community (I changed) and three of the studied invasive plants: C. madagascariensis, P. aculeata, and S. virgata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tancredo Augusto Feitosa de Souza
- Agrarian Science Center, Department of Soils and Rural Engineering, Federal University of Paraíba, Areia, Paraíba, 58397-000, Brazil.
| | - Leonaldo Alves de Andrade
- Agrarian Science Center, Department of Soils and Rural Engineering, Federal University of Paraíba, Areia, Paraíba, 58397-000, Brazil
| | - Helena Freitas
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Aline da Silva Sandim
- College of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Soil and Environmental Resources, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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16
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Fry EL, Johnson GN, Hall AL, Pritchard WJ, Bullock JM, Bardgett RD. Drought neutralises plant-soil feedback of two mesic grassland forbs. Oecologia 2018; 186:1113-1125. [PMID: 29399737 PMCID: PMC5859691 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-018-4082-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Plant-soil feedbacks (PSFs) describe the effect of a plant species on soil properties, which affect the performance of future generations. Here we test the hypothesis that drought alters PSFs by reducing plant-microbe associations and nutrient uptake. We chose two grassland forb species, previously shown to respond differently to soil conditioning and drought, to test our hypothesis. We conditioned unsterilised grassland soil with one generation of each species, and left a third soil unconditioned. We grew a second generation consisting of each combination of plant species, soil, and drought in a full factorial design, and measured soil microbial community and nutrient availability. Scabiosa columbaria displayed negative PSF (smaller plants) under non-droughted conditions, but neutral under drought, suggesting that drought disrupts plant-soil interactions and can advantage the plant. Photosynthetic efficiency of S. columbaria was reduced under drought, but recovered on rewetting regardless of soil conditioning, indicating that PSFs do not impede resilience of this species. Sanguisorba minor showed positive PSFs (larger plants), probably due to an increase in soil N in conspecific soil, but neutral PSF under drought. PSF neutralisation appeared to occur through drought-induced change in the soil microbial community for this species. When S. minor was planted in conspecific soil, photosynthetic efficiency declined to almost zero, with no recovery following rewetting. We attributed this to increased demand for water through higher demand for nutrients with positive PSF. Here we show that drought neutralises PSFs of two grassland forbs, which could have implications for plant communities under climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen L Fry
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Michael Smith Building, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.
| | - Giles N Johnson
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Michael Smith Building, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Amy L Hall
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Michael Smith Building, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - W James Pritchard
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Michael Smith Building, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - James M Bullock
- NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Maclean Building, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, OX10 8BB, UK
| | - Richard D Bardgett
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Michael Smith Building, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
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17
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Crawford KM, Knight TM. Competition overwhelms the positive plant-soil feedback generated by an invasive plant. Oecologia 2016; 183:211-220. [PMID: 27796508 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-016-3759-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Invasive plant species can modify soils in a way that benefits their fitness more than the fitness of native species. However, it is unclear how competition among plant species alters the strength and direction of plant-soil feedbacks. We tested how community context altered plant-soil feedback between the non-native invasive forb Lespedeza cuneata and nine co-occurring native prairie species. In a series of greenhouse experiments, we grew plants individually and in communities with soils that differed in soil origin (invaded or uninvaded by L. cuneata) and in soils that were live vs. sterilized. In the absence of competition, L. cuneata produced over 60% more biomass in invaded than uninvaded soils, while native species performance was unaffected. The absence of a soil origin effect in sterile soil suggests that the positive plant-soil feedback was caused by differences in the soil biota. However, in the presence of competition, the positive effect of soil origin on L. cuneata growth disappeared. These results suggest that L. cuneata may benefit from positive plant-soil feedback when establishing populations in disturbed landscapes with few interspecific competitors, but does not support the hypothesis that plant-soil feedbacks influence competitive outcomes between L. cuneata and native plant species. These results highlight the importance of considering whether competition influences the outcome of interactions between plants and soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerri M Crawford
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA. .,Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA.
| | - Tiffany M Knight
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA.,Institute of Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany.,Department of Community Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Halle (Saale), Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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18
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Gilbert GS, Parker IM. The Evolutionary Ecology of Plant Disease: A Phylogenetic Perspective. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2016; 54:549-78. [PMID: 27359365 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-102313-045959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
An explicit phylogenetic perspective provides useful tools for phytopathology and plant disease ecology because the traits of both plants and microbes are shaped by their evolutionary histories. We present brief primers on phylogenetic signal and the analytical tools of phylogenetic ecology. We review the literature and find abundant evidence of phylogenetic signal in pathogens and plants for most traits involved in disease interactions. Plant nonhost resistance mechanisms and pathogen housekeeping functions are conserved at deeper phylogenetic levels, whereas molecular traits associated with rapid coevolutionary dynamics are more labile at branch tips. Horizontal gene transfer disrupts the phylogenetic signal for some microbial traits. Emergent traits, such as host range and disease severity, show clear phylogenetic signals. Therefore pathogen spread and disease impact are influenced by the phylogenetic structure of host assemblages. Phylogenetically rare species escape disease pressure. Phylogenetic tools could be used to develop predictive tools for phytosanitary risk analysis and reduce disease pressure in multispecies cropping systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory S Gilbert
- Department of Environmental Studies, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064;
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancón, Republic of Panamá 0843-03092
| | - Ingrid M Parker
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064;
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancón, Republic of Panamá 0843-03092
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Abstract
Research in savannas has focused on tree-grass interactions, whereas tree species coexistence received little attention. A leading hypothesis to explain tree coexistence is the Janzen-Connell model, which proposes an accumulation of host-specific enemies, e.g., soil organisms. While it has been shown in several non-savanna case studies that seedlings dispersed away from the mother perform better than seedlings that stay close (home-away effect), few studies tested whether foreign seedling species can replace own seedlings under conspecific adults (replacement effect). Some studies additionally tested for negative effects of conspecific biota (conspecific effect) to demonstrate the accumulation of enemies. We tested these effects by reciprocally growing seedlings of four tree species on soil collected beneath adults of all species, with and without applying a soil sterilization treatment. We found negative home-away effects suggesting that dispersal is advantageous and negative replacement effects suggesting species replacement under adults. While negative conspecific effects indicate accumulated enemies, positive heterospecific effects indicate an accumulation of mutualists rather than enemies for some species. We suggest that plant-soil feedbacks may well contribute to tree coexistence in savannas due to both negative conspecific and positive heterospecific feedbacks.
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Plant-soil feedbacks: a comparative study on the relative importance of soil feedbacks in the greenhouse versus the field. Oecologia 2016; 181:559-69. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-016-3591-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Stahlheber KA, Crispin KL, Anton C, D'Antonio CM. The ghosts of trees past: savanna trees create enduring legacies in plant species composition. Ecology 2015; 96:2510-22. [DOI: 10.1890/14-2035.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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22
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Day NJ, Antunes PM, Dunfield KE. Changes in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities during invasion by an exotic invasive plant. ACTA OECOLOGICA-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi enhance P uptake and alter plant morphology in the invasive plant Microstegium vimineum. Biol Invasions 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-013-0562-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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24
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Lou Y, Clay SA, Davis AS, Dille A, Felix J, Ramirez AHM, Sprague CL, Yannarell AC. An affinity-effect relationship for microbial communities in plant-soil feedback loops. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2014; 67:866-76. [PMID: 24402363 PMCID: PMC3984409 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-013-0349-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Feedback loops involving soil microorganisms can regulate plant populations. Here, we hypothesize that microorganisms are most likely to play a role in plant-soil feedback loops when they possess an affinity for a particular plant and the capacity to consistently affect the growth of that plant for good or ill. We characterized microbial communities using whole-community DNA fingerprinting from multiple "home-and-away" experiments involving giant ragweed (Ambrosia trifida L.) and common sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), and we looked for affinity-effect relationships in these microbial communities. Using canonical ordination and partial least squares regression, we developed indices expressing each microorganism's affinity for ragweed or sunflower and its putative effect on plant biomass, and we used linear regression to analyze the relationship between microbial affinity and effect. Significant linear affinity-effect relationships were found in 75 % of cases. Affinity-effect relationships were stronger for ragweed than for sunflower, and ragweed affinity-effect relationships showed consistent potential for negative feedback loops. The ragweed feedback relationships indicated the potential involvement of multiple microbial taxa, resulting in strong, consistent affinity-effect relationships in spite of large-scale microbial variability between trials. In contrast, sunflower plant-soil feedback may involve just a few key players, making it more sensitive to underlying microbial variation. We propose that affinity-effect relationship can be used to determine key microbial players in plant-soil feedback against a low "signal-to-noise" background of complex microbial datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Lou
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, 1102 S. Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
| | - Sharon A. Clay
- Department of Plant Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD USA
| | - Adam S. Davis
- USDA-ARS, Global Change and Photosynthesis Research Unit, Urbana, IL USA
| | - Anita Dille
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS USA
| | - Joel Felix
- Department of Crop and Soil Science, Oregon State University, Corvalis, OR USA
| | | | - Christy L. Sprague
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA
| | - Anthony C. Yannarell
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, 1102 S. Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
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25
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Gundale MJ, Kardol P, Nilsson MC, Nilsson U, Lucas RW, Wardle DA. Interactions with soil biota shift from negative to positive when a tree species is moved outside its native range. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 202:415-421. [PMID: 24444123 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Studies evaluating plant-soil biota interactions in both native and introduced plant ranges are rare, and thus far have lacked robust experimental designs to account for several potential confounding factors. Here, we investigated the effects of soil biota on growth of Pinus contorta, which has been introduced from Canada to Sweden. Using Swedish and Canadian soils, we conducted two glasshouse experiments. The first experiment utilized unsterilized soil from each country, with a full-factorial cross of soil origin, tree provenance, and fertilizer addition. The second experiment utilized gamma-irradiated sterile soil from each country, with a full-factorial cross of soil origin, soil biota inoculation treatments, tree provenance, and fertilizer addition. The first experiment showed higher seedling growth on Swedish soil relative to Canadian soil. The second experiment showed this effect was due to differences in soil biotic communities between the two countries, and occurred independently of all other experimental factors. Our results provide strong evidence that plant interactions with soil biota can shift from negative to positive following introduction to a new region, and are relevant for understanding the success of some exotic forest plantations, and invasive and range-expanding native species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Gundale
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE901-83, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Paul Kardol
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE901-83, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Marie-Charlotte Nilsson
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE901-83, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Urban Nilsson
- Southern Swedish Forest Research Center, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE230 53, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Richard W Lucas
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE901-83, Umeå, Sweden
| | - David A Wardle
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE901-83, Umeå, Sweden
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27
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Huang W, Siemann E, Yang X, Wheeler GS, Ding J. Facilitation and inhibition: changes in plant nitrogen and secondary metabolites mediate interactions between above-ground and below-ground herbivores. Proc Biol Sci 2013; 280:20131318. [PMID: 23902902 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2013.1318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, it remains unclear how herbivore-induced changes in plant primary and secondary metabolites impact above-ground and below-ground herbivore interactions. Here, we report effects of above-ground (adult) and below-ground (larval) feeding by Bikasha collaris on nitrogen and secondary chemicals in shoots and roots of Triadica sebifera to explain reciprocal above-ground and below-ground insect interactions. Plants increased root tannins with below-ground herbivory, but above-ground herbivory prevented this increase and larval survival doubled. Above-ground herbivory elevated root nitrogen, probably contributing to increased larval survival. However, plants increased foliar tannins with above-ground herbivory and below-ground herbivory amplified this increase, and adult survival decreased. As either foliar or root tannins increased, foliar flavonoids decreased, suggesting a trade-off between these chemicals. Together, these results show that plant chemicals mediate contrasting effects of conspecific larval and adult insects, whereas insects may take advantage of plant responses to facilitate their offspring performance, which may influence population dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, People's Republic of China
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28
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Callaway RM, Montesinos D, Williams K, Maron JL. Native congeners provide biotic resistance to invasivePotentillathrough soil biota. Ecology 2013; 94:1223-9. [DOI: 10.1890/12-1875.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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29
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Endresz G, Somodi I, Kalapos T. Arbuscular mycorrhizal colonisation of roots of grass species differing in invasiveness. COMMUNITY ECOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1556/comec.14.2013.1.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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30
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Bissett A, Brown MV, Siciliano SD, Thrall PH. Microbial community responses to anthropogenically induced environmental change: towards a systems approach. Ecol Lett 2013; 16 Suppl 1:128-39. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.12109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Revised: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Bissett
- CSIRO Plant Industry; PO Box 1600; Canberra; 2601; Australia
| | - Mark V. Brown
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences and Ecology and Evolution Research Center; University of New South Wales; Sydney; 2052; Austraila
| | | | - Peter H. Thrall
- CSIRO Plant Industry; PO Box 1600; Canberra; 2601; Australia
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31
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Becklin KM, Hertweck KL, Jumpponen A. Host identity impacts rhizosphere fungal communities associated with three alpine plant species. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2012; 63:682-693. [PMID: 22038036 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-011-9968-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 10/09/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Fungal diversity and composition are still relatively unknown in many ecosystems; however, host identity and environmental conditions are hypothesized to influence fungal community assembly. To test these hypotheses, we characterized the richness, diversity, and composition of rhizosphere fungi colonizing three alpine plant species, Taraxacum ceratophorum, Taraxacum officinale, and Polemonium viscosum. Roots were collected from open meadow and willow understory habitats at treeline on Pennsylvania Mountain, Colorado, USA. Fungal small subunit ribosomal DNA was sequenced using fungal-specific primers, sample-specific DNA tags, and 454 pyrosequencing. We classified operational taxonomic units (OTUs) as arbuscular mycorrhizal (AMF) or non-arbuscular mycorrhizal (non-AMF) fungi and then tested whether habitat or host identity influenced these fungal communities. Approximately 14% of the sequences represented AMF taxa (44 OTUs) with the majority belonging to Glomus groups A and B. Non-AMF sequences represented 186 OTUs belonging to Ascomycota (58%), Basidiomycota (26%), Zygomycota (14%), and Chytridiomycota (2%) phyla. Total AMF and non-AMF richness were similar between habitats but varied among host species. AMF richness and diversity per root sample also varied among host species and were highest in T. ceratophorum compared with T. officinale and P. viscosum. In contrast, non-AMF richness and diversity per root sample were similar among host species except in the willow understory where diversity was reduced in T. officinale. Fungal community composition was influenced by host identity but not habitat. Specifically, T. officinale hosted a different AMF community than T. ceratophorum and P. viscosum while P. viscosum hosted a different non-AMF community than T. ceratophorum and T. officinale. Our results suggest that host identity has a stronger effect on rhizosphere fungi than habitat. Furthermore, although host identity influenced both AMF and non-AMF, this effect was stronger for the mutualistic AMF community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie M Becklin
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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32
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Shannon S, Flory SL, Reynolds H. Competitive context alters plant-soil feedback in an experimental woodland community. Oecologia 2011; 169:235-43. [PMID: 22101382 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-011-2195-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Recent findings on feedback between plants and soil microbial communities have improved our understanding of mechanisms underlying the success and consequences of invasions. However, additional studies to test for feedback in the presence and absence of interspecific competition, which may alter the strength or direction of feedbacks, are needed. We tested for soil microbial feedback in communities of the invasive grass Microstegium vimineum and commonly co-occurring native plant species. To incorporate competitive context, we used a factorial design with three plant treatments (M. vimineum alone, M. vimineum with the native plant community, and the native community without M. vimineum) and two soil inoculum treatments (experimentally invaded and uninvaded soil). When competing with M. vimineum, native communities were 27% more productive in invaded than uninvaded soil. In contrast, soil type did not significantly affect M. vimineum biomass or fecundity. At the community level, these results indicate a net negative soil microbial feedback when native plants and M. vimineum are grown in competitive mixture, but not when they are grown separately. Since positive, not negative, feedback is associated with dominance and invasion, our findings do not support plant-soil feedback as a driver of invasion in this species. Our results do show that the importance of soil feedback can change with competitive context. Such context-dependency implies that soil feedback may change when competitive interactions between natives and invading species shift as invasions progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Shannon
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
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33
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Morriën E, Engelkes T, van der Putten WH. Additive effects of aboveground polyphagous herbivores and soil feedback in native and range-expanding exotic plants. Ecology 2011; 92:1344-52. [PMID: 21797162 DOI: 10.1890/10-1937.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Plant biomass and plant abundance can be controlled by aboveground and belowground natural enemies. However, little is known about how the aboveground and belowground enemy effects may add up. We exposed 15 plant species to aboveground polyphagous insect herbivores and feedback effects from the soil community alone, as well as in combination. We envisaged three possibilities: additive, synergistic, or antagonistic effects of the aboveground and belowground enemies on plant biomass. In our analysis, we included native and phylogenetically related range-expanding exotic plant species, because exotic plants on average are less sensitive to aboveground herbivores and soil feedback than related natives. Thus, we examined if lower sensitivity of exotic plant species to enemies also alters aboveground-belowground interactions. In a greenhouse experiment, we exposed six exotic and nine native plant species to feedback from their own soil communities, aboveground herbivory by polyphagous insects, or a combination of soil feedback and aboveground insects and compared shoot and root biomass to control plants without aboveground and belowground enemies. We observed that for both native and range-expanding exotic plant species effects of insect herbivory aboveground and soil feedback added up linearly, instead of enforcing or counteracting each other. However, there was no correlation between the strength of aboveground herbivory and soil feedback. We conclude that effects of polyphagous aboveground herbivorous insects and soil feedback add up both in the case of native and related range-expanding exotic plant species, but that aboveground herbivory effects may not necessarily predict the strengths of soil feedback effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elly Morriën
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), P.O. Box 50, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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34
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Mordecai EA. Pathogen impacts on plant communities: unifying theory, concepts, and empirical work. ECOL MONOGR 2011. [DOI: 10.1890/10-2241.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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36
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Morriën E, Duyts H, Van der Putten WH. Effects of native and exotic range-expanding plant species on taxonomic and functional composition of nematodes in the soil food web. OIKOS 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2011.19773.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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37
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Yannarell AC, Busby RR, Denight ML, Gebhart DL, Taylor SJ. Soil Bacteria and Fungi Respond on Different Spatial Scales to Invasion by the Legume Lespedeza cuneata. Front Microbiol 2011; 2:127. [PMID: 21687434 PMCID: PMC3109742 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2011.00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 05/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The spatial scale on which microbial communities respond to plant invasions may provide important clues as to the nature of potential invader-microbe interactions. Lespedeza cuneata (Dum. Cours.) G. Don is an invasive legume that may benefit from associations with mycorrhizal fungi; however, it has also been suggested that the plant is allelopathic and may alter the soil chemistry of invaded sites through secondary metabolites in its root exudates or litter. Thus, L. cuneata invasion may interact with soil microorganisms on a variety of scales. We investigated L. cuneata-related changes to soil bacterial and fungal communities at two spatial scales using multiple sites from across its invaded N. American range. Using whole-community DNA fingerprinting, we characterized microbial community variation at the scale of entire invaded sites and at the scale of individual plants. Based on permutational multivariate analysis of variance, soil bacterial communities in heavily invaded sites were significantly different from those of uninvaded sites, but bacteria did not show any evidence of responding at very local scales around individual plants. In contrast, soil fungi did not change significantly at the scale of entire sites, but there were significant differences between fungal communities of native versus exotic plants within particular sites. The differential scaling of bacterial and fungal responses indicates that L. cuneata interacts differently with soil bacteria and soil fungi, and these microorganisms may play very different roles in the invasion process of this plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony C. Yannarell
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignUrbana, IL, USA
| | - Ryan R. Busby
- Construction Engineering Research Laboratory, U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development CenterChampaign, IL, USA
| | - Michael L. Denight
- Construction Engineering Research Laboratory, U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development CenterChampaign, IL, USA
| | - Dick L. Gebhart
- Construction Engineering Research Laboratory, U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development CenterChampaign, IL, USA
| | - Steven J. Taylor
- Illinois Natural History Survey, University of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignChampaign, IL, USA
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Legacy effects overwhelm the short-term effects of exotic plant invasion and restoration on soil microbial community structure, enzyme activities, and nitrogen cycling. Oecologia 2011; 167:733-45. [PMID: 21618010 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-011-2022-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2010] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Plant invasions can have substantial consequences for the soil ecosystem, altering microbial community structure and nutrient cycling. However, relatively little is known about what drives these changes, making it difficult to predict the effects of future invasions. In addition, because most studies compare soils from uninvaded areas to long-established dense invasions, little is known about the temporal dependence of invasion impacts. We experimentally manipulated forest understory vegetation in replicated sites dominated either by exotic Japanese barberry (Berberis thunbergii), native Viburnums, or native Vacciniums, so that each vegetation type was present in each site-type. We compared the short-term effect of vegetation changes to the lingering legacy effects of the previous vegetation type by measuring soil microbial community structure (phospholipid fatty acids) and function (extracellular enzymes and nitrogen mineralization). We also replaced the aboveground litter in half of each plot with an inert substitute to determine if changes in the soil microbial community were driven by aboveground or belowground plant inputs. We found that after 2 years, the microbial community structure and function was largely determined by the legacy effect of the previous vegetation type, and was not affected by the current vegetation. Aboveground litter removal had only weak effects, suggesting that changes in the soil microbial community and nutrient cycling were driven largely by belowground processes. These results suggest that changes in the soil following either invasion or restoration do not occur quickly, but rather exhibit long-lasting legacy effects from previous belowground plant inputs.
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Callaway RM, Bedmar EJ, Reinhart KO, Silvan CG, Klironomos J. Effects of soil biota from different ranges onRobiniainvasion: acquiring mutualists and escaping pathogens. Ecology 2011; 92:1027-35. [DOI: 10.1890/10-0089.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Zuppinger-Dingley D, Schmid B, Chen Y, Brandl H, van der Heijden MGA, Joshi J. In their native range, invasive plants are held in check by negative soil-feedbacks. Ecosphere 2011. [DOI: 10.1890/es11-00061.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Zhang Q, Yang R, Tang J, Yang H, Hu S, Chen X. Positive feedback between mycorrhizal fungi and plants influences plant invasion success and resistance to invasion. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12380. [PMID: 20808770 PMCID: PMC2927435 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2010] [Accepted: 07/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Negative or positive feedback between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and host plants can contribute to plant species interactions, but how this feedback affects plant invasion or resistance to invasion is not well known. Here we tested how alterations in AMF community induced by an invasive plant species generate feedback to the invasive plant itself and affect subsequent interactions between the invasive species and its native neighbors. We first examined the effects of the invasive forb Solidago canadensis L. on AMF communities comprising five different AMF species. We then examined the effects of the altered AMF community on mutualisms formed with the native legume forb species Kummerowia striata (Thunb.) Schindl. and on the interaction between the invasive and native plants. The host preferences of the five AMF were also assessed to test whether the AMF form preferred mutualistic relations with the invasive and/or the native species. We found that S. canadensis altered AMF spore composition by increasing one AMF species (Glomus geosporum) while reducing Glomus mosseae, which is the dominant species in the field. The host preference test showed that S. canadensis had promoted the abundance of AMF species (G. geosporum) that most promoted its own growth. As a consequence, the altered AMF community enhanced the competitiveness of invasive S. canadensis at the expense of K. striata. Our results demonstrate that the invasive S. canadensis alters soil AMF community composition because of fungal-host preference. This change in the composition of the AMF community generates positive feedback to the invasive S. canadensis itself and decreases AM associations with native K. striata, thereby making the native K. striata less dominant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ruyi Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- College of Environmental Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Jianjun Tang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haishui Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuijin Hu
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Xin Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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42
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Impacts of soil microbial communities on exotic plant invasions. Trends Ecol Evol 2010; 25:512-9. [PMID: 20638747 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2010.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2010] [Revised: 06/12/2010] [Accepted: 06/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Soil communities can have profound effects on invasions of ecosystems by exotic plant species. We propose that there are three main pathways by which this can happen. First, plant-soil feedback interactions in the invaded range are neutral to positive, whereas native plants predominantly suffer from negative soil feedback effects. Second, exotic plants can manipulate local soil biota by enhancing pathogen levels or disrupting communities of root symbionts, while suffering less from this than native plants. Third, exotic plants produce allelochemicals toxic to native plants that cannot be detoxified by local soil communities, or that become more toxic following microbial conversion. We discuss the need for integrating these three pathways in order to further understand how soil communities influence exotic plant invasions.
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Diez JM, Dickie I, Edwards G, Hulme PE, Sullivan JJ, Duncan RP. Negative soil feedbacks accumulate over time for non-native plant species. Ecol Lett 2010; 13:803-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01474.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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van Grunsven RHA, van der Putten WH, Bezemer TM, Veenendaal EM. Plant-soil feedback of native and range-expanding plant species is insensitive to temperature. Oecologia 2010; 162:1059-69. [PMID: 20012099 PMCID: PMC2841264 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-009-1526-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2008] [Accepted: 11/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Temperature change affects many aboveground and belowground ecosystem processes. Here we investigate the effect of a 5 degrees C temperature increase on plant-soil feedback. We compare plant species from a temperate climate region with immigrant plants that originate from warmer regions and have recently shifted their range polewards. We tested whether the magnitude of plant-soil feedback is affected by ambient temperature and whether the effect of temperature differs between these groups of plant species. Six European/Eurasian plant species that recently colonized the Netherlands (non-natives), and six related species (natives) from the Netherlands were selected. Plant-soil feedback of these species was determined by comparing performance in conspecific and heterospecific soils. In order to test the effect of temperature on these plant-soil feedback interactions, the experiments were performed at two greenhouse temperatures of 20/15 degrees C and 25/20 degrees C, respectively. Inoculation with unconditioned soil had the same effect on natives and non-natives. However, the effect of conspecific conditioned soil was negative compared to heterospecific soil for natives, but was positive for non-natives. In both cases, plant-soil interactions were not affected by temperature. Therefore, we conclude that the temperature component of climate change does not affect the direction, or strength of plant-soil feedback, neither for native nor for non-native plant species. However, as the non-natives have a more positive soil feedback than natives, climate warming may introduce new plant species in temperate regions that have less soil-borne control of abundance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Hendrikus Antonius van Grunsven
- Nature Conservation and Plant Ecology Group, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Droevendaalsesteeg 3a, 6708 Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Carvalho LM, Antunes PM, Martins-Loução MA, Klironomos JN. Disturbance influences the outcome of plant-soil biota interactions in the invasive Acacia longifolia and in native species. OIKOS 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2009.18148.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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46
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Pringle A, Bever JD, Gardes M, Parrent JL, Rillig MC, Klironomos JN. Mycorrhizal Symbioses and Plant Invasions. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2009. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.39.110707.173454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Pringle
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - James D. Bever
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405
| | - Monique Gardes
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique, Université Paul Sabatier–Toulouse 3, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Jeri L. Parrent
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Matthias C. Rillig
- Institut für Biologie, Freie Universität Berlin, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - John N. Klironomos
- Biology and Physical Geography Unit, University of British Columbia-Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada V1V 1V7;
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Brandt AJ, Seabloom EW, Hosseini PR. Phylogeny and provenance affect plant–soil feedbacks in invaded California grasslands. Ecology 2009; 90:1063-72. [PMID: 19449700 DOI: 10.1890/08-0054.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Angela J Brandt
- Department of Zoology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331-2914, USA.
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Engelkes T, Morriën E, Verhoeven KJF, Bezemer TM, Biere A, Harvey JA, McIntyre LM, Tamis WLM, van der Putten WH. Successful range-expanding plants experience less above-ground and below-ground enemy impact. Nature 2008; 456:946-8. [DOI: 10.1038/nature07474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2007] [Accepted: 09/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Casper BB, Bentivenga SP, Ji B, Doherty JH, Edenborn HM, Gustafson DJ. PLANT–SOIL FEEDBACK: TESTING THE GENERALITY WITH THE SAME GRASSES IN SERPENTINE AND PRAIRIE SOILS. Ecology 2008; 89:2154-64. [DOI: 10.1890/07-1277.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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50
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Abstract
Plants can change soil biology, chemistry and structure in ways that alter subsequent plant growth. This process, referred to as plant-soil feedback (PSF), has been suggested to provide mechanisms for plant diversity, succession and invasion. Here we use three meta-analytical models: a mixed model and two Bayes models, one correcting for sampling dependence and one correcting for sampling and hierarchical dependence (delta-splitting model) to test these hypotheses. All three models showed that PSFs have medium to large negative effects on plant growth, and especially grass growth, the life form for which we had the most data. This supports the hypothesis that PSFs, through negative frequency dependence, maintain plant diversity, especially in grasslands. PSFs were also large and negative for annuals and natives, but the delta-splitting model indicated that more studies are needed for these results to be conclusive. Our results support the hypotheses that PSFs encourage successional replacements and plant invasions. Most studies were performed using monocultures of grassland species in greenhouse conditions. Future research should examine PSFs in plant communities, non-grassland systems and field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Kulmatiski
- Department of Wildland Resources and the Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322-5230, USA.
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