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Taghiloo S, Asgarian-Omran H. Cross-talk between leukemic and immune cells at the tumor microenvironment in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: An update review. Eur J Haematol 2024; 113:4-15. [PMID: 38698678 DOI: 10.1111/ejh.14224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a mature-type B cell malignancy correlated with significant changes and defects in both the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system, together with a high dependency on the tumor microenvironment. Overall, the tumor microenvironment (TME) in CLL provides a supportive niche for leukemic cells to grow and survive, and interactions between CLL cells and the TME can contribute to disease progression and treatment resistance. Therefore, the increasing knowledge of the complicated interaction between immune cells and tumor cells, which is responsible for immune evasion and cancer progression, has provided an opportunity for the development of new therapeutic approaches. In this review, we outline tumor microenvironment-driven contributions to the licensing of immune escape mechanisms in CLL patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Taghiloo
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Hossein Asgarian-Omran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
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2
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Elbert M, Neumann F, Kiefer M, Christofyllakis K, Balensiefer B, Kos I, Carbon G, Kaddu-Mulindwa D, Bittenbring JT, Fadle N, Regitz E, Fend F, Bonzheim I, Thurner L, Bewarder M. Hyper-N-glycosylated SEL1L3 as auto-antigenic B-cell receptor target of primary vitreoretinal lymphomas. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9571. [PMID: 38671086 PMCID: PMC11053041 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60169-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Primary vitreoretinal lymphoma (PVRL) is a rare subtype of DLBCL and can progress into primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL). To investigate the role of chronic antigenic stimulation in PVRL, we cloned and expressed B-cell receptors (BCR) from PVRL patients and tested for binding against human auto-antigens. SEL1L3, a protein with multiple glycosylation sites, was identified as the BCR target in 3/20 PVRL cases. SEL1L3 induces proliferation and BCR pathway activation in aggressive lymphoma cell lines. Moreover, SEL1L3 conjugated to a toxin killed exclusively lymphoma cells with respective BCR-reactivity. Western Blot analysis indicates the occurrence of hyper-N-glycosylation of SEL1L3 at aa 527 in PVRL patients with SEL1L3-reactive BCRs. The BCR of a PVRL patient with serum antibodies against SEL1L3 was cloned from a vitreous body biopsy at diagnosis and of a systemic manifestation at relapse. VH4-04*07 was used in both lymphoma manifestations with highly conserved CDR3 regions. Both BCRs showed binding to SEL1L3, suggesting continued dependence of lymphoma cells on antigen stimulation. These results indicate an important role of antigenic stimulation by post-translationally modified auto-antigens in the genesis of PVRL. They also provide the basis for a new treatment approach targeting unique lymphoma BCRs with ultimate specificity.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/metabolism
- Glycosylation
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Retinal Neoplasms/genetics
- Retinal Neoplasms/metabolism
- Retinal Neoplasms/pathology
- Retinal Neoplasms/immunology
- Autoantigens/immunology
- Autoantigens/metabolism
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/genetics
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/immunology
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/pathology
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/metabolism
- Female
- Male
- Vitreous Body/metabolism
- Vitreous Body/pathology
- Middle Aged
- Aged
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Elbert
- Internal Medicine I, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Frank Neumann
- Internal Medicine I, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Kiefer
- Internal Medicine I, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Igor Kos
- Internal Medicine I, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Gabi Carbon
- Internal Medicine I, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Natalie Fadle
- Internal Medicine I, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Evi Regitz
- Internal Medicine I, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Falko Fend
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center Tuebingen, Eberhard-Karls-University, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Irina Bonzheim
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center Tuebingen, Eberhard-Karls-University, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Lorenz Thurner
- Internal Medicine I, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Moritz Bewarder
- Internal Medicine I, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany.
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3
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Patton JT, Woyach JA. Targeting the B cell receptor signaling pathway in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Semin Hematol 2024; 61:100-108. [PMID: 38749798 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminhematol.2024.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Aberrant signal transduction through the B cell receptor (BCR) plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)/small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL). BCR-dependent signaling is necessary for the growth and survival of neoplastic cells, making inhibition of down-stream pathways a logical therapeutic strategy. Indeed, selective inhibitors against Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) have been shown to induce high rates of response in CLL and other B cell lymphomas. In particular, the development of BTK inhibitors revolutionized the treatment approach to CLL, demonstrating long-term efficacy. While BTK inhibitors are widely used for multiple lines of treatment, PI3K inhibitors are much less commonly utilized, mainly due to toxicities. CLL remains an incurable disease and effective treatment options after relapse or development of TKI resistance are greatly needed. This review provides an overview of BCR signaling, a summary of the current therapeutic landscape, and a discussion of the ongoing trials targeting BCR-associated kinases.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/metabolism
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/antagonists & inhibitors
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Agammaglobulinaemia Tyrosine Kinase/antagonists & inhibitors
- Agammaglobulinaemia Tyrosine Kinase/metabolism
- Molecular Targeted Therapy
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Patton
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Jennifer A Woyach
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH.
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4
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Iatrou A, Gounari M, Sofou E, Zaragoza-Infante L, Markopoulos I, Sarrigeorgiou I, Petrakis G, Pechlivanis N, Roumeliotou-Dimou M, Panayiotidis P, Stamatopoulos B, Gkanidou M, Sandaltzopoulos R, Degano M, Koletsa T, Lymberi P, Psomopoulos F, Ghia P, Agathangelidis A, Chatzidimitriou A, Stamatopoulos K. N-Glycosylation of the Ig Receptors Shapes the Antigen Reactivity in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Subset #201. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 211:743-754. [PMID: 37466373 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Subset #201 is a clinically indolent subgroup of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia defined by the expression of stereotyped, mutated IGHV4-34/IGLV1-44 BCR Ig. Subset #201 is characterized by recurrent somatic hypermutations (SHMs) that frequently lead to the creation and/or disruption of N-glycosylation sites within the Ig H and L chain variable domains. To understand the relevance of this observation, using next-generation sequencing, we studied how SHM shapes the subclonal architecture of the BCR Ig repertoire in subset #201, particularly focusing on changes in N-glycosylation sites. Moreover, we profiled the Ag reactivity of the clonotypic BCR Ig expressed as rmAbs. We found that almost all analyzed cases from subset #201 carry SHMs potentially affecting N-glycosylation at the clonal and/or subclonal level and obtained evidence for N-glycan occupancy in SHM-induced novel N-glycosylation sites. These particular SHMs impact (auto)antigen recognition, as indicated by differences in Ag reactivity between the authentic rmAbs and germline revertants of SHMs introducing novel N-glycosylation sites in experiments entailing 1) flow cytometry for binding to viable cells, 2) immunohistochemistry against various human tissues, 3) ELISA against microbial Ags, and 4) protein microarrays testing reactivity against multiple autoantigens. On these grounds, N-glycosylation appears as relevant for the natural history of at least a fraction of Ig-mutated chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Moreover, subset #201 emerges as a paradigmatic case for the role of affinity maturation in the evolution of Ag reactivity of the clonotypic BCR Ig.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Iatrou
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Centre for Research & Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Maria Gounari
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Centre for Research & Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Electra Sofou
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Centre for Research & Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Laura Zaragoza-Infante
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Centre for Research & Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis Markopoulos
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Centre for Research & Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis Sarrigeorgiou
- Immunology Laboratory, Immunology Department, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgios Petrakis
- Pathology Department, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Pechlivanis
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Centre for Research & Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maria Roumeliotou-Dimou
- Hematology Section of the First Department of Propedeutic Internal Medicine, Laikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Panayiotidis
- Hematology Section of the First Department of Propedeutic Internal Medicine, Laikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Basile Stamatopoulos
- Laboratory of Clinical Cell Therapy, Jules Bordet Institute, Free University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Maria Gkanidou
- Blood Transfusion Department, G. Papanikolaou Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Rafael Sandaltzopoulos
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Massimo Degano
- Biocrystallography Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Triantafyllia Koletsa
- Pathology Department, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Peggy Lymberi
- Immunology Laboratory, Immunology Department, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Fotis Psomopoulos
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Centre for Research & Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Paolo Ghia
- Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Andreas Agathangelidis
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Centre for Research & Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Department of Biology, School of Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasia Chatzidimitriou
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Centre for Research & Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kostas Stamatopoulos
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Centre for Research & Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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5
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Dopico XC, Mandolesi M, Hedestam GBK. Untangling immunoglobulin genotype-function associations. Immunol Lett 2023:S0165-2478(23)00073-1. [PMID: 37209913 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2023.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin (IG) genes, encoding B cell receptors (BCRs), are fundamental components of the mammalian immune system, which evolved to recognize the diverse antigenic universe present in nature. To handle these myriad inputs, BCRs are generated through combinatorial recombination of a set of highly polymorphic germline genes, resulting in a vast repertoire of antigen receptors that initiate responses to pathogens and regulate commensals. Following antigen recognition and B cell activation, memory B cells and plasma cells form, allowing for the development of anamnestic antibody (Ab) responses. How inherited variation in IG genes impacts host traits, disease susceptibility, and Ab recall responses is a topic of great interest. Here, we consider approaches to translate emerging knowledge about IG genetic diversity and expressed repertoires to inform our understanding of Ab function in health and disease etiology. As our understanding of IG genetics grows, so will our need for tools to decipher preferences for IG gene or allele usage in different contexts, to better understand antibody responses at the population level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xaquin Castro Dopico
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden.
| | - Marco Mandolesi
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
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6
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Vergani S, Bagnara D, Agathangelidis A, Ng AKY, Ferrer G, Mazzarello AN, Palacios F, Yancopoulos S, Yan XJ, Barrientos JC, Rai KR, Stamatopoulos K, Chiorazzi N. CLL stereotyped B-cell receptor immunoglobulin sequences are recurrent in the B-cell repertoire of healthy individuals: Apparent lack of central and early peripheral tolerance censoring. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1112879. [PMID: 37007084 PMCID: PMC10063922 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1112879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionThe leukemic cells of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) are often unique, expressing remarkably similar IGHV-IGHD-IGHJ gene rearrangements, “stereotyped BCRs”. The B-cell receptors (BCRs) on CLL cells are also distinctive in often deriving from autoreactive B lymphocytes, leading to the assumption of a defect in immune tolerance.ResultsUsing bulk and single-cell immunoglobulin heavy and light chain variable domain sequencing, we enumerated CLL stereotype-like IGHV-IGHD-IGHJ sequences (CLL-SLS) in B cells from cord blood (CB) and adult peripheral blood (PBMC) and bone marrow (BM of healthy donors. CLL-SLS were found at similar frequencies among CB, BM, and PBMC, suggesting that age does not influence CLL-SLS levels. Moreover, the frequencies of CLL-SLS did not differ among B lymphocytes in the BM at early stages of development, and only re-circulating marginal zone B cells contained significantly higher CLL-SLS frequencies than other mature B-cell subpopulations. Although we identified CLL-SLS corresponding to most of the CLL major stereotyped subsets, CLL-SLS frequencies did not correlate with those found in patients. Interestingly, in CB samples, half of the CLL-SLS identified were attributed to two IGHV-mutated subsets. We also found satellite CLL-SLS among the same normal samples, and they were also enriched in naïve B cells but unexpectedly, these were ~10-fold higher than standard CLL-SLS. In general, IGHV-mutated CLL-SLS subsets were enriched among antigen-experienced B-cell subpopulations, and IGHV-unmutated CLL-SLS were found mostly in antigen-inexperienced B cells. Nevertheless, CLL-SLS with an IGHV-mutation status matching that of CLL clones varied among the normal B-cell subpopulations, suggesting that specific CLL-SLS could originate from distinct subpopulations of normal B cells. Lastly, using single-cell DNA sequencing, we identified paired IGH and IGL rearrangements in normal B lymphocytes resembling those of stereotyped BCRs in CLL, although some differed from those in patients based on IG isotype or somatic mutation.DiscussionCLL-SLS are present in normal B-lymphocyte populations at all stages of development. Thus, despite their autoreactive profile they are not deleted by central tolerance mechanisms, possibly because the level of autoreactivity is not registered as dangerous by deletion mechanisms or because editing of L-chain variable genes occurred which our experimental approach could not identify.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Vergani
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Davide Bagnara
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Andreas Agathangelidis
- Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Institute of Applied Biosciences, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Department of Biology, School of Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Anita Kar Yun Ng
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Gerardo Ferrer
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Andrea N. Mazzarello
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Florencia Palacios
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | | | - Xiao-Jie Yan
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Jaqueline C. Barrientos
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Kanti R. Rai
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Kostas Stamatopoulos
- Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Institute of Applied Biosciences, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nicholas Chiorazzi
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Nicholas Chiorazzi,
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Mazzarello AN, Koroveshi B, Guardo D, Lanza L, Ghiotto F, Bruno S, Cappelli E. Unexpected CD5 + B Cell Lymphocytosis during SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Relevance for the Pathophysiology of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12030998. [PMID: 36769644 PMCID: PMC9918123 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12030998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, cases of fortuitous discovery of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) during hospitalization for Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) have been reported. These patients did not show a monoclonal B cell expansion before COVID-19 but were diagnosed with CLL upon a sudden lymphocytosis that occurred during hospitalization. The (hyper)lymphocytosis during COVID-19 was also described in patients with overt CLL disease. Contextually, lymphocytosis is an unexpected phenomenon since it is an uncommon feature in the COVID-19 patient population, who rather tend to experience lymphopenia. Thus, lymphocytosis that arises during COVID-19 infection is a thought-provoking behavior, strikingly in contrast with that observed in non-CLL individuals. Herein, we speculate about the possible mechanisms involved with the observed phenomenon. Many of the plausible explanations might have an adverse impact on these CLL patients and further clinical and laboratory investigations might be desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brisejda Koroveshi
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, ASL2 Liguria, S. Paolo Hospital, 17100 Savona, Italy
| | - Daniela Guardo
- Haematology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via Gerolamo Gaslini 5, 16148 Genova, Italy
| | - Lorella Lanza
- Anatomical Pathology, ASL2 Liguria, Santa Corona Hospital, 17027 Pietra Ligure, Italy
| | - Fabio Ghiotto
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Via De Toni 14, 16132 Genova, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Silvia Bruno
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Via De Toni 14, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Enrico Cappelli
- Haematology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via Gerolamo Gaslini 5, 16148 Genova, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Macrophage- and BCR-derived but not TLR-derived signals support the growth of CLL and Richter syndrome murine models in vivo. Blood 2022; 140:2335-2347. [PMID: 36084319 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2022016272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A large amount of circumstantial evidence has accumulated suggesting that Toll-like receptor (TLR) signals are involved in driving chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cell proliferation, but direct in vivo evidence for this is still lacking. We have now further addressed this possibility by pharmacologically inhibiting or genetically inactivating the TLR pathway in murine CLL and human Richter syndrome (RS) patient-derived xenograft (PDX) cells. Surprisingly, we show that pharmacologic inhibition of TLR signaling by treatment with an IRAK1/4 inhibitor delays the growth of the transplanted malignant cells in recipient mice, but genetic inactivation of the same pathway by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated disruption of IRAK4 or its proximal adaptor MyD88 has no effect. We further show that treatment with the IRAK1/4 inhibitor results in depletion of macrophages and demonstrate that these cells can support the survival and enhance the proliferation of both murine Eμ-TCL1 leukemia and human RS cells. We also show that genetic disruption of the B-cell receptor (BCR) by CRISPR/Cas9 editing of the immunoglobulin M constant region gene inhibits the growth of human RS-PDX cells in vivo, consistent with our previous finding with murine Eμ-TCL1 leukemia cells. Finally, we show that genetic disruption of IRAK4 does not result in negative selection of human CLL cell lines xenografted in immunodeficient mice. The obtained data suggest that TLR signals are unlikely to represent a major driver of CLL/RS cell proliferation and provide further evidence that signals from macrophages and the BCR promote the growth and survival of CLL and RS cells in vivo.
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9
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Old and New Facts and Speculations on the Role of the B Cell Receptor in the Origin of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214249. [PMID: 36430731 PMCID: PMC9693457 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The engagement of the B cell receptor (BcR) on the surface of leukemic cells represents a key event in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) since it can lead to the maintenance and expansion of the neoplastic clone. This notion was initially suggested by observations of the CLL BcR repertoire and of correlations existing between certain BcR features and the clinical outcomes of single patients. Based on these observations, tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), which block BcR signaling, have been introduced in therapy with the aim of inhibiting CLL cell clonal expansion and of controlling the disease. Indeed, the impressive results obtained with these compounds provided further proof of the role of BcR in CLL. In this article, the key steps that led to the determination of the role of BcR are reviewed, including the features of the CLL cell repertoire and the fine mechanisms causing BcR engagement and cell signaling. Furthermore, we discuss the biological effects of the engagement, which can lead to cell survival/proliferation or apoptosis depending on certain intrinsic cell characteristics and on signals that the micro-environment can deliver to the leukemic cells. In addition, consideration is given to alternative mechanisms promoting cell proliferation in the absence of BcR signaling, which can explain in part the incomplete effectiveness of TKI therapies. The role of the BcR in determining clonal evolution and disease progression is also described. Finally, we discuss possible models to explain the selection of a special BcR set during leukemogenesis. The BcR may deliver activation signals to the cells, which lead to their uncontrolled growth, with the possible collaboration of other still-undefined events which are capable of deregulating the normal physiological response of B cells to BcR-delivered stimuli.
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10
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Alu A, Lei H, Han X, Wei Y, Wei X. BTK inhibitors in the treatment of hematological malignancies and inflammatory diseases: mechanisms and clinical studies. J Hematol Oncol 2022; 15:138. [PMID: 36183125 PMCID: PMC9526392 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-022-01353-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) is an essential component of multiple signaling pathways that regulate B cell and myeloid cell proliferation, survival, and functions, making it a promising therapeutic target for various B cell malignancies and inflammatory diseases. Five small molecule inhibitors have shown remarkable efficacy and have been approved to treat different types of hematological cancers, including ibrutinib, acalabrutinib, zanubrutinib, tirabrutinib, and orelabrutinib. The first-in-class agent, ibrutinib, has created a new era of chemotherapy-free treatment of B cell malignancies. Ibrutinib is so popular and became the fourth top-selling cancer drug worldwide in 2021. To reduce the off-target effects and overcome the acquired resistance of ibrutinib, significant efforts have been made in developing highly selective second- and third-generation BTK inhibitors and various combination approaches. Over the past few years, BTK inhibitors have also been repurposed for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Promising data have been obtained from preclinical and early-phase clinical studies. In this review, we summarized current progress in applying BTK inhibitors in the treatment of hematological malignancies and inflammatory disorders, highlighting available results from clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aqu Alu
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Hong Lei
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xuejiao Han
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yuquan Wei
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xiawei Wei
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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11
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Kaufman M, Yan XJ, Li W, Ghia EM, Langerak AW, Rassenti LZ, Belessi C, Kay NE, Davi F, Byrd JC, Pospisilova S, Brown JR, Catherwood M, Davis Z, Oscier D, Montillo M, Trentin L, Rosenquist R, Ghia P, Barrientos JC, Kolitz JE, Allen SL, Rai KR, Stamatopoulos K, Kipps TJ, Neuberg D, Chiorazzi N. Impact of the Types and Relative Quantities of IGHV Gene Mutations in Predicting Prognosis of Patients With Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Front Oncol 2022; 12:897280. [PMID: 35903706 PMCID: PMC9315922 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.897280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with CLL with mutated IGHV genes (M-CLL) have better outcomes than patients with unmutated IGHVs (U-CLL). Since U-CLL usually express immunoglobulins (IGs) that are more autoreactive and more effectively transduce signals to leukemic B cells, B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling is likely at the heart of the worse outcomes of CLL cases without/few IGHV mutations. A corollary of this conclusion is that M-CLL follow less aggressive clinical courses because somatic IGHV mutations have altered BCR structures and no longer bind stimulatory (auto)antigens and so cannot deliver trophic signals to leukemic B cells. However, the latter assumption has not been confirmed in a large patient cohort. We tried to address the latter by measuring the relative numbers of replacement (R) mutations that lead to non-conservative amino acid changes (Rnc) to the combined numbers of conservative (Rc) and silent (S) amino acid R mutations that likely do not or cannot change amino acids, "(S+Rc) to Rnc IGHV mutation ratio". When comparing time-to-first-treatment (TTFT) of patients with (S+Rc)/Rnc ≤ 1 and >1, TTFTs were similar, even after matching groups for equal numbers of samples and identical numbers of mutations per sample. Thus, BCR structural change might not be the main reason for better outcomes for M-CLL. Since the total number of IGHV mutations associated better with longer TTFT, better clinical courses appear due to the biologic state of a B cell having undergone many stimulatory events leading to IGHV mutations. Analyses of larger patient cohorts will be needed to definitively answer this question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Kaufman
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Xiao-Jie Yan
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Wentian Li
- The Robert S. Boas Center for Genomics & Human Genetics, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Emanuela M. Ghia
- Center for Novel Therapeutics, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Anton W. Langerak
- Laboratory Medical Immunology, Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Laura Z. Rassenti
- Center for Novel Therapeutics, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | | | - Neil E. Kay
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Frederic Davi
- Department of Biological Hematology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière (AP-HP), Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - John C. Byrd
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Sarka Pospisilova
- Department of Internal Medicine - Hematology and Oncology and Department of Medical Genetics and Genomics, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Jennifer R. Brown
- Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Mark Catherwood
- Clinical Hematology, Belfast City Hospital, Belfast, Ireland
| | - Zadie Davis
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Royal Bournemouth Hospital, Bournemouth, United Kingdom
| | - David Oscier
- Department of Hematology, Royal Bournemouth Hospital, Bournemouth, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Montillo
- Department of Hematology & Oncology, Niguarda Cancer Center, Niguarda Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Livio Trentin
- Hematology Unit, Department of Medicine-(DIMED), University of Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy
| | - Richard Rosenquist
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paolo Ghia
- Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Jacqueline C. Barrientos
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Uniondale, NY, United States
- Departments of Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Uniondale, NY, United States
- Northwell Health Cancer Institute, Lake Success, NY, United States
| | - Jonathan E. Kolitz
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
- Northwell Health Cancer Institute, Lake Success, NY, United States
| | - Steven L. Allen
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
- Northwell Health Cancer Institute, Lake Success, NY, United States
| | - Kanti R. Rai
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Uniondale, NY, United States
- Departments of Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Uniondale, NY, United States
- Northwell Health Cancer Institute, Lake Success, NY, United States
| | - Kostas Stamatopoulos
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Thomas J. Kipps
- Center for Novel Therapeutics, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Donna Neuberg
- Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Nicholas Chiorazzi
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Uniondale, NY, United States
- Departments of Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Uniondale, NY, United States
- Northwell Health Cancer Institute, Lake Success, NY, United States
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12
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Chen H, Zheng H, Li T, Jiang Q, Liu S, Zhou X, Ding Y, Xiang X. Protective Effect of Oyster Peptides Derived From Crassostrea gigas on Intestinal Oxidative Damage Induced by Cyclophosphamide in Mice Mediated Through Nrf2-Keap1 Signaling Pathway. Front Nutr 2022; 9:888960. [PMID: 35651503 PMCID: PMC9149377 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.888960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oyster peptide (OP) has exhibited useful biological activities and can be used in multi-functional foods. OP has been reported to play a significant role in intestinal protection, but its specific mechanism is still not completely understood. The aim of this study was to analyze the potential effect of OP on oxidative damage of mice intestine induced by cyclophosphamide (Cy). The experimental results revealed that intragastric administration of OP significantly increased average bodyweight, improved ileum tissue morphology and villus structure, as well as increased the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in oxidized mice serum and liver. The content of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the mice serum and liver homogenate was found to be markedly decreased. Moreover, OP significantly increased the relative mRNA expression levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX), quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1) and heme oxidase-1 (HO-1) in ileum. Western-blot results indicated that prior administration of OP significantly up-regulated the Nrf2 production in ileum, and substantially decreased then Keap1 gene expression. In conclusion, intake of OP was found to markedly improve intestinal oxidative stress in vivo, and this effect was primarily mediated through the simulation of antioxidant Nrf2-Keap1 signaling pathway. This study is beneficial to the application of peptide nutrients in the prevention or mitigation of intestinal oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources Exploitment and Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China.,National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
| | - Huizhen Zheng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources Exploitment and Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tiejun Li
- Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Zhoushan, China
| | - Qihong Jiang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources Exploitment and Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shulai Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources Exploitment and Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuxia Zhou
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources Exploitment and Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuting Ding
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources Exploitment and Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xingwei Xiang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources Exploitment and Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
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13
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Mazzarello AN, Gentner-Göbel E, Dühren-von Minden M, Tarasenko TN, Nicolò A, Ferrer G, Vergani S, Liu Y, Bagnara D, Rai KR, Burger JA, McGuire PJ, Maity PC, Jumaa H, Chiorazzi N. B-cell receptor isotypes differentially associate with cell signaling, kinetics, and outcome in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J Clin Invest 2021; 132:149308. [PMID: 34813501 PMCID: PMC8759784 DOI: 10.1172/jci149308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), the B cell receptor (BCR) plays a critical role in disease development and progression, as indicated by the therapeutic efficacy of drugs blocking BCR signaling. However, the mechanism(s) underlying BCR responsiveness are not completely defined. Selective engagement of membrane IgM or IgD on CLL cells, each coexpressed by more than 90% of cases, leads to distinct signaling events. Since both IgM and IgD carry the same antigen-binding domains, the divergent actions of the receptors are attributed to differences in immunoglobulin (Ig) structure or the outcome of signal transduction. We showed that IgM, not IgD, level and organization associated with CLL-cell birth rate and the type and consequences of BCR signaling in humans and mice. The latter IgM-driven effects were abrogated when BCR signaling was inhibited. Collectively, these studies demonstrated a critical, selective role for IgM in BCR signaling and B cell fate decisions, possibly opening new avenues for CLL therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea N Mazzarello
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, United States of America
| | | | | | - Tatyana N Tarasenko
- Metabolism, Infection and Immunity Section, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States of America
| | | | - Gerardo Ferrer
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, United States of America
| | - Stefano Vergani
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, United States of America
| | - Yun Liu
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, United States of America
| | - Davide Bagnara
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, United States of America
| | - Kanti R Rai
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, United States of America
| | - Jan A Burger
- Department of Leukemia, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States of America
| | - Peter J McGuire
- National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States of America
| | - Palash C Maity
- Institute for Immunology, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Hassan Jumaa
- Institute for Immunology, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Nicholas Chiorazzi
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, United States of America
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14
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CD4+ T cells sustain aggressive chronic lymphocytic leukemia in Eμ-TCL1 mice through a CD40L-independent mechanism. Blood Adv 2021; 5:2817-2828. [PMID: 34269799 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020003795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is caused by the progressive accumulation of mature CD5+ B cells in secondary lymphoid organs. In vitro data suggest that CD4+ T lymphocytes also sustain survival and proliferation of CLL clones through CD40L/CD40 interactions. In vivo data in animal models are conflicting. To clarify this clinically relevant biological issue, we generated genetically modified Eμ-TCL1 mice lacking CD4+ T cells (TCL1+/+AB0), CD40 (TCL1+/+CD40-/-), or CD8+ T cells (TCL1+/+TAP-/-), and we monitored the appearance and progression of a disease that mimics aggressive human CLL by flow cytometry and immunohistochemical analyses. Findings were confirmed by adoptive transfer of leukemic cells into mice lacking CD4+ T cells or CD40L or mice treated with antibodies depleting CD4 T cells or blocking CD40L/CD40 interactions. CLL clones did not proliferate in mice lacking or depleted of CD4+ T cells, thus confirming that CD4+ T cells are essential for CLL development. By contrast, CD8+ T cells exerted an antitumor activity, as indicated by the accelerated disease progression in TCL1+/+TAP-/- mice. Antigen specificity of CD4+ T cells was marginal for CLL development, because CLL clones efficiently proliferated in transgenic mice whose CD4 T cells had a T-cell receptor with CLL-unrelated specificities. Leukemic clones also proliferated when transferred into wild-type mice treated with monoclonal antibodies blocking CD40 or into CD40L-/- mice, and TCL1+/+CD40-/- mice developed frank CLL. Our data demonstrate that CD8+ T cells restrain CLL progression, whereas CD4+ T cells support the growth of leukemic clones in TCL1 mice through CD40-independent and apparently noncognate mechanisms.
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15
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Ng A, Chiorazzi N. Potential Relevance of B-cell Maturation Pathways in Defining the Cell(s) of Origin for Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2021; 35:665-685. [PMID: 34174979 DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2021.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a common, incurable disease of undefined cause. Notably, the normal cell equivalents of CLL cells remain elusive, and it is possible that the disease emanates from several normal B-cell subsets. This article reviews the literature relating to this issue, focusing on recent findings, in particular made through epigenetic analyses that strongly support the disease developing from a normal Ag-experienced and memory cell-like B lymphocyte. It also reports the known pathways whereby normal B lymphocytes mature after antigenic challenge and proposes that this information is relevant in defining the cells of origin of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Ng
- The Karches Center for Oncology Research, Institute for Molecular Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA; Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
| | - Nicholas Chiorazzi
- The Karches Center for Oncology Research, Institute for Molecular Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA; Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA.
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16
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Vlachonikola E, Sofou E, Chatzidimitriou A, Stamatopoulos K, Agathangelidis A. The Significance of B-cell Receptor Stereotypy in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: Biological and Clinical Implications. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2021; 35:687-702. [PMID: 34174980 DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2021.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The finding that (quasi)identical, stereotyped B-cell receptor (BcR) immunoglobulins IGs) are expressed in a significant fraction of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) highlighted the importance of antigen selection in disease pathogenesis. Subsets of patients sharing the same stereotyped BcR IG display consistent biological features and, at least for certain subsets, clinical presentation and outcome, including the response to particular treatment. On these grounds, BcR IG stereotypy emerges as a useful tool for dissecting the pronounced heterogeneity of CLL toward refining risk stratification and therapeutic management aligned with the principles of precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisavet Vlachonikola
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, 6th km Charilaou - Thermis, 57001 Thermi, Thessaloniki, Greece; Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - Electra Sofou
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, 6th km Charilaou - Thermis, 57001 Thermi, Thessaloniki, Greece; Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - Anastasia Chatzidimitriou
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, 6th km Charilaou - Thermis, 57001 Thermi, Thessaloniki, Greece; Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75236, Sweden
| | - Kostas Stamatopoulos
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, 6th km Charilaou - Thermis, 57001 Thermi, Thessaloniki, Greece; Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75236, Sweden.
| | - Andreas Agathangelidis
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, 6th km Charilaou - Thermis, 57001 Thermi, Thessaloniki, Greece
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17
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Integrated Analysis to Identify a Redox-Related Prognostic Signature for Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:6648093. [PMID: 33968297 PMCID: PMC8084660 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6648093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The imbalance of the redox system has been shown to be closely related to the occurrence and progression of many cancers. However, the biological function and clinical significance of redox-related genes (RRGs) in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) are unclear. In our current study, we downloaded transcriptome data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database of ccRCC patients and identified the differential expression of RRGs in tumor and normal kidney tissues. Then, we identified a total of 344 differentially expressed RRGs, including 234 upregulated and 110 downregulated RRGs. Fourteen prognosis-related RRGs (ADAM8, CGN, EIF4EBP1, FOXM1, G6PC, HAMP, HTR2C, ITIH4, LTB4R, MMP3, PLG, PRKCG, SAA1, and VWF) were selected out, and a prognosis-related signature was constructed based on these RRGs. Survival analysis showed that overall survival was lower in the high-risk group than in the low-risk group. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the risk score signature was 0.728 at three years and 0.759 at five years in the TCGA cohort and 0.804 at three years and 0.829 at five years in the E-MTAB-1980 cohort, showing good predictive performance. In addition, we explored the regulatory relationships of these RRGs with upstream miRNA, their biological functions and molecular mechanisms, and their relationship with immune cell infiltration. We also established a nomogram based on these prognostic RRGs and performed internal and external validation in the TCGA and E-MTAB-1980 cohorts, respectively, showing an accurate prediction of ccRCC prognosis. Moreover, a stratified analysis showed a significant correlation between the prognostic signature and ccRCC progression.
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18
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Rosén A, Bergh AC, Gogok P, Evaldsson C, Myhrinder AL, Hellqvist E, Rasul A, Björkholm M, Jansson M, Mansouri L, Liu A, Teh BT, Rosenquist R, Klein E. Lymphoblastoid cell line with B1 cell characteristics established from a chronic lymphocytic leukemia clone by in vitro EBV infection. Oncoimmunology 2021; 1:18-27. [PMID: 22720208 PMCID: PMC3376971 DOI: 10.4161/onci.1.1.18400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells express the receptor for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and can be infected in vitro. Infected cells do not express the growth-promoting set of EBV-encoded genes and therefore they do not yield LCLs, in most experiments. With exceptional clones, lines were obtained however. We describe a new line, HG3, established by in vitro EBV-infection from an IGHV1–2 unmutated CLL patient clone. All cells expressed EBNA-2 and LMP-1, the EBV-encoded genes pivotal for transformation. The karyotype, FISH cytogenetics and SNP-array profile of the line and the patient's ex vivo clone showed biallelic 13q14 deletions with genomic loss of DLEU7, miR15a/miR16–1, the two micro-RNAs that are deleted in 50% of CLL cases. Further features of CLL cells were: expression of CD5/CD20/CD27/CD43 and release of IgM natural antibodies reacting with oxLDL-like epitopes on apoptotic cells (cf. stereotyped subset-1). Comparison with two LCLs established from normal B cells showed 32 genes expressed at higher levels (> 2-fold). Among these were LHX2 and LILRA. These genes may play a role in the development of the disease. LHX2 expression was shown in self-renewing multipotent hematopoietic stem cells, and LILRA4 codes for a receptor for bone marrow stromal cell antigen-2 that contributes to B cell development. Twenty-four genes were expressed at lower levels, among these PARD3 that is essential for asymmetric cell division. These genes may contribute to establish precursors of CLL clones by regulation of cellular phenotype in the hematopoietic compartment. Expression of CD5/CD20/CD27/CD43 and spontaneous production of natural antibodies may identify the CLL cell as a self-renewing B1 lymphocyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Rosén
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine; Division of Cell Biology; Linköping University; Linköping, Sweden
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19
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Thurner L, Hartmann S, Neumann F, Hoth M, Stilgenbauer S, Küppers R, Preuss KD, Bewarder M. Role of Specific B-Cell Receptor Antigens in Lymphomagenesis. Front Oncol 2020; 10:604685. [PMID: 33363034 PMCID: PMC7756126 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.604685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling pathway is a crucial pathway of B cells, both for their survival and for antigen-mediated activation, proliferation and differentiation. Its activation is also critical for the genesis of many lymphoma types. BCR-mediated lymphoma proliferation may be caused by activating BCR-pathway mutations and/or by active or tonic stimulation of the BCR. BCRs of lymphomas have frequently been described as polyreactive. In this review, the role of specific target antigens of the BCRs of lymphomas is highlighted. These antigens have been found to be restricted to specific lymphoma entities. The antigens can be of infectious origin, such as H. pylori in gastric MALT lymphoma or RpoC of M. catarrhalis in nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma, or they are autoantigens. Examples of such autoantigens are the BCR itself in chronic lymphocytic leukemia, LRPAP1 in mantle cell lymphoma, hyper-N-glycosylated SAMD14/neurabin-I in primary central nervous system lymphoma, hypo-phosphorylated ARS2 in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, and hyper-phosphorylated SLP2, sumoylated HSP90 or saposin C in plasma cell dyscrasia. Notably, atypical posttranslational modifications are often responsible for the immunogenicity of many autoantigens. Possible therapeutic approaches evolving from these specific antigens are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz Thurner
- Department of Internal Medicine I, José Carreras Center for Immuno- and Gene Therapy, Saarland University Medical School, Homburg, Germany
| | - Sylvia Hartmann
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, Goethe University, Frankfurt a. Main, Germany
| | - Frank Neumann
- Department of Internal Medicine I, José Carreras Center for Immuno- and Gene Therapy, Saarland University Medical School, Homburg, Germany
| | - Markus Hoth
- Department of Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Stilgenbauer
- Department of Internal Medicine I, José Carreras Center for Immuno- and Gene Therapy, Saarland University Medical School, Homburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Küppers
- Medical School, Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Deutsches Konsortium für translationale Krebsforschung (DKTK), Partner Site Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Klaus-Dieter Preuss
- Department of Internal Medicine I, José Carreras Center for Immuno- and Gene Therapy, Saarland University Medical School, Homburg, Germany
| | - Moritz Bewarder
- Department of Internal Medicine I, José Carreras Center for Immuno- and Gene Therapy, Saarland University Medical School, Homburg, Germany
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20
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Haselager MV, Kater AP, Eldering E. Proliferative Signals in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia; What Are We Missing? Front Oncol 2020; 10:592205. [PMID: 33134182 PMCID: PMC7578574 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.592205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells cycle between lymphoid tissue sites where they actively proliferate, and the peripheral blood (PB) where they become quiescent. Strong evidence exists for a crucial role of B cell receptor (BCR) triggering, either by (self-)antigen or by receptor auto-engagement in the lymph node (LN) to drive CLL proliferation and provide adhesion. The clinical success of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors is widely accepted to be based on blockade of the BCR signal. Additional signals in the LN that support CLL survival derive from surrounding cells, such as CD40L-presenting T helper cells, myeloid and stromal cells. It is not quite clear if and to what extent these non-BCR signals contribute to proliferation in situ. In vitro BCR triggering, in contrast, leads to low-level activation and does not result in cell division. Various combinations of non-BCR signals delivered via co-stimulatory receptors, Toll-like receptors (TLRs), and/or soluble cytokines are applied, leading to comparatively modest and short-lived CLL proliferation in vitro. Thus, an unresolved gap exists between the condition in the patient as we now understand it and applicable knowledge that can be harnessed in the laboratory for future therapeutic applications. Even in this era of targeted drugs, CLL remains largely incurable with frequent relapses and emergence of resistance. Therefore, we require better insight into all aspects of CLL growth and potential rewiring of signaling pathways. We aim here to provide an overview of in vivo versus in vitro signals involved in CLL proliferation, point out areas of missing knowledge and suggest future directions for research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco V. Haselager
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic University Medical Center, location Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Lymphoma and Myeloma Center Amsterdam, LYMMCARE, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, LYMMCARE, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Arnon P. Kater
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, LYMMCARE, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Hematology, Academic University Medical Center, location Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Eric Eldering
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic University Medical Center, location Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Lymphoma and Myeloma Center Amsterdam, LYMMCARE, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, LYMMCARE, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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21
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Torres DC, Emmel V, Tascheri V, Campos MM, Bigni RDS, Sabino ADP, Yamamoto M, Campregher PV, Muniz MTC, Abdelhay E, Hassan R. Stereotyped B-cell receptors in the context of a diverse Brazilian series of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2020; 86:102491. [PMID: 32911384 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2020.102491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Davi Coe Torres
- Laboratory of Oncovirology, Center for Bone Marrow Transplants, Brazilian National Cancer Institute - INCA, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Vanessa Emmel
- Laboratory of Oncovirology, Center for Bone Marrow Transplants, Brazilian National Cancer Institute - INCA, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Veronica Tascheri
- Laboratory of Oncovirology, Center for Bone Marrow Transplants, Brazilian National Cancer Institute - INCA, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mércia Mendes Campos
- Laboratory of Immunology, Center for Bone Marrow Transplants, Brazilian National Cancer Institute - INCA, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ricardo de Sá Bigni
- Hematology Service, Brazilian National Cancer Institute - INCA, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Adriano de Paula Sabino
- Clinical and Toxicological Analysis Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Mihoko Yamamoto
- Hematology Division, Federal University of São Paulo (EPM-UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Eliana Abdelhay
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Center for Bone Marrow Transplants, Brazilian National Cancer Institute - INCA, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rocio Hassan
- Laboratory of Oncovirology, Center for Bone Marrow Transplants, Brazilian National Cancer Institute - INCA, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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22
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Harb J, Wilson BS, Hermouet S. Editorial: Structure, Isotypes, Targets, and Post-translational Modifications of Immunoglobulins and Their Role in Infection, Inflammation and Autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1761. [PMID: 32849630 PMCID: PMC7426392 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jean Harb
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, Inserm, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,CRCINA, Inserm, Université de Nantes, Université d'Angers, Nantes, France.,Laboratoire de Biochimie, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Bridget S Wilson
- University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States.,Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Sylvie Hermouet
- CRCINA, Inserm, Université de Nantes, Université d'Angers, Nantes, France.,Laboratoire d'Hématologie, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
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23
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Mechanisms of B Cell Receptor Activation and Responses to B Cell Receptor Inhibitors in B Cell Malignancies. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061396. [PMID: 32481736 PMCID: PMC7352865 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The B cell receptor (BCR) pathway has been identified as a potential therapeutic target in a number of common B cell malignancies, including chronic lymphocytic leukemia, diffuse large B cell lymphoma, Burkitt lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma, marginal zone B cell lymphoma, and Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia. This finding has resulted in the development of numerous drugs that target this pathway, including various inhibitors of the kinases BTK, PI3K, and SYK. Several of these drugs have been approved in recent years for clinical use, resulting in a profound change in the way these diseases are currently being treated. However, the response rates and durability of responses vary largely across the different disease entities, suggesting a different proportion of patients with an activated BCR pathway and different mechanisms of BCR pathway activation. Indeed, several antigen-dependent and antigen-independent mechanisms have recently been described and shown to result in the activation of distinct downstream signaling pathways. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the mechanisms responsible for the activation of the BCR pathway in different B cell malignancies and to correlate these mechanisms with clinical responses to treatment with BCR inhibitors.
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24
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Bosseboeuf A, Seillier C, Mennesson N, Allain-Maillet S, Fourny M, Tallet A, Piver E, Lehours P, Mégraud F, Berthelot L, Harb J, Bigot-Corbel E, Hermouet S. Analysis of the Targets and Glycosylation of Monoclonal IgAs From MGUS and Myeloma Patients. Front Immunol 2020; 11:854. [PMID: 32536913 PMCID: PMC7266999 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies showed that monoclonal immunoglobulins G (IgGs) of “monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance” (MGUS) and myeloma were hyposialylated, thus presumably pro-inflammatory, and for about half of patients, the target of the monoclonal IgG was either a virus—Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), other herpes viruses, hepatitis C virus (HCV)—or a glucolipid, lysoglucosylceramide (LGL1), suggesting antigen-driven disease in these patients. In the present study, we show that monoclonal IgAs share these characteristics. We collected 35 sera of patients with a monoclonal IgA (6 MGUS, 29 myeloma), and we were able to purify 25 of the 35 monoclonal IgAs (6 MGUS, 19 myeloma). Monoclonal IgAs from MGUS and myeloma patients were significantly less sialylated than IgAs from healthy volunteers. When purified monoclonal IgAs were tested against infectious pathogens and LGL1, five myeloma patients had a monoclonal IgA that specifically recognized viral proteins: the core protein of HCV in one case, EBV nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA-1) in four cases (21.1% of IgA myeloma). Monoclonal IgAs from three myeloma patients reacted against LGL1. In summary, monoclonal IgAs are hyposialylated and as described for IgG myeloma, significant subsets (8/19, or 42%) of patients with IgA myeloma may have viral or self (LGL1) antigen-driven disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Bosseboeuf
- CRCINA, Inserm, Université de Nantes, Université d'Angers, Nantes, France
| | - Célia Seillier
- CRCINA, Inserm, Université de Nantes, Université d'Angers, Nantes, France
| | - Nicolas Mennesson
- CRCINA, Inserm, Université de Nantes, Université d'Angers, Nantes, France
| | | | - Maeva Fourny
- CRCINA, Inserm, Université de Nantes, Université d'Angers, Nantes, France
| | - Anne Tallet
- Laboratoire de Biochimie, CHU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Eric Piver
- Laboratoire de Biochimie, CHU de Tours, Tours, France.,Inserm UMR966, Tours, France
| | - Philippe Lehours
- Inserm U1053, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Centre National de Reference des Campylobacters et des Hélicobacters, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Francis Mégraud
- Inserm U1053, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Centre National de Reference des Campylobacters et des Hélicobacters, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Laureline Berthelot
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, Inserm, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Jean Harb
- CRCINA, Inserm, Université de Nantes, Université d'Angers, Nantes, France.,Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, Inserm, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Laboratoire de Biochimie, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Edith Bigot-Corbel
- CRCINA, Inserm, Université de Nantes, Université d'Angers, Nantes, France.,Laboratoire de Biochimie, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Sylvie Hermouet
- CRCINA, Inserm, Université de Nantes, Université d'Angers, Nantes, France.,Laboratoire d'Hématologie, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
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25
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Young RM, Phelan JD, Wilson WH, Staudt LM. Pathogenic B-cell receptor signaling in lymphoid malignancies: New insights to improve treatment. Immunol Rev 2020; 291:190-213. [PMID: 31402495 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Signals emanating from the B-cell receptor (BCR) promote proliferation and survival in diverse forms of B-cell lymphoma. Precision medicine strategies targeting the BCR pathway have been generally effective in treating lymphoma, but often fail to produce durable responses in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), a common and aggressive cancer. New insights into DLBCL biology garnered from genomic analyses and functional proteogenomic studies have identified novel modes of BCR signaling in this disease. Herein, we describe the distinct roles of antigen-dependent and antigen-independent BCR signaling in different subtypes of DLBCL. We highlight mechanisms by which the BCR cooperates with TLR9 and mutant isoforms of MYD88 to drive sustained NF-κB activity in the activated B-cell-like (ABC) subtype of DLBCL. Finally, we discuss progress in detecting and targeting oncogenic BCR signaling to improve the survival of patients with lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Young
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - James D Phelan
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Wyndham H Wilson
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Louis M Staudt
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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26
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Gemenetzi K, Agathangelidis A, Zaragoza-Infante L, Sofou E, Papaioannou M, Chatzidimitriou A, Stamatopoulos K. B Cell Receptor Immunogenetics in B Cell Lymphomas: Immunoglobulin Genes as Key to Ontogeny and Clinical Decision Making. Front Oncol 2020; 10:67. [PMID: 32083012 PMCID: PMC7006488 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The clonotypic B cell receptor immunoglobulin (BcR IG) plays a seminal role in B cell lymphoma development and evolution. From a clinical perspective, this view is supported by the remarkable therapeutic efficacy of BcR signaling inhibitors, even among heavily pre-treated, relapsed/refractory patients. This clinical development complements immunogenetic evidence for antigen drive in the natural history of these tumors. Indeed, BcR IG gene repertoire biases have been documented in different B cell lymphoma subtypes, alluding to selection of B cell progenitors that express particular BcR IG. Moreover, distinct entities display imprints of somatic hypermutation within the clonotypic BcR IG gene following patterns that strengthen the argument for antigen selection. Of note, at least in certain B cell lymphomas, the BcR IG genes are intraclonally diversified, likely in a context of ongoing interactions with antigen(s). Moreover, BcR IG gene repertoire profiling suggests that unique immune pathways lead to distinct B cell lymphomas through targeting cells at different stages in the B cell differentiation trajectory (e.g., germinal center B cells in follicular lymphoma, FL). Regarding the implicated antigens, although their precise nature remains to be fully elucidated, immunogenetic analysis has offered important hints by revealing similarities between the BcR IG of particular lymphomas and B cell clones with known antigenic specificity: this has paved the way to functional studies that identified relevant antigenic determinants of classes of structurally similar epitopes. Finally, in certain tumors, most notably chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), immunogenetic analysis has also proven instrumental in accurate patient risk stratification since cases with differing BcR IG gene sequence features follow distinct disease courses and respond differently to particular treatment modalities. Overall, delving into the BcR IG gene sequences emerges as key to understanding B cell lymphoma pathophysiology, refining prognostication and assisting in making educated treatment choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Gemenetzi
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Andreas Agathangelidis
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Laura Zaragoza-Infante
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Electra Sofou
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maria Papaioannou
- Hematology Department, University General Hospital of Thessaloniki AHEPA, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Kostas Stamatopoulos
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece
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27
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Celebrating 20 Years of IGHV Mutation Analysis in CLL. Hemasphere 2020; 4:e334. [PMID: 32382709 PMCID: PMC7000474 DOI: 10.1097/hs9.0000000000000334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The division of CLL into 2 broad subsets with highly significant differences in clinical behavior was reported in 2 landmark papers in Blood in 1999.1,2 The simple analysis of the mutational status of the IGV regions provided both a prognostic indicator and an insight into the cellular origins. Derivation from B cells with very low or no IGV mutations generally leads to a more aggressive disease course than derivation from B cells with higher levels. This finding focused attention on surface Ig (sIg), the major B-cell receptor, and revealed dynamic antigen engagement in vivo as a tumor driver. It has also led to new drugs aimed at components of the intracellular activation cascades. After 20 years, the 2 senior authors of those papers have looked at the history of the observations and at the increasing understanding of the role of sIg in CLL that have emanated from them. As in the past, studies of CLL have provided a link between biology and the clinic, enabling more precise targeting which attacks critical pathways but minimizes side effects.
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28
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B cell receptor ligation induces display of V-region peptides on MHC class II molecules to T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:25850-25859. [PMID: 31796587 PMCID: PMC6926052 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1902836116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
B and T lymphocytes collaborate during immune responses to antigens. B cells use membrane-bound antibody as part of their antigen receptor while T cells use a different receptor that recognizes antigen fragments bound to MHC molecules. We show here that T cells can recognize the variable parts of the B cell receptor when these are presented on MHC molecules. A prerequisite for such receptor cross-talk is that the B cell receptor binds antigen. The cross-talk results in collaboration between B and T cells and production of antibodies directed against the antigen. The findings have implications for basic immune regulation. The results may also help us understand the mechanism behind the development of SLE-like autoimmune diseases and B cell lymphomas. The B cell receptors (BCRs) for antigen express variable (V) regions that are enormously diverse, thus serving as markers on individual B cells. V region-derived idiotypic (Id) peptides can be displayed as pId:MHCII complexes on B cells for recognition by CD4+ T cells. It is not known if naive B cells spontaneously display pId:MHCII in vivo or if BCR ligation is required for expression, thereby enabling collaboration between Id+ B cells and Id-specific T cells. Here, using a mouse model, we show that naive B cells do not express readily detectable levels of pId:MHCII. However, BCR ligation by Ag dramatically increases physical display of pId:MHCII, leading to activation of Id-specific CD4+ T cells, extrafollicular T–B cell collaboration and some germinal center formation, and production of Id+ IgG. Besides having implications for immune regulation, the results may explain how persistent activation of self-reactive B cells induces the development of autoimmune diseases and B cell lymphomas.
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29
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Puła B, Gołos A, Górniak P, Jamroziak K. Overcoming Ibrutinib Resistance in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1834. [PMID: 31766355 PMCID: PMC6966427 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11121834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ibrutinib is the first Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor, which showed significant clinical activity in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL) patients regardless of cytogenetic risk factors. Recent results of phase III clinical trials in treatment-naïve CLL patients shift the importance of the agent to frontline therapy. Nevertheless, beside its clinical efficacy, ibrutinib possesses some off-target activity resulting in ibrutinib-characteristic adverse events including bleeding diathesis and arrhythmias. Furthermore, acquired and primary resistance to the drug have been described. As the use of ibrutinib in clinical practice increases, the problem of resistance is becoming apparent, and new methods of overcoming this clinical problem arise. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms of BTK inhibitors' resistance and discuss the post-ibrutinib treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Puła
- Department of Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Aleksandra Gołos
- Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Patryk Górniak
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Krzysztof Jamroziak
- Department of Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland;
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30
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Molecular modelling of epitopes recognized by neoplastic B lymphocytes in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 185:111838. [PMID: 31718942 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Identification of epitopes recognized by tumour B cells could provide insights into the molecular mechanisms of B cell tumorigenesis through aberrant B cell receptor (BCR) signalling. Here, we analysed the structure of eleven peptides binders of BCRs expressed in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) patients in order to identify the chemical features required for cross-reactive binding to different CLL clonotypes. Four cross-reactive (CR) and seven no-cross-reactive (NCR) peptides were analysed by means of GRID molecular interaction fields, ligand-based pharmacophore and 3D-QSAR approaches. Based on pharmacophore model, two peptides were generated by specific amino acids substitutions of the parental NCR peptides; these new peptides resumed the common chemical features of CR peptides and bound the CLL BCR clonotypes recognized by CR peptides and parental NCR peptides. Thus, our computational approach guided the pharmacophore modelling of CR peptides. In perspective, peptide binders of CLL BCR clonotypes could represent a powerful tool for computational modelling of epitopes recognized by tumour B cells clones.
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31
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Stranska K, Plevova K, Skuhrova Francova H, Skabrahova H, von Jagwitz-Biegnitz M, Radova L, Panovska A, Hrobkova S, Brychtova Y, Urbanova R, Smolej L, Simkovic M, Zuchnicka J, Mohammadova L, Spacek M, Mayer J, Pospisilova S, Doubek M. Profiling of biological and environmental risk factors in immunogenetic subgroups of chronic lymphocytic leukemia - Czech national study. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2019; 164:425-434. [PMID: 31558845 DOI: 10.5507/bp.2019.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS This is a nation-wide survey of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients at six large hematology centers in the Czech Republic. The aim was to identify specific populations, social, and health characteristics of CLL subgroups divided according to the immunogenetic features of their B cell receptors (BCRs) and clonality. PATIENTS AND METHODS Questionnaires directed to specific health, social, and environmental conditions were collected in a cohort of 573 CLL patients. For these patients, immunoglobulin heavy chain gene rearrangements were also analyzed in order to gain information about their clonality, IGHV mutational status, and the presence of stereotyped BCRs. Data extracted from the questionnaires were analyzed statistically in the context of immunogenetic features of the cohort. RESULTS There were no statistically significant differences in the data collected in the survey between patients with mutated and patients with unmutated IGHV. However, patients with oligoclonal CLL reported health conditions such as hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, herpes simplex, tumors, and also, separately, CLL in 1st degree relatives, more often than their monoclonal counterparts. In patients with stereotyped BCRs, we found more frequent alcohol consumption and gastric infections in subset #1 cases and frequent cholecystectomies and familial CLL in subset #2 cases. CONCLUSION To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to investigate CLL immunogenetic features and clonality in the context of epidemiological data. We reported statistically significant associations suggesting the influence of certain health and social conditions on a number of clonal populations expanding in CLL and also on characteristic BCR features, especially stereotypy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Stranska
- Department of Internal Medicine - Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Karla Plevova
- Department of Internal Medicine - Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Skuhrova Francova
- Department of Internal Medicine - Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Skabrahova
- Department of Internal Medicine - Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Magdalena von Jagwitz-Biegnitz
- Department of Internal Medicine - Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Radova
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Panovska
- Department of Internal Medicine - Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Stanislava Hrobkova
- Department of Internal Medicine - Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Yvona Brychtova
- Department of Internal Medicine - Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Renata Urbanova
- Department of Hemato-Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc and University Hospital Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Jana Zuchnicka
- Department of Hematooncology, University Hospital Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Lekaa Mohammadova
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | | | - Jiri Mayer
- Department of Internal Medicine - Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sarka Pospisilova
- Department of Internal Medicine - Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michael Doubek
- Department of Internal Medicine - Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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32
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Meijers RWJ, Muggen AF, Leon LG, de Bie M, van Dongen JJM, Hendriks RW, Langerak AW. Responsiveness of chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells to B-cell receptor stimulation is associated with low expression of regulatory molecules of the nuclear factor-κB pathway. Haematologica 2019; 105:182-192. [PMID: 31097630 PMCID: PMC6939541 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2018.215566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a disease with heterogeneous clinical and biological characteristics. Differences in Ca2+ levels among cases, both basal and upon B-cell receptor (BCR) stimulation, may reflect heterogeneity in the pathogenesis due to cell-intrinsic factors. Our aim was to elucidate cell-intrinsic differences between BCR-responsive and -unresponsive cases. We therefore determined BCR responsiveness ex vivo based on Ca2+ influx upon α-IgM stimulation of purified CLL cell fractions from 52 patients. Phosphorylation levels of various BCR signaling molecules, and expression of activation markers were assessed by flow cytometry. Transcription profiling of responsive (n=6) and unresponsive cases (n=6) was performed by RNA sequencing. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis was used to validate transcript level differences in a larger cohort. In 24 cases an α-IgM response was visible by Ca2+ influx which was accompanied by higher phosphorylation of PLCγ2 and Akt after α-IgM stimulation in combination with higher surface expression of IgM, IgD, CD19, CD38 and CD43 compared to the unresponsive cases (n=28). Based on RNA sequencing analysis several components of the canonical nuclear factor (NF)-κB pathway, especially those related to NF-κB inhibition, were expressed more highly in unresponsive cases. Moreover, upon α-IgM stimulation, the expression of these NF-κB pathway genes (especially genes coding for NF-κB pathway inhibitors but also NF-κB subunit REL) was upregulated in BCR-responsive cases while the level did not change, compared to basal level, in the unresponsive cases. These findings suggest that cells from CLL cases with enhanced NF-κB signaling have a lesser capacity to respond to BCR stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruud W J Meijers
- Laboratory Medical Immunology, Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam
| | - Alice F Muggen
- Laboratory Medical Immunology, Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam
| | - Leticia G Leon
- Laboratory Medical Immunology, Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam
| | - Maaike de Bie
- Laboratory Medical Immunology, Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam
| | - Jacques J M van Dongen
- Laboratory Medical Immunology, Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam.,Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden
| | - Rudi W Hendriks
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anton W Langerak
- Laboratory Medical Immunology, Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam
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33
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Gupta R, Li W, Yan XJ, Barrientos J, Kolitz JE, Allen SL, Rai K, Chiorazzi N, Mongini PKA. Mechanism for IL-15-Driven B Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Cycling: Roles for AKT and STAT5 in Modulating Cyclin D2 and DNA Damage Response Proteins. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:2924-2944. [PMID: 30988120 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Clonal expansion of B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) occurs within lymphoid tissue pseudofollicles. IL-15, a stromal cell-associated cytokine found within spleens and lymph nodes of B-CLL patients, significantly boosts in vitro cycling of blood-derived B-CLL cells following CpG DNA priming. Both IL-15 and CpG DNA are elevated in microbe-draining lymphatic tissues, and unraveling the basis for IL-15-driven B-CLL growth could illuminate new therapeutic targets. Using CpG DNA-primed human B-CLL clones and approaches involving both immunofluorescent staining and pharmacologic inhibitors, we show that both PI3K/AKT and JAK/STAT5 pathways are activated and functionally important for IL-15→CD122/ɣc signaling in ODN-primed cells expressing activated pSTAT3. Furthermore, STAT5 activity must be sustained for continued cycling of CFSE-labeled B-CLL cells. Quantitative RT-PCR experiments with inhibitors of PI3K and STAT5 show that both contribute to IL-15-driven upregulation of mRNA for cyclin D2 and suppression of mRNA for DNA damage response mediators ATM, 53BP1, and MDC1. Furthermore, protein levels of these DNA damage response molecules are reduced by IL-15, as indicated by Western blotting and immunofluorescent staining. Bioinformatics analysis of ENCODE chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing data from cell lines provides insight into possible mechanisms for STAT5-mediated repression. Finally, pharmacologic inhibitors of JAKs and STAT5 significantly curtailed B-CLL cycling when added either early or late in a growth response. We discuss how the IL-15-induced changes in gene expression lead to rapid cycling and possibly enhanced mutagenesis. STAT5 inhibitors might be an effective modality for blocking B-CLL growth in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Gupta
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030
| | - Wentian Li
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030
| | - Xiao J Yan
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030
| | | | - Jonathan E Kolitz
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030.,Department of Medicine, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030.,Department of Medicine, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY 11549; and
| | - Steven L Allen
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030.,Department of Medicine, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030.,Department of Medicine, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY 11549; and
| | - Kanti Rai
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030.,Department of Medicine, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY 11549; and.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY 11549
| | - Nicholas Chiorazzi
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030.,Department of Medicine, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY 11549; and.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY 11549
| | - Patricia K A Mongini
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030; .,Department of Molecular Medicine, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY 11549
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Abstract
The majority of lymphomas originate from B cells at the germinal center stage. Preferential selection of B-cell clones by a limited set of antigens has been suggested to drive lymphoma development. While recent studies in chronic lymphocytic leukemia have shown that self-reactive B-cell receptors (BCR) can generate cell-autonomous signaling and proliferation, our knowledge about the role of BCRs for the development or survival of other lymphomas remains limited. Here, we describe a strategy to characterize the antibody reactivity of human B cells. The approach allows the unbiased characterization of the human antibody repertoire at single-cell level through the generation of recombinant monoclonal antibodies from single primary human B cells of defined origin. This protocol offers a detailed description of the method starting from the flow-cytometric isolation of single human B cells to the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)-based amplification of the expressed immunoglobulin (Ig) transcripts (IGH, IGK, and IGL) and their subsequent cloning into expression vectors for the in vitro production of recombinant monoclonal antibodies. The strategy may be used to obtain information on the clonal evolution of B-cell lymphomas by single-cell sequencing of Ig transcripts and on the antibody reactivity of human lymphoma B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hedda Wardemann
- Division of B-Cell Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Christian E Busse
- Division of B-Cell Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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35
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Ten Hacken E, Gounari M, Ghia P, Burger JA. The importance of B cell receptor isotypes and stereotypes in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leukemia 2018; 33:287-298. [PMID: 30555163 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-018-0303-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
B cell receptor (BCR) signaling is a central pathway promoting the survival and proliferation of normal and malignant B cells. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) arises from mature B cells, expressing functional BCRs, mainly of immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgD isotypes. Importantly, 30% of CLL patients express quasi-identical BCRs, the so-called "stereotyped" receptors, indicating the existence of common antigenic determinants, which may drive disease initiation and favor its progression. Although the antigenic specificity of IgM and IgD receptors is identical, there are distinct isotype-specific responses after IgM and IgD triggering. Here, we discuss the most important steps of normal B cell development, and highlight the importance of BCR signaling for CLL pathogenesis, with a focus on differences between IgM and IgD isotype signaling. We also highlight the main characteristics of CLL patient subsets, based on BCR stereotypy, and describe subset-specific BCR function and antigen-binding characteristics. Finally, we outline the key biologic and clinical responses to kinase inhibitor therapy, targeting the BCR-associated Bruton's tyrosine kinase, phosphoinositide-3-kinase, and spleen tyrosine kinase in patients with CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Ten Hacken
- Department of Leukemia, Unit 428, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maria Gounari
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Paolo Ghia
- Strategic Research Program on CLL, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele and Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Jan A Burger
- Department of Leukemia, Unit 428, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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36
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Pal Singh S, de Bruijn MJW, de Almeida MP, Meijers RWJ, Nitschke L, Langerak AW, Pillai SY, Stadhouders R, Hendriks RW. Identification of Distinct Unmutated Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Subsets in Mice Based on Their T Cell Dependency. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1996. [PMID: 30271400 PMCID: PMC6146083 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) can be divided into prognostically distinct subsets with stereotyped or non-stereotyped, mutated or unmutated B cell receptors (BCRs). Individual subsets vary in antigen specificity and origin, but the impact of antigenic pressure on the CLL BCR repertoire remains unknown. Here, we employed IgH.TEμ mice that spontaneously develop CLL, expressing mostly unmutated BCRs of which ~35% harbor VH11-2/Vκ14-126 and recognize phosphatidylcholine. Proportions of VH11/Vκ14-expressing CLL were increased in the absence of functional germinal centers in IgH.TEμ mice deficient for CD40L or activation-induced cytidine deaminase. Conversely, in vivo T cell-dependent immunization decreased the proportions of VH11/Vκ14-expressing CLL. Furthermore, CLL onset was accelerated by enhanced BCR signaling in Siglec-G−/− mice or in mice expressing constitutively active Bruton's tyrosine kinase. Transcriptional profiling revealed that VH11 and non-VH11 CLL differed in the upregulation of specific pathways implicated in cell signaling and metabolism. Interestingly, principal component analyses using the 148 differentially expressed genes revealed that VH11 and non-VH11 CLL clustered with BCR-stimulated and anti-CD40-stimulated B cells, respectively. We identified an expression signature consisting of 13 genes that were differentially expressed in a larger panel of T cell-dependent non-VH11 CLL compared with T cell-independent VH11/Vκ14 or mutated IgH.TEμ CLL. Parallel differences in the expression of these 13 signature genes were observed between heterogeneous and stereotypic human unmutated CLL. Our findings provide evidence for two distinct unmutated CLL subsets with a specific transcriptional signature: one is T cell-independent and B-1 cell-derived while the other arises upon antigen stimulation in the context of T-cell help.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simar Pal Singh
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Post-graduate School Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Lars Nitschke
- Department of Genetics, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | | | - Ralph Stadhouders
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Rudi W Hendriks
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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37
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Hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress and its impact on innate immune responses in lung carcinoma A549 cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2018; 450:135-147. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-018-3380-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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38
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dysregulated B cell receptor (BCR) signaling has been identified as a potent contributor to tumor survival in B cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHLs). This pathway's emergence as a rational therapeutic target in NHL led to development of BCR-directed agents, including inhibitors of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK), spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK), and phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K). Several drugs have become valuable assets in the anti-lymphoma armamentarium. AREAS COVERED We provide an overview of the BCR pathway, its dysregulation in B cell NHL, and the drugs developed to target BCR signaling in lymphoma. Mechanisms, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, efficacy, and toxicity of currently available BTK, SYK, and PI3K inhibitors are described. EXPERT OPINION While the excellent response rates and favorable toxicity profile of the BTK inhibitor ibrutinib in certain NHL subtypes have propelled it to consideration as frontline therapy in selected populations, additional data and clinical studies are needed before other agents targeting BCR signaling influence clinical practice similarly. PI3K inhibitors remain an option for some relapsed indolent lymphomas and chronic lymphocytic leukemia, but their widespread use may be limited by adverse effects. Future research should include efforts to overcome resistance to BTK inhibitors, combination therapy using BCR-targeted agents, and exploration of novel agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Valla
- Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University - Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, 1365 C Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Christopher R. Flowers
- Emory University - Winship Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, 1365 Clifton Road, N.E. Building B, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Jean L. Koff
- Emory University - Winship Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, 1365 Clifton Road, N.E. Building B, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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39
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Grondona P, Bucher P, Schulze-Osthoff K, Hailfinger S, Schmitt A. NF-κB Activation in Lymphoid Malignancies: Genetics, Signaling, and Targeted Therapy. Biomedicines 2018; 6:biomedicines6020038. [PMID: 29587428 PMCID: PMC6027339 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines6020038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The NF-κB transcription factor family plays a crucial role in lymphocyte proliferation and survival. Consequently, aberrant NF-κB activation has been described in a variety of lymphoid malignancies, including diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, and adult T-cell leukemia. Several factors, such as persistent infections (e.g., with Helicobacter pylori), the pro-inflammatory microenvironment of the cancer, self-reactive immune receptors as well as genetic lesions altering the function of key signaling effectors, contribute to constitutive NF-κB activity in these malignancies. In this review, we will discuss the molecular consequences of recurrent genetic lesions affecting key regulators of NF-κB signaling. We will particularly focus on the oncogenic mechanisms by which these alterations drive deregulated NF-κB activity and thus promote the growth and survival of the malignant cells. As the concept of a targeted therapy based on the mutational status of the malignancy has been supported by several recent preclinical and clinical studies, further insight in the function of NF-κB modulators and in the molecular mechanisms governing aberrant NF-κB activation observed in lymphoid malignancies might lead to the development of additional treatment strategies and thus improve lymphoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Grondona
- Interfaculty Institute for Biochemistry, Eberhard Karls University of Tuebingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 4, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Philip Bucher
- Interfaculty Institute for Biochemistry, Eberhard Karls University of Tuebingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 4, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Klaus Schulze-Osthoff
- Interfaculty Institute for Biochemistry, Eberhard Karls University of Tuebingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 4, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Stephan Hailfinger
- Interfaculty Institute for Biochemistry, Eberhard Karls University of Tuebingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 4, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Anja Schmitt
- Interfaculty Institute for Biochemistry, Eberhard Karls University of Tuebingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 4, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
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40
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Abstract
B cell receptor (BCR) signalling is crucial for normal B cell development and adaptive immunity. BCR signalling also supports the survival and growth of malignant B cells in patients with B cell leukaemias or lymphomas. The mechanism of BCR pathway activation in these diseases includes continuous BCR stimulation by microbial antigens or autoantigens present in the tissue microenvironment, activating mutations within the BCR complex or downstream signalling components and ligand-independent tonic BCR signalling. The most established agents targeting BCR signalling are Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors and PI3K isoform-specific inhibitors, and their introduction into the clinic is rapidly changing how B cell malignancies are treated. B cells and BCR-related kinases, such as BTK, also play a role in the microenvironment of solid tumours, such as squamous cell carcinoma and pancreatic cancer, and therefore targeting B cells or BCR-related kinases may have anticancer activity beyond B cell malignancies.
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MESH Headings
- Agammaglobulinaemia Tyrosine Kinase/antagonists & inhibitors
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- B-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/metabolism
- Lymphoma, Mantle-Cell/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, Mantle-Cell/metabolism
- Molecular Targeted Therapy/methods
- Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Neoplasms/metabolism
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Tumor Microenvironment
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan A Burger
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Adrian Wiestner
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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41
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Cutrona G, Tripodo C, Matis S, Recchia AG, Massucco C, Fabbi M, Colombo M, Emionite L, Sangaletti S, Gulino A, Reverberi D, Massara R, Boccardo S, de Totero D, Salvi S, Cilli M, Pellicanò M, Manzoni M, Fabris S, Airoldi I, Valdora F, Ferrini S, Gentile M, Vigna E, Bossio S, De Stefano L, Palummo A, Iaquinta G, Cardillo M, Zupo S, Cerruti G, Ibatici A, Neri A, Fais F, Ferrarini M, Morabito F. Microenvironmental regulation of the IL-23R/IL-23 axis overrides chronic lymphocytic leukemia indolence. Sci Transl Med 2018; 10:10/428/eaal1571. [DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aal1571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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42
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Glauzy S, Boccitto M, Bannock JM, Delmotte FR, Saadoun D, Cacoub P, Ice JA, Sivils KL, James JA, Wolin SL, Meffre E. Accumulation of Antigen-Driven Lymphoproliferations in Complement Receptor 2/CD21 -/low B Cells From Patients With Sjögren's Syndrome. Arthritis Rheumatol 2018; 70:298-307. [PMID: 29073352 DOI: 10.1002/art.40352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Patients with Sjögren's syndrome (SS) are prone to develop malignant lymphomas, and a correlation has been established between the lymphoproliferations occurring in these disorders and the presence in patients' blood of an unusual B cell population that down-regulates complement receptor 2/CD21. This study was undertaken to identify the B cell compartment from which these lymphoproliferations emerge and determine the mechanisms that promote clonal B cell expansion in patients with SS. METHODS The reactivity of antibodies expressed by CD19+CD10-CD27-IgM+CD21-/low cells isolated from the blood of patients with SS was tested using a polymerase chain reaction-based approach that allows us to clone and express, in vitro, recombinant antibodies produced by single B cells. RESULTS Clonal expansions were identified in CD21-/low B cells isolated from the peripheral blood of 3 patients with SS. These lymphoproliferations expressed B cell receptors (BCRs) that displayed somatic hypermutation lineage trees characteristic of a strong selection by antigens; one of these antigens was identified as a ribosomal self antigen. When the mutated BCR sequences expressed by the expanded CD21-/low B cell clones from patients with SS were reverted in vitro to their germline counterparts, one clone remained autoreactive. CONCLUSION Clonal lymphoproliferations in patients with SS preferentially accumulate in the autoreactive CD21-/low B cell compartment often expanded in these subjects, and recognition of self antigens may drive the clonal B cell expansion while further refining BCR self-reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salomé Glauzy
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Marco Boccitto
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | | | | | - David Saadoun
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR 7211, Inflammation-Immunopathology-Biotherapy Department, INSERM, UMR S 959, CNRS, FRE3632, and AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology, National Reference Center for Autoimmune and Autoinflammatory Diseases, Paris, France
| | - Patrice Cacoub
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR 7211, Inflammation-Immunopathology-Biotherapy Department, INSERM, UMR S 959, CNRS, FRE3632, and AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology, National Reference Center for Autoimmune and Autoinflammatory Diseases, Paris, France
| | - John A Ice
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City
| | - Kathy L Sivils
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation and University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City
| | - Judith A James
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation and University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City
| | - Sandra L Wolin
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Eric Meffre
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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43
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Rosenquist R, Beà S, Du MQ, Nadel B, Pan-Hammarström Q. Genetic landscape and deregulated pathways in B-cell lymphoid malignancies. J Intern Med 2017. [PMID: 28631441 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
With the introduction of next-generation sequencing, the genetic landscape of the complex group of B-cell lymphoid malignancies has rapidly been unravelled in recent years. This has provided important information about recurrent genetic events and identified key pathways deregulated in each lymphoma subtype. In parallel, there has been intense search and development of novel types of targeted therapy that 'hit' central mechanisms in lymphoma pathobiology, such as BTK, PI3K or BCL2 inhibitors. In this review, we will outline the current view of the genetic landscape of selected entities: follicular lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and marginal zone lymphoma. We will detail recurrent alterations affecting important signalling pathways, that is the B-cell receptor/NF-κB pathway, NOTCH signalling, JAK-STAT signalling, p53/DNA damage response, apoptosis and cell cycle regulation, as well as other perhaps unexpected cellular processes, such as immune regulation, cell migration, epigenetic regulation and RNA processing. Whilst many of these pathways/processes are commonly altered in different lymphoid tumors, albeit at varying frequencies, others are preferentially targeted in selected B-cell malignancies. Some of these genetic lesions are either involved in disease ontogeny or linked to the evolution of each disease and/or specific clinicobiological features, and some of them have been demonstrated to have prognostic and even predictive impact. Future work is especially needed to understand the therapy-resistant disease, particularly in patients treated with targeted therapy, and to identify novel targets and therapeutic strategies in order to realize true precision medicine in this clinically heterogeneous patient group.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Rosenquist
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S Beà
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), CIBER de Cáncer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M-Q Du
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - B Nadel
- CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Q Pan-Hammarström
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
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44
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Jiménez de Oya N, De Giovanni M, Fioravanti J, Übelhart R, Di Lucia P, Fiocchi A, Iacovelli S, Efremov DG, Caligaris-Cappio F, Jumaa H, Ghia P, Guidotti LG, Iannacone M. Pathogen-specific B-cell receptors drive chronic lymphocytic leukemia by light-chain-dependent cross-reaction with autoantigens. EMBO Mol Med 2017; 9:1482-1490. [PMID: 28899929 PMCID: PMC5666309 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201707732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Several lines of evidence indirectly suggest that antigenic stimulation through the B-cell receptor (BCR) supports chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) development. In addition to self-antigens, a number of microbial antigens have been proposed to contribute to the selection of the immunoglobulins expressed in CLL. How pathogen-specific BCRs drive CLL development remains, however, largely unexplored. Here, we utilized mouse models of CLL pathogenesis to equip B cells with virus-specific BCRs and study the effect of antigen recognition on leukemia growth. Our results show that BCR engagement is absolutely required for CLL development. Unexpectedly, however, neither acute nor chronic exposure to virus-derived antigens influenced leukemia progression. Rather, CLL clones preferentially selected light chains that, when paired with virus-specific heavy chains, conferred B cells the ability to recognize a broad range of autoantigens. Taken together, our results suggest that pathogens may drive CLL pathogenesis by selecting and expanding pathogen-specific B cells that cross-react with one or more self-antigens.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Autoantigens/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Immunoglobulin Light Chains/metabolism
- Immunoglobulins/metabolism
- Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-3/metabolism
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/metabolism
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Protein Array Analysis
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/metabolism
- Spleen/cytology
- Spleen/metabolism
- Vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus/genetics
- Vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Nereida Jiménez de Oya
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco De Giovanni
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Jessica Fioravanti
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Rudolf Übelhart
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Pietro Di Lucia
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Amleto Fiocchi
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Iacovelli
- Molecular Hematology Unit, International Centre for Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
| | - Dimitar G Efremov
- Molecular Hematology Unit, International Centre for Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Hassan Jumaa
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Paolo Ghia
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca G Guidotti
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Iannacone
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Experimental Imaging Center, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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45
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Ghia P, Nadel B, Sander B, Stamatopoulos K, Stevenson FK. Early stages in the ontogeny of small B-cell lymphomas: genetics and microenvironment. J Intern Med 2017; 282:395-414. [PMID: 28393412 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we focus on the mechanisms underlying lymphomagenesis in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, follicular lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma and splenic marginal zone lymphoma. The cells of origin of these small B-cell lymphomas are distinct, as are the characteristic chromosomal lesions and clinical courses. One shared feature is retention of expression of surface immunoglobulin. Analysis of this critical receptor reveals the point of differentiation reached by the cell of origin. Additionally, the sequence patterns of the immunoglobulin-variable domains can indicate a role for stimulants of the B-cell receptor before, during and after malignant transformation. The pathways driven via the B-cell receptor are now being targeted by specific kinase inhibitors with exciting clinical effects. To consider routes to pathogenesis, potentially offering earlier intervention, or to identify causative factors, genetic tools are being used to track pretransformation events and the early phases in lymphomagenesis. These methods are revealing that chromosomal changes are only one of the many steps involved, and that the influence of surrounding cells, probably multiple and variable according to tissue location, is required, both to establish tumours and to maintain growth and survival. Similarly, the influence of the tumour microenvironment may protect malignant cells from eradication by treatment, and the resulting minimal residual disease will eventually give rise to relapse. The common and different features of the four lymphomas will be summarized to show how normal B lymphocytes can be subverted to generate tumours, how these tumours evolve and how their weaknesses can be attacked by targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ghia
- Division of Experimental Oncology, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele and IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - B Nadel
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
| | - B Sander
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - K Stamatopoulos
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Center for Research and Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece.,Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - F K Stevenson
- Cancer Research UK Centre, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
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46
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Fichtner M, Dreyling M, Binder M, Trepel M. The role of B cell antigen receptors in mantle cell lymphoma. J Hematol Oncol 2017; 10:164. [PMID: 29041946 PMCID: PMC5646121 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-017-0533-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is characterized by an aggressive clinical course and secondary resistance to currently available therapies in most cases. Therefore, despite recent advances in the treatment of this disease, it is still considered to be incurable in the majority of cases. MCL B cells retain their B cell antigen receptor (BCR) expression during and after neoplastic transformation. BCRs in MCL show distinct patterns of antigen selection and ongoing BCR signaling. However, little is known about the involved antigens and the mechanisms leading to lymphomagenesis and lymphoma progression in MCL. Recent preclinical and clinical studies have established a crucial role of the BCR and the potential of inhibiting its signaling in this disease. This has established the B cell antigen receptor signaling cascade as a very promising therapeutic target to improve outcome in MCL alone or in combination with chemo-immunotherapy in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Fichtner
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland.,Department of Oncology and Hematology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin Dreyling
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital LMU Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Mascha Binder
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin Trepel
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany. .,Department of Hematology and Oncology, Augsburg Medical Center, Stenglinstr. 2, 86156, Augsburg, Germany.
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47
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van den Brand M, Scheijen B, Hess CJ, van Krieken JHJ, Groenen PJTA. Pathways towards indolent B-cell lymphoma - Etiology and therapeutic strategies. Blood Rev 2017; 31:426-435. [PMID: 28802906 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although patients with indolent B-cell lymphomas have a relatively good survival rate, conventional chemotherapy is not curative. Disease courses are typically characterized by multiple relapses and progressively shorter response duration with subsequent lines of therapy. There has been an explosion of innovative targeted agents in the past years. This review discusses current knowledge on the etiology of indolent B-cell lymphomas with respect to the role of micro-organisms, auto-immune diseases, and deregulated pathways caused by mutations. In particular, knowledge on the mutational landscape of indolent B-cell lymphomas has strongly increased in recent years and harbors great promise for more accurate decision making in the current wide range of therapeutic options. Despite this promise, only in chronic lymphocytic leukemia the detection of TP53 mutations and/or del17p currently have a direct effect on treatment decisions. Nevertheless, it is expected that in the near future the role of genetic testing will increase for prediction of response to targeted treatment as well as for more accurate prediction of prognosis in indolent B-cell lymphomas.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- DNA Damage
- Epigenesis, Genetic
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/etiology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/microbiology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/therapy
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/etiology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/genetics
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/microbiology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/therapy
- Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone/etiology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone/genetics
- Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone/microbiology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone/therapy
- Lymphoma, Follicular/etiology
- Lymphoma, Follicular/genetics
- Lymphoma, Follicular/microbiology
- Lymphoma, Follicular/therapy
- Molecular Targeted Therapy/methods
- Mutation
- Signal Transduction
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel van den Brand
- Department of Pathology, Radboud university medical center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Pathology-DNA, location Rijnstate, Wagnerlaan 55, 6815AD Arnhem, The Netherlands.
| | - Blanca Scheijen
- Department of Pathology, Radboud university medical center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Corine J Hess
- Department of Hematology, Radboud university medical center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - J Han Jm van Krieken
- Department of Pathology, Radboud university medical center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Patricia J T A Groenen
- Department of Pathology, Radboud university medical center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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48
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Hollander N, Haimovich J. Altered N-Linked Glycosylation in Follicular Lymphoma and Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: Involvement in Pathogenesis and Potential Therapeutic Targeting. Front Immunol 2017; 8:912. [PMID: 28824637 PMCID: PMC5539419 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
B-cell antigen receptor (BCR) expression is indispensable for survival of most B-cell malignancies. In follicular lymphoma (FL), N-linked glycosylation sites are introduced in the immunoglobulin (Ig) variable region genes. Oligosaccharides added to the acquired sites are unusually of the high-mannose type. These glycans interact with mannose-specific lectins, especially with dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing non-integrin (DC-SIGN). Lectin binding to FL triggers persistent activating signals, suggesting that lectins within the tumor microenvironment promote cell survival and proliferation. Insertion of N-glycosylation sites in Ig variable region genes has been detected in other germinal center-associated lymphomas, specifically in subsets of diffuse large B-cell lymphomas and Burkitt’s lymphomas, suggesting involvement of altered glycans in pathogenesis of these malignancies as well. Furthermore, the BCR in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) carries high-mannose oligosaccharides, albeit in the heavy chain constant rather than variable region. The high expression level of the unique glycoform, particularly in the more aggressive unmutated CLL subset, suggests a functional significance for this glycan in CLL. As lectin interaction with the BCR is critical for FL and probably for some other lymphomas, targeting this interaction is considered to be an interesting therapeutic strategy. Reagents for blockade of lectin–BCR interaction may include antibodies against high-mannose glycans and mannose-based oligosaccharide mimics or non-carbohydrate glycomimetics. Moreover, as this interaction triggers signaling pathways similar to those demonstrated for BCR engagement by antigen, BCR signal transduction inhibitors may emerge as effective therapeutics for lectin-driven malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurit Hollander
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Joseph Haimovich
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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49
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ten Hacken E, Gounari M, Back JW, Shimanovskaya E, Scarfò L, Kim E, Burks J, Ponzoni M, Ramirez GA, Wierda WG, Estrov Z, Keating MJ, Ferrajoli A, Stamatopoulos K, Ghia P, Burger JA. Calreticulin as a novel B-cell receptor antigen in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Haematologica 2017; 102:e394-e396. [PMID: 28751563 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2017.169102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa ten Hacken
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Maria Gounari
- IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele and Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.,Institute of Applied Biosciences, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | | | - Lydia Scarfò
- IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele and Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Ekaterina Kim
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jared Burks
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Maurilio Ponzoni
- IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele and Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | | | - William G Wierda
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zeev Estrov
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michael J Keating
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Alessandra Ferrajoli
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kostas Stamatopoulos
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Paolo Ghia
- IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele and Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Jan A Burger
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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50
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Catera R, Liu Y, Gao C, Yan XJ, Magli A, Allen SL, Kolitz JE, Rai KR, Chu CC, Feizi T, Stamatopoulos K, Chiorazzi N. Binding of CLL subset 4 B-cell receptor immunoglobulins to viable human memory B lymphocytes requires a distinctive IGKV somatic mutation. Mol Med 2017; 23:1-12. [PMID: 28097289 PMCID: PMC5364113 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2017.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Amino acid replacement mutations in certain CLL stereotyped B-cell receptor (BCR) immunoglobulins (IGs) at defined positions within antigen-binding sites strongly imply antigen selection. Prime examples of this are CLL subset 4 BCR IGs using IGHV4-34/IGHD5-18/IGHJ6 and IGKV2-30/IGKJ2 rearrangements. Conspicuously and unlike most CLL IGs, subset 4 IGs do not bind apoptotic cells. By testing the (auto)antigenic reactivities of subset 4 IGs toward viable lymphoid-lineage cells and specific autoantigens typically bound by IGHV4-34+ IGs, we found IGs from both subset 4 and non-subset 4 IGHV4-34-expressing CLL cases bind naïve B cells. However, only subset 4 IGs react with memory B cells. Furthermore, subset 4 IGs do not bind DNA nor i or I carbohydrate antigens, common targets of IGHV4-34-utilizing antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus and cold agglutinin disease, respectively. Notably, we found that subset 4 IG binding to memory B lymphocytes depends on an aspartic acid at position 66 of FR3 in the rearranged IGKV2-30 gene; this amino acid residue is acquired by somatic mutation. Our findings illustrate the importance of positive and negative selection criteria for structural elements in CLL IGs and suggest that autoantigens driving normal B cells to become subset 4 CLL cells differ from those driving IGHV4-34+ B cells in other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Catera
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Yun Liu
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA.,Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, 11549, USA
| | - Chao Gao
- Glycosciences Laboratory, Imperial College London, Department of Medicine, Burlington Danes Building, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Xiao-Jie Yan
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Amanda Magli
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Steven L Allen
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA.,Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, 11549, USA.,Department of Medicine, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, 11549, USA
| | - Jonathan E Kolitz
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA.,Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, 11549, USA.,Department of Medicine, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, 11549, USA
| | - Kanti R Rai
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA.,Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, 11549, USA.,Department of Medicine, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, 11549, USA
| | - Charles C Chu
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA.,Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, 11549, USA.,Department of Medicine, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, 11549, USA
| | - Ten Feizi
- Glycosciences Laboratory, Imperial College London, Department of Medicine, Burlington Danes Building, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Kostas Stamatopoulos
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Centre for Research and Technology-Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nicholas Chiorazzi
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA.,Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, 11549, USA.,Department of Medicine, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, 11549, USA
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