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Pfeiffer IPM, Schröder MP, Mordhorst S. Opportunities and challenges of RiPP-based therapeutics. Nat Prod Rep 2024. [PMID: 38411278 DOI: 10.1039/d3np00057e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Covering: up to 2024Ribosomally synthesised and post-translationally modified peptides (RiPPs) comprise a substantial group of peptide natural products exhibiting noteworthy bioactivities ranging from antiinfective to anticancer and analgesic effects. Furthermore, RiPP biosynthetic pathways represent promising production routes for complex peptide drugs, and the RiPP technology is well-suited for peptide engineering to produce derivatives with specific functions. Thus, RiPP natural products possess features that render them potentially ideal candidates for drug discovery and development. Nonetheless, only a small number of RiPP-derived compounds have successfully reached the market thus far. This review initially outlines the therapeutic opportunities that RiPP-based compounds can offer, whilst subsequently discussing the limitations that require resolution in order to fully exploit the potential of RiPPs towards the development of innovative drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel P-M Pfeiffer
- University of Tübingen, Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Maria-Paula Schröder
- University of Tübingen, Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Silja Mordhorst
- University of Tübingen, Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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Vo Van L, Pham EC, Nguyen CV, Duong NTN, Vi Le Thi T, Truong TN. In vitro and in vivo antidiabetic activity, isolation of flavonoids, and in silico molecular docking of stem extract of Merremia tridentata (L.). Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 146:112611. [PMID: 35062075 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The antidiabetic activity of stem-ethanol extract (SE) and the flavonoid-rich fraction (FF) of Merremia tridentata (L.) were investigated on alloxan-induced diabetic mice. Apigenin, cosmosiin, and quercitrin are flavonoids isolated for the first time from stem extracts. In addition, cynaroside was found to be at the highest level in SE and FF with a percentage of 4.375% and 58.430%, respectively. The administration of SE (100 mg/kg) and FF (50, 75 mg/kg) daily for 20 days resulted in a better hypoglycemic effect than the reference drugs, glibenclamide (5 mg/kg), and metformin (10 mg/kg). Furthermore, SE and FF were shown to significantly improve the plasma lipid profiles at the end of the study. Docking's study suggests that cynaroside, cosmosiin, and quercitrin are the most desirable compounds for hypoglycemic effects in many antidiabetic targets. Especially, SE and FF showed strongly α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities (IC50 = 1.61-1.72 mg/mL on α-amylase and IC50 = 0.24-0.44 mg/mL on α-glucosidase). Therefore, SE and FF of Merremia tridentata is a potential drug with antidiabetic and hypoglycemic action as indicated by in vivo, in silico, and in vitro studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenh Vo Van
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Lac Hong University, 810000 Dong Nai Province, Viet Nam
| | - Em Canh Pham
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hong Bang International University, 700000 Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
| | - Cuong Viet Nguyen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Lac Hong University, 810000 Dong Nai Province, Viet Nam
| | | | - Tuong Vi Le Thi
- Department of Pharmacology - Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, City Children's Hospital, 700000 Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Tuyen Ngoc Truong
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700000 Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
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Govindarajan S, Babu SN, Vijayalakshmi MA, Manohar P, Noor A. Aloe vera carbohydrates regulate glucose metabolism through improved glycogen synthesis and downregulation of hepatic gluconeogenesis in diabetic rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 281:114556. [PMID: 34438036 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f. is an ancient medicinal plant that belongs to the family Asphodelaceae. It has a rich source of bioactive constituents such as carbohydrates, polyphenols, peptides, sterols and tannins, etc. Aloe vera has multiple biological activities such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antidiabetic activity etc. AIM OF THE STUDY: The present study investigated the antidiabetic mechanism of Aloe vera carbohydrate fraction (AVCF) and aimed to provide insights into the regulation of carbohydrate metabolism enzymes in glucose homeostasis. MATERIALS AND METHODS The antidiabetic effect of AVCF was evaluated using α-amylase, α-glucosidase inhibition, glucose diffusion and glucose uptake assay. The in vitro AVCF effect on insulin secretion, cell proliferation and inflammatory markers were determined using streptozotocin-induced oxidative stress on RIN-m5F cells. Streptozotocin-induced male Wistar diabetic rats were treated for 21 days with AVCF (54 mg/kg bw). The in vivo AVCF effect was measured on fasting plasma glucose, insulin, glucagon, hexokinase, glycogen synthase and glucose-6-phosphatase, levels in diabetic rats. Histopathological studies for organ-specific effects in the pancreas, liver and small intestine were also conducted. RESULTS AVCF-treated RIN-m5F cells significantly increased BrdU levels, with insulin secretion, and decreased TNF-α, IL-6 and nitric oxide levels. AVCF treated streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats showed significantly decreased fasting plasma glucose, glucagon and glucose-6-phosphatase levels with a concomitant increase in insulin, hexokinase, and glycogen synthase levels and, glycogen content. These findings corroborate with the improved hepatic glycogen content in the PAS stained histological section of the liver of AVCF treated diabetic rats. CONCLUSION These results suggest that CF of Aloe vera improved glucose metabolism by activation of glycogenesis and down-regulation of gluconeogenesis thereby, maintaining glucose homeostasis. Hence, AVCF can be used as an alternative medicine in the alleviation of diabetes mellitus symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Poonkodi Manohar
- Sri Narayani Hospital and Research Centre, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ayesha Noor
- Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Ryu DH, Cho JY, Sadiq NB, Kim JC, Lee B, Hamayun M, Lee TS, Kim HS, Park SH, Nho CW, Kim HY. Optimization of antioxidant, anti-diabetic, and anti-inflammatory activities and ganoderic acid content of differentially dried Ganoderma lucidum using response surface methodology. Food Chem 2020; 335:127645. [PMID: 32738537 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The dried Ganoderma lucidum (GL) has been widely used for its pharmacological properties and bioactive ganoderic acids (GAs). Herein, extraction procedures combining ultra-sonication and heating were optimized using response surface methodology based on four variables (antioxidant activity, anti-diabetic activity, total GAs content, and total polysaccharide content) and principal component analysis. The extraction of freeze-dried GL at temperatures between 64.2 and 70 °C for 1.2 h maximized the antioxidant activity and GA content, whereas the polysaccharide content and anti-diabetic activity were maximized by extraction between 66.8 and 70 °C for more than 2.8 h. Heat-dried GL extracted at 50 °C for 3 h provided the greatest anti-inflammatory activity against HaCaT cells by suppressing the response to inflammation related cytokines at mRNA levels. These results suggest that extraction conditions might be a limiting factor for target-oriented investigations, and optimized extraction methods may improve the potential effect and quality of harvested GL products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Hye Ryu
- Smart Farm Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung, Gangwon 25451, Republic of Korea; Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jwa Yeong Cho
- Smart Farm Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung, Gangwon 25451, Republic of Korea.
| | - Nooruddin Bin Sadiq
- Smart Farm Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung, Gangwon 25451, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jin-Chul Kim
- Natural Products Informatics Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung, Gangwon 25451, Republic of Korea.
| | - Bokyung Lee
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Health Sciences, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea.
| | - Muhammad Hamayun
- Department of Botany, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan 23200, Pakistan.
| | - Taek Sung Lee
- Smart Farm Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung, Gangwon 25451, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyoung Seok Kim
- Smart Farm Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung, Gangwon 25451, Republic of Korea.
| | - Soo Hyun Park
- Smart Farm Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung, Gangwon 25451, Republic of Korea.
| | - Chu Won Nho
- Smart Farm Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung, Gangwon 25451, Republic of Korea; Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ho-Youn Kim
- Smart Farm Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung, Gangwon 25451, Republic of Korea.
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Zheng Y, Bai L, Zhou Y, Tong R, Zeng M, Li X, Shi J. Polysaccharides from Chinese herbal medicine for anti-diabetes recent advances. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 121:1240-1253. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.10.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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6
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Ahmad MF. Ganoderma lucidum: Persuasive biologically active constituents and their health endorsement. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 107:507-519. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Jagadale M, Kale D, Salunkhe R, Rajmane M, Rashinkar G. Compatibility of supported ionic liquid phase catalysts under ultrasonication. J Mol Liq 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2018.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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8
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Maruoka H, Shirouzu E, Masumoto E, Okabe-Nakahara F, Yamagata K. One-Pot Three-Component Synthesis of Novel Pyrazole-2,3-pyrroledicarboxylic Acid 2,3-Diesters. HETEROCYCLES 2018. [DOI: 10.3987/com-17-13844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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9
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Habtemariam S. Antidiabetic Potential of Monoterpenes: A Case of Small Molecules Punching above Their Weight. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 19:ijms19010004. [PMID: 29267214 PMCID: PMC5795956 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoterpenes belong to the terpenoids class of natural products and are bio-synthesized through the mevalonic acid pathway. Their small molecular weight coupled with high non-polar nature make them the most abundant components of essential oils which are often considered to have some general antioxidant and antimicrobial effects at fairly high concentrations. These compounds are however reported to have antidiabetic effects in recent years. Thanks to the ingenious biosynthetic machinery of nature, they also display a fair degree of structural complexity/diversity for further consideration in structure-activity studies. In the present communication, the merit of monoterpenes as antidiabetic agents is scrutinized by assessing recent in vitro and in vivo studies reported in the scientific literature. Both the aglycones and glycosides of these compounds of rather small structural size appear to display antidiabetic along with antiobesity and lipid lowering effects. The diversity of these effects vis-à-vis their structures and mechanisms of actions are discussed. Some key pharmacological targets include the insulin signaling pathways and/or the associated PI3K-AKT (protein kinase B), peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ (PPARγ), glucose transporter-4 (GLUT4) and adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathways; proinflammatory cytokines and the NF-κB pathway; glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver; glucagon-like-1 receptor (GLP-1R); among others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon Habtemariam
- Pharmacognosy Research Laboratories & Herbal Analysis Services, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham-Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK.
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10
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Srinivasan P, Vijayakumar S, Kothandaraman S, Palani M. Anti-diabetic activity of quercetin extracted from Phyllanthus emblica L. fruit: In silico and in vivo approaches. J Pharm Anal 2017; 8:109-118. [PMID: 29736297 PMCID: PMC5934737 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, molecular interactions of the ligands, quercetin, gallic acid, and metformin with various diabetes mellitus-related protein targets, such as glycogen phosphorylase and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, were assessed. It was revealed that quercetin possesses good binding affinity to both targets. Quercetin is a major constituent of methanolic extracts of Phyllanthus emblica fruit. The antihyperglycemic effect of quercetin in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats was examined. The isolated quercetin administered at a dose of 75 mg/kg body weight produced a maximum decrease of 14.78% in blood glucose levels in the diabetic rats after 7 days of treatment. Furthermore, quercetin doses of 50 and 75 mg/kg were shown to significantly improve the profiles of triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein, very-low-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, and total cholesterol at the end of the study in STZ-induced diabetic rats. The administration of quercetin (25, 50, and 75 mg/kg body weight) daily for 28 days in STZ-induced diabetic rats resulted in a significant decrease in blood glucose and urine sugar levels, with a considerable rise in plasma insulin and hemoglobin levels. Therefore, quercetin is a potential drug with antidiabetic and antihyperglycemic action mediated by changes in the levels of glucose, cholesterol, and triglycerides as indicated by in silico and in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhu Srinivasan
- Computational Phytochemistry Lab, PG and Research Department of Botany and Microbiology, A. V. V. M Sri Pushpam College (Autonomous), Poondi 613 503, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Vijayakumar
- Computational Phytochemistry Lab, PG and Research Department of Botany and Microbiology, A. V. V. M Sri Pushpam College (Autonomous), Poondi 613 503, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Manogar Palani
- Computational Phytochemistry Lab, PG and Research Department of Botany and Microbiology, A. V. V. M Sri Pushpam College (Autonomous), Poondi 613 503, Tamil Nadu, India
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A novel class of α-glucosidase and HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors from Ganoderma leucocontextum and the anti-diabetic properties of ganomycin I in KK-A y mice. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 127:1035-1046. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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12
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Ramesh R, Madhesh R, Malecki JG, Lalitha A. Piperidine Catalyzed Four-component Strategy for the Facile Access of Polyfunctionalized 1,4-Dihydropyridines at Ambient Conditions. ChemistrySelect 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201601358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rathinam Ramesh
- Department of Chemistry; Periyar University; Salem- 636011, Tamil Nadu India
| | - Raji Madhesh
- Department of Chemistry; Periyar University; Salem- 636011, Tamil Nadu India
| | - Jan Grzegorz Malecki
- Department of Crystallography; University of Silesia; Szkolna 9 40-006 Katowice Poland
| | - Appaswami Lalitha
- Department of Chemistry; Periyar University; Salem- 636011, Tamil Nadu India
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13
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Mechanisms underlying the effect of polysaccharides in the treatment of type 2 diabetes: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 144:474-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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14
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Teng H, Chen L, Song H. The potential beneficial effects of phenolic compounds isolated from A. pilosa Ledeb on insulin-resistant hepatic HepG2 cells. Food Funct 2016; 7:4400-4409. [DOI: 10.1039/c5fo01067e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Agrimonia pilosaLedeb (AP) has already been applied in practice for the treatment of different disorders and is available to access without the provision of a medical prescription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Teng
- College of Food Science
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University
- Fuzhou
- China
| | - Lei Chen
- College of Food Science
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University
- Fuzhou
- China
| | - Hongbo Song
- College of Food Science
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University
- Fuzhou
- China
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15
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Kim GY, Lee YM, Cho JH, Pan CJ, Jun HS, Springer DA, Mansfield BC, Chou JY. Mice expressing reduced levels of hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase-α activity do not develop age-related insulin resistance or obesity. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:5115-25. [PMID: 26089201 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycogen storage disease type-Ia (GSD-Ia) is caused by a lack of glucose-6-phosphatase-α (G6Pase-α or G6PC) activity. We have shown that gene therapy mediated by a recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vector expressing human G6Pase-α normalizes blood glucose homeostasis in the global G6pc knockout (G6pc(-/-)) mice for 70-90 weeks. The treated G6pc(-/-) mice expressing 3-63% of normal hepatic G6Pase-α activity (AAV mice) produce endogenous hepatic glucose levels 61-68% of wild-type littermates, have a leaner phenotype and exhibit fasting blood insulin levels more typical of young adult mice. We now show that unlike wild-type mice, the lean AAV mice have increased caloric intake and do not develop age-related obesity or insulin resistance. Pathway analysis shows that signaling by hepatic carbohydrate response element binding protein that improves glucose tolerance and insulin signaling is activated in AAV mice. In addition, several longevity factors in the calorie restriction pathway, including the NADH shuttle systems, NAD(+) concentrations and the AMP-activated protein kinase/sirtuin 1/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1α pathway are upregulated in the livers of AAV mice. The finding that partial restoration of hepatic G6Pase-α activity in GSD-Ia mice not only attenuates the phenotype of hepatic G6Pase-α deficiency but also prevents the development of age-related obesity and insulin resistance seen in wild-type mice may suggest relevance of the G6Pase-α enzyme to obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goo-Young Kim
- Section on Cellular Differentiation, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development and
| | - Young Mok Lee
- Section on Cellular Differentiation, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development and
| | - Jun-Ho Cho
- Section on Cellular Differentiation, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development and
| | - Chi-Jiunn Pan
- Section on Cellular Differentiation, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development and
| | - Hyun Sik Jun
- Section on Cellular Differentiation, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development and
| | - Danielle A Springer
- Mouse Phenotyping Core Facility, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA and
| | - Brian C Mansfield
- Section on Cellular Differentiation, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development and Foundation Fighting Blindness, Columbia, MD 21046, USA
| | - Janice Y Chou
- Section on Cellular Differentiation, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development and
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Ma HT, Hsieh JF, Chen ST. Anti-diabetic effects of Ganoderma lucidum. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2015; 114:109-113. [PMID: 25790910 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2015.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum is a white rot fungus widely used as a tonic for the promotion of longevity and health. Extracts of G. lucidum have been recognized as an alternative adjuvant treatment for diabetes. Among the many biologically active constituents of G. lucidum, polysaccharides, proteoglycans, proteins and triterpenoids have been shown to have hypoglycemic effects. G. lucidum polysaccharides have been reported to have hypoglycemic activity by increasing plasma insulin levels and decreasing plasma sugar levels in mice. Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B is a promising therapeutic target in diabetes, and G. lucidum proteoglycan can inhibit this enzyme in vitro. Moreover, G. lucidum triterpenoids were shown to have inhibitory activity on aldose reductase and α-glucosidase that can suppress postprandial hyperglycemia. In addition, a protein Ling Zhi-8 extracted from G. lucidum significantly decreased lymphocyte infiltration and increased the antibody detection of insulin in diabetic mice. This review summarizes most of the research about the hypoglycemic action effects of polysaccharides, proteoglycans, proteins and tritrerpenoids from G. lucidum as a guide for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haou-Tzong Ma
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Jung-Feng Hsieh
- Department of Food Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei 242, Taiwan
| | - Shui-Tein Chen
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan; Institute of Biochemical Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
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van Dongen MGJ, Geerts BF, Morgan ES, Brandt TA, de Kam ML, Romijn JA, Cohen AF, Bhanot S, Burggraaf J. First proof of pharmacology in humans of a novel glucagon receptor antisense drug. J Clin Pharmacol 2014; 55:298-306. [PMID: 25197025 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Fasting and postprandial hyperglucagonemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients cause excessive hepatic glucose production (HGP), suggesting that attenuation of hepatic glucagon action could be a therapeutic strategy for T2DM. In this study we evaluated the safety, tolerability, PK, and pharmacodynamics in healthy human volunteers of single and multiple doses (50-400 mg) ISIS 325568, a 2'-O-MOE antisense (ASO) developed to reduce hepatic glucagon receptor (GCGR) mRNA expression. In the multiple dose cohorts, treatment consisted of eight doses of ISIS 325568 or placebo over 6-weeks. Drug effects were assessed using serial fasting glucagon measurements and the glycemic response to a glucagon challenge at baseline and at the end of 6-week treatment. ISIS 325568 was not associated with clinically relevant changes. Dose-dependent predominantly mild injection site reactions were the most common side-effect. Active treatment caused a gradual increase in fasting glucagon levels and, compared to placebo, a significantly blunted glucagon-induced increase in plasma glucose AUC (24%, P < 0.0001) and HGP (13%, P = 0.007) at the 400 mg/week dose. Six weeks treatment with ISIS 325568 in healthy volunteers attenuated glucagon-stimulated HGP and glucose excursions, supporting further evaluation of the GCGR antisense approach in patients with T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Adam F Cohen
- Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Gene expression profiling and pathway analysis of hepatotoxicity induced by triptolide in Wistar rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 58:495-505. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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19
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Zhang F, Xu X, Zhang Y, Zhou B, He Z, Zhai Q. Gene expression profile analysis of type 2 diabetic mouse liver. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57766. [PMID: 23469233 PMCID: PMC3585940 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver plays a key role in glucose metabolism and homeostasis, and impaired hepatic glucose metabolism contributes to the development of type 2 diabetes. However, the precise gene expression profile of diabetic liver and its association with diabetes and related diseases are yet to be further elucidated. In this study, we detected the gene expression profile by high-throughput sequencing in 9-week-old normal and type 2 diabetic db/db mouse liver. Totally 12132 genes were detected, and 2627 genes were significantly changed in diabetic mouse liver. Biological process analysis showed that the upregulated genes in diabetic mouse liver were mainly enriched in metabolic processes. Surprisingly, the downregulated genes in diabetic mouse liver were mainly enriched in immune-related processes, although all the altered genes were still mainly enriched in metabolic processes. Similarly, KEGG pathway analysis showed that metabolic pathways were the major pathways altered in diabetic mouse liver, and downregulated genes were enriched in immune and cancer pathways. Analysis of the key enzyme genes in fatty acid and glucose metabolism showed that some key enzyme genes were significantly increased and none of the detected key enzyme genes were decreased. In addition, FunDo analysis showed that liver cancer and hepatitis were most likely to be associated with diabetes. Taken together, this study provides the digital gene expression profile of diabetic mouse liver, and demonstrates the main diabetes-associated hepatic biological processes, pathways, key enzyme genes in fatty acid and glucose metabolism and potential hepatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ben Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhishui He
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiwei Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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Zhang L, Chen X, Liu J, Zhu Q, Leng Y, Luo X, Jiang H, Liu H. Discovery of novel dual-action antidiabetic agents that inhibit glycogen phosphorylase and activate glucokinase. Eur J Med Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Xiao C, Wu QP, Cai W, Tan JB, Yang XB, Zhang JM. Hypoglycemic effects of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides in type 2 diabetic mice. Arch Pharm Res 2012; 35:1793-801. [PMID: 23139131 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-012-1012-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Revised: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Our aims were to investigate the hypoglycemic effects and mechanisms of action of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides (GLPs) administered for 7 days in type 2 diabetic mice. The mice were randomly divided into four groups (8 mice/group): normal control group, diabetic control group, low-dose GLP-treated diabetic group (50 mg/kg/d), and high-dose GLP-treated diabetic group (100 mg/kg/d). Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin injection and high-fat dietary feeding. At the end of the study, fasting serum glucose, insulin, body weight (BW) and epididymal white adipose tissue weight were measured. The hepatic mRNA levels of glycogen phosphorylase (GP), fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) genes were determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Both doses of GLPs significantly decreased fasting serum glucose, insulin and epididymal fat/BW ratio compared with the diabetic control group (p < 0.05). The hepatic mRNA levels of GP, FBPase, PEPCK and G6Pase were significantly lower in both GLP-treated groups compared with the diabetic control group. Taken together, GLPs significantly decrease fasting serum glucose levels in type 2 diabetic mice in a dose-dependent manner. The decreases in fasting serum glucose levels may be associated with decreased mRNA expression levels of several key enzymes involved in gluconeogenesis and/or glycogenolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Ministry of Guangdong Province Joint Breeding Base, South China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China.
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22
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Bermúdez J, Rodríguez M, Hasegawa M, González-Mujica F, Duque S, Ito Y. (6R,9S)-6″-(4″-Hydroxybenzoyl)-Roseoside, a New Megastigmane Derivative from Ouratea polyantha and its Effect on Hepatic Glucose-6-phosphatase. Nat Prod Commun 2012. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1200700802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A new megastigmane derivative, (6 R,9 S)–6′-(4″-hydroxybenzoyl)-roseoside (1) and two known compounds, the biflavoneagathisflavone (2) and 4-hydroxy-benzoic acid (3) were isolated and purified from leaves and stems of Ouratea polyantha Engl. Agathisflavone was isolated in a single high-speed counter-current chromatography run, while the megastigmane was purified in two steps, by using a combination of high-speed countercurrent chromatography and analytical column chromatography. All structures were elucidated on the basis of spectral evidence and comparison with literature data. Compound 1 was characterized by [α]D20, UV-Vis, IR, MS, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, HMQC, HMBC, COSY and NOESY. Compounds 1 and 2 showed an inhibitory effect of 63.6 and 13.7% on the G-6-Pase intact microsomes, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jairo Bermúdez
- Laboratorio de Productos Naturales, Escuela de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Central de Venezuela. Apartado Postal 47102. Caracas, Venezuela
- Bioseparation Technology Laboratory, Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center drive, Building 10, Room 8N230, MD 20892–1762, USA
| | - María Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Productos Naturales, Escuela de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Central de Venezuela. Apartado Postal 47102. Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Masahisa Hasegawa
- Laboratorio de Productos Naturales, Escuela de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Central de Venezuela. Apartado Postal 47102. Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Freddy González-Mujica
- Sección de Bioquímica Médica, Instituto de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Central de Venezuela. Apartado Postal 50587. Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Sandra Duque
- Sección de Bioquímica Médica, Instituto de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Central de Venezuela. Apartado Postal 50587. Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Yoichiro Ito
- Bioseparation Technology Laboratory, Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center drive, Building 10, Room 8N230, MD 20892–1762, USA
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Bruzual De Abreu M, Temraz A, Malafronte N, Gonzalez-Mujica F, Duque S, Braca A. Phenolic Derivatives from Ruprechtia polystachya and Their Inhibitory Activities on the Glucose-6-phosphatase System. Chem Biodivers 2011; 8:2126-34. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201000334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Kiruthika SE, Vidhya Lakshmi N, Banu BR, Perumal PT. A facile strategy for the one pot multicomponent synthesis of spiro dihydropyridines from amines and activated alkynes. Tetrahedron Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.09.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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25
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Krilov L, Nguyen A, Miyazaki T, Unson CG, Williams R, Lee NH, Ceryak S, Bouscarel B. Dual mode of glucagon receptor internalization: role of PKCα, GRKs and β-arrestins. Exp Cell Res 2011; 317:2981-94. [PMID: 22001118 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2011.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Revised: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon levels are elevated in diabetes and some liver diseases. Increased glucagon secretion leads to abnormal stimulation of glucagon receptors (GRs) and consequent elevated glucose production in the liver. Blocking glucagon receptor signaling has been proposed as a potential treatment option for diabetes and other conditions associated with hyperglycemia. Elucidating mechanisms of GR desensitization and downregulation may help identify new drug targets besides GR itself. The present study explores the mechanisms of GR internalization and the role of PKCα, GPCR kinases (GRKs) and β-arrestins therein. We have reported previously that PKCα mediates GR phosphorylation and desensitization. While the PKC agonist, PMA, did not affect GR internalization when tested alone, it increased glucagon-mediated GR internalization by 25-40% in GR-expressing HEK-293 cells (HEK-GR cells). In both primary hepatocytes and HEK-GR cells, glucagon treatment recruited PKCα to the plasma membrane where it colocalized with GR. We also observed that overexpression of GRK2, GRK3, or GRK5 enhanced GR internalization. In addition, we found that GR utilizes both clathrin- and caveolin-mediated endocytosis in HEK-GR cells. Glucagon triggered translocation of both β-arrestin1 and β-arrestin2 from the cytosol to the perimembrane region, and overexpression of β-arrestin1 and β-arrestin2 increased GR internalization. Furthermore, both β-arrestin1 and β-arrestin2 colocalized with GR and with Cav-1, suggesting the possible involvement of these arrestins in GR internalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lada Krilov
- Gastroenterology Research Laboratory, Digestive Diseases Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
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Torres TP, Fujimoto Y, Donahue E, Printz RL, Houseknecht KL, Treadway JL, Shiota M. Defective glycogenesis contributes toward the inability to suppress hepatic glucose production in response to hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia in zucker diabetic fatty rats. Diabetes 2011; 60:2225-33. [PMID: 21771972 PMCID: PMC3161317 DOI: 10.2337/db09-1156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Examine whether normalizing net hepatic glycogenesis restores endogenous glucose production and hepatic glucose phosphorylation in response to diabetic levels of plasma glucose and insulin in Zucker diabetic fatty rats (ZDF). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Hepatic glucose and intermediate fluxes (µmol · kg(-1) · min(-1)) were measured with and without a glycogen phosphorylase inhibitor (GPI) using [2-(3)H]glucose, [3-(3)H]glucose, and [U-(14)C]alanine in 20 h-fasted conscious ZDF and their lean littermates (ZCL) under clamp conditions designed to maintain diabetic levels of plasma glucose and insulin. RESULTS With infusion of GPI into ZDF (ZDF-GPI+G), compared with vehicle infused ZDF (ZDF-V), high glycogen phosphorylase a activity was decreased and low synthase I activity was increased to that of ZCL. Low net glycogenesis from plasma glucose rose to 75% of ZCL levels (4 ± 1 in ZDF-V, 18 ± 1 in ZDF-GPI+G, and 24 ± 2 in ZCL) and phosphoenolpyruvate 260% (4 ± 2 in ZDF-V, 16 ± 1 in ZDF+GPI-G, and 6 ± 2 in ZCL). High endogenous glucose production was suppressed with GPI infusion but not to that of ZCL (46 ± 4 in ZDF-V, 18 ± 4 in ZDF-GPI+G, and -8 ± 3 in ZCL). This was accompanied by reduction of the higher glucose-6-phosphatase flux (75 ± 4 in ZDF-V, 41 ± 4 in ZDF-GPI+G, and 86 ± 12 in ZCL) and no change in low glucose phosphorylation or total gluconeogenesis. CONCLUSIONS In the presence of hyperglycemic-hyperinsulinemia in ZDF, reduced glycogenic flux partially contributes to a lack of suppression of hepatic glucose production by failing to redirect glucose-6-phosphate flux from production of glucose to glycogen but is not responsible for a lower rate of glucose phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy P. Torres
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Yuka Fujimoto
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - E.P. Donahue
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Richard L. Printz
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | | | - Masakazu Shiota
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
- Corresponding author: Masakazu Shiota,
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Conti R, Mannucci E, Pessotto P, Tassoni E, Carminati P, Giannessi F, Arduini A. Selective reversible inhibition of liver carnitine palmitoyl-transferase 1 by teglicar reduces gluconeogenesis and improves glucose homeostasis. Diabetes 2011; 60:644-51. [PMID: 21270274 PMCID: PMC3028366 DOI: 10.2337/db10-0346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We have developed a new antihyperglycemic agent (teglicar) through the selective and reversible inhibition of the liver isoform of carnitine palmitoyl-transferase 1 (L-CPT1). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Glucose production was investigated in isolated hepatocytes and during pancreatic clamps in healthy rats. Chronic treatments on C57BL/6J, db/db, high-fat fed mice, and rats were performed to understand glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity. RESULTS In isolated hepatocytes, teglicar concentration dependently reduced ketone bodies and glucose production up to 72 and 50%, respectively. In rats, teglicar reduced the endogenous glucose production (-62%) without affecting peripheral glucose utilization. Heart 2-[(3)H]deoxyglucose uptake in mice was also not affected, confirming in vivo the drug selectivity toward L-CPT1. Chronic treatment in db/db mice (50 mg/kg/bid; 45 days) reduced postabsorptive glycemia (-38%), water consumption (-31%), and fructosamine (-30%). Such antidiabetic activity was associated with an improved insulin sensitivity assessed by the insulin tolerance test. A significant 50% increase in hepatic triglyceride content (HTGC) was found, although plasma alanineaminotransferase was not altered. In addition, long-term teglicar administration to high-fat fed C57BL/6J mice normalized glycemia (-19%) and insulinemia (-53%). Long-term teglicar administration (30 days, 80 mg/kg) in healthy overnight-fasted rats slightly reduced basal glycemia (-20%, ns), reduced basal insulin levels by 60%, doubled triglycerides, and increased free-fatty acids (+53%). HTGC was markedly increased, but liver and peripheral insulin sensitivity assessed by hyperinsulinemiceuglycemic clamp were not affected. CONCLUSIONS Teglicar, in vitro and in animal models, reduces gluconeogenesis and improves glucose homeostasis, refreshing the interest in selective and reversible L-CPT1 inhibition as a potential antihyperglycemic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Conti
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, sigma-tau s.p.a, Rome, Italy.
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Nar H, Schmid A, Puder C, Potterat O. High-Resolution Crystal Structure of a Lasso Peptide. ChemMedChem 2010; 5:1689-92. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201000264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Chrysina ED, Oikonomakos NG, Zographos SE, Kosmopoulou MN, Bischler N, Leonidas DD, Kovács L, Docsa T, Gergely P, Somsák L. Crystallographic Studies on α- and β-D-glucopyranosyl Formamide Analogues, Inhibitors of Glycogen Phosphorylase. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/10242420310001614360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Klawitter J, Klawitter J, Kushner E, Jonscher K, Bendrick-Peart J, Leibfritz D, Christians U, Schmitz V. Association of immunosuppressant-induced protein changes in the rat kidney with changes in urine metabolite patterns: a proteo-metabonomic study. J Proteome Res 2010; 9:865-75. [PMID: 19994912 DOI: 10.1021/pr900761m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The basic mechanisms underlying calcineurin inhibitor (CI) nephrotoxicity and its enhancement by sirolimus are still largely unknown. We investigated the effects of CIs alone and in combination with sirolimus on the renal proteome and correlated these effects with urine metabolite pattern changes. Thirty-six male Wistar rats were assigned to six treatment groups (n = 4/group for proteome analysis and n = 6/group for urine (1)H NMR metabolite pattern analysis): vehicle controls, sirolimus 1 mg/kg/day, cyclosporine 10 mg/kg/day, cyclosporine 10 mg/kg/day + sirolimus 1 mg/kg/day, tacrolimus 1 mg/kg/day, tacrolimus 1 mg/kg/day + sirolimus 1 mg/kg/day. After 28 days, 24 h-urine was collected for (1)H NMR-based metabolic analysis and kidneys were harvested for 2D-gel electrophoresis and histology. Cyclosporine affected the following groups of proteins: calcium homeostasis (regucalcin, calbindin), cytoskeleton (vimentin, caldesmon), response to hypoxia and mitochondrial function (prolyl 4-hydroxylase, proteasome, NADH dehydrogenase), and cell metabolism (kidney aminoacylase, pyruvate dehydrogenase, fructose-1,6-bis phosphate). Several of the changes in protein expression, confirmed by Western blot, were associated with and explained changes in metabolite concentrations in urine. Representative examples are an increase in kidney aminoacylase expression (decrease of hippurate concentrations in urine), up regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, (increased glucose metabolism), and down regulation of arginine/glycine-amidino transferase (most likely due to an increase in creatinine concentrations). Protein changes explained and qualified immunosuppressant-induced metabolite pattern changes in urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jost Klawitter
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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31
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Lv L, Wu SY, Wang GF, Zhang JJ, Pang JX, Liu ZQ, Xu W, Wu SG, Rao JJ. Effect of astragaloside IV on hepatic glucose-regulating enzymes in diabetic mice induced by a high-fat diet and streptozotocin. Phytother Res 2010; 24:219-24. [PMID: 19610026 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
AIM Hepatic glycogen phosphorylase (GP) and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) are important in control of blood glucose homeostasis, and are considered to be potential targets for antidiabetic drugs. Astragaloside IV has been reported to have a hypoglycemic effect. However, the biochemical mechanisms by which astragaloside IV regulates hepatic glucose-metabolizing enzymes remain unknown. The present study examines whether GP and G6Pase mediate the hypoglycemic effect of astragaloside IV. METHODS Type 2 diabetic mice were treated with astragaloside IV for 2 weeks. Blood glucose and insulin levels were measured by a glucometer and the ELISA method, respectively. Total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) levels were determined using Labassay kits. Activities of hepatic GP and G6Pase were measured by the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase-coupled reaction. The mRNA and protein levels of both enzymes were determined by real-time RT-PCR and Western blotting. RESULTS Astragaloside IV at 25 and 50 mg/kg significally decreased the blood glucose, TG and insulin levels, and inhibited the mRNA and protein expression as well as enzyme activity of GP and G6Pase in diabetic mice. CONCLUSIONS Astragaloside IV exhibited a hypoglycemic effect in diabetic mice. The hypoglycemic effect of this compound may be explained, in part, by its inhibition of hepatic GP and G6Pase activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Lv
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
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Knappe TA, Linne U, Xie X, Marahiel MA. The glucagon receptor antagonist BI-32169 constitutes a new class of lasso peptides. FEBS Lett 2009; 584:785-9. [PMID: 20043911 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2009.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2009] [Revised: 12/21/2009] [Accepted: 12/22/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The glucagon receptor antagonist BI-32169, recently isolated from Streptomyces sp., was described as a bicyclic peptide, although its primary structure comprises conserved elements of class I and class II lasso peptides. Tandem mass spectrometric and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic studies revealed that BI-32169 is a lasso-structured peptide constituting the new class III of lasso peptides. The determined lasso fold opens new avenues to improve the promising biological activity of BI-32169.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Knappe
- Department of Chemistry/Biochemistry, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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Carrasco D, Méndez J, Braca A, De Leo M, González-Mujica F, Duque S. Effect of Flavonoids from Exellodendron coriaceum (Chrysobalanaceae) on Glucose-6-Phosphatase. Nat Prod Commun 2009. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x0900401209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
From the n-butanol extract of the aerial parts of Exellodendron coriaceum (Benth.) Prance the flavonoids quercetin-3-O-β-D-galactopyranoside (1), quercetin-3-O-α-L-arabinopyranoside (2), quercetin-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (3), and quercetin-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-galactopyranoside (4) were isolated. Additionally from this extract three flavonoids were isolated and partially characterized as quercetin glycosides. All these compounds were tested for their hypoglycemic activity using the glucose-6-phosphatase microsomal hepatic system. The flavonoids inhibited the activity of the enzyme when intact microsomes were used, the highest percentage of inhibition being 65%. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of chemical and biological activity of E. coriaceum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Carrasco
- Laboratorio de Productos Naturales, Escuela de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Apartado Postal 47102, Caracas 1020-A, Venezuela
| | - Jeannette Méndez
- Laboratorio de Productos Naturales, Escuela de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Apartado Postal 47102, Caracas 1020-A, Venezuela
| | - Alessandra Braca
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Pisa, via Bonanno 33, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marinella De Leo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Pisa, via Bonanno 33, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Freddy González-Mujica
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental, Sección de Bioquímica Médica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Central de Venezuela. Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Sandra Duque
- Laboratorio de Bioensayos José María Benitez. Grupo de Productos Naturales, Escuela de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Central de Venezuela. Caracas, Venezuela
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Nasr-Esfahani M, Moghadam M, Valipour G. Efficient Oxidation of Hantzsch 1,4-Dihydropyridines with Tetrabutylammonium Peroxomonosulfate Catalyzed by Manganese(III) Schiff Base Complexes: The Effect of Schiff Base Complex on the Product Selectivity. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/00397910902838995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Majid Moghadam
- b Department of Chemistry, Catalysis Division , University of Isfahan , Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ghasem Valipour
- a Department of Chemistry , Yasouj University , Yasouj, Iran
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Nagy V, Benltifa M, Vidal S, Berzsényi E, Teilhet C, Czifrák K, Batta G, Docsa T, Gergely P, Somsák L, Praly JP. Glucose-based spiro-heterocycles as potent inhibitors of glycogen phosphorylase. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:5696-707. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.05.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2009] [Revised: 05/25/2009] [Accepted: 05/31/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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36
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Wu SY, Wang GF, Liu ZQ, Rao JJ, Lü L, Xu W, Wu SG, Zhang JJ. Effect of geniposide, a hypoglycemic glucoside, on hepatic regulating enzymes in diabetic mice induced by a high-fat diet and streptozotocin. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2009; 30:202-8. [PMID: 19122671 PMCID: PMC4002460 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2008.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2008] [Accepted: 11/27/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Hepatic glycogen phosphorylase (GP) and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) play an important role in the control of blood glucose homeostasis and are proposed to be potential targets for anti-diabetic drugs. Geniposide is an iridoid glucoside extracted from Gardenia jasminoides Ellis fruits and has been reported to have a hypoglycemic effect. However, little is known about the biochemical mechanisms by which geniposide regulates hepatic glucose-metabolizing enzymes. The present study investigates whether the hypoglycemic effect of geniposide is mediated by GP or G6Pase. METHODS Type 2 diabetic mice, induced by a high-fat diet and streptozotocin injection, were treated with or without geniposide for 2 weeks. Blood glucose levels were monitored by a glucometer. Insulin concentrations were analyzed by the ELISA method. Total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) levels were measured using Labassay kits. Activities of hepatic GP and G6Pase were measured by glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase-coupled reaction. Real-time RT-PCR and Western blotting were used to determine the mRNA and protein levels of both enzymes. RESULTS Geniposide (200 and 400 mg/kg) significantly decreased the blood glucose, insulin and TG levels in diabetic mice in a dose-dependent manner. This compound also decreased the expression of GP and G6Pase at mRNA and immunoreactive protein levels, as well as enzyme activity. CONCLUSION Geniposide is an effective hypoglycemic agent in diabetic mice. The hypoglycemic effect of this compound may be mediated, at least in part, by inhibiting the GP and G6Pase activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-yu Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Guang-fa Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Zhong-qiu Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jin-jun Rao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Lin Lü
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Wei Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Shu-guang Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jia-jie Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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37
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Abe K, Okada N, Tanabe H, Fukutomi R, Yasui K, Isemura M, Kinae N. Effects of chronic ingestion of catechin-rich green tea on hepatic gene expression of gluconeogenic enzymes in rats. Biomed Res 2009; 30:25-9. [DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.30.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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38
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Onda K, Shiraki R, Ogiyama T, Yokoyama K, Momose K, Katayama N, Orita M, Yamaguchi T, Furutani M, Hamada N, Takeuchi M, Okada M, Ohta M, Tsukamoto SI. Design, synthesis, and pharmacological evaluation of N-bicyclo-5-chloro-1H-indole-2-carboxamide derivatives as potent glycogen phosphorylase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:10001-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2008] [Revised: 10/08/2008] [Accepted: 10/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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39
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Synthesis of 5-chloro-N-aryl-1H-indole-2-carboxamide derivatives as inhibitors of human liver glycogen phosphorylase a. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:5452-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2008] [Revised: 04/07/2008] [Accepted: 04/08/2008] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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40
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Abstract
Type-2 diabetes is associated with impaired glucose clearance by the liver in the postprandial state, and with elevated glucose production in the post-absorptive state. New targets within the liver are currently being investigated for development of antihyperglycaemic drugs for type-2 diabetes. They include glucokinase, which catalyses the first step in glucose metabolism, the glucagon receptor, and enzymes of gluconeogenesis and/or glycogenolysis such as glucose 6-phosphatase, fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase and glycogen phosphorylase. Preclinical studies with candidate drugs on animal models or cell-based assays suggest that these targets have the potential for pharmacological glycaemic control. Data from clinical studies is awaited. Further work is required for better understanding of the implications of targeting these sites in terms of possible side-effects or tachyphylaxis. The advantage of combined targeting of two or more sites within the liver for minimizing side-effects and tachyphylaxis caused by single-site targeting is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loranne Agius
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, School of Clinical Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.
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41
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Alexacou KM, Hayes JM, Tiraidis C, Zographos SE, Leonidas DD, Chrysina ED, Archontis G, Oikonomakos NG, Paul JV, Varghese B, Loganathan D. Crystallographic and computational studies on 4-phenyl-N-(β-D-glucopyranosyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole-1-acetamide, an inhibitor of glycogen phosphorylase: Comparison with α-D-glucose, N-acetyl-β-D-glucopyranosylamine and N-benzoyl-N′-β-D-glucopyranosyl urea bin. Proteins 2007; 71:1307-23. [DOI: 10.1002/prot.21837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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42
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Tiraidis C, Alexacou KM, Zographos SE, Leonidas DD, Gimisis T, Oikonomakos NG. FR258900, a potential anti-hyperglycemic drug, binds at the allosteric site of glycogen phosphorylase. Protein Sci 2007; 16:1773-82. [PMID: 17600143 PMCID: PMC2203354 DOI: 10.1110/ps.072925607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
FR258900 has been discovered as a novel inhibitor of human liver glycogen phosphorylase a and proved to suppress hepatic glycogen breakdown and reduce plasma glucose concentrations in diabetic mice models. To elucidate the mechanism of inhibition, we have determined the crystal structure of the cocrystallized rabbit muscle glycogen phosphorylase b-FR258900 complex and refined it to 2.2 A resolution. The structure demonstrates that the inhibitor binds at the allosteric activator site, where the physiological activator AMP binds. The contacts from FR258900 to glycogen phosphorylase are dominated by nonpolar van der Waals interactions with Gln71, Gln72, Phe196, and Val45' (from the symmetry-related subunit), and also by ionic interactions from the carboxylate groups to the three arginine residues (Arg242, Arg309, and Arg310) that form the allosteric phosphate-recognition subsite. The binding of FR258900 to the protein promotes conformational changes that stabilize an inactive T-state quaternary conformation of the enzyme. The ligand-binding mode is different from those of the potent phenoxy-phthalate and acyl urea inhibitors, previously described, illustrating the broad specificity of the allosteric site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Costas Tiraidis
- Institute of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece
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43
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Lau J, Behrens C, Sidelmann UG, Knudsen LB, Lundt B, Sams C, Ynddal L, Brand CL, Pridal L, Ling A, Kiel D, Plewe M, Shi S, Madsen P. New beta-alanine derivatives are orally available glucagon receptor antagonists. J Med Chem 2007; 50:113-28. [PMID: 17201415 DOI: 10.1021/jm058026u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A weak human glucagon receptor antagonist with an IC50 of 7 microM was initially found by screening of libraries originally targeted to mimic the binding of the glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1) hormone to its receptor. Optimization of this hit for binding affinity for the glucagon receptor led to ligands with affinity in the nanomolar range. In addition to receptor binding, optimization efforts were made to stabilize the molecules against fast metabolic turnover. A potent antagonist of the human human glucagon receptor was obtained that had 17% oral availability in rats with a plasma half-life of 90 min. The major metabolites of this lead were identified and used to further optimize this series with respect to pharmacokinetic properties. This final optimization led to a potent glucagon antagonist that was orally available in rats and dogs and was efficacious in lowering blood glucose levels in a diabetic animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesper Lau
- Protein Engineering, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, DK-2760 Måløv, Denmark.
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44
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He L, Zhi Zhang Y, Tanoh M, Chen GR, Praly JP, Chrysina ED, Tiraidis C, Kosmopoulou M, Leonidas DD, Oikonomakos NG. In the Search of Glycogen Phosphorylase Inhibitors: Synthesis of C-D-Glycopyranosylbenzo(hydro)quinones – Inhibition of and Binding to Glycogen Phosphorylase in the Crystal. European J Org Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200600548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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45
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Sloop KW, Michael MD, Moyers JS. Glucagon as a target for the treatment of Type 2 diabetes. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2007; 9:593-600. [PMID: 15948676 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.9.3.593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Glucagon is the key counter-regulatory hormone that opposes the action of insulin. In states of relative hypoglycaemia, glucagon acts to increase blood glucose by stimulating hepatic glycogen breakdown and gluconeogenesis to achieve euglycaemia. Type 2 diabetes is characterised by inappropriate regulation of hepatic glucose production, which is due, at least in part, to an imbalance in the bihormonal relationship between plasma levels of glucagon and insulin. The glucose-lowering effects of glucagon peptide antagonists and antiglucagon neutralising antibodies first demonstrated the potential of glucagon receptor (GCGR) antagonism as a treatment for hyperglycaemia. In recent years, the development of GCGR antisense oligonucleotides and small molecular weight GCGR antagonists have been pursued as possible therapeutic agents to target glucagon action as a treatment for Type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle W Sloop
- Endocrine Discovery, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, USA.
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46
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Birch AM, Kenny PW, Oikonomakos NG, Otterbein L, Schofield P, Whittamore PRO, Whalley DP. Development of potent, orally active 1-substituted-3,4-dihydro-2-quinolone glycogen phosphorylase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:394-9. [PMID: 17095214 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2006] [Revised: 10/16/2006] [Accepted: 10/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A series of substituted 3,4-dihydro-2-quinolone glycogen phosphorylase inhibitors, which have potential as antidiabetic agents, is described. Initial members of the series showed good enzyme inhibitory potency but poor physical properties. Optimisation of the 1-substituent led to 2,3-dihydroxypropyl compounds which showed good in vitro potency and improved physical properties, together with good DMPK profiles and acute in vivo efficacy in a rat model. X-ray crystallographic data are presented, showing an unexpected variety of binding orientations at the dimer interface site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan M Birch
- AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, UK.
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47
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Rosini M, Mancini F, Tarozzi A, Colizzi F, Andrisano V, Bolognesi ML, Hrelia P, Melchiorre C. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of substituted 2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]quinolin-9-ylamine related compounds as fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:7846-53. [PMID: 16908175 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.07.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2006] [Revised: 07/26/2006] [Accepted: 07/28/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In a search for structurally new inhibitors of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (F16BPase), substituted 2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]quinoline derivatives were synthesized. It has been shown that the 2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]quinoline moiety may represent a suitable scaffold for the synthesis of potent F16BPase inhibitors endowed with significantly lower EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Rosini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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48
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Freeman S, Bartlett JB, Convey G, Hardern I, Teague JL, Loxham SJG, Allen JM, Poucher SM, Charles AD. Sensitivity of glycogen phosphorylase isoforms to indole site inhibitors is markedly dependent on the activation state of the enzyme. Br J Pharmacol 2006; 149:775-85. [PMID: 17016495 PMCID: PMC2014651 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Inhibition of hepatic glycogen phosphorylase is a potential treatment for glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes. Selective inhibition of the liver phosphorylase isoform could minimize adverse effects in other tissues. We investigated the potential selectivity of two indole site phosphorylase inhibitors, GPi688 and GPi819. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The activity of glycogen phosphorylase was modulated using the allosteric effectors glucose or caffeine to promote the less active T state, and AMP to promote the more active R state. In vitro potency of indole site inhibitors against liver and muscle glycogen phosphorylase a was examined at different effector concentrations using purified recombinant enzymes. The potency of GPi819 was compared with its in vivo efficacy at raising glycogen concentrations in liver and muscle of Zucker (fa/fa) rats. KEY RESULTS In vitro potency of indole site inhibitors depended upon the activity state of phosphorylase a. Both inhibitors showed selectivity for liver phosphorylase a when the isoform specific activities were equal. After 5 days dosing of GPi819 (37.5 micromol kg(-1)), where free compound levels in plasma and tissue were at steady state, glycogen elevation was 1.5-fold greater in soleus muscle than in liver (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The in vivo selectivity of GPi819 did not match that seen in vitro when the specific activities of phosphorylase a isoforms are equal. This suggests T state promoters may be important physiological regulators in skeletal muscle. The greater efficacy of indole site inhibitors in skeletal muscle has implications for the overall safety profile of such drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Freeman
- Cardiovascular and Gastrointestinal Discovery Department, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, Cheshire, UK.
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49
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Oikonomakos NG, Tiraidis C, Leonidas DD, Zographos SE, Kristiansen M, Jessen CU, Nørskov-Lauritsen L, Agius L. Iminosugars as Potential Inhibitors of Glycogenolysis: Structural Insights into the Molecular Basis of Glycogen Phosphorylase Inhibition. J Med Chem 2006; 49:5687-701. [PMID: 16970395 DOI: 10.1021/jm060496g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Iminosugars DAB (5), isofagomine (9), and several N-substituted derivatives have been identified as potent inhibitors of liver glycogen phosphorylase a (IC(50) = 0.4-1.2 microM) and of basal and glucagon-stimulated glycogenolysis (IC(50) = 1-3 microM). The X-ray structures of 5, 9, and its N-3-phenylpropyl analogue 8 in complex with rabbit muscle glycogen phosphorylase (GPb) shows that iminosugars bind tightly at the catalytic site in the presence of the substrate phosphate and induce conformational changes that characterize the R-state conformation of the enzyme. Charged nitrogen N1 is within hydrogen-bonding distance with the carbonyl oxygen of His377 (5) and in ionic contact with the substrate phosphate oxygen (8 and 9). Our findings suggest that the inhibitors function as oxocarbenium ion transition-state analogues. The conformational change to the R state provides an explanation for previous findings that 5, unlike inhibitors that favor the T state, promotes phosphorylation of GPb in hepatocytes with sequential inactivation of glycogen synthase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikos G Oikonomakos
- Institute of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens 11635, Greece.
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50
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Petsalakis EI, Chrysina ED, Tiraidis C, Hadjiloi T, Leonidas DD, Oikonomakos NG, Aich U, Varghese B, Loganathan D. Crystallographic studies on N-azidoacetyl-β-d-glucopyranosylamine, an inhibitor of glycogen phosphorylase: Comparison with N-acetyl-β-d-glucopyranosylamine. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:5316-24. [PMID: 16616506 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2005] [Revised: 03/20/2006] [Accepted: 03/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
N-acetyl-beta-D-glucopyranosylamine (NAG) is a potent inhibitor (Ki=32 microM) of glycogen phosphorylase b (GPb), and has been employed as a lead compound for the structure-based design of new analogues, in an effort to utilize its potential as a hypoglycaemic agent. Replacement of the acetamido group by azidoacetamido group resulted in an inhibitor, N-azidoacetyl-beta-D-glucopyranosylamine (azido-NAG), with a Ki value of 48.7 microM, in the direction of glycogen synthesis. In order to elucidate the mechanism of inhibition, we determined the ligand structure in complex with GPb at 2.03 A resolution, and the structure of the fully acetylated derivative in the free form. The molecular packing of the latter is stabilized by a number of bifurcated hydrogen bonds of which the one involving a bifurcated C-H...N...H-C type hydrogen bonding is rather unique in organic azides. Azido-NAG can be accommodated in the catalytic site of T-state GPb at approximately the same position as that of NAG and stabilizes the T-state conformation of the 280 s loop by making several favourable contacts to residues of this loop. The difference observed in the Ki values of the two analogues can be interpreted in terms of desolvation effects, subtle structural changes of protein residues and changes in water structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia I Petsalakis
- Institute of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48, Vas. Constantinou Ave., 116 35 Athens, Greece
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