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Ishizumi A, Kolis J, Abad N, Prybylski D, Brookmeyer KA, Voegeli C, Wardle C, Chiou H. Beyond misinformation: developing a public health prevention framework for managing information ecosystems. Lancet Public Health 2024; 9:e397-e406. [PMID: 38648815 DOI: 10.1016/s2468-2667(24)00031-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted how infodemics (defined as an overabundance of information, including misinformation and disinformation) pose a threat to public health and could hinder individuals from making informed health decisions. Although public health authorities and other stakeholders have implemented measures for managing infodemics, existing frameworks for infodemic management have been primarily focused on responding to acute health emergencies rather than integrated in routine service delivery. We review the evidence and propose a framework for infodemic management that encompasses upstream strategies and provides guidance on identifying different interventions, informed by the four levels of prevention in public health: primary, secondary, tertiary, and primordial prevention. On the basis of a narrative review of 54 documents (peer-reviewed and grey literature published from 1961 to 2023), we present examples of interventions that belong to each level of prevention. Adopting this framework requires proactive prevention and response through managing information ecosystems, beyond reacting to misinformation or disinformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuyoshi Ishizumi
- Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, GA, USA; US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jessica Kolis
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Neetu Abad
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Claire Wardle
- School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Howard Chiou
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA; Commissioned Corps, US Public Health Service, Rockville, MD, USA
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Steiner R. Emerging infodemic management strategies focus on technology: They can't forget trust. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH = REVUE CANADIENNE DE SANTE PUBLIQUE 2024; 115:443-445. [PMID: 38619749 DOI: 10.17269/s41997-024-00879-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Public health authorities around the world are planning to manage infodemics as part of their next public health emergency. But the experience of managing communications for Ontario's COVID-19 Science Advisory Table suggests that emerging infodemic management (IM) strategies should include three key principles, which appear to be missing from much of the existing literature: (1) emerging IM strategies should incorporate leadership from epidemiologists who can align infodemic response with underlying disease; (2) they should embrace journalists who mediate trust in crises; and (3) they should acknowledge the unique opportunity for public health leaders to build public trust rapidly in the first days of a crisis-a foundation for all subsequent IM. Standardizing infodemic response may help accelerate interventions during a public health emergency, especially when paired with technology. But over-standardizing the human work of building trust risks losing the infodemic fight before it starts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Steiner
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Quadra MR, Schäfer AA, Maciel EB, Vargas BL, Schlemper LAS, Petry SG, Meller FO. Infodemic and sources of information about COVID-19 in a Brazilian population: what are the associated factors? JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION IN HEALTHCARE 2024:1-8. [PMID: 38738839 DOI: 10.1080/17538068.2024.2352982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the COVID-19 pandemic, social isolation, and information search have increased dramatically. This increased search for information about the Coronavirus, called infodemic, was greatly affected by fake news and information without scientific evidence. This article aimed to assess the infodemic amid the COVID-19 pandemic and its association with sociodemographic and pandemic-related variables, as well as describe the main sources from which people obtained information about COVID-19. METHODS A cross-sectional population-based study was performed in Criciúma, Brazil. All individuals aged 18 years or older, residing in the 607 households systematically selected, were invited to answer the questionnaire. Infodemic and sources to seek information about COVID-19 were evaluated, as well as sociodemographic and pandemic-related variables. Adjusted Poisson regression with robust variance was used to evaluate associations. RESULTS A total of 863 individuals participated in the study. The prevalence of infodemic was 22.1%, and television was the main source of information (58.9%). Three groups presented a higher prevalence of infodemic: older adults (PR: 1.65), individuals with low income (PR: 2.97), and those who had had contact with someone infected (PR: 2.20). CONCLUSIONS The findings reflect how some groups are more exposed to infodemic, and underline the responsibility and importance of intersectoral actions for dissemination of information about COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micaela Rabelo Quadra
- Health Sciences Graduate Program, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Antônio Augusto Schäfer
- Public Health Graduate Program, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | | | - Bianca Languer Vargas
- Health Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Sofia Garbin Petry
- Medical College, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Oliveira Meller
- Public Health Graduate Program, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, Santa Catarina, Brazil
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Xu RH, Chen C. Moderating Effect of Coping Strategies on the Association Between the Infodemic-Driven Overuse of Health Care Services and Cyberchondria and Anxiety: Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling Study. J Med Internet Res 2024; 26:e53417. [PMID: 38593427 DOI: 10.2196/53417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a substantial increase in health information, which has, in turn, caused a significant rise in cyberchondria and anxiety among individuals who search for web-based medical information. To cope with this information overload and safeguard their mental well-being, individuals may adopt various strategies. However, the effectiveness of these strategies in mitigating the negative effects of information overload and promoting overall well-being remains uncertain. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the moderating effect of coping strategies on the relationship between the infodemic-driven misuse of health care and depression and cyberchondria. The findings could add a new dimension to our understanding of the psychological impacts of the infodemic, especially in the context of a global health crisis, and the moderating effect of different coping strategies on the relationship between the overuse of health care and cyberchondria and anxiety. METHODS The data used in this study were obtained from a cross-sectional web-based survey. A professional survey company was contracted to collect the data using its web-based panel. The survey was completed by Chinese individuals aged 18 years or older without cognitive problems. Model parameters of the relationships between infodemic-driven overuse of health care, cyberchondria, and anxiety were analyzed using bootstrapped partial least squares structural equation modeling. Additionally, the moderating effects of coping strategies on the aforementioned relationships were also examined. RESULTS A total of 986 respondents completed the web-based survey. The mean scores of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 and Cyberchondria Severity Scale-12 were 8.4 (SD 3.8) and 39.7 (SD 7.5), respectively. The mean score of problem-focused coping was higher than those of emotion- and avoidant-focused coping. There was a significantly positive relationship between a high level of infodemic and increased overuse of health care (bootstrapped mean 0.21, SD 0.03; 95% CI 0.1581-0.271). The overuse of health care resulted in more severe cyberchondria (bootstrapped mean 0.107, SD 0.032) and higher anxiety levels (bootstrapped mean 0.282, SD 0.032) in all the models. Emotion (bootstrapped mean 0.02, SD 0.008 and 0.037, SD 0.015)- and avoidant (bootstrapped mean 0.026, SD 0.009 and 0.049, SD 0.016)-focused coping strategies significantly moderated the relationship between the overuse of health care and cyberchondria and that between the overuse of health care and anxiety, respectively. Regarding the problem-based model, the moderating effect was significant for the relationship between the overuse of health care and anxiety (bootstrapped mean 0.007, SD 0.011; 95% CI 0.005-0.027). CONCLUSIONS This study provides empirical evidence about the impact of coping strategies on the relationship between infodemic-related overuse of health care services and cyberchondria and anxiety. Future research can build on the findings of this study to further explore these relationships and develop and test interventions aimed at mitigating the negative impact of the infodemic on mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Huan Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, China (Hong Kong)
| | - Caiyun Chen
- Nanjing Academy of Administration, Nanjing, China
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Stade EC, Stirman SW, Ungar LH, Boland CL, Schwartz HA, Yaden DB, Sedoc J, DeRubeis RJ, Willer R, Eichstaedt JC. Large language models could change the future of behavioral healthcare: a proposal for responsible development and evaluation. NPJ MENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2024; 3:12. [PMID: 38609507 PMCID: PMC10987499 DOI: 10.1038/s44184-024-00056-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Large language models (LLMs) such as Open AI's GPT-4 (which power ChatGPT) and Google's Gemini, built on artificial intelligence, hold immense potential to support, augment, or even eventually automate psychotherapy. Enthusiasm about such applications is mounting in the field as well as industry. These developments promise to address insufficient mental healthcare system capacity and scale individual access to personalized treatments. However, clinical psychology is an uncommonly high stakes application domain for AI systems, as responsible and evidence-based therapy requires nuanced expertise. This paper provides a roadmap for the ambitious yet responsible application of clinical LLMs in psychotherapy. First, a technical overview of clinical LLMs is presented. Second, the stages of integration of LLMs into psychotherapy are discussed while highlighting parallels to the development of autonomous vehicle technology. Third, potential applications of LLMs in clinical care, training, and research are discussed, highlighting areas of risk given the complex nature of psychotherapy. Fourth, recommendations for the responsible development and evaluation of clinical LLMs are provided, which include centering clinical science, involving robust interdisciplinary collaboration, and attending to issues like assessment, risk detection, transparency, and bias. Lastly, a vision is outlined for how LLMs might enable a new generation of studies of evidence-based interventions at scale, and how these studies may challenge assumptions about psychotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C Stade
- Dissemination and Training Division, National Center for PTSD, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Institute for Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence & Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Shannon Wiltsey Stirman
- Dissemination and Training Division, National Center for PTSD, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Lyle H Ungar
- Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Cody L Boland
- Dissemination and Training Division, National Center for PTSD, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - H Andrew Schwartz
- Department of Computer Science, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - David B Yaden
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - João Sedoc
- Department of Technology, Operations, and Statistics, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Robert J DeRubeis
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Robb Willer
- Department of Sociology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Johannes C Eichstaedt
- Institute for Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence & Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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Abuhaloob L, Purnat TD, Tabche C, Atwan Z, Dubois E, Rawaf S. Management of infodemics in outbreaks or health crises: a systematic review. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1343902. [PMID: 38566799 PMCID: PMC10986759 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1343902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The World Health Organization (WHO) defined an infodemic as an overabundance of information, accurate or not, in the digital and physical space, accompanying an acute health event such as an outbreak or epidemic. It can impact people's risk perceptions, trust, and confidence in the health system, and health workers. As an immediate response, the WHO developed the infodemic management (IM) frameworks, research agenda, intervention frameworks, competencies, and processes for reference by health authorities. Objective This systematic review explored the response to and during acute health events by health authorities and other organizations operating in health. It also assessed the effectiveness of the current interventions. Methods On 26 June 2023, an online database search included Medline (Ovid), Embase, Cochrane Library, Scopus, Epistemonikos, and the WHO website. It included English-only, peer-reviewed studies or reports covering IM processes applied by health organizations that reported their effectiveness. There was no restriction on publication dates. Two independent reviewers conducted all screening, inclusion, and quality assessments, and a third reviewer arbitrated any disagreement between the two reviewers. Results Reviewers identified 945 records. After a final assessment, 29 studies were included in the review and were published between 2021 and 2023. Some countries (Pakistan, Yemen, Spain, Italy, Hong Kong, Japan, South Korea, Singapore, United Kingdom, United States, New Zealand, Finland, South Korea, and Russia) applied different methods of IM to people's behaviors. These included but were not limited to launching media and TV conservations, using web and scientific database searches, posting science-based COVID-19 information, implementing online surveys, and creating an innovative ecosystem of digital tools, and an Early AI-supported response with Social Listening (EARS) platform. Most of the interventions were effective in containing the harmful effects of COVID-19 infodemic. However, the quality of the evidence was not robust. Discussion Most of the infodemic interventions applied during COVID-19 fall within the recommended actions of the WHO IM ecosystem. As a result, the study suggests that more research is needed into the challenges facing health systems in different operational environments and country contexts in relation to designing, implementing, and evaluating IM interventions, strategies, policies, and systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamis Abuhaloob
- Faculty of Medicine, WHO Collaborating Centre for Public Health Education and Training, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tina D. Purnat
- University of Memphis School of Public Health, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Celine Tabche
- Faculty of Medicine, WHO Collaborating Centre for Public Health Education and Training, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Zeenah Atwan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Al-Basra, Al-Basra, Iraq
| | - Elizabeth Dubois
- Faculty of Medicine, WHO Collaborating Centre for Public Health Education and Training, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Salman Rawaf
- Faculty of Medicine, WHO Collaborating Centre for Public Health Education and Training, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Hoffman SA, Maldonado YA. Emerging and re-emerging pediatric viral diseases: a continuing global challenge. Pediatr Res 2024; 95:480-487. [PMID: 37940663 PMCID: PMC10837080 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-023-02878-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
The twenty-first century has been marked by a surge in viral epidemics and pandemics, highlighting the global health challenge posed by emerging and re-emerging pediatric viral diseases. This review article explores the complex dynamics contributing to this challenge, including climate change, globalization, socio-economic interconnectedness, geopolitical tensions, vaccine hesitancy, misinformation, and disparities in access to healthcare resources. Understanding the interactions between the environment, socioeconomics, and health is crucial for effectively addressing current and future outbreaks. This scoping review focuses on emerging and re-emerging viral infectious diseases, with an emphasis on pediatric vulnerability. It highlights the urgent need for prevention, preparedness, and response efforts, particularly in resource-limited communities disproportionately affected by climate change and spillover events. Adopting a One Health/Planetary Health approach, which integrates human, animal, and ecosystem health, can enhance equity and resilience in global communities. IMPACT: We provide a scoping review of emerging and re-emerging viral threats to global pediatric populations This review provides an update on current pediatric viral threats in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic This review aims to sensitize clinicians, epidemiologists, public health practitioners, and policy stakeholders/decision-makers to the role these viral diseases have in persistent pediatric morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth A Hoffman
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Yvonne A Maldonado
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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Wan KH, Radke NV, Wong RLM, Jonas JB. Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic and Infodemic: Separating the Signal From the Noise. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila) 2023; 12:507-508. [PMID: 38079269 DOI: 10.1097/apo.0000000000000649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin H Wan
- The International Eye Research Institute of The Chinese University of Hong Kong (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, China
- The C-MER Dennis Lam and Partners Eye Center, C-MER International Eye Care Group, Central, Hong Kong, China
| | - Nishant Vijay Radke
- Department of Retina and Vitreous, The C-MER (Shenzhen) Dennis Lam Eye Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Raymond L M Wong
- The International Eye Research Institute of The Chinese University of Hong Kong (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, China
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Jost B Jonas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology, Basel, Switzerland
- Privatpraxis Prof Jonas und Dr Panda-Jonas, Heidelberg, Germany
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Zhang J, Pan Y, Lin H, Sun Z, Wu P, Tu J. Infodemic: Challenges and solutions in topic discovery and data process. Arch Public Health 2023; 81:166. [PMID: 37679764 PMCID: PMC10483774 DOI: 10.1186/s13690-023-01179-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic was a huge shock to society, and the ensuing information problems had a huge impact on society at the same time. The urgent need to understand the Infodemic, i.e., the importance of the spread of false information related to the epidemic, has been highlighted. However, while there is a growing interest in this phenomenon, studies on the topic discovery, data collection, and data preparation phases of the information analysis process have been lacking. OBJECTIVE Since the epidemic is unprecedented and has not ended to this day, we aimed to examine the existing Infodemic-related literature from January 2019 to December 2022. METHODS We have systematically searched ScienceDirect and IEEE Xplore databases with some search limitations. From the searched literature we selected titles, abstracts and keywords, and limitations sections. We conducted an extensive structured literature search and analysis by filtering the literature and sorting out the available information. RESULTS A total of 47 papers ended up meeting the requirements of this review. Researchers in all of these literatures encountered different challenges, most of which were focused on the data collection step, with few challenges encountered in the data preparation phase and almost none in the topic discovery section. The challenges were mainly divided into the points of how to collect data quickly, how to get the required data samples, how to filter the data, what to do if the data set is too small, how to pick the right classifier and how to deal with topic drift and diversity. In addition, researchers have proposed partial solutions to the challenges, and we have also proposed possible solutions. CONCLUSIONS This review found that Infodemic is a rapidly growing research area that attracts the interest of researchers from different disciplines. The number of studies in this field has increased significantly in recent years, with researchers from different countries, including the United States, India, and China. Infodemic topic discovery, data collection, and data preparation are not easy, and each step faces different challenges. While there is some research in this emerging field, there are still many challenges that need to be addressed. These findings highlight the need for more articles to address these issues and fill these gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjin Zhang
- School of Computer Science, Nanjing Audit University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Pan
- School of Computer Science, Nanjing Audit University, Nanjing, China
| | - Han Lin
- School of Engineering Audit, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Public Project Audit, Nanjing Audit University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Zhoubao Sun
- School of Engineering Audit, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Public Project Audit, Nanjing Audit University, Nanjing, China
| | - Pingping Wu
- School of Engineering Audit, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Public Project Audit, Nanjing Audit University, Nanjing, China
| | - Juan Tu
- The Institute of Acoustics, School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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Lin CH, Chen YJ, Lin MW, Chang HJ, Yang XR, Lin CS. ACE2 and a Traditional Chinese Medicine Formula NRICM101 Could Alleviate the Inflammation and Pathogenic Process of Acute Lung Injury. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:1554. [PMID: 37763673 PMCID: PMC10533189 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59091554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 is a highly transmittable respiratory illness caused by SARS-CoV-2, and acute lung injury (ALI) is the major complication of COVID-19. The challenge in studying SARS-CoV-2 pathogenicity is the limited availability of animal models. Therefore, it is necessary to establish animal models that can reproduce multiple characteristics of ALI to study therapeutic applications. The present study established a mouse model that has features of ALI that are similar to COVID-19 syndrome to investigate the role of ACE2 and the administration of the Chinese herbal prescription NRICM101 in ALI. Mice with genetic modifications, including overexpression of human ACE2 (K18-hACE2 TG) and absence of ACE2 (mACE2 KO), were intratracheally instillated with hydrochloric acid. The acid intratracheal instillation induced severe immune cell infiltration, cytokine storms, and pulmonary disease in mice. Compared with K18-hACE2 TG mice, mACE2 KO mice exhibited dramatically increased levels of multiple inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, histological evidence of lung injury, and dysregulation of MAPK and MMP activation. In mACE2 KO mice, NRICM101 could ameliorate the disease progression of acid-induced ALI. In conclusion, the established mouse model provided an effective platform for researchers to investigate pathological mechanisms and develop therapeutic strategies for ALI, including COVID-19-related ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Han Lin
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30068, Taiwan; (C.-H.L.); (Y.-J.C.); (H.-J.C.); (X.-R.Y.)
| | - Yi-Ju Chen
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30068, Taiwan; (C.-H.L.); (Y.-J.C.); (H.-J.C.); (X.-R.Y.)
| | - Meng-Wei Lin
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30068, Taiwan; (C.-H.L.); (Y.-J.C.); (H.-J.C.); (X.-R.Y.)
| | - Ho-Ju Chang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30068, Taiwan; (C.-H.L.); (Y.-J.C.); (H.-J.C.); (X.-R.Y.)
| | - Xin-Rui Yang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30068, Taiwan; (C.-H.L.); (Y.-J.C.); (H.-J.C.); (X.-R.Y.)
| | - Chih-Sheng Lin
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30068, Taiwan; (C.-H.L.); (Y.-J.C.); (H.-J.C.); (X.-R.Y.)
- Center for Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio-Devices (IDS2B), National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30068, Taiwan
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30068, Taiwan
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