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Weerts EAWS, Matthijs MGR, Bonhof J, van Haarlem DA, Dwars RM, Gröne A, Verheije MH, Jansen CA. The contribution of the immune response to enhanced colibacillosis upon preceding viral respiratory infection in broiler chicken in a dual infection model. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2021; 238:110276. [PMID: 34126552 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2021.110276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Colibacillosis in chickens caused by avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) is known to be aggravated by preceding infections with infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and avian metapneumovirus (aMPV). The mechanism behind these virus-induced predispositions for secondary bacterial infections is poorly understood. Here we set out to investigate the immunopathogenesis of enhanced respiratory colibacillosis after preceding infections with these three viruses. Broilers were inoculated intratracheally with APEC six days after oculonasal and intratracheal inoculation with IBV, NDV, aMPV or buffered saline. After euthanasia at 1 and 8 days post infection (dpi) with APEC, birds were macroscopically examined and tissue samples were taken from the trachea, lungs and air sacs. In none of the groups differences in body weight were observed during the course of infection. Macroscopic lesion scoring revealed most severe tissue changes after NDV-APEC and IBV-APEC infection. Histologically, persistent tracheitis was detected in all virus-APEC groups, but not after APEC-only infection. In the lungs, mostly APEC-associated transient pneumonia was observed. Severe and persistent airsacculitis was present after NDV-APEC and IBV-APEC infection. Bacterial antigen was detected by immunohistochemistry only at 1 dpi APEC, predominantly in NDV-APEC- and IBV-APEC-infected lungs. Higher numbers of CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes persisted over time in NDV-APEC- and IBV-APEC-infected tracheas, as did CD4+ lymphocytes in NBV-APEC- and IBV-APEC-infected air sacs. KUL01+ cells, which include monocytes and macrophages, and TCRγδ+ lymphocytes were observed mostly in lung tissue in all infected groups with transient higher numbers of KUL01+ cells over time and higher numbers of TCRγδ+ lymphocytes mainly at 8 dpi. qPCR analysis revealed mostly trends of transient higher levels of IL-6 and IFNγ mRNA in lung tissue after IBV-APEC and also NDV-APEC infection and persistent higher levels of IL-6 mRNA after aMPV-APEC infection. In spleens, transient higher levels of IL-17 mRNA and more persistent higher levels of IL-6 mRNA were observed after all co-infections. No changes in IL-10 mRNA expression were seen. These results demonstrate a major impact of dual infections with respiratory viruses and APEC, compared to a single infection with APEC, on the chicken respiratory tract and suggest that immunopathogenesis contributes to lesion persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik A W S Weerts
- Division of Pathology, Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Mieke G R Matthijs
- Division of Farm Animal Health, Department Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Josette Bonhof
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Daphne A van Haarlem
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - R Marius Dwars
- Division of Farm Animal Health, Department Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Andrea Gröne
- Division of Pathology, Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - M Hélène Verheije
- Division of Pathology, Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Christine A Jansen
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
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2
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Al-Garib S, Gielkens A, Gruys E, Kochi G. Review of Newcastle disease virus with particular references to immunity and vaccination. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2019. [DOI: 10.1079/wps20030011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S.O. Al-Garib
- Central Institute Disease Control (CIDC-Lelystad), P.O. Box 2004, 8203 AA Lelystad, The Netherlands
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, P.O. Box 80158, 3508 TD, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Al-Fateh University, P.O. Box 13662 Tripoli, Libya
| | - A.L.J. Gielkens
- Institute for Animal Science and Health (ID-Lelystad), P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - E. Gruys
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, P.O. Box 80158, 3508 TD, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - G. Kochi
- Central Institute Disease Control (CIDC-Lelystad), P.O. Box 2004, 8203 AA Lelystad, The Netherlands
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3
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Gowthaman V, Singh SD, Dhama K, Ramakrishnan MA, Malik YPS, Gopala Krishna Murthy TR, Chitra R, Munir M. Co-infection of Newcastle disease virus genotype XIII with low pathogenic avian influenza exacerbates clinical outcome of Newcastle disease in vaccinated layer poultry flocks. Virusdisease 2019; 30:441-452. [PMID: 31803812 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-019-00533-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Newcastle disease (ND) and avian influenza (AI) are economically important infectious diseases of poultry. Sometime, concomitant secondary viral/or bacterial infections significantly alters the pathobiology of ND and AI in poultry. As of now, the disease patterns and dynamics of co-infections caused by ND virus (NDV, genotype XIII) and Low Pathogenic AI viruses (LPAI, H9N2) are explicitly elusive. Thus, we examined the clinicopathological disease conditions due to these two economically important viruses to understand the complex disease outcomes by virus-virus interactions in vaccinated flocks. The findings of clinicopathological and molecular investigations carried on 37 commercial ND vaccinated poultry flocks revealed simultaneous circulation of NDV and AIV in same flock/bird. Further, molecular characterization of hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes confirmed that all the identified AIVs were of low pathogenicity H9N2 subtype and fusion (F) gene analysis of detected NDVs belong to NDV class II, genotype XIII, a virulent type. The NDV and H9N2 alone or co-infected flocks (NDV + LPAI) exhibit clinical signs and lesions similar to that of virulent NDV except the degree of severity, which was higher in H9N2-NDV co-infected flocks. Additionally, avian pathogenic E. coli and mycoplasma infections were detected in majority of the ailing/dead birds from the co-infected flocks during progression of the clinical disease. Overall, the findings highlight the multi-factorial disease complexity in commercial poultry and suggest the importance of NDV genotype XIII in intensifying the clinical disease in vaccinated birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Gowthaman
- 1Avian Diseases Section, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243 122 India
- 2Present Address: Poultry Disease Diagnosis and Surveillance Laboratory, Veterinary College and Research Institute Campus, Namakkal, 637 002 India
| | - S D Singh
- 1Avian Diseases Section, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243 122 India
| | - K Dhama
- 1Avian Diseases Section, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243 122 India
| | - M A Ramakrishnan
- 3Division of Virology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar, Uttarakhand 263138 India
| | - Y P S Malik
- 4Division of Biological Standardisation, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243 122 India
| | - T R Gopala Krishna Murthy
- 2Present Address: Poultry Disease Diagnosis and Surveillance Laboratory, Veterinary College and Research Institute Campus, Namakkal, 637 002 India
| | - R Chitra
- 5Department of Animal Husbandry Statistics and Computer Applications, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Namakkal, 637 002 India
| | - M Munir
- 6Department of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YG UK
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4
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Novel Mechanisms Revealed in the Trachea Transcriptome of Resistant and Susceptible Chicken Lines following Infection with Newcastle Disease Virus. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2017; 24:CVI.00027-17. [PMID: 28331077 PMCID: PMC5424241 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00027-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Newcastle disease virus (NDV) has a devastating impact on poultry production in developing countries. This study examined the transcriptome of tracheal epithelial cells from two inbred chicken lines that differ in NDV susceptibility after challenge with a high-titer inoculum of lentogenic NDV. The Fayoumi line had a significantly lower NDV load postchallenge than the Leghorn line, demonstrating the Fayoumi line's classification as a relatively NDV-resistant breed. Examination of the trachea transcriptome showed a large increase in immune cell infiltration in the trachea in both lines at all times postinfection. The pathways conserved across lines and at all three time points postinfection included iCOS-iCOSL signaling in T helper cells, NF-κB signaling, the role of nuclear factor of activated T cells in the regulation of the immune response, calcium-induced T lymphocyte apoptosis, phospholipase C signaling, and CD28 signaling in T helper cells. Although shared pathways were seen in the Fayoumi and Leghorn lines, each line showed unique responses as well. The downregulation of collagen and the activation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 signaling in the Fayoumis relative to the Leghorns at 2 days postinfection may contribute to the resistance phenotype seen in the Fayoumis. This study provides a further understanding of host-pathogen interactions which could improve vaccine efficacy and, in combination with genome-wide association studies, has the potential to advance strategies for breeding chickens with enhanced resistance to NDV.
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Mast J, Nanbru C, van den Berg T, Meulemans G. Ultrastructural Changes of the Tracheal Epithelium after Vaccination of Day-Old Chickens with the La Sota Strain of Newcastle Disease Virus. Vet Pathol 2016; 42:559-65. [PMID: 16145202 DOI: 10.1354/vp.42-5-559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The progression of tracheal lesions induced by vaccination of day-old specific pathogen-free chicks with the La Sota strain of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) was examined by relating surface changes as observed by scanning electron microscopy with subcellular changes seen by transmission electron microscopy. NDV infection resulted in hypertrophy of goblet cells, their rupture, and the formation of excess mucus. Activation of goblet cells peaked within 4 days postvaccination. Afterward, the activation levels gradually decreased. At the level of the ciliated cells, a marked increase in the proportion of nonciliated to ciliated cells and later an almost complete deciliation of the tracheal surface were observed because a simple squamous to cuboidal epithelium replaced the original pseudostratified epithelium. Fifteen days postvaccination, all epithelial damage was restored. Because the observed vaccination-induced lesions are detrimental to epithelial integrity and function as a barrier against invading microorganisms, they might explain at the ultrastructural level the secondary complications of vaccination with the La Sota strain against NDV
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mast
- Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Center, Brussels, Belgium.
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6
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Abstract
Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) strains cause severe respiratory and systemic diseases, threatening food security and avian welfare worldwide. Intensification of poultry production and the quick expansion of free-range production systems will increase the incidence of colibacillosis through greater exposure of birds to pathogens and stress. Therapy is mainly based on antibiotherapy and current vaccines have poor efficacy. Serotyping remains the most frequently used diagnostic method, only allowing the identification of a limited number of APEC strains. Several studies have demonstrated that the most common virulence factors studied in APEC are all rarely present in the same isolate, showing that APEC strains constitute a heterogeneous group. Different isolates may harbor different associations of virulence factors, each one able to induce colibacillosis. Despite its economical relevance, pathogenesis of colibacillosis is poorly understood. Our knowledge on the host response to APEC is based on very descriptive studies, mostly restricted to bacteriological and histopathological analysis of infected organs such as lungs. Furthermore, only a small number of APEC isolates have been used in experimental studies. In the present review, we discuss current knowledge on APEC diversity and virulence, including host response to infection and the associated inflammatory response with a focus on pulmonary colibacillosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Guabiraba
- INRA, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, 37380 Nouzilly, France Université François Rabelais de Tours, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, 37000 Tours, France
| | - Catherine Schouler
- INRA, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, 37380 Nouzilly, France Université François Rabelais de Tours, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, 37000 Tours, France
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7
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Brown CC, Sullivan L, Dufour-Zavala L, Kulkarni A, Williams S, Susta L, Zhang J, Sellers H. Comparing presence of avian paramyxovirus-1 through immunohistochemistry in tracheas of experimentally and naturally infected chickens. Avian Dis 2013; 57:36-40. [PMID: 23678727 DOI: 10.1637/10299-070312-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Tracheas from chickens infected both in the field and experimentally with lentogenic Newcastle disease virus (also known as avian paramyxovirus-1 [APMV-1] and referred to here as "lentogenic NDV") were examined histopathologically to score degree of pathologic changes and by immunohistochemistry to determine presence of viral protein. In the field cases there was often a striking lack of correlation between severity of tracheal lesions and amount of immunohistochemical signal for APMV-1 protein. Experimental cases had minimal pathologic changes and also minimal immunohistochemical signal. Positive cells were often associated with surface deciliation. It may be that lentogenic NDV has only a minor role as a respiratory pathogen, merely compromising the mucosa to allow other respiratory pathogens to infect and worsen the clinical and pathologic presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corrie C Brown
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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8
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Shim JB, So HH, Won HK, Mo IP. Characterization of avian paramyxovirus type 1 from migratory wild birds in chickens. Avian Pathol 2012; 40:565-72. [PMID: 22107090 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2011.616187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is one of the most important infectious agents in the poultry industry, and vaccines against it have been widely used for prevention and control. Live vaccines, which can replicate in the respiratory and digestive systems, have been especially needed in areas with outbreaks of viscerotropic velogenic Newcastle disease. Towards the goal of searching for a new live vaccine candidate, avian paramyxovirus type 1 (APMV-1) was isolated from the faeces of wild birds. Three APMV-1 strains thus isolated were characterized in terms of phylogeny, pathogenicity, immunogenicity and tissue tropism, and on the basis of these analyses were classified as lentogenic genotype I NDV. CBU2179, one of the three APMV-1 strains, was selected and was evaluated in terms of its efficacy and safety in specific pathogen-free chickens and commercial broilers. The manufactured trial vaccine from this strain, also called CBU2179, induced similar immune responses to those of VG/GA and B1 commercial vaccines, and provided 100% protection against challenge from viscerotropic velogenic NDV, KJW/49 strain (the official challenge strain in Korea). Also, the CBU2179 virus was re-isolated and persisted as long as or longer than other vaccine strains in both the respiratory and alimentary tracts. Therefore, the CBU2179 strain may represent a good candidate for a live Newcastle disease vaccine to protect chickens against viscerotropic velogenic NDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Bo Shim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
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9
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Cattoli G, Susta L, Terregino C, Brown C. Newcastle disease: a review of field recognition and current methods of laboratory detection. J Vet Diagn Invest 2011; 23:637-56. [PMID: 21908305 DOI: 10.1177/1040638711407887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Newcastle disease (ND) remains a constant threat to the poultry industry and is a limiting disease for poultry producers worldwide. The variety of clinical presentations and the emergence and spread of new genetic variants make recognition and diagnosis challenging. The current review details the pertinent features of the clinicopathologic disease in the main susceptible species, including chicken, turkey, duck, goose, pigeon, and other birds such as cormorants, psittacines, and canaries. Furthermore, the available and emerging laboratory diagnostic methodologies for the detection and typing of the virus are reviewed, including traditional techniques such as virus isolation and immunohistochemistry as well as rapid procedures based on molecular tools, such as real-time polymerase chain reaction, gene sequencing, and microarrays. The relevant genetic variability of ND viruses probably represents the major limitation in the validation and application of the current, advanced diagnostic molecular techniques. This underscores the importance of a multidisciplinary and comprehensive diagnostic approach, which should include, next to the new generation assays of the genomic era, the more traditional techniques such as histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and virus isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Cattoli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Research and Development Department, Viale dell'Università10 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy.
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10
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Wambura PN. Comparative Propagation of shape Newcastle disease virus (Strains I-2 and V4) on Chicken Embryo Tracheal Explants. Vet Res Commun 2006; 30:673-7. [PMID: 16838209 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-006-3281-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P N Wambura
- School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Natural Resources, Agriculture and Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
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11
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Abstract
Newcastle disease virus (NDV)-induced damage to the embryonic chicken trachea, the tracheal explants, and red blood cells (RBCs) was studied by scanning electron microscopy. In the tracheae, NDV caused deciliation and depletion of the epithelial cells. In the tracheal explants, the same pathologic changes could be seen within 6 hr of virus infection. In RBCs, a perforation and a change in surface morphology were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Lam
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Hooper PT, Russell GM, Morrow CJ, Segal Y. Lentogenic Newcastle disease virus and respiratory disease in Australian broiler chickens. Aust Vet J 1999; 77:53-4. [PMID: 10028399 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1999.tb12434.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P T Hooper
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria
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13
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Hamid H, Campbell R, Lamichhane C. The pathology of infection of chickens with the lentogenic V4 strain of Newcastle disease virus. Avian Pathol 1990; 19:687-96. [DOI: 10.1080/03079459008418724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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