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Wang C, Gong B, Zhu Q, Han J, Sun L. Novel GLP-1(28-36) amide-derived hybrid peptide A3 with weight loss and hypoglycemic activities. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 961:176200. [PMID: 37979828 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.176200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) has gained much attention in the last decade for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Accumulating evidence indicates that some metabolites of GLP-1 have biological activities that might contribute to the pleiotropic effects of GLP-1 independent of the GLP-1 receptor. The hypoglycemic and weight-reducing effects of the reported metabolites and modifications still need to be confirmed. In this study, we started from the C-terminal nonapeptide GLP-1(28-36) amide and developed a series of GLP-1(28-36) amide-derived hybrid peptides. Our findings of biological activity evaluation in INS-1 cells, streptozotocin-induced diabetic and diet-induced obesity mice confirmed a novel hybrid peptide, A3, and provided a new perspective in the development of new drugs from peptide metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Binbin Gong
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, PR China; College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310000, PR China
| | - Qianqian Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Jing Han
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, PR China
| | - Lidan Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, PR China.
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2
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Tee CCL, Cooke MB, Chong MC, Yeo WK, Camera DM. Mechanisms for Combined Hypoxic Conditioning and Divergent Exercise Modes to Regulate Inflammation, Body Composition, Appetite, and Blood Glucose Homeostasis in Overweight and Obese Adults: A Narrative Review. Sports Med 2023; 53:327-348. [PMID: 36441492 PMCID: PMC9877079 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01782-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a major global health issue and a primary risk factor for metabolic-related disorders. While physical inactivity is one of the main contributors to obesity, it is a modifiable risk factor with exercise training as an established non-pharmacological treatment to prevent the onset of metabolic-related disorders, including obesity. Exposure to hypoxia via normobaric hypoxia (simulated altitude via reduced inspired oxygen fraction), termed hypoxic conditioning, in combination with exercise has been increasingly shown in the last decade to enhance blood glucose regulation and decrease the body mass index, providing a feasible strategy to treat obesity. However, there is no current consensus in the literature regarding the optimal combination of exercise variables such as the mode, duration, and intensity of exercise, as well as the level of hypoxia to maximize fat loss and overall body compositional changes with hypoxic conditioning. In this narrative review, we discuss the effects of such diverse exercise and hypoxic variables on the systematic and myocellular mechanisms, along with physiological responses, implicated in the development of obesity. These include markers of appetite regulation and inflammation, body conformational changes, and blood glucose regulation. As such, we consolidate findings from human studies to provide greater clarity for implementing hypoxic conditioning with exercise as a safe, practical, and effective treatment strategy for obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Chow Li Tee
- Division of Research and Innovation, National Sports Institute of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Sport and Exercise Medicine Group, Swinburne University, Room SPW224, Mail H21, PO Box 218, Hawthorn, VIC, 3122, Australia
| | - Matthew B Cooke
- Sport and Exercise Medicine Group, Swinburne University, Room SPW224, Mail H21, PO Box 218, Hawthorn, VIC, 3122, Australia
| | - Mee Chee Chong
- Sport and Exercise Medicine Group, Swinburne University, Room SPW224, Mail H21, PO Box 218, Hawthorn, VIC, 3122, Australia
| | - Wee Kian Yeo
- Division of Research and Innovation, National Sports Institute of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Donny M Camera
- Sport and Exercise Medicine Group, Swinburne University, Room SPW224, Mail H21, PO Box 218, Hawthorn, VIC, 3122, Australia.
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3
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Pang J, Feng JN, Ling W, Jin T. The anti-inflammatory feature of glucagon-like peptide-1 and its based diabetes drugs—Therapeutic potential exploration in lung injury. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:4040-4055. [PMID: 36386481 PMCID: PMC9643154 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 2005, GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists (GLP-1RAs) have been developed as therapeutic agents for type 2 diabetes (T2D). GLP-1R is not only expressed in pancreatic islets but also other organs, especially the lung. However, controversy on extra-pancreatic GLP-1R expression still needs to be further resolved, utilizing different tools including the use of more reliable GLP-1R antibodies in immune-staining and co-immune-staining. Extra-pancreatic expression of GLP-1R has triggered extensive investigations on extra-pancreatic functions of GLP-1RAs, aiming to repurpose them into therapeutic agents for other disorders. Extensive studies have demonstrated promising anti-inflammatory features of GLP-1RAs. Whether those features are directly mediated by GLP-1R expressed in immune cells also remains controversial. Following a brief review on GLP-1 as an incretin hormone and the development of GLP-1RAs as therapeutic agents for T2D, we have summarized our current understanding of the anti-inflammatory features of GLP-1RAs and commented on the controversy on extra-pancreatic GLP-1R expression. The main part of this review is a literature discussion on GLP-1RA utilization in animal models with chronic airway diseases and acute lung injuries, including studies on the combined use of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) based therapy. This is followed by a brief summary.
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Energy balance in hypothalamic obesity in response to treatment with a once-weekly GLP-1 receptor agonist. Int J Obes (Lond) 2022; 46:623-629. [PMID: 34975146 PMCID: PMC8881399 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-021-01043-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Hypothalamic obesity (HO) frequently occurs following suprasellar tumors from a combination of decreased energy expenditure and increased energy intake. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP1RA) therapy is associated with increased satiety and energy expenditure. We hypothesized GLP1RA therapy in patients with HO would cause both lower energy intake and increased energy expenditure. SUBJECTS/METHODS Forty-two patients aged 10-26 years (median 16 years) with HO with suprasellar tumors were randomized to GLP1RA (exenatide extended release once-weekly, ExQW, n = 23) or placebo (n = 19). Thirty seven (81%) patients completed the 36-week double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Total energy expenditure (TEE) was measured with doubly labeled water, physical activity was assessed with actigraphy, and intake was estimated with ad libitum buffet meal. Results are presented as adjusted mean between-group difference. RESULTS As compared with treatment with placebo, treatment with ExQW was associated with decreased energy intake during a buffet meal (-1800 kJ (-430 kcal), 95% CI -3 184 to -418 kJ, p = 0.02). There were no significant differences in physical activity between groups. ExQW (vs. placebo) treatment was associated with a decrease in TEE (-695 kJ/day (-166 kcal/day), 95% CI -1 130 to -264 kJ/day, p < 0.01, adjusted for baseline TEE). The treatment effect was still significant after further adjustment for change in body composition (-372 kJ/day (-89 kcal/day), 95% CI -699 to -42 kJ/day, p = 0.04) or change in leptin (-695 kJ/day (-166 kcal/day), 95% CI -1 130 to -264 kJ/day, p < 0.01). This decrease in TEE occurred despite an increase in lean mass and fat mass (1.7 vs. 1.3 kg lean mass, p = 0.88 and 1.5 vs. 4.6 kg fat mass, p = 0.04, ExQW vs. placebo). CONCLUSIONS Treatment with a GLP1RA was associated with a decrease in food intake but also a decrease in TEE that was disproportionate to change in body composition.
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Yaribeygi H, Maleki M, Butler AE, Jamialahmadi T, Sahebkar A. The Impact of Incretin-Based Medications on Lipid Metabolism. J Diabetes Res 2021; 2021:1815178. [PMID: 35005028 PMCID: PMC8731296 DOI: 10.1155/2021/1815178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathophysiological pathways that are induced by chronic hyperglycemia negatively impact lipid metabolism. Thus, diabetes is commonly accompanied by varying degrees of dyslipidemia which is itself a major risk factor for further macro- and microvascular diabetes complications such as atherosclerosis and nephropathy. Therefore, normalizing lipid metabolism is an attractive goal for therapy in patients with diabetes. Incretin-based medications are a novel group of antidiabetic agents with potent hypoglycemic effects. While the impact of incretins on glucose metabolism is clear, recent evidence indicates their positive modulatory roles on various aspects of lipid metabolism. Therefore, incretins may offer additional beneficial effects beyond that of glucose normalization. In the current review, how these antidiabetic medications can regulate lipid homeostasis and the possible cellular pathways involved are discussed, incorporating related clinical evidence about incretin effects on lipid homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habib Yaribeygi
- Research Center of Physiology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Mina Maleki
- Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alexandra E. Butler
- Research Department, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, PO Box 15503, Adliya, Bahrain
| | - Tannaz Jamialahmadi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Quchan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Quchan, Iran
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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6
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Wang D, Day EA, Townsend LK, Djordjevic D, Jørgensen SB, Steinberg GR. GDF15: emerging biology and therapeutic applications for obesity and cardiometabolic disease. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2021; 17:592-607. [PMID: 34381196 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-021-00529-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is a member of the TGFβ superfamily whose expression is increased in response to cellular stress and disease as well as by metformin. Elevations in GDF15 reduce food intake and body mass in animal models through binding to glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor family receptor alpha-like (GFRAL) and the recruitment of the receptor tyrosine kinase RET in the hindbrain. This effect is largely independent of other appetite-regulating hormones (for example, leptin, ghrelin or glucagon-like peptide 1). Consistent with an important role for the GDF15-GFRAL signalling axis, some human genetic studies support an interrelationship with human obesity. Furthermore, findings in both mice and humans have shown that metformin and exercise increase circulating levels of GDF15. GDF15 might also exert anti-inflammatory effects through mechanisms that are not fully understood. These unique and distinct mechanisms for suppressing food intake and inflammation makes GDF15 an appealing candidate to treat many metabolic diseases, including obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, cardiovascular disease and cancer cachexia. Here, we review the mechanisms regulating GDF15 production and secretion, GDF15 signalling in different cell types, and how GDF15-targeted pharmaceutical approaches might be effective in the treatment of metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Wang
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research and the Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Emily A Day
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research and the Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Logan K Townsend
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research and the Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Djordje Djordjevic
- Global Obesity and Liver Disease Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Maaloev, Denmark
| | | | - Gregory R Steinberg
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research and the Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
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Liu D, Pang J, Shao W, Gu J, Zeng Y, He HH, Ling W, Qian X, Jin T. Hepatic Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 Is Involved in Mediating Functions of Liraglutide in Mice With Dietary Challenge. Hepatology 2021; 74:2154-2169. [PMID: 33851458 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Several studies have shown that expression of hepatic fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) can be stimulated by glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1)-based diabetes drugs. As GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) is unlikely to be expressed in hepatocytes, we aimed to compare such stimulation in mice and in mouse hepatocytes, determine the involvement of GLP-1R, and clarify whether FGF21 mediates certain functions of the GLP-1R agonist liraglutide. APPROACH AND RESULTS Liver FGF21 expression was assessed in mice receiving a daily liraglutide injection for 3 days or in mouse primary hepatocytes (MPHs) undergoing direct liraglutide treatment. The effects of liraglutide on metabolic improvement and FGF21 expression were then assessed in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice and compared with the effects of the dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 inhibitor sitagliptin. Animal studies were also performed in Glp1r-/- mice and liver-specific FGF21-knockout (lFgf21-KO) mice. In wild-type mouse liver that underwent RNA sequencing and quantitative reverse-transcription PCR, we observed liraglutide-stimulated hepatic Fgf21 expression and a lack of Glp1r expression. In MPHs, liraglutide did not stimulate Fgf21. In mice with HFD-induced obesity, liraglutide or sitagliptin treatment reduced plasma triglyceride levels, whereas their effect on reducing body-weight gain was different. Importantly, increased hepatic FGF21 expression was observed in liraglutide-treated mice but was not observed in sitagliptin-treated mice. In HFD-fed Glp1r-/- mice, liraglutide showed no beneficial effects and could not stimulate Fgf21 expression. In lFgf21-KO mice undergoing dietary challenge, the body-weight-gain attenuation and lipid homeostatic effects of liraglutide were lost or significantly reduced. CONCLUSIONS We suggest that liraglutide-stimulated hepatic Fgf21 expression may require GLP-1R to be expressed in extrahepatic organs. Importantly, we revealed that hepatic FGF21 is required for liraglutide to lower body weight and improve hepatic lipid homeostasis. These observations advanced our mechanistic understanding of the function of GLP-1-based drugs in NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinghui Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,Division of Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Juan Pang
- Division of Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Weijuan Shao
- Division of Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jianqiu Gu
- Division of Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Zeng
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Housheng Hansen He
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Wenhua Ling
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxian Qian
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianru Jin
- Division of Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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8
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N-butylidenephthalide ameliorates high-fat diet-induced obesity in mice and promotes browning through adrenergic response/AMPK activation in mouse beige adipocytes. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2021; 1866:159033. [PMID: 34487913 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2021.159033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Thermogenesis (non-exercise activity) in brown adipose tissue (BAT) promotes energy expenditure because of its higher number of mitochondria than white adipose tissue (WAT). The main function of thermogenesis in BAT can counteract obesity through the dissipation of calories as heat. N-butylidenephthalide (BP) is a natural derivative from Angelica sinensis, a Chinese herb that has been used for thousands of years. In this report, we demonstrated that BP improved the metabolic profiles of mice with high fat diet-induced obesity (DIO) by preventing weight gain, improving serum blood parameters, enhancing energy expenditure, stimulating white fat browning, and reversing hepatic steatosis. Further investigations demonstrated that BP administration upregulated the mRNA expression of beige (CD137, TMEM26) and brown fat selected genes (UCP1, PRDM16, PGC-1α, PPARγ) in white adipose tissues. In vitro studies, BP treatment increased multilocular lipid droplet levels, induced β-adrenergic receptor (cAMP/PKA) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling (AMPK/acetyl-CoA carboxylase/SIRT1), and increased oxygen consumption in murine differentiated beige adipocytes, and the effects of BP were blocked by an AMPK inhibitor. BP promoted the interaction of AMPK with PGC-1α in beige adipocytes. Our findings provide novel insights into the application of BP in regulating energy metabolism and suggest its utility for clinical use in the treatment of obesity and related diseases.
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Gao H, Ding L, Liu R, Zheng X, Xia X, Wang F, Qi J, Tong W, Qiu Y. Characterization of Anoectochilus roxburghii polysaccharide and its therapeutic effect on type 2 diabetic mice. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 179:259-269. [PMID: 33675836 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.02.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Anoectochilus roxburghii is a traditional herb in China that can be potentially used to treat diabetes. A novel polysaccharide ARLP-W was isolated from Anoectochilus roxburghii by chromatography on DEAE-52 cellulose. Chemical analysis indicated that ARLP-W (8.1 × 104 Da) was mainly composed of mannose and glucose. The main linkages of glycosidic bonds of ARLP-W were β-1, 4-Manp and α-1, 4-Glcp. The terminal Glcp was connected to Manp-via O-3. RT-qPCR and western blotting analysis showed that ARLP-W caused a significant reduction in the levels of the key gluconeogenesis enzymes phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and glucose 6-phosphatase (G6Pase) in the liver. The results of the insulin resistance tests indicated that ARLP-W increased glucose absorption. These results indicate that ARLP-W has a good therapeutic effect on type 2 diabetes and can assist with further development and application treatment of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huashan Gao
- College of Medicine, Henan Engineering Research Center of Funiu Mountain's Medicinal Resources Utilization and Molecular Medicine, Pingdingshan University, Pingdingshan, Henan 467000, China
| | - Linlin Ding
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, Henan 464000, China
| | - Rui Liu
- College of chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Xinhua Zheng
- College of Medicine, Henan Engineering Research Center of Funiu Mountain's Medicinal Resources Utilization and Molecular Medicine, Pingdingshan University, Pingdingshan, Henan 467000, China
| | - Xichao Xia
- College of Medicine, Henan Engineering Research Center of Funiu Mountain's Medicinal Resources Utilization and Molecular Medicine, Pingdingshan University, Pingdingshan, Henan 467000, China
| | - Fuan Wang
- College of Medicine, Henan Engineering Research Center of Funiu Mountain's Medicinal Resources Utilization and Molecular Medicine, Pingdingshan University, Pingdingshan, Henan 467000, China
| | - Jinxu Qi
- College of Medicine, Henan Engineering Research Center of Funiu Mountain's Medicinal Resources Utilization and Molecular Medicine, Pingdingshan University, Pingdingshan, Henan 467000, China
| | - Weishuang Tong
- College of Medicine, Henan Engineering Research Center of Funiu Mountain's Medicinal Resources Utilization and Molecular Medicine, Pingdingshan University, Pingdingshan, Henan 467000, China.
| | - Yuanhao Qiu
- College of Medicine, Henan Engineering Research Center of Funiu Mountain's Medicinal Resources Utilization and Molecular Medicine, Pingdingshan University, Pingdingshan, Henan 467000, China.
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10
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Model JFA, Lima MV, Ohlweiler R, Sarapio E, Vogt ÉL, Rocha DS, de Souza SK, Vinagre AS. Liraglutide treatment counteracts alterations in adipose tissue metabolism induced by orchiectomy in rats. Life Sci 2021; 278:119586. [PMID: 33957171 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The reduction in androgens serum concentration is a physiological condition that accompanies age advancement but can also occur because of prostate cancer and gender affirming treatment or pathological conditions such as functional hypogonadism. However, androgen deficiency is related to a higher risk of developing metabolic disorders such as obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Considering that glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1) analogs are increasingly used in the treatment of T2DM, we investigated if liraglutide could also attenuate the metabolic changes caused by orchiectomy in rats. MAIN METHODS Wistar rats were orchiectomized (ORC), and subdivided in four groups: sham saline, sham liraglutide, ORC saline, and ORC liraglutide. After sixty days, metabolic parameters were evaluated in blood, muscle, liver, brown (BAT) and white adipose tissue (WAT) visceral depots. Glucose utilization, oxidation, and conversion to lipids by de novo lipogenesis, and basal and adrenaline-stimulated lipolysis were evaluated in BAT and WAT depots. KEY FINDINGS Orchiectomy increased triglyceridemia, BAT and rtWAT weight, and lipolysis and reduced glucose utilization. Liraglutide treatment reversed these effects. SIGNIFICANCE These results indicate that liraglutide improves triglyceridemia and glucose metabolism in WAT depots, which suggests that it may be a promising therapeutic strategy to handle disruptions in energy metabolism caused by androgen deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matheus Vieira Lima
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Renata Ohlweiler
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Elaine Sarapio
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Éverton Lopes Vogt
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Débora Santos Rocha
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Samir Khal de Souza
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Anapaula Sommer Vinagre
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Model JFA, Lima MV, Ohlweiler R, Lopes Vogt É, Rocha DS, Souza SKD, Türck P, Araújo ASDR, Vinagre AS. Liraglutide improves lipid and carbohydrate metabolism of ovariectomized rats. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 524:111158. [PMID: 33444670 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Considering that post-menopausal women and ovariectomized rodents develop obesity associated with increased visceral fat, this study was developed to investigate if liraglutide, a glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1) analogue, could improve the metabolism of estrogen (E2) deficient females. Wistar rats were ovariectomized (OVX), and subdivided in four groups: sham saline, sham liraglutide, OVX saline, and OVX liraglutide. After sixty days, metabolic parameters of blood, heart, liver, brown (BAT) and white adipose tissue (WAT) visceral depots, and, heart oxidative homeostasis, were evaluated. Castration increased the animals' body weight, the relative weight of the WAT depots, hepatic triglycerides and cardiac glycogen content. Liraglutide treatment reversed these effects, decreased WAT depots weight and increased glucose oxidation and lipogenesis in BAT and WAT. In addition, liraglutide enhanced adrenalin (A) lipolytic effect. These results indicate that liraglutide may be a promising treatment to restore lipid homeostasis and prevent weight gain associated with E2 deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matheus Vieira Lima
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Renata Ohlweiler
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Éverton Lopes Vogt
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Débora Santos Rocha
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Samir Khal de Souza
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Patrick Türck
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Anapaula Sommer Vinagre
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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EGLP-1 lowers body weight better than exendin-4 by reducing food intake and increasing basal energy expenditure in diet-induced obese mice. Exp Cell Res 2020; 399:112454. [PMID: 33359447 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.112454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that GLP-1 activates GLP-1R to reduce body weight by inhibiting eating. GLP-1 is cleaved by the neutral endopeptidase (NEP) 24.11 into a pentapeptide GLP-1 (32-36) amide, which increases basal energy expenditure and inhibits weight gain in obese mice. It is well known that GLP-1 analogs can reduce weight by suppressing eating. However, there are few reports of reducing weight through the dual effects of inhibiting eating and increasing basic energy. Here, we report the peptide EGLP-1, a GLP-1 analogue, which can reduce food intake and increase basal energy expenditure. In C2C12 myotubes, EGLP-1 can increase both phosphorylation of acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC) and the ratio between phosphorylation of ACC and the total expression of ACC (pACC/ACC). In diet-induced obese mice, EGLP-1 is more effective than exendin-4 in reducing body weight, reducing fat mass and improving hepatic steatosis. At the same time, EGLP-1 can improve hyperglycemia, reduce food intake, and improve insulin resistance, just like exendin-4. In addition, EGLP-1, not exendin-4, can improve physiological parameters associated with lipid metabolism and increase oxygen consumption by increasing uncoupling proteins 3 (UCP3) expression and pACC/ACC ratio in skeletal muscle. Taken together, this data showed that EGLP-1 is able to reduce body weight by reducing food intake and increasing basal energy expenditure, suggesting it may be more effective in treating diabetic and non-diabetic overweight or obese people than pure GLP-1R agonist exendin-4.
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Gao Y, Yuan X, Zhu Z, Wang D, Liu Q, Gu W. Research and prospect of peptides for use in obesity treatment (Review). Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:234. [PMID: 33149788 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.9364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and its related diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular disease, are steadily increasing worldwide. Over the past few decades, numerous studies have focused on the differentiation and function of brown and beige fat, providing evidence for their therapeutic potential in treating obesity. However, no specific novel drug has been developed to treat obesity in this way. Peptides are a class of chemically active substances, which are linked together by amino acids using peptide bonds. They have specific physiological activities, including browning of white fat. As signal molecules regulated by the neuroendocrine system, the role of polypeptides, such as neuropeptide Y, brain-gut peptide and glucagon-like peptide in obesity and its related complications has been revealed. Notably, with the rapid development of peptidomics, peptide drugs have been widely used in the prevention and treatment of metabolic diseases, due to their short half-life, small apparent distribution volume, low toxicity and low side effects. The present review summarizes the progress and the new trend of peptide research, which may provide novel targets for the prevention and treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Gao
- Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Xuewen Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Ziyang Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Dandan Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Qianqi Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Wei Gu
- Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
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Enteroendocrine Hormone Secretion and Metabolic Control: Importance of the Region of the Gut Stimulation. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12090790. [PMID: 32825608 PMCID: PMC7559385 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12090790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now widely appreciated that gastrointestinal function is central to the regulation of metabolic homeostasis. Following meal ingestion, the delivery of nutrients from the stomach into the small intestine (i.e., gastric emptying) is tightly controlled to optimise their subsequent digestion and absorption. The complex interaction of intraluminal nutrients (and other bioactive compounds, such as bile acids) with the small and large intestine induces the release of an array of gastrointestinal hormones from specialised enteroendocrine cells (EECs) distributed in various regions of the gut, which in turn to regulate gastric emptying, appetite and postprandial glucose metabolism. Stimulation of gastrointestinal hormone secretion, therefore, represents a promising strategy for the management of metabolic disorders, particularly obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). That EECs are distributed distinctively between the proximal and distal gut suggests that the region of the gut exposed to intraluminal stimuli is of major relevance to the secretion profile of gastrointestinal hormones and associated metabolic responses. This review discusses the process of intestinal digestion and absorption and their impacts on the release of gastrointestinal hormones and the regulation of postprandial metabolism, with an emphasis on the differences between the proximal and distal gut, and implications for the management of obesity and T2DM.
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15
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Guo CY, Liao WT, Qiu RJ, Zhou DS, Ni WJ, Yu CP, Zeng Y. Aurantio-obtusin improves obesity and insulin resistance induced by high-fat diet in obese mice. Phytother Res 2020; 35:346-360. [PMID: 32749748 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Aurantio-obtusin (AUR) is the main bioactive compound among the anthraquinones, from Cassia seed extract. This study was conducted to identify whether AUR could improve obesity and insulin resistance, induced by a high-fat diet in obese mice. Mice were fed a high-fat diet for 6 weeks and were then assigned to the high-fat diet (HFD) control group, the AUR 5 mg/kg group, or the AUR 10 mg/kg group. AUR improves glucose by activating the expression of PI3K, Akt and GLUT4, GLUT2. AUR altered the expression levels of several lipid metabolism-related and adipokine genes. AUR decreased the mRNA expression of PPAR-γ, FAS and increased the mRNA expression of PPAR-α in liver. AUR lowered SREBP-1c, FAS, SCD-1, inflammatory cytokines, and increased the expression of PPAR-γ, PPAR-α, CPT-1, and adiponectin in white adipose tissue (WAT). AUR docking with the insulin receptor showed that the residues of the insulin receptor, ectodomain, were the same as those around the emodin. The effect of AUR may be elicited by regulating the activity of the insulin signaling pathway, expression of lipid metabolism-related genes, and expression of inflammatory cytokine markers to improve adiposity, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong-Ying Guo
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China.,Engineering & Technology Research Center for Chinese Materia Medica Quality of the Universities of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei-Tao Liao
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China.,Engineering & Technology Research Center for Chinese Materia Medica Quality of the Universities of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui-Jin Qiu
- Wuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Wuzhou, China
| | - Dan-Shui Zhou
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China.,Engineering & Technology Research Center for Chinese Materia Medica Quality of the Universities of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei-Ju Ni
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China.,Engineering & Technology Research Center for Chinese Materia Medica Quality of the Universities of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cui-Ping Yu
- Wuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Wuzhou, China
| | - Yu Zeng
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China.,Engineering & Technology Research Center for Chinese Materia Medica Quality of the Universities of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
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16
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A compendium of G-protein-coupled receptors and cyclic nucleotide regulation of adipose tissue metabolism and energy expenditure. Clin Sci (Lond) 2020; 134:473-512. [PMID: 32149342 DOI: 10.1042/cs20190579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
With the ever-increasing burden of obesity and Type 2 diabetes, it is generally acknowledged that there remains a need for developing new therapeutics. One potential mechanism to combat obesity is to raise energy expenditure via increasing the amount of uncoupled respiration from the mitochondria-rich brown and beige adipocytes. With the recent appreciation of thermogenic adipocytes in humans, much effort is being made to elucidate the signaling pathways that regulate the browning of adipose tissue. In this review, we focus on the ligand-receptor signaling pathways that influence the cyclic nucleotides, cAMP and cGMP, in adipocytes. We chose to focus on G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), guanylyl cyclase and phosphodiesterase regulation of adipocytes because they are the targets of a large proportion of all currently available therapeutics. Furthermore, there is a large overlap in their signaling pathways, as signaling events that raise cAMP or cGMP generally increase adipocyte lipolysis and cause changes that are commonly referred to as browning: increasing mitochondrial biogenesis, uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) expression and respiration.
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17
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Hu J, Lu J, Zhang X, Wang C, Ren K, Chang Q, Ji M, Pan W, Ma B, Fan W. Peptidomic analysis on synovial tissue reveals galectin-1 derived peptide as a potential bioactive molecule against rheumatoid arthritis. Cytokine 2020; 131:155020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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18
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Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis A6 Alleviates Obesity Associated with Promoting Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Function of Adipose Tissue in Mice. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25071490. [PMID: 32218367 PMCID: PMC7180933 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Probiotics are widely known for their health benefits. Mitochondrial dysfunction is related to obesity. The aim of this study was to illuminate whether Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis A6 (BAA6) could improve obesity due to increased mitochondrial biogenesis and function of adipose tissues. Four-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were fed with a high-fat diet (HFD) for 17 weeks. For the final eight weeks, the HFD group was divided into three groups including HFD, HFD with BAA6 (HFD + BAA6 group), and HFD with Akkermansia muciniphila (AKK) (HFD + AKK group as positive control). The composition of the microbiota, serum lipopolysaccharides (LPS), and mitochondrial biosynthesis and function of epididymal adipose tissues were measured. Compared with the HFD group, body weight, relative fat weight, the relative abundance of Oscillibacter and Bilophila, and serum LPS were significantly decreased in the HFD + BAA6 and HFD + AKK groups (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the addition of BAA6 and AKK increased the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) (by 21.53- and 18.51-fold), estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα) (by 2.83- and 1.24-fold), and uncoupling protein-1 (UCP-1) (by 1.51- and 0.60-fold) in epididymal adipose tissues. Our results suggest that BAA6 could improve obesity associated with promoting mitochondrial biogenesis and function of adipose tissues in mice.
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Li L, Wu L, E X, Yan W, Cai X, Han J, Sun L. Novel nonapeptide GLP (28-36) amide derivatives with improved hypoglycemic and body weight lowering effects. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:1670-1676. [PMID: 30878191 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) has emerged as a major therapeutic target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. The nonapeptide GLP-1 (28-36) amide is one of the biological C-terminal products of GLP-1 modified by the neutral endopeptidase (NEP) 24.11 with limited hypoglycemic activity. In this study, we focused on the modification of GLP-1 (28-36) amide for the first time and synthesized a series of GLP-1 (28-36) amide analogues. Results of biological activity evaluation in INS-1 cell, STZ-induced diabetic and diet induced obesity (DIO) mice indicated that S3 as a promising candidate to treat type 2 diabetes and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyao Li
- Integrated Medicine Research Center for Neurological Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, PR China
| | - Lingling Wu
- Integrated Medicine Research Center for Neurological Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, PR China
| | - Xia E
- Integrated Medicine Research Center for Neurological Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, PR China
| | - Wenru Yan
- Integrated Medicine Research Center for Neurological Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, PR China
| | - Xingguang Cai
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Jing Han
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, PR China
| | - Lidan Sun
- Integrated Medicine Research Center for Neurological Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, PR China.
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20
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Differential effects of a combination of Hibiscus sabdariffa and Lippia citriodora polyphenols in overweight/obese subjects: A randomized controlled trial. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2999. [PMID: 30816148 PMCID: PMC6395806 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39159-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant-polyphenols have shown the capacity to ameliorate obesity-induced metabolic disturbances, both in cell and animal models, where most therapeutic approaches have failed. On the basis of previous research, a dietary supplement containing 500 mg of a combination of polyphenolic extracts from Lippia citriodora L. and Hibiscus sabdariffa L. (LC-HS), in the context of an equilibrated isocaloric diet, was evaluated in a double blind, placebo-controlled and randomized trial in 56 obese/overweight subjects for two months. Compared to controls, the consumption of the LC-HS polyphenols showed significant improvements in body weight, abdominal circumference of overweight subjects (−6.79 ± 0.80 cm in overweight LC-HS group vs −1.85 ± 0.83 cm in controls, p < 0.001) and body fat % (−1.33 ± 0.15% in overweight LC-HS group vs −0.66 ± 0.17% in controls, p < 0.05). Heart rate and systolic blood pressure also presented significant improvements in overweight LC-HS participants. However, changes were more modest in obese subjects. Further, LC-HS extract significantly reduced lipid content and increased AMPK activity in a hypertrophied adipocyte cell model. Therefore, consumption of 500 mg/day of LC-HS extracts enriched in polyphenols for two months in the context of an isocaloric diet by overweight subjects decreased symptoms associated to obesity-related diseases. Modulation of fat metabolism in adipose tissue, probably mediated by AMPK activation, is proposed as a molecular target to be explored in future research.
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21
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Qi G, Zhou Y, Zhang X, Yu J, Li X, Cao X, Wu C, Guo P. Cordycepin promotes browning of white adipose tissue through an AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-dependent pathway. Acta Pharm Sin B 2019; 9:135-143. [PMID: 30766785 PMCID: PMC6361849 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a worldwide epidemic. Promoting browning of white adipose tissue (WAT) contributes to increased energy expenditure and hence counteracts obesity. Here we show that cordycepin (Cpn), a natural derivative of adenosine, increases energy expenditure, inhibits weight gain, improves metabolic profile and glucose tolerance, decreases WAT mass and adipocyte size, and enhances cold tolerance in normal and high-fat diet-fed mice. Cpn markedly increases the surface temperature around the inguinal WAT and turns the inguinal fat browner. Further investigations show that Cpn induces the development of brown-like adipocytes in inguinal and, to a less degree, epididymal WAT depots. Cpn also increases the expression of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) and other thermogenic genes in WAT and 3T3-L1 differentiated adipocytes, in which AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) plays an important role. Our results provide novel insights into the function of Cpn in regulating energy balance, and suggest a potential utility of Cpn in the treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guihong Qi
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yue Zhou
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaopo Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hainan Medical University, Hainan 571199, China
| | - Jiaqi Yu
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xin Li
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaoxue Cao
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chongming Wu
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
- Corresponding authors. Tel.: +86 10 57833235; fax: +86 10 57833018.
| | - Peng Guo
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
- Corresponding authors. Tel.: +86 10 57833235; fax: +86 10 57833018.
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22
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Belenkov YN, Privalova EV, Kaplunova VY, Zektser VY, Vinogradova NN, Ilgisonis IS, Shakaryants GA, Kozhevnikova MV, Lishuta AS. Metabolic Syndrome: Development of the Issue, Main Diagnostic Criteria. RATIONAL PHARMACOTHERAPY IN CARDIOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.20996/1819-6446-2018-14-5-757-764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yu. N. Belenkov
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)
| | - E. V. Privalova
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)
| | - V. Y. Kaplunova
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)
| | - V. Y. Zektser
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)
| | | | - I. S. Ilgisonis
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)
| | - G. A. Shakaryants
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)
| | - M. V. Kozhevnikova
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)
| | - A. S. Lishuta
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)
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23
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Li Z, Zhu Y, Li C, Tang Y, Jiang Z, Yang M, Ni CL, Li D, Chen L, Niu W. Liraglutide ameliorates palmitate-induced insulin resistance through inhibiting the IRS-1 serine phosphorylation in mouse skeletal muscle cells. J Endocrinol Invest 2018; 41:1097-1102. [PMID: 29374854 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-018-0836-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A reduction in insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in skeletal muscles is a characteristic of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 agonist liraglutide can reduce blood glucose levels in individuals with T2DM. However, its effect on insulin-induced glucose metabolism in the skeletal muscle of insulin resistance is unknown. We investigated the effects and action mechanisms of liraglutide on insulin resistance (IR) in the skeletal muscle cells treatment with palmitic acid (PA). METHODS The cell-surface GLUT4myc levels were determined by an antibody-coupled colorimetric assay. The phosphorylation levels of Akt, PI3K(p85α), AS160, IRS1, IKK, and JNK were determined by western blotting. The quantifications of mRNA levels of TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-6 were determined by real-time PCR. Analysis of variance was used for data analysis. RESULTS PA elevated not only phosphorylation of JNK, IRS1 serines, and IKKα/β, but also the expression of IL-6, TNFα and IL-1β in C2C12-GLUT4myc cells. PA can reduce phosphorylation of IRS1 tyrosine. These effects of PA were reversed by liraglutide. In addition, liraglutide can reverse PA-decreased insulin-stimulated cell-surface GLUT4 levels, Akt, PI3K(p85α), and AS160 phosphorylation. CONCLUSIONS Liraglutide can enhance insulin-induced GLUT4 translocation by inhibiting IRS1 serine phosphorylation in PA-treated muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Li
- Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Metabolic Diseases Hospital, Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Y Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Metabolic Diseases Hospital, Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - C Li
- Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Metabolic Diseases Hospital, Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Y Tang
- Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Metabolic Diseases Hospital, Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Z Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Metabolic Diseases Hospital, Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - M Yang
- Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Metabolic Diseases Hospital, Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - C-L Ni
- Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Metabolic Diseases Hospital, Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - D Li
- Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Metabolic Diseases Hospital, Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
- Key Laboratory of Immuno Microenvironment and Disease of the Educational Ministry of China, Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - L Chen
- Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Metabolic Diseases Hospital, Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.
| | - W Niu
- Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Metabolic Diseases Hospital, Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.
- Key Laboratory of Immuno Microenvironment and Disease of the Educational Ministry of China, Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.
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24
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Kok BP, Galmozzi A, Littlejohn NK, Albert V, Godio C, Kim W, Kim SM, Bland JS, Grayson N, Fang M, Meyerhof W, Siuzdak G, Srinivasan S, Behrens M, Saez E. Intestinal bitter taste receptor activation alters hormone secretion and imparts metabolic benefits. Mol Metab 2018; 16:76-87. [PMID: 30120064 PMCID: PMC6158035 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2018.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Extracts of the hops plant have been shown to reduce weight and insulin resistance in rodents and humans, but elucidation of the mechanisms responsible for these benefits has been hindered by the use of heterogeneous hops-derived mixtures. Because hop extracts are used as flavoring agents for their bitter properties, we hypothesized that bitter taste receptors (Tas2rs) could be mediating their beneficial effects in metabolic disease. Studies have shown that exposure of cultured enteroendocrine cells to bitter tastants can stimulate release of hormones, including glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1). These findings have led to the suggestion that activation of Tas2rs may be of benefit in diabetes, but this tenet has not been tested. Here, we have assessed the ability of a pure derivative of a hops isohumulone with anti-diabetic properties, KDT501, to signal through Tas2rs. We have further used this compound as a tool to systematically assess the impact of bitter taste receptor activation in obesity-diabetes. Methods KDT501 was tested in a panel of bitter taste receptor signaling assays. Diet-induced obese mice (DIO) were dosed orally with KDT501 and acute effects on glucose homeostasis determined. A wide range of metabolic parameters were evaluated in DIO mice chronically treated with KDT501 to establish the full impact of activating gut bitter taste signaling. Results We show that KDT501 signals through Tas2r108, one of 35 mouse Tas2rs. In DIO mice, acute treatment stimulated GLP-1 secretion and enhanced glucose tolerance. Chronic treatment caused weight and fat mass loss, increased energy expenditure, enhanced glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, normalized plasma lipids, and induced broad suppression of inflammatory markers. Chronic KDT501 treatment altered enteroendocrine hormone levels and bile acid homeostasis and stimulated sustained GLP-1 release. Combined treatment with a dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor amplified the incretin-based benefits of this pure isohumulone. Conclusions Activation of Tas2r108 in the gut results in a remodeling of enteroendocrine hormone release and bile acid metabolism that ameliorates multiple features of metabolic syndrome. Targeting extraoral bitter taste receptors may be useful in metabolic disease. A pure analog of hops isohumulones signals via the bitter taste receptor Tas2r108. KDT501 stimulates endogenous GLP-1 secretion and enhances glucose tolerance. Long-term KDT501 treatment reduces weight, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance. KDT501 action in vivo is augmented by sitagliptin, a DPP-IV inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jeffrey S Bland
- Kindex Pharmaceuticals, 800 Fifth Avenue, Seattle, WA, 98104, USA
| | - Neile Grayson
- Kindex Pharmaceuticals, 800 Fifth Avenue, Seattle, WA, 98104, USA
| | - Mingliang Fang
- Center for Metabolomics, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Wolfgang Meyerhof
- Department of Molecular Genetics, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Gary Siuzdak
- Center for Metabolomics, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | | | - Maik Behrens
- Department of Molecular Genetics, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany; Leibniz-Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Str. 34, 85354, Freising, Germany
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Wang X, Xu S, Chen L, Shen D, Cao Y, Tang R, Wang X, Ji C, Li Y, Cui X, Guo X. Profiling Analysis Reveals the Potential Contribution of Peptides to Human Adipocyte Differentiation. Proteomics Clin Appl 2018; 12:e1700172. [PMID: 30009563 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201700172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Peptide drugs provide promising regimes in anti-obesity treatment. In order to identify potential bioactive peptides involved in adipogenesis. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The intracellular peptides between preadipocytes and adipocytes are compared by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. The underlying biological function of the identified peptides are evaluated by gene ontology (GO) and pathway analysis of their precursors. To find more potential bioactive peptides, 50 peptide sequences are identified located in the functional domains with the use of the SMART and UniProt databases. Finally, the Open Targets Platform database is used to investigate the precursors related to metabolic diseases. RESULTS A total of 181 downregulated peptides and 89 upregulated peptides after differentiation (fold change > 1.5 and p-value < 0.05) are identified. The GO and pathway analysis indicate that these differentially expressed peptides play a role in adipogenesis. A total of 10 putative peptides 6 to 26 amino acids in length are identified that might have bioactive effects in adipogenesis and metabolic diseases. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE On one hand, present preliminary research provides a better understanding of the intracellular peptides during adipocyte differentiation. On the other hand, it lays a foundation for discovering new peptide drugs in anti-obesity treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyun Wang
- Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Institute, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Obsterics and Gynecology Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210004, China
| | - Siliang Xu
- Center of Clinical Reproductive Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Ling Chen
- Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Institute, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Obsterics and Gynecology Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210004, China
| | - Dan Shen
- Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Institute, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Obsterics and Gynecology Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210004, China
| | - Yan Cao
- Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Institute, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Obsterics and Gynecology Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210004, China
| | - Ranran Tang
- Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Institute, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Obsterics and Gynecology Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210004, China
| | - Xing Wang
- Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Institute, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Obsterics and Gynecology Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210004, China
| | - Chenbo Ji
- Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Institute, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Obsterics and Gynecology Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210004, China
| | - Yun Li
- Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Institute, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Obsterics and Gynecology Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210004, China
| | - Xianwei Cui
- Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Institute, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Obsterics and Gynecology Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210004, China
| | - Xirong Guo
- Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Institute, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Obsterics and Gynecology Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210004, China
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Song Z, Revelo X, Shao W, Tian L, Zeng K, Lei H, Sun HS, Woo M, Winer D, Jin T. Dietary Curcumin Intervention Targets Mouse White Adipose Tissue Inflammation and Brown Adipose Tissue UCP1 Expression. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2018; 26:547-558. [PMID: 29405636 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to determine whether dietary curcumin intervention targets both white adipose tissue (WAT) inflammation and brown adipose tissue (BAT)-mediated energy expenditure. METHODS C57BL/6J mice were fed with a low-fat diet, high-fat diet (HFD), or HFD plus curcumin. In addition to assessing the effect of curcumin intervention on metabolic profiles, this study assessed WAT macrophage infiltration and composition and inflammatory cytokine production. Metabolic cages were applied for determining energy expenditure. Raw264.7 (ATCC, Manassas, Virginia) and other cell models were utilized to test the in vitro effect of curcumin treatment. RESULTS Curcumin intervention reduced WAT macrophage infiltration and altered macrophage functional polarity, as the ratio of M2-like versus M1-like macrophages increased after curcumin intervention. Curcumin treatment reduced M1-like macrophage markers or proinflammation cytokine expression in both macrophages and adipocytes. Curcumin intervention also increased energy expenditure and body temperature in response to a cold challenge. Finally, the in vivo and in vitro investigations suggested that curcumin increased expression of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), possibly involving PPAR-dependent and -independent mechanisms. CONCLUSIONS Curcumin intervention targets both WAT inflammation and BAT UCP1 expression. These observations advanced our knowledge on the metabolic beneficial effects of the curry compound curcumin, bringing us a novel perspective on dietary polyphenol research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuolun Song
- Division of Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Banting & Best Diabetes Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xavier Revelo
- Banting & Best Diabetes Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Weijuan Shao
- Division of Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lili Tian
- Division of Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Banting & Best Diabetes Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kejing Zeng
- Division of Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Helena Lei
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hong-Shuo Sun
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Minna Woo
- Banting & Best Diabetes Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel Winer
- Banting & Best Diabetes Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tianru Jin
- Division of Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Banting & Best Diabetes Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Borner T, Liberini CG, Lutz TA, Riediger T. Brainstem GLP-1 signalling contributes to cancer anorexia-cachexia syndrome in the rat. Neuropharmacology 2018; 131:282-290. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Yang Q, Huang G, Tian Q, Liu W, Sun X, Li N, Sun S, Zhou T, Wu N, Wei Y, Chen P, Wang R. "Living High-Training Low" improved weight loss and glucagon-like peptide-1 level in a 4-week weight loss program in adolescents with obesity: A pilot study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e9943. [PMID: 29465583 PMCID: PMC5842013 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000009943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND "Living High-Training Low" (LHTL) is effective for the improvement of athletic ability; however, little is known about the effect of LHTL on obese individuals. The present study determined whether LHTL would have favorable influence on body composition, rebalance the appetite hormones, and explore the underlying mechanism. METHODS Adolescents with obesity [body mass index (BMI) >30 kg/m] were randomly assigned to "Living Low-Training Low" (LLTL, n = 19) group that slept in a normobaric normoxia condition and the LHTL (n = 16) group slept in a normobaric hypoxia room (14.7% PO2 ∼2700 m). Both groups underwent the same aerobic exercise training program. Morphological, blood lipids, and appetite hormones were measured and assessed. RESULTS After the intervention, the body composition improved in both groups, whereas reductions in body weight (BW), BMI, and lean body mass increased significantly in the LHTL group (all, P < .05). In the LLTL group, cholecystokinin (CCK) decreased remarkably (P < .05) and CCK changes were positively associated with changes in BW (r = 0.585, P = .011) and BMI (r = 0.587, P = .010). However, in the LHTL group, changes in plasma glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels, positively correlated with each other (r = 0.708, P = .015) but negatively with BW changes (r = -0.608, P = .027 and r = -0.518, P = .048, respectively). CONCLUSION The results indicated that LHTL could induce more weight loss safely and efficiently as compared to LLTL and increase the plasma GLP-1 levels that may be mediated by IL-6 to rebalance the appetite. Thus, an efficient method to treat obesity and prevent weight regain by appetite rebalance in hypoxia condition was established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoyuan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- Pott College of Science, Engineering and Education, University of Southern Indiana, Evansville, IN
| | - Qianqian Tian
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangdong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Na Li
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Shunli Sun
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Tang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Nana Wu
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuqin Wei
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Peijie Chen
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Ru Wang
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
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Paternoster S, Falasca M. Dissecting the Physiology and Pathophysiology of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:584. [PMID: 30364192 PMCID: PMC6193070 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
An aging world population exposed to a sedentary life style is currently plagued by chronic metabolic diseases, such as type-2 diabetes, that are spreading worldwide at an unprecedented rate. One of the most promising pharmacological approaches for the management of type 2 diabetes takes advantage of the peptide hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) under the form of protease resistant mimetics, and DPP-IV inhibitors. Despite the improved quality of life, long-term treatments with these new classes of drugs are riddled with serious and life-threatening side-effects, with no overall cure of the disease. New evidence is shedding more light over the complex physiology of GLP-1 in health and metabolic diseases. Herein, we discuss the most recent advancements in the biology of gut receptors known to induce the secretion of GLP-1, to bridge the multiple gaps into our understanding of its physiology and pathology.
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Effects of incretin-based therapies on renal function. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 818:103-109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Gao H, Zhao Q, Song Z, Yang Z, Wu Y, Tang S, Alahdal M, Zhang Y, Jin L. PGLP‐1, a novel long‐acting dual‐function GLP‐1 analog, ameliorates streptozotocin‐induced hyperglycemia and inhibits body weight loss. FASEB J 2017; 31:3527-3539. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700002r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huashan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural MedicinesJiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug ScreeningSchool of Life Science and TechnologyChina Pharmaceutical University Nanjing China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringPingdingshan University Pingdingshan China
| | - Qian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural MedicinesJiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug ScreeningSchool of Life Science and TechnologyChina Pharmaceutical University Nanjing China
| | - Ziwei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Natural MedicinesJiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug ScreeningSchool of Life Science and TechnologyChina Pharmaceutical University Nanjing China
| | - Zhaocong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural MedicinesJiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug ScreeningSchool of Life Science and TechnologyChina Pharmaceutical University Nanjing China
| | - You Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural MedicinesJiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug ScreeningSchool of Life Science and TechnologyChina Pharmaceutical University Nanjing China
| | - Shanshan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural MedicinesJiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug ScreeningSchool of Life Science and TechnologyChina Pharmaceutical University Nanjing China
| | - Murad Alahdal
- State Key Laboratory of Natural MedicinesJiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug ScreeningSchool of Life Science and TechnologyChina Pharmaceutical University Nanjing China
| | - Yanfeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural MedicinesJiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug ScreeningSchool of Life Science and TechnologyChina Pharmaceutical University Nanjing China
| | - Liang Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural MedicinesJiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug ScreeningSchool of Life Science and TechnologyChina Pharmaceutical University Nanjing China
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Kang JY, Kim M, Kang Y, Lee W, Ha TK, Seo JH, Son YG, Ha E. Thyroidectomy stimulates glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion and attenuates hepatic steatosis in high-fat fed rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 493:548-555. [PMID: 28870812 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.08.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs) as a therapeutic intervention to treat obesity has been tried but the effect of THs on body weight and the mechanistic details of which are far from clear. This study was designed to determine and elucidate the mechanistic details of metabolic action of THs in high-fat diet (HFD) fed Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. Rats were made surgically hypothyroid (thyroidectomy, Thx). Body weights and food and water intake profoundly decreased in HFD fed thyroidectomized group (HN Thx). Results showed that delayed insulin response, increased total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, and low-density lipoprotein in HN Thx. Unexpectedly, however, Thx reduced serum and hepatic triglyceride concentrations. Further studies revealed that Thx dramatically increased circulating GLP-1 as well as increased expressions of GLP-1 in small intestine. Diminished hepatic expressions of lipogenic genes, were observed in HN Thx group. Beta-catenin and glutamine synthetase, a known target of β-catenin, were up-regulated in the liver of HN Thx group. The expressions of gluconeogenic genes G6P and PCK were reduced in the liver of HN Thx group. The results may suggest that surgery-induced hypothyroidism increases GLP-1, the actions of which may in part be responsible for the reduction in water intake, appetite and hepatic steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Yeon Kang
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Mikyung Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuna Kang
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonmok Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Kyung Ha
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hae Seo
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Gil Son
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eunyoung Ha
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
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LIPINSKI LEANDROC, KMETIUK LOUISEB, MATHIAS PAULOC, MALTA ANANDA, FAVERO GIOVANIM, RIBEIRO TATIANEA, TOLEDO ALCEU, NETTO MARIORMONTEMOR, RODRIGUES MARCOSR. Oral insulin improves metabolic parameters in high fat diet fed rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 89:1699-1705. [DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201720170040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Zhuang B, Hu Y, Fan X, Li M, Zhu J, Liu H, Cao L, Liang D, Zhang J, Yu Z, Han S. Peptidomic Analysis of Maternal Serum to Identify Biomarker Candidates for Prenatal Diagnosis of Tetralogy of Fallot. J Cell Biochem 2017; 119:468-477. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhuang
- Department of PediatricsObstetrics and Gynecology Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing210004China
- Fourth Clinical Medicine CollegeNanjing Medical UniversityNanjing210029China
| | - Yin Hu
- Department of PediatricsObstetrics and Gynecology Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing210004China
- Fourth Clinical Medicine CollegeNanjing Medical UniversityNanjing210029China
| | - Xuemei Fan
- Department of ObstetricsObstetrics and Gynecology Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing210004China
| | - Mengmeng Li
- Department of PediatricsObstetrics and Gynecology Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing210004China
| | - Jingai Zhu
- Department of PediatricsObstetrics and Gynecology Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing210004China
| | - Heng Liu
- Department of PediatricsObstetrics and Gynecology Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing210004China
- Fourth Clinical Medicine CollegeNanjing Medical UniversityNanjing210029China
| | - Li Cao
- Department of UltrasoundObstetrics and Gynecology Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing210004China
| | - Dong Liang
- Department of Prenatal DiagnosisObstetrics and Gynecology Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing210004China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Department of Prenatal DiagnosisObstetrics and Gynecology Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing210004China
| | - Zhangbin Yu
- Department of PediatricsObstetrics and Gynecology Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing210004China
| | - Shuping Han
- Department of PediatricsObstetrics and Gynecology Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing210004China
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Chen G, Li H, Zhao Y, Zhu H, Cai E, Gao Y, Liu S, Yang H, Zhang L. Saponins from stems and leaves of Panax ginseng prevent obesity via regulating thermogenesis, lipogenesis and lipolysis in high-fat diet-induced obese C57BL/6 mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 106:393-403. [PMID: 28599882 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity in mouse model was used to evaluate the dietary effect of saponins from stems and leaves of Panax ginseng (SLG), and to explore its mechanism of action in producing anti-obesity effects. The results indicate that SLG showed significant anti-obesity effects in diet-induced obese mice, represented by decreased serum levels of free fatty acids (FFA), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol, glucose, leptin and insulin, as well as a reduction in overall body and liver weight, epididymal adipose tissue weight, and food efficiency, and inhibition of abnormal increases in acyl carnitine levels normally caused by an HFD. Additionally, the down-regulated expression of PPARγ, FAS, CD36, FATP2 and up-regulated expression of CPT-1, UCP-2, PPARα, HSL, and ATGL in liver tissue was induced by SLG. In addition, the SLG groups showed decreased PPARγ, aP2 and leptin mRNA levels and increased expression of PPARα, PGC-1α, UCP-1 and UCP-3 genes in adipose tissues, compared with the HFD group. In short, SLG may play a key role in producing anti-obesity effects in mice fed an HFD, and its mechanism may be related to regulation of thermogenesis, lipogenesis and lipolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilin Chen
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agriculture University, Changchun, China
| | - Haijun Li
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agriculture University, Changchun, China.
| | - Hongyan Zhu
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agriculture University, Changchun, China
| | - Enbo Cai
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agriculture University, Changchun, China
| | - Yugang Gao
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agriculture University, Changchun, China.
| | - Shuangli Liu
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agriculture University, Changchun, China
| | - He Yang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agriculture University, Changchun, China
| | - Lianxue Zhang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agriculture University, Changchun, China
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GLP-1 receptor independent pathways: emerging beneficial effects of GLP-1 breakdown products. Eat Weight Disord 2017; 22:231-240. [PMID: 28040864 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-016-0352-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) axis has emerged as a major therapeutic target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and, recently, of obesity. The insulinotropic activity of the native incretin hormone GLP-1(7-36)amide, which is mainly exerted through a unique G protein-coupled receptor (GLP-1R), is terminated via enzymatic cleavage by dipeptidyl peptidase-IV that generates a C-terminal GLP-1 metabolite GLP-1(9-36)amide, the major circulating form in plasma. GLP-1(28-36)amide and GLP-1(32-36)amide are further cleavage products derived from GLP-1(7-36)amide and GLP-1(9-36)amide by the action of a neutral endopeptidase known as neprilysin. Until recently, GLP-1-derived metabolites were generally considered metabolically inactive. However, emerging evidence indicates that GLP-1 byproducts have insulinomimetic activities that may contribute to the pleiotropic effects of GLP-1 independently of the canonical GLP-1R. The recent studies reporting the beneficial effects of the administration of these metabolites in vivo and in vitro are the focus of this review. Collectively, these results suggest that GLP-1 metabolites inhibit hepatic glucose production, exert antioxidant cardio- and neuroprotective actions, reduce oxidative stress in vasculature and have both anti-apoptotic and proliferative effects in pancreatic β-cells, putatively by the modulation of mitochondrial functions. These findings have implication in energy homeostasis, obesity and its associated metabolic and cardiovascular complications as well as incretin-based therapies for the treatment of diabetes and obesity.
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Muscogiuri G, DeFronzo RA, Gastaldelli A, Holst JJ. Glucagon-like Peptide-1 and the Central/Peripheral Nervous System: Crosstalk in Diabetes. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2017; 28:88-103. [PMID: 27871675 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is released in response to meals and exerts important roles in the maintenance of normal glucose homeostasis. GLP-1 is also important in the regulation of neurologic and cognitive functions. These actions are mediated via neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract that project to multiple regions expressing GLP-1 receptors (GLP-1Rs). Treatment with GLP-1R agonists (GLP-1-RAs) reduces ischemia-induced hyperactivity, oxidative stress, neuronal damage and apoptosis, cerebral infarct volume, and neurologic damage, after cerebral ischemia, in experimental models. Ongoing human trials report a neuroprotective effect of GLP-1-RAs in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. In this review, we discuss the role of GLP-1 and GLP-1-RAs in the nervous system with focus on GLP-1 actions on appetite regulation, glucose homeostasis, and neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ralph A DeFronzo
- Diabetes Division, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Amalia Gastaldelli
- Diabetes Division, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA; Institute of Clinical Physiology of the National Research Council (CNR), Pisa, Italy.
| | - Jens J Holst
- NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Biomedical Sciences, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Li J, Zheng J, Wang S, Lau HK, Fathi A, Wang Q. Cardiovascular Benefits of Native GLP-1 and its Metabolites: An Indicator for GLP-1-Therapy Strategies. Front Physiol 2017; 8:15. [PMID: 28194113 PMCID: PMC5276855 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is a common co-morbidity and leading cause of death in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is a peptide hormone produced by intestinal L cells in response to feeding. Native GLP-1 (7-36) amide is rapidly degraded by diaminopeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) to GLP-1 (9-36) amide, making 9-36a the major circulating form. While it is 7-36a, and not its metabolites, which exerts trophic effects on islet β-cells, recent studies suggest that both 7-36a and its metabolites have direct cardiovascular effects, including preserving cardiomyocyte viability, ameliorating cardiac function, and vasodilation. In particular, the difference in cardiovascular effects between 7-36a and 9-36a is attracting attention. Growing evidence has strengthened the presumption that their cardiovascular effects are overlapping, but distinct and complementary to each other; 7-36a exerts cardiovascular effects in a GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) dependent pathway, whereas 9-36a does so in a GLP-1R independent pathway. GLP-1 therapies have been developed using two main strategies: DPP4-resistant GLP-1 analogs/GLP-1R agonists and DPP4 inhibitors, which both aim to prolong the life-time of circulating 7-36a. One prominent concern that should be addressed is that the cardiovascular benefits of 9-36a are lacking in these strategies. This review attempts to differentiate the cardiovascular effects between 7-36a and 9-36a in order to provide new insights into GLP-1 physiology, and facilitate our efforts to develop a superior GLP-1-therapy strategy for T2DM and cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan UniversityShanghai, China; Department of Endocrinology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Juan Zheng
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the Keenan Research Centre in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's HospitalToronto, ON, Canada; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of TorontoToronto, ON, Canada
| | - Susanne Wang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the Keenan Research Centre in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's HospitalToronto, ON, Canada; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of TorontoToronto, ON, Canada
| | - Harry K Lau
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the Keenan Research Centre in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's HospitalToronto, ON, Canada; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of TorontoToronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ali Fathi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the Keenan Research Centre in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Qinghua Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan UniversityShanghai, China; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the Keenan Research Centre in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's HospitalToronto, ON, Canada; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of TorontoToronto, ON, Canada
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Aldiss P, Dellschaft N, Sacks H, Budge H, Symonds ME. Beyond obesity – thermogenic adipocytes and cardiometabolic health. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2017; 31:/j/hmbci.ahead-of-print/hmbci-2017-0007/hmbci-2017-0007.xml. [DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2017-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe global prevalence of obesity and related cardiometabolic disease continues to increase through the 21st century. Whilst multi-factorial, obesity is ultimately caused by chronic caloric excess. However, despite numerous interventions focussing on reducing caloric intake these either fail or only elicit short-term changes in body mass. There is now a focus on increasing energy expenditure instead which has stemmed from the recent ‘re-discovery’ of cold-activated brown adipose tissue (BAT) in adult humans and inducible ‘beige’ adipocytes. Through the unique mitochondrial uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), these thermogenic adipocytes are capable of combusting large amounts of chemical energy as heat and in animal models can prevent obesity and cardiometabolic disease. At present, human data does not point to a role for thermogenic adipocytes in regulating body weight or fat mass but points to a pivotal role in regulating metabolic health by improving insulin resistance as well as glucose and lipid homeostasis. This review will therefore focus on the metabolic benefits of BAT activation and the mechanisms and signalling pathways by which these could occur including improvements in insulin signalling in peripheral tissues, systemic lipid and cholesterol metabolism and cardiac and vascular function.
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Aldiss P, Davies G, Woods R, Budge H, Sacks HS, Symonds ME. 'Browning' the cardiac and peri-vascular adipose tissues to modulate cardiovascular risk. Int J Cardiol 2016; 228:265-274. [PMID: 27865196 PMCID: PMC5236060 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.11.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Excess visceral adiposity, in particular that located adjacent to the heart and coronary arteries is associated with increased cardiovascular risk. In the pathophysiological state, dysfunctional adipose tissue secretes an array of factors modulating vascular function and driving atherogenesis. Conversely, brown and beige adipose tissues utilise glucose and lipids to generate heat and are associated with improved cardiometabolic health. The cardiac and thoracic perivascular adipose tissues are now understood to be composed of brown adipose tissue in the healthy state and undergo a brown-to-white transition i.e. during obesity which may be a driving factor of cardiovascular disease. In this review we discuss the risks of excess cardiac and vascular adiposity and potential mechanisms by which restoring the brown phenotype i.e. “re-browning” could potentially be achieved in clinically relevant populations. Epicardial, paracardial and thoracic perivascular adipose tissues resemble BAT at birth. Despite ‘whitening’ in early life these depots remain metabolically active and potentially thermogenic into adulthood. Obesity induces further ‘whitening’ and inflammation in these depots likely driving the atherogenesis. Maintaining or inducing the brown phenotype in these depots could prevent atherosclerotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Aldiss
- The Early Life Research Unit, Division of Child Health, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University Hospital, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK, NG7 2UH
| | - Graeme Davies
- The Early Life Research Unit, Division of Child Health, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University Hospital, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK, NG7 2UH
| | - Rachel Woods
- The Early Life Research Unit, Division of Child Health, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University Hospital, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK, NG7 2UH
| | - Helen Budge
- The Early Life Research Unit, Division of Child Health, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University Hospital, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK, NG7 2UH
| | - Harold S Sacks
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Endocrinology and Diabetes Division, and Department of Medicine David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
| | - Michael E Symonds
- The Early Life Research Unit, Division of Child Health, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University Hospital, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK, NG7 2UH.
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Jin T, Weng J. Hepatic functions of GLP-1 and its based drugs: current disputes and perspectives. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2016; 311:E620-7. [PMID: 27507553 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00069.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
GLP-1 and its based drugs possess extrapancreatic metabolic functions, including that in the liver. These direct hepatic metabolic functions explain their therapeutic efficiency for subjects with insulin resistance. The direct hepatic functions could be mediated by previously assumed "degradation" products of GLP-1 without involving canonic GLP-1R. Although GLP-1 analogs were created as therapeutic incretins, extrapancreatic functions of these drugs, as well as native GLP-1, have been broadly recognized. Among them, the hepatic functions are particularly important. Postprandial GLP-1 release contributes to insulin secretion, which represses hepatic glucose production. This indirect effect of GLP-1 is known as the gut-pancreas-liver axis. Great efforts have been made to determine whether GLP-1 and its analogs possess direct metabolic effects on the liver, as the determination of the existence of direct hepatic effects may advance the therapeutic theory and clinical practice on subjects with insulin resistance. Furthermore, recent investigations on the metabolic beneficial effects of previously assumed "degradation" products of GLP-1 in the liver and elsewhere, including GLP-128-36 and GLP-132-36, have drawn intensive attention. Such investigations may further improve the development and the usage of GLP-1-based drugs. Here, we have reviewed the current advancement and the existing controversies on the exploration of direct hepatic functions of GLP-1 and presented our perspectives that the direct hepatic metabolic effects of GLP-1 could be a GLP-1 receptor-independent event involving Wnt signaling pathway activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianru Jin
- Division of Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Jianping Weng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, Guangzhou, China
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Robinson E, Tate M, Lockhart S, McPeake C, O'Neill KM, Edgar KS, Calderwood D, Green BD, McDermott BJ, Grieve DJ. Metabolically-inactive glucagon-like peptide-1(9-36)amide confers selective protective actions against post-myocardial infarction remodelling. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2016; 15:65. [PMID: 27079193 PMCID: PMC4832495 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-016-0386-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) therapies are routinely used for glycaemic control in diabetes and their emerging cardiovascular actions have been a major recent research focus. In addition to GLP-1 receptor activation, the metabolically-inactive breakdown product, GLP-1(9–36)amide, also appears to exert notable cardiovascular effects, including protection against acute cardiac ischaemia. Here, we specifically studied the influence of GLP-1(9–36)amide on chronic post-myocardial infarction (MI) remodelling, which is a major driver of heart failure progression. Methods Adult female C57BL/6 J mice were subjected to permanent coronary artery ligation or sham surgery prior to continuous infusion with GLP-1(9–36)amide or vehicle control for 4 weeks. Results Infarct size was similar between groups with no effect of GLP-1(9–36)amide on MI-induced cardiac hypertrophy, although modest reduction of in vitro phenylephrine-induced H9c2 cardiomyoblast hypertrophy was observed. Whilst echocardiographic systolic dysfunction post-MI remained unchanged, diastolic dysfunction (decreased mitral valve E/A ratio, increased E wave deceleration rate) was improved by GLP-1(9–36)amide treatment. This was associated with modulation of genes related to extracellular matrix turnover (MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-2), although interstitial fibrosis and pro-fibrotic gene expression were unaltered by GLP-1(9–36)amide. Cardiac macrophage infiltration was also reduced by GLP-1(9–36)amide together with pro-inflammatory cytokine expression (IL-1β, IL-6, MCP-1), whilst in vitro studies using RAW264.7 macrophages revealed global potentiation of basal pro-inflammatory and tissue protective cytokines (e.g. IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-10, Fizz1) in the presence of GLP-1(9–36)amide versus exendin-4. Conclusions These data suggest that GLP-1(9–36)amide confers selective protection against post-MI remodelling via preferential preservation of diastolic function, most likely due to modulation of infiltrating macrophages, indicating that this often overlooked GLP-1 breakdown product may exert significant actions in this setting which should be considered in the context of GLP-1 therapy in patients with cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Robinson
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Mitchel Tate
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Samuel Lockhart
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Claire McPeake
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Karla M O'Neill
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Kevin S Edgar
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Danielle Calderwood
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 5HN, UK
| | - Brian D Green
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 5HN, UK
| | - Barbara J McDermott
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AE, UK
| | - David J Grieve
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AE, UK.
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Komohara Y, Fujiwara Y, Ohnishi K, Shiraishi D, Takeya M. Contribution of Macrophage Polarization to Metabolic Diseases. J Atheroscler Thromb 2015; 23:10-7. [PMID: 26412584 DOI: 10.5551/jat.32359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage activation is one of the major immunological events in the pathogenesis of various diseases. Recent studies have disclosed that complicated mechanisms are involved in macrophage activation and polarization, and many published research articles have been based on the M1/M2 polarization concept. It is considered that M1- and M2-like macrophages are associated with T helper (Th)1-type and Th2-type immune responses, respectively, via several immune mediators. In this article, we summarize the correlations between macrophage polarization and metabolic disorders in both humans and mice and discuss the contribution of macrophage polarization to the pathogenic process of metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Komohara
- Department of Cell Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University
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