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Packer M, Ferreira JP, Butler J, Filippatos G, Januzzi JL, González Maldonado S, Panova-Noeva M, Pocock SJ, Prochaska JH, Saadati M, Sattar N, Sumin M, Anker SD, Zannad F. Reaffirmation of Mechanistic Proteomic Signatures Accompanying SGLT2 Inhibition in Patients With Heart Failure: A Validation Cohort of the EMPEROR Program. J Am Coll Cardiol 2024:S0735-1097(24)07897-5. [PMID: 39217550 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2024.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors exert a distinctive pattern of direct biological effects on the heart and kidney under experimental conditions, but the meaningfulness of these signatures for patients with heart failure has not been fully defined. OBJECTIVES We performed the first mechanistic validation study of large-scale proteomics in a double-blind randomized trial of any treatment in patients with heart failure. METHODS In a discovery cohort from the EMPEROR (Empagliflozin Outcome Trial in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure and Reduced Ejection Fraction) program, we studied the effect of randomized treatment with placebo or empagliflozin on 1,283 circulating proteins in 1,134 patients with heart failure with a reduced or preserved ejection fraction. In a validation cohort, we expanded the number to 2,155 assessed proteins, which were measured in 1,120 EMPEROR participants who had not been studied previously. RESULTS In the validation cohort, 25 proteins were the most differentially enriched by empagliflozin (ie, ≥15% between-group difference and false discovery rate <1% at 12 weeks with known effects on the heart or kidney): 1) 13 proteins promote autophagy and other cellular quality-control functions (IGFBP1, OTUB1, DNAJB1, DNAJC9, RBP2, IST1, HSPA8, H-FABP, FABP6, ATPIFI, TfR1, EPO, IGBP1); 2) 12 proteins enhance mitochondrial health and ATP production (UMtCK, TBCA, L-FABP, H-FABP, FABP5, FABP6, RBP2, IST1, HSPA8, ATPIFI, TfR1, EPO); 3) 7 proteins augment cellular iron mobilization or erythropoiesis (TfR1, EPO, IGBP1, ERMAP, UROD, ATPIF1, SNCA); 4) 3 proteins influence renal tubular sodium handling; and 5) 9 proteins have restorative effects in the heart or kidneys, with many proteins exerting effects in >1 domain. These biological signatures replicated those observed in our discovery cohort. When the threshold for a meaningful between-group difference was lowered to ≥10%, there were 58 additional differentially enriched proteins with actions on the heart and kidney, but the biological signatures remained the same. CONCLUSIONS The replication of mechanistic signatures across discovery and validation cohorts closely aligns with the experimental effects of SGLT2 inhibitors. Thus, the actions of SGLT2 inhibitors-to promote autophagy, restore mitochondrial health and production of ATP, promote iron mobilization and erythropoiesis, influence renal tubular ion reabsorption, and normalize cardiac and renal structure and function-are likely to be relevant to patients with heart failure. (EMPagliflozin outcomE tRial in Patients With chrOnic heaRt Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction [EMPEROR-Preserved], NCT03057951; EMPagliflozin outcomE tRial in Patients With chrOnic heaRt Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction [EMPEROR-Reduced], NCT03057977).
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Affiliation(s)
- Milton Packer
- Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA; Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - João Pedro Ferreira
- UnIC@RISE, Cardiovascular Research and Development Center, Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Baylor Scott and White Research Institute, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Javed Butler
- Baylor Scott and White Research Institute, Dallas, Texas, USA; University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Gerasimos Filippatos
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens University Hospital Attikon, Athens, Greece
| | - James L Januzzi
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens University Hospital Attikon, Athens, Greece; Massachusetts General Hospital and Baim Institute for Clinical Research, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Marina Panova-Noeva
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Ingelheim, Germany; Center for Thrombosis and Haemostasis, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Stuart J Pocock
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jürgen H Prochaska
- Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Ingelheim, Germany; Preventive Cardiology and Preventive Medicine, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Maral Saadati
- Elderbrook Solutions GmbH, on behalf of Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Naveed Sattar
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Mikhail Sumin
- Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Ingelheim, Germany
| | - Stefan D Anker
- Department of Cardiology (CVK) of German Heart Center Charité, Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) partner site Berlin, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Faiez Zannad
- Centre d'Investigations Cliniques Plurithématique 1433, INSERM, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France; F-CRIN INI-CRCT (Cardiovascular and Renal Clinical Trialists), INSERM U1116, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Nancy, Nancy, France
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2
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Cloherty APM, Rader AG, Patel KS, Eisden TJTHD, van Piggelen S, Schreurs RRCE, Ribeiro CMS. Dengue virus exploits autophagy vesicles and secretory pathways to promote transmission by human dendritic cells. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1260439. [PMID: 38863700 PMCID: PMC11165123 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1260439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV), transmitted by infected mosquitoes, is a major public health concern, with approximately half the world's population at risk for infection. Recent decades have increasing incidence of dengue-associated disease alongside growing frequency of outbreaks. Although promising progress has been made in anti-DENV immunizations, post-infection treatment remains limited to non-specific supportive treatments. Development of antiviral therapeutics is thus required to limit DENV dissemination in humans and to help control the severity of outbreaks. Dendritic cells (DCs) are amongst the first cells to encounter DENV upon injection into the human skin mucosa, and thereafter promote systemic viral dissemination to additional human target cells. Autophagy is a vesicle trafficking pathway involving the formation of cytosolic autophagosomes, and recent reports have highlighted the extensive manipulation of autophagy by flaviviruses, including DENV, for viral replication. However, the temporal profiling and function of autophagy activity in DENV infection and transmission by human primary DCs remains poorly understood. Herein, we demonstrate that mechanisms of autophagosome formation and extracellular vesicle (EV) release have a pro-viral role in DC-mediated DENV transmission. We show that DENV exploits early-stage canonical autophagy to establish infection in primary human DCs. DENV replication enhanced autophagosome formation in primary human DCs, and intrinsically-heightened autophagosome biogenesis correlated with relatively higher rates of DC susceptibility to DENV. Furthermore, our data suggest that viral replication intermediates co-localize with autophagosomes, while productive DENV infection introduces a block at the late degradative stages of autophagy in infected DCs but not in uninfected bystander cells. Notably, we identify for the first time that approximately one-fourth of DC-derived CD9/CD81/CD63+ EVs co-express canonical autophagy marker LC3, and demonstrate that DC-derived EV populations are an alternative, cell-free mechanism by which DCs promote DENV transmission to additional target sites. Taken together, our study highlights intersections between autophagy and secretory pathways during viral infection, and puts forward autophagosome accumulation and viral RNA-laden EVs as host determinants of DC-mediated DENV infection in humans. Host-directed therapeutics targeting autophagy and exocytosis pathways thus have potential to enhance DC-driven resistance to DENV acquisition and thereby limit viral dissemination by initial human target cells following mosquito-to-human transmission of DENV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra P. M. Cloherty
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Anusca G. Rader
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Kharishma S. Patel
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tracy-Jane T. H. D. Eisden
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sterre van Piggelen
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Renée R. C. E. Schreurs
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Carla M. S. Ribeiro
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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3
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Bline AP, Ellis LB, Pelch KE, Lam J, Sen S, Zlatnik M, Varshavsky J. The effect of per and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) exposure on gestational diabetes mellitus and its subclinical risk factors: A systematic review and meta-analysis protocol. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 188:108711. [PMID: 38754246 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple lines of evidence suggest that exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) may alter glucose homeostasis, particularly during pregnancy, and may affect risk for developing gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). While previous systematic reviews have been conducted on this topic, they did not assess internal validity of the included studies and their search strategies were narrowly focused. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to assess the effect of higher PFAS exposure (defined by individual compounds or mixtures measured before or during pregnancy) on GDM and subclinical measures of impaired glucose homeostasis (measured during pregnancy) compared to lower PFAS exposure in pregnant. METHODS We developed our systematic review protocol in accordance with the Navigation Guide. Peer-reviewed journal and grey literature searches were piloted in to identify relevant studies and refine our search terms and strategy. We also piloted the study screening criteria and data extraction form in DistillerSR, and refined our protocol accordingly. The risk of bias assessment protocol was adapted from Navigation Guide guidance and will be piloted and performed in DistillerSR. Pending the identification of comparable studies, quantitative meta-analyses will be performed where possible. Study results that cannot be quantitatively synthesized will be included in a narrative synthesis. The quality and strength of the body of evidence will be evaluated using Navigation Guide methodology, which is informed by guidance from the Cochrane Collaboration and Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE). We also made refinements to the quality of evidence considerations based on guidance from the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) Office of Health Assessment and Translation (OHAT). FUNDING This work was supported by the Systematizing Data on Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances and Health Northeastern University TIER 1 Award.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail P Bline
- Social Science Environmental Health Research Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States; Silent Spring Institute, Newton, MA, United States.
| | - Lauren B Ellis
- Social Science Environmental Health Research Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States.
| | - Katherine E Pelch
- Natural Resources Defense Council, San Francisco, CA, United States.
| | - Juleen Lam
- Department of Public Health, California State University, East Bay, Hayward, CA, United States.
| | - Saunak Sen
- College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States.
| | - Marya Zlatnik
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.
| | - Julia Varshavsky
- Social Science Environmental Health Research Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States.
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4
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Osna NA, Tikhanovich I, Ortega-Ribera M, Mueller S, Zheng C, Mueller J, Li S, Sakane S, Weber RCG, Kim HY, Lee W, Ganguly S, Kimura Y, Liu X, Dhar D, Diggle K, Brenner DA, Kisseleva T, Attal N, McKillop IH, Chokshi S, Mahato R, Rasineni K, Szabo G, Kharbanda KK. Alcohol-Associated Liver Disease Outcomes: Critical Mechanisms of Liver Injury Progression. Biomolecules 2024; 14:404. [PMID: 38672422 PMCID: PMC11048648 DOI: 10.3390/biom14040404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) is a substantial cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and represents a spectrum of liver injury beginning with hepatic steatosis (fatty liver) progressing to inflammation and culminating in cirrhosis. Multiple factors contribute to ALD progression and disease severity. Here, we overview several crucial mechanisms related to ALD end-stage outcome development, such as epigenetic changes, cell death, hemolysis, hepatic stellate cells activation, and hepatic fatty acid binding protein 4. Additionally, in this review, we also present two clinically relevant models using human precision-cut liver slices and hepatic organoids to examine ALD pathogenesis and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia A. Osna
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68106, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68106, USA
| | - Irina Tikhanovich
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA;
| | - Martí Ortega-Ribera
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (M.O.-R.); (G.S.)
| | - Sebastian Mueller
- Center for Alcohol Research, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (S.M.); (C.Z.); (J.M.); (S.L.)
- Viscera AG Bauchmedizin, 83011 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Chaowen Zheng
- Center for Alcohol Research, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (S.M.); (C.Z.); (J.M.); (S.L.)
| | - Johannes Mueller
- Center for Alcohol Research, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (S.M.); (C.Z.); (J.M.); (S.L.)
| | - Siyuan Li
- Center for Alcohol Research, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (S.M.); (C.Z.); (J.M.); (S.L.)
| | - Sadatsugu Sakane
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; (S.S.); (R.C.G.W.); (H.Y.K.); (W.L.); (S.G.); (Y.K.); (X.L.); (D.D.); (K.D.); (D.A.B.)
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA;
| | - Raquel Carvalho Gontijo Weber
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; (S.S.); (R.C.G.W.); (H.Y.K.); (W.L.); (S.G.); (Y.K.); (X.L.); (D.D.); (K.D.); (D.A.B.)
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA;
| | - Hyun Young Kim
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; (S.S.); (R.C.G.W.); (H.Y.K.); (W.L.); (S.G.); (Y.K.); (X.L.); (D.D.); (K.D.); (D.A.B.)
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA;
| | - Wonseok Lee
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; (S.S.); (R.C.G.W.); (H.Y.K.); (W.L.); (S.G.); (Y.K.); (X.L.); (D.D.); (K.D.); (D.A.B.)
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA;
| | - Souradipta Ganguly
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; (S.S.); (R.C.G.W.); (H.Y.K.); (W.L.); (S.G.); (Y.K.); (X.L.); (D.D.); (K.D.); (D.A.B.)
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA;
| | - Yusuke Kimura
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; (S.S.); (R.C.G.W.); (H.Y.K.); (W.L.); (S.G.); (Y.K.); (X.L.); (D.D.); (K.D.); (D.A.B.)
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA;
| | - Xiao Liu
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; (S.S.); (R.C.G.W.); (H.Y.K.); (W.L.); (S.G.); (Y.K.); (X.L.); (D.D.); (K.D.); (D.A.B.)
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA;
| | - Debanjan Dhar
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; (S.S.); (R.C.G.W.); (H.Y.K.); (W.L.); (S.G.); (Y.K.); (X.L.); (D.D.); (K.D.); (D.A.B.)
| | - Karin Diggle
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; (S.S.); (R.C.G.W.); (H.Y.K.); (W.L.); (S.G.); (Y.K.); (X.L.); (D.D.); (K.D.); (D.A.B.)
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA;
| | - David A. Brenner
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; (S.S.); (R.C.G.W.); (H.Y.K.); (W.L.); (S.G.); (Y.K.); (X.L.); (D.D.); (K.D.); (D.A.B.)
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Tatiana Kisseleva
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA;
| | - Neha Attal
- Department of Surgery, Atrium Health Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC 28203, USA; (N.A.); (I.H.M.)
| | - Iain H. McKillop
- Department of Surgery, Atrium Health Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC 28203, USA; (N.A.); (I.H.M.)
| | - Shilpa Chokshi
- The Roger Williams Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research, London SE59NT, UK;
- School of Microbial Sciences, King’s College, London SE59NT, UK
| | - Ram Mahato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68106, USA;
| | - Karuna Rasineni
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68106, USA;
| | - Gyongyi Szabo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (M.O.-R.); (G.S.)
| | - Kusum K. Kharbanda
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68106, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68106, USA;
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA
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Ekim Kocabey A, Schneiter R. Human lipocalins bind and export fatty acids through the secretory pathway of yeast cells. Front Microbiol 2024; 14:1309024. [PMID: 38328584 PMCID: PMC10849133 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1309024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The activation of fatty acids to their acyl-CoA derivatives is a crucial step for their integration into more complex lipids or their degradation via beta-oxidation. Yeast cells employ five distinct acyl-CoA synthases to facilitate this ATP-dependent activation of acyl chains. Notably, mutant cells that are deficient in two of these fatty acid-activating (FAA) enzymes, namely, Faa1 and Faa4, do not take up free fatty acids but rather export them out of the cell. This unique fatty acid export pathway depends on small, secreted pathogenesis-related yeast proteins (Pry). In this study, we investigate whether the expression of human fatty acid-binding proteins, including Albumin, fatty acid-binding protein 4 (Fabp4), and three distinct lipocalins (ApoD, Lcn1, and Obp2a), could promote fatty acid secretion in yeast. To optimize the expression and secretion of these proteins, we systematically examined various signal sequences in both low-copy and high-copy number plasmids. Our findings reveal that directing these fatty-acid binding proteins into the secretory pathway effectively promotes fatty acid secretion from a sensitized quadruple mutant model strain (faa1∆ faa4∆ pry1∆ pry3∆). Furthermore, the level of fatty acid secretion exhibited a positive correlation with the efficiency of protein secretion. Importantly, the expression of all human lipid-binding proteins rescued Pry-dependent fatty acid secretion, resulting in the secretion of both long-chain saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. These results not only affirm the in vitro binding capabilities of lipocalins to fatty acids but also present a novel avenue for enhancing the secretion of valuable lipidic compounds. Given the growing interest in utilizing yeast as a cellular factory for producing poorly soluble compounds and the potential of lipocalins as platforms for engineering substrate-binding specificity, our model is considered as a powerful tool for promoting the secretion of high-value lipid-based molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roger Schneiter
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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Xu CQ, Li J, Liang ZQ, Zhong YL, Zhang ZH, Hu XQ, Cao YB, Chen J. Sirtuins in macrophage immune metabolism: A novel target for cardiovascular disorders. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 256:128270. [PMID: 38000586 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Sirtuins (SIRT1-SIRT7), as a family of NAD+-dependent protein modifying enzymes, have various catalytic functions, such as deacetylases, dealkalylases, and deribonucleases. The Sirtuins family is directly or indirectly involved in pathophysiological processes such as glucolipid metabolism, oxidative stress, DNA repair and inflammatory response through various pathways and assumes an important role in several cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, hypertension and heart failure. A growing number of studies supports that metabolic and bioenergetic reprogramming directs the sequential process of inflammation. Failure of homeostatic restoration leads to many inflammatory diseases, and that macrophages are the central cells involving the inflammatory response and are the main source of inflammatory cytokines. Regulation of cellular metabolism has emerged as a fundamental process controlling macrophage function, but its exact signaling mechanisms remain to be revealed. Understanding the precise molecular basis of metabolic control of macrophage inflammatory processes may provide new approaches for targeting immune metabolism and inflammation. Here, we provide an update of studies in cardiovascular disease on the function and role of sirtuins in macrophage inflammation and metabolism, as well as drug candidates that may interfere with sirtuins, pointing to future prospects in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Qin Xu
- Institute of Vascular Anomalies, Shanghai TCM-Integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200082, China
| | - Ji Li
- Department of Vascular Disease, Shanghai TCM-Integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200082, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Liang
- Department of Vascular Disease, Shanghai TCM-Integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200082, China
| | - Yi-Lang Zhong
- Institute of Vascular Anomalies, Shanghai TCM-Integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200082, China
| | - Zhi-Hui Zhang
- Institute of Vascular Anomalies, Shanghai TCM-Integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200082, China
| | - Xue-Qing Hu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China; Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, United States of America
| | - Yong-Bing Cao
- Institute of Vascular Anomalies, Shanghai TCM-Integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200082, China.
| | - Jian Chen
- Institute of Vascular Anomalies, Shanghai TCM-Integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200082, China.
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7
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Huang Y, Hertzel AV, Fish SR, Halley CL, Bohm EK, Martinez HM, Durfee CC, Sanders MA, Harris RS, Niedernhofer LJ, Bernlohr DA. TP53/p53 Facilitates Stress-Induced Exosome and Protein Secretion by Adipocytes. Diabetes 2023; 72:1560-1573. [PMID: 37347719 PMCID: PMC10588298 DOI: 10.2337/db22-1027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Besides the secretion of fatty acids, lipolytic stimulation of adipocytes results in the secretion of triglyceride-rich extracellular vesicles and some free proteins (e.g., fatty acid binding protein 4) that, in sum, affect adipose homeostasis as well as the development of metabolic disease. At the mechanistic level, lipolytic signals activate p53 in an adipose triglyceride lipase-dependent manner, and pharmacologic inhibition of p53 attenuates adipocyte-derived extracellular vesicle (AdEV) protein and FABP4 secretion. Mass spectrometry analyses of the lipolytic secretome identified proteins involved in glucose and fatty acid metabolism, translation, chaperone activities, and redox control. Consistent with a role for p53 in adipocyte protein secretion, activation of p53 by the MDM2 antagonist nutlin potentiated AdEV particles and non-AdEV protein secretion from cultured 3T3-L1 or OP9 adipocytes while the levels of FABP4 and AdEV proteins were significantly reduced in serum from p53-/- mice compared with wild-type controls. The genotoxin doxorubicin increased AdEV protein and FABP4 secretion in a p53-dependent manner and DNA repair-depleted ERCC1-/Δ-haploinsufficient mice expressed elevated p53 in adipose depots, along with significantly increased serum FABP4. In sum, these data suggest that lipolytic signals, and cellular stressors such as DNA damage, facilitate AdEV protein and FABP4 secretion by adipocytes in a p53-dependent manner. ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimao Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Ann V Hertzel
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Shayla R Fish
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Catherine L Halley
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Ellie K Bohm
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Hector Martell Martinez
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
- Institute on the Biology of Aging and Metabolism, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Cameron C Durfee
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Mark A Sanders
- University Imaging Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Reuben S Harris
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Laura J Niedernhofer
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
- Institute on the Biology of Aging and Metabolism, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - David A Bernlohr
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
- Institute on the Biology of Aging and Metabolism, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
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8
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Abstract
Fatty acid-binding proteins (FABPs) are small lipid-binding proteins abundantly expressed in tissues that are highly active in fatty acid (FA) metabolism. Ten mammalian FABPs have been identified, with tissue-specific expression patterns and highly conserved tertiary structures. FABPs were initially studied as intracellular FA transport proteins. Further investigation has demonstrated their participation in lipid metabolism, both directly and via regulation of gene expression, and in signaling within their cells of expression. There is also evidence that they may be secreted and have functional impact via the circulation. It has also been shown that the FABP ligand binding repertoire extends beyond long-chain FAs and that their functional properties also involve participation in systemic metabolism. This article reviews the present understanding of FABP functions and their apparent roles in disease, particularly metabolic and inflammation-related disorders and cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Storch
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States;
| | - Betina Corsico
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata, CONICET-UNLP, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, La Plata, Argentina;
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9
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Chen D, Wirth KM, Kizy S, Muretta JM, Markowski TW, Yong P, Sheka A, Abdelwahab H, Hertzel AV, Ikramuddin S, Yamamoto M, Bernlohr DA. Desmoglein 2 Functions as a Receptor for Fatty Acid Binding Protein 4 in Breast Cancer Epithelial Cells. Mol Cancer Res 2023; 21:836-848. [PMID: 37115197 PMCID: PMC10524127 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-22-0763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4) is a secreted adipokine linked to obesity and progression of a variety of cancers. Obesity increases extracellular FABP4 (eFABP4) levels in animal models and in obese breast cancer patients compared with lean healthy controls. Using MCF-7 and T47D breast cancer epithelial cells, we show herein that eFABP4 stimulates cellular proliferation in a time and concentration dependent manner while the non-fatty acid-binding mutant, R126Q, failed to potentiate growth. When E0771 murine breast cancer cells were injected into mice, FABP4 null animals exhibited delayed tumor growth and enhanced survival compared with injections into control C57Bl/6J animals. eFABP4 treatment of MCF-7 cells resulted in a significant increase in phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (pERK), transcriptional activation of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (NRF2) and corresponding gene targets ALDH1A1, CYP1A1, HMOX1, SOD1 and decreased oxidative stress, while R126Q treatment did not show any effects. Proximity-labeling employing an APEX2-FABP4 fusion protein revealed several proteins functioning in desmosomes as eFABP4 receptor candidates including desmoglein (DSG), desmocollin, junction plankoglobin, desomoplankin, and cytokeratins. AlphaFold modeling predicted an interaction between eFABP4, and the extracellular cadherin repeats of DSG2 and pull-down and immunoprecipitation assays confirmed complex formation that was potentiated by oleic acid. Silencing of DSG2 in MCF-7 cells attenuated eFABP4 effects on cellular proliferation, pERK levels, and ALDH1A1 expression compared with controls. IMPLICATIONS These results suggest desmosomal proteins, and in particular desmoglein 2, may function as receptors of eFABP4 and provide new insight into the development and progression of obesity-associated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, The University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN USA
| | - Keith M. Wirth
- Department of Surgery, The University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN USA
| | - Scott Kizy
- Department of Surgery, The University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN USA
| | - Joseph M. Muretta
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, The University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN USA
| | - Todd W Markowski
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, The University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN USA
| | - Peter Yong
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, The University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN USA
| | - Adam Sheka
- Department of Surgery, The University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN USA
| | - Hisham Abdelwahab
- Department of Surgery, The University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN USA
| | - Ann V. Hertzel
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, The University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN USA
| | - Sayeed Ikramuddin
- Department of Surgery, The University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN USA
| | - Masato Yamamoto
- Department of Surgery, The University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN USA
- Department of Masonic Cancer Center, The University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN USA
| | - David A Bernlohr
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, The University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN USA
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10
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Prentice KJ, Lee A, Cedillo P, Inouye KE, Ertunc ME, Riveros JK, Lee GY, Hotamisligil GS. Sympathetic tone dictates the impact of lipolysis on FABP4 secretion. J Lipid Res 2023; 64:100386. [PMID: 37172691 PMCID: PMC10248869 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2023.100386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Levels of circulating fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4) protein are strongly associated with obesity and metabolic disease in both mice and humans, and secretion is stimulated by β-adrenergic stimulation both in vivo and in vitro. Previously, lipolysis-induced FABP4 secretion was found to be significantly reduced upon pharmacological inhibition of adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) and was absent from adipose tissue explants from mice specifically lacking ATGL in their adipocytes (ATGLAdpKO). Here, we find that upon activation of β-adrenergic receptors in vivo, ATGLAdpKO mice unexpectedly exhibited significantly higher levels of circulating FABP4 as compared with ATGLfl/fl controls, despite no corresponding induction of lipolysis. We generated an additional model with adipocyte-specific deletion of both FABP4 and ATGL (ATGL/FABP4AdpKO) to evaluate the cellular source of this circulating FABP4. In these animals, there was no evidence of lipolysis-induced FABP4 secretion, indicating that the source of elevated FABP4 levels in ATGLAdpKO mice was indeed from the adipocytes. ATGLAdpKO mice exhibited significantly elevated corticosterone levels, which positively correlated with plasma FABP4 levels. Pharmacological inhibition of sympathetic signaling during lipolysis using hexamethonium or housing mice at thermoneutrality to chronically reduce sympathetic tone significantly reduced FABP4 secretion in ATGLAdpKO mice compared with controls. Therefore, activity of a key enzymatic step of lipolysis mediated by ATGL, per se, is not required for in vivo stimulation of FABP4 secretion from adipocytes, which can be induced through sympathetic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kacey J Prentice
- Department of Molecular Metabolism; Sabri Ülker Center for Metabolic Research, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexandra Lee
- Department of Molecular Metabolism; Sabri Ülker Center for Metabolic Research, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paulina Cedillo
- Department of Molecular Metabolism; Sabri Ülker Center for Metabolic Research, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Karen E Inouye
- Department of Molecular Metabolism; Sabri Ülker Center for Metabolic Research, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Meric Erikci Ertunc
- Department of Molecular Metabolism; Sabri Ülker Center for Metabolic Research, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jillian K Riveros
- Department of Molecular Metabolism; Sabri Ülker Center for Metabolic Research, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Grace Yankun Lee
- Department of Molecular Metabolism; Sabri Ülker Center for Metabolic Research, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gökhan S Hotamisligil
- Department of Molecular Metabolism; Sabri Ülker Center for Metabolic Research, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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11
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RNAseq Analysis of FABP4 Knockout Mouse Hippocampal Transcriptome Suggests a Role for WNT/β-Catenin in Preventing Obesity-Induced Cognitive Impairment. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043381. [PMID: 36834799 PMCID: PMC9961923 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglial fatty-acid binding protein 4 (FABP4) is a regulator of neuroinflammation. We hypothesized that the link between lipid metabolism and inflammation indicates a role for FABP4 in regulating high fat diet (HFD)-induced cognitive decline. We have previously shown that obese FABP4 knockout mice exhibit decreased neuroinflammation and cognitive decline. FABP4 knockout and wild type mice were fed 60% HFD for 12 weeks starting at 15 weeks old. Hippocampal tissue was dissected and RNA-seq was performed to measure differentially expressed transcripts. Reactome molecular pathway analysis was utilized to examine differentially expressed pathways. Results showed that HFD-fed FABP4 knockout mice have a hippocampal transcriptome consistent with neuroprotection, including associations with decreased proinflammatory signaling, ER stress, apoptosis, and cognitive decline. This is accompanied by an increase in transcripts upregulating neurogenesis, synaptic plasticity, long-term potentiation, and spatial working memory. Pathway analysis revealed that mice lacking FABP4 had changes in metabolic function that support reduction in oxidative stress and inflammation, and improved energy homeostasis and cognitive function. Analysis suggested a role for WNT/β-Catenin signaling in the protection against insulin resistance, alleviating neuroinflammation and cognitive decline. Collectively, our work shows that FABP4 represents a potential target in alleviating HFD-induced neuroinflammation and cognitive decline and suggests a role for WNT/β-Catenin in this protection.
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12
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Scheyer A, Yasmin F, Naskar S, Patel S. Endocannabinoids at the synapse and beyond: implications for neuropsychiatric disease pathophysiology and treatment. Neuropsychopharmacology 2023; 48:37-53. [PMID: 36100658 PMCID: PMC9700791 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-022-01438-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Endocannabinoids (eCBs) are lipid neuromodulators that suppress neurotransmitter release, reduce postsynaptic excitability, activate astrocyte signaling, and control cellular respiration. Here, we describe canonical and emerging eCB signaling modes and aim to link adaptations in these signaling systems to pathological states. Adaptations in eCB signaling systems have been identified in a variety of biobehavioral and physiological process relevant to neuropsychiatric disease states including stress-related disorders, epilepsy, developmental disorders, obesity, and substance use disorders. These insights have enhanced our understanding of the pathophysiology of neurological and psychiatric disorders and are contributing to the ongoing development of eCB-targeting therapeutics. We suggest future studies aimed at illuminating how adaptations in canonical as well as emerging cellular and synaptic modes of eCB signaling contribute to disease pathophysiology or resilience could further advance these novel treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Farhana Yasmin
- Northwestern Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Saptarnab Naskar
- Northwestern Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Sachin Patel
- Northwestern Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
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13
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Packer M. Critical Reanalysis of the Mechanisms Underlying the Cardiorenal Benefits of SGLT2 Inhibitors and Reaffirmation of the Nutrient Deprivation Signaling/Autophagy Hypothesis. Circulation 2022; 146:1383-1405. [PMID: 36315602 PMCID: PMC9624240 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.122.061732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
SGLT2 (sodium-glucose cotransporter 2) inhibitors produce a distinctive pattern of benefits on the evolution and progression of cardiomyopathy and nephropathy, which is characterized by a reduction in oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress, restoration of mitochondrial health and enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis, a decrease in proinflammatory and profibrotic pathways, and preservation of cellular and organ integrity and viability. A substantial body of evidence indicates that this characteristic pattern of responses can be explained by the action of SGLT2 inhibitors to promote cellular housekeeping by enhancing autophagic flux, an effect that may be related to the action of these drugs to produce simultaneous upregulation of nutrient deprivation signaling and downregulation of nutrient surplus signaling, as manifested by an increase in the expression and activity of AMPK (adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase), SIRT1 (sirtuin 1), SIRT3 (sirtuin 3), SIRT6 (sirtuin 6), and PGC1-α (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1-α) and decreased activation of mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin). The distinctive pattern of cardioprotective and renoprotective effects of SGLT2 inhibitors is abolished by specific inhibition or knockdown of autophagy, AMPK, and sirtuins. In the clinical setting, the pattern of differentially increased proteins identified in proteomics analyses of blood collected in randomized trials is consistent with these findings. Clinical studies have also shown that SGLT2 inhibitors promote gluconeogenesis, ketogenesis, and erythrocytosis and reduce uricemia, the hallmarks of nutrient deprivation signaling and the principal statistical mediators of the ability of SGLT2 inhibitors to reduce the risk of heart failure and serious renal events. The action of SGLT2 inhibitors to augment autophagic flux is seen in isolated cells and tissues that do not express SGLT2 and are not exposed to changes in environmental glucose or ketones and may be related to an ability of these drugs to bind directly to sirtuins or mTOR. Changes in renal or cardiovascular physiology or metabolism cannot explain the benefits of SGLT2 inhibitors either experimentally or clinically. The direct molecular effects of SGLT2 inhibitors in isolated cells are consistent with the concept that SGLT2 acts as a nutrient surplus sensor, and thus, its inhibition causes enhanced nutrient deprivation signaling and its attendant cytoprotective effects, which can be abolished by specific inhibition or knockdown of AMPK, sirtuins, and autophagic flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milton Packer
- Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Dallas, TX. Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
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14
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Zannad F, Ferreira JP, Butler J, Filippatos G, Januzzi JL, Sumin M, Zwick M, Saadati M, Pocock SJ, Sattar N, Anker SD, Packer M. Effect of empagliflozin on circulating proteomics in heart failure: mechanistic insights into the EMPEROR programme. Eur Heart J 2022; 43:4991-5002. [PMID: 36017745 PMCID: PMC9769969 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors improve cardiovascular outcomes in diverse patient populations, but their mechanism of action requires further study. The aim is to explore the effect of empagliflozin on the circulating levels of intracellular proteins in patients with heart failure, using large-scale proteomics. METHODS AND RESULTS Over 1250 circulating proteins were measured at baseline, Week 12, and Week 52 in 1134 patients from EMPEROR-Reduced and EMPEROR-Preserved, using the Olink® Explore 1536 platform. Statistical and bioinformatical analyses identified differentially expressed proteins (empagliflozin vs. placebo), which were then linked to demonstrated biological actions in the heart and kidneys. At Week 12, 32 of 1283 proteins fulfilled our threshold for being differentially expressed, i.e. their levels were changed by ≥10% with a false discovery rate <1% (empagliflozin vs. placebo). Among these, nine proteins demonstrated the largest treatment effect of empagliflozin: insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 1, transferrin receptor protein 1, carbonic anhydrase 2, erythropoietin, protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase 2, thymosin beta-10, U-type mitochondrial creatine kinase, insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 4, and adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein 4. The changes of the proteins from baseline to Week 52 were generally concordant with the changes from the baseline to Week 12, except empagliflozin reduced levels of kidney injury molecule-1 by ≥10% at Week 52, but not at Week 12. The most common biological action of differentially expressed proteins appeared to be the promotion of autophagic flux in the heart, kidney or endothelium, a feature of 6 proteins. Other effects of differentially expressed proteins on the heart included the reduction of oxidative stress, inhibition of inflammation and fibrosis, and the enhancement of mitochondrial health and energy, repair, and regenerative capacity. The actions of differentially expressed proteins in the kidney involved promotion of autophagy, integrity and regeneration, suppression of renal inflammation and fibrosis, and modulation of renal tubular sodium reabsorption. CONCLUSIONS Changes in circulating protein levels in patients with heart failure are consistent with the findings of experimental studies that have shown that the effects of SGLT2 inhibitors are likely related to actions on the heart and kidney to promote autophagic flux, nutrient deprivation signalling and transmembrane sodium transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faiez Zannad
- Corresponding author. Tel: +33 3 83 15 73 15, Fax: +33 3 83 15 73 24, Emails: ;
| | - João Pedro Ferreira
- Corresponding author. Tel: +33 3 83 15 73 15, Fax: +33 3 83 15 73 24, Emails: ;
| | - Javed Butler
- Heart and Vascular Research, Baylor Scott and White Research Institute, 34 Live Oak St Ste 501, Dallas, TX 75204, USA,University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Gerasimos Filippatos
- Heart Failure Unit, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, Mikras Asias 75, Athina 115 27 Athens, Greece
| | - James L Januzzi
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St, Boston, MA 02114USA,The Baim Institute for Clinical Research, 930 Commonwealth Ave #3, Boston, MA 02215USA
| | - Mikhail Sumin
- Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Binger Str. 173, 55218 Ingelheim am RheinGermany
| | - Matthias Zwick
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Str. 65, 88400 Biberach an der RissGermany
| | - Maral Saadati
- Elderbrook Solutions GmbH on behalf of Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Str. 65, 88400 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Stuart J Pocock
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, London WC1E 7HTUK
| | - Naveed Sattar
- BHF, UK School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, 126 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TAUK
| | - Stefan D Anker
- Department of Cardiology (CVK) Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT) German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) partner site Berlin, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charité, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, D-13353 Berlin, Germany,Institute of Heart Diseases, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska Street 213, 50-556 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Milton Packer
- Baylor Heart and Vascular Hospital, Baylor University Medical Center, 621 N Hall St, Dallas, TX 75226, USA,Imperial College, London, Exhibition Rd, South Kensington, London SW7 2BX, UK
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15
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Huang J, Chen G, Zhang Q, Wang Y, Meng Q, Xu F, Zhang X, Zou W, Mi F, Yin J. Correlation between adipocyte fatty acid binding protein and glucose dysregulation is closely associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome: A cohort of Han Chinese population from Yunnan plateau. Lipids 2022; 57:257-264. [PMID: 35778866 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the correlation of plasma A-FABP with glucose dysregulation under different body mass index (BMI) and metabolic states in a Han Chinese population from Yunnan plateau. We cross-sectionally analyzed data from the China Multi Ethnic Cohort, Yunnan province. Participants were divided into two groups. Group A contained 297 obese individuals with metabolic syndrome (MetS). Group B contained 326 age-, sex-, and region-matched normal BMI subjects without MetS. Glucose dysregulation was defined as elevated fasting plasma glucose (FPG) (FPG ≥ 5.6 mmol/L or current use of oral hypoglycemic agents or insulin). Circulating A-FABP were assayed by ELISA method. Binary and multiple regression analyses were preformed to evaluate the correlation between A-FABP and glucose dysregulation. Plasma A-FABP level was significantly higher in group A compared with group B (p < 0.001). Plasma A-FABP level correlated positively with elevated FPG in group A (r = 0.120, p = 0.039), but negatively with elevated FPG in group B (r = -0.115, p = 0.039). Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that A-FABP was an independent predictor for elevated FPG in group A (β, 0.028; 95% CI, 1.001-1.056; p < 0.05), but not in group B (β, -0.008; 95% CI, 0.882-1.117; p > 0.05). In this study, A-FABP was an independent risk factor for glucose dysregulation in obese individuals with MetS living in the Yunnan plateau, but not for those without obesity and MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Huang
- School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Guo Chen
- School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Qiao Zhang
- School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yanjiao Wang
- School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Qiong Meng
- School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Fang Xu
- School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Xuehui Zhang
- School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Wei Zou
- School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Fei Mi
- School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Jianzhong Yin
- School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.,Baoshan College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Baoshan, China
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16
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Noh SH, Kim YJ, Lee MG. Autophagy-Related Pathways in Vesicular Unconventional Protein Secretion. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:892450. [PMID: 35774225 PMCID: PMC9237382 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.892450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular proteins directed to the plasma membrane or released into the extracellular space can undergo a number of different pathways. Whereas the molecular mechanisms that underlie conventional ER-to-Golgi trafficking are well established, those associated with the unconventional protein secretion (UPS) pathways remain largely elusive. A pathway with an emerging role in UPS is autophagy. Although originally known as a degradative process for maintaining intracellular homeostasis, recent studies suggest that autophagy has diverse biological roles besides its disposal function and that it is mechanistically involved in the UPS of various secretory cargos including both leaderless soluble and Golgi-bypassing transmembrane proteins. Here, we summarize current knowledge of the autophagy-related UPS pathways, describing and comparing diverse features in the autophagy-related UPS cargos and autophagy machineries utilized in UPS. Additionally, we also suggest potential directions that further research in this field can take.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Hye Noh
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ye Jin Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Min Goo Lee
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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17
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Attal N, Marrero E, Thompson KJ, McKillop IH. Cytochrome P450 2E1-dependent hepatic ethanol metabolism induces fatty acid-binding protein 4 and steatosis. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2022; 46:928-940. [PMID: 35403271 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatic steatosis is an early pathology of alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD). Fatty acid-binding protein-4 (FABP4, a FABP not normally produced in the liver) is secreted by hepatocytes in ALD and stimulates hepatoma proliferation and migration. This study sought to investigate the mechanism[s] by which hepatic ethanol metabolism regulates FABP4 and steatosis. METHODS Human hepatoma cells (HepG2/HuH7) and cells stably transfected to express cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1), were exposed to ethanol in the absence or presence of chlormethiazole (a CYP2E1-inhibitor; CMZ) and/or EX-527 (a sirtuin-1 [SIRT1] inhibitor). The culture medium was analyzed for ethanol metabolism and FABP4 protein abundance. Cells were analyzed for FABP4 mRNA expression, SIRT1 protein abundance, and neutral lipid accumulation. In parallel, cells were analyzed for forkhead box O1 [FOXO1], β-catenin, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α [PPARα], and lipin-1α protein abundance in the absence or presence of ethanol and pharmacological inhibitors of the respective target proteins. RESULTS CYP2E1-dependent ethanol metabolism inhibited the amount of SIRT1 protein detected, concomitant with increased FABP4 mRNA expression, FABP4 protein secretion, and neutral lipid accumulation, effects abolished by CMZ. Analysis of pathways associated with lipid oxidation revealed increased FOXO1 nuclear localization and decreased β-catenin, PPARα, and lipin-1α protein levels in CYP2E1-expressing cells in the presence of ethanol. Pharmacological inhibition of SIRT1 mimicked the effects of ethanol, while inhibition of FOXO1 abrogated the effect of ethanol on FABP4 mRNA expression, FABP4 protein secretion, and neutral lipid accumulation in CYP2E1-expressing cells. Pharmacological inhibition of β-catenin, PPARα, or lipin-1α failed to alter the effects of ethanol on FABP4 or neutral lipid accumulation. CONCLUSION CYP2E1-dependent ethanol metabolism inhibits SIRT1-FOXO1 signaling, which leads to increased FABP4 mRNA expression, FABP4 protein secretion, and neutral lipid accumulation. These data suggest that FABP4 released from steatotic hepatocytes could play a role in promoting tumor cell expansion in the setting of ALD and represents a potential target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Attal
- Department of Surgery, Carolinas Medical Center, Atrium Health, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
| | - Emilio Marrero
- Department of Surgery, Carolinas Medical Center, Atrium Health, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kyle J Thompson
- Department of Surgery, Carolinas Medical Center, Atrium Health, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
| | - Iain H McKillop
- Department of Surgery, Carolinas Medical Center, Atrium Health, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
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18
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Kuramoto K, He C. Degradative and Non-Degradative Roles of Autophagy Proteins in Metabolism and Metabolic Diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:844481. [PMID: 35646940 PMCID: PMC9136161 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.844481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a stress-induced lysosomal degradation pathway regulated by evolutionarily conserved autophagy-related (ATG) genes. Recent research has revealed that autophagy plays an important role in the regulation of energy metabolism, development of metabolic tissues, and pathogenesis of metabolic disorders. Bulk and selective degradation by autophagy helps maintain protein homeostasis and physiological function of cells. Aside from classical degradative roles, ATG proteins also carry out non-classical secretory functions of metabolic tissues. In this review, we summarize recent progresses and unanswered questions on the mechanisms of autophagy and ATG proteins in metabolic regulation, with a focus on organelle and nutrient storage degradation, as well as vesicular and hormonal secretion. Such knowledge broadens our understanding on the cause, pathophysiology, and prevention of metabolic diseases including obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Congcong He
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
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19
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Garcia KA, Costa ML, Lacunza E, Martinez ME, Corsico B, Scaglia N. Fatty acid binding protein 5 regulates lipogenesis and tumor growth in lung adenocarcinoma. Life Sci 2022; 301:120621. [PMID: 35545133 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death. Unfortunately, targeted-therapies have been unsuccessful for most patients with lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). Thus, new early biomarkers and treatment options are a pressing need. Fatty acid binding protein 5 (FABP5) has been associated with various types of cancers. Its contribution to LUAD onset, progression and metabolic reprogramming is, however, not fully understood. In this study we assessed the importance of FABP5 in LUAD and its role in cancer lipid metabolism. MAIN METHODS By radioactive labeling and metabolite quantification, we studied the function of FABP5 in fatty acid metabolism using genetic/pharmacologic inhibition and overexpression models in LUAD cell lines. Flow cytometry, heterologous transplantation and bioinformatic analysis were used, in combination with other methodologies, to assess the importance of FABP5 for cellular proliferation in vitro and in vivo and in patient survival. KEY FINDINGS We show that high expression of FABP5 is associated with poor prognosis in patients with LUAD. FABP5 regulates lipid metabolism, diverting fatty acids towards complex lipid synthesis, whereas it does not affect their catabolism in vitro. Moreover, FABP5 is required for de novo fatty acid synthesis and regulates the expression of enzymes involved in the pathway (including FASN and SCD1). Consistently with the changes in lipid metabolism, FABP5 is required for cell cycle progression, migration and in vivo tumor growth. SIGNIFICANCE Our results suggest that FABP5 is a regulatory hub of lipid metabolism and tumor progression in LUAD, placing it as a new putative therapeutic target for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Andrea Garcia
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de la Plata (INIBIOLP), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Lucía Costa
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de la Plata (INIBIOLP), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ezequiel Lacunza
- Centro de Investigaciones Inmunológicas Básicas y Aplicadas (CINIBA), Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CICPBA), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Elizabeth Martinez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de la Plata (INIBIOLP), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Betina Corsico
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de la Plata (INIBIOLP), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Natalia Scaglia
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de la Plata (INIBIOLP), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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20
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Kim J, Mondaca-Ruff D, Singh S, Wang Y. SIRT1 and Autophagy: Implications in Endocrine Disorders. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:930919. [PMID: 35909524 PMCID: PMC9331929 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.930919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a cellular process involved in the selective degradation and recycling of dysfunctional intracellular components. It plays a crucial role in maintaining cellular homeostasis and survival by removing damaged and harmful proteins, lipids, and organelles. SIRT1, an NAD+-dependent multifunctional enzyme, is a key regulator of the autophagy process. Through its deacetylase activity, SIRT1 participates in the regulation of different steps of autophagy, from initiation to degradation. The levels and function of SIRT1 are also regulated by the autophagy process. Dysregulation in SIRT1-mediated autophagy hinders the proper functioning of the endocrine system, contributing to the onset and progression of endocrine disorders. This review provides an overview of the crosstalk between SIRT1 and autophagy and their implications in obesity, type-2 diabetes mellitus, diabetic cardiomyopathy, and hepatic steatosis.
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21
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Yang Z, Yang D, Tan F, Wong CW, Yang JY, Zhou D, Cai Z, Lin SH. Multi-Omics Comparison of the Spontaneous Diabetes Mellitus and Diet-Induced Prediabetic Macaque Models. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:784231. [PMID: 34880765 PMCID: PMC8645867 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.784231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of diabetes mellitus has been increasing for decades worldwide. To develop safe and potent therapeutics, animal models contribute a lot to the studies of the mechanisms underlying its pathogenesis. Dietary induction using is a well-accepted protocol in generating insulin resistance and diabetes models. In the present study, we reported the multi-omics profiling of the liver and sera from both peripheral blood and hepatic portal vein blood from Macaca fascicularis that spontaneously developed Type-2 diabetes mellitus with a chow diet (sDM). The other two groups of the monkeys fed with chow diet and high-fat high-sugar (HFHS) diet, respectively, were included for comparison. Analyses of various omics datasets revealed the alterations of high consistency. Between the sDM and HFHS monkeys, both the similar and unique alterations in the lipid metabolism have been demonstrated from metabolomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic data repeatedly. The comparison of the proteome and transcriptome confirmed the involvement of fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4) in the diet-induced pathogenesis of diabetes in macaques. Furthermore, the commonly changed genes between spontaneous diabetes and HFHS diet-induced prediabetes suggested that the alterations in the intra- and extracellular structural proteins and cell migration in the liver might mediate the HFHS diet induction of diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dianqiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Fancheng Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Chi Wai Wong
- Guangzhou Huazhen Biosciences Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - James Y. Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Da Zhou
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Zongwei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shu-Hai Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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22
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Dai W, Choubey M, Patel S, Singer HA, Ozcan L. Adipocyte CAMK2 deficiency improves obesity-associated glucose intolerance. Mol Metab 2021; 53:101300. [PMID: 34303021 PMCID: PMC8365526 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obesity-related adipose tissue dysfunction has been linked to the development of insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Impaired calcium homeostasis is associated with altered adipose tissue metabolism; however, the molecular mechanisms that link disrupted calcium signaling to metabolic regulation are largely unknown. Here, we investigated the contribution of a calcium-sensing enzyme, calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CAMK2), to adipocyte function, obesity-associated insulin resistance, and glucose intolerance. METHODS To determine the impact of adipocyte CAMK2 deficiency on metabolic regulation, we generated a conditional knockout mouse model and acutely deleted CAMK2 in mature adipocytes. We further used in vitro differentiated adipocytes to dissect the mechanisms by which CAMK2 regulates adipocyte function. RESULTS CAMK2 activity was increased in obese adipose tissue, and depletion of adipocyte CAMK2 in adult mice improved glucose intolerance and insulin resistance without an effect on body weight. Mechanistically, we found that activation of CAMK2 disrupted adipocyte insulin signaling and lowered the amount of insulin receptor. Further, our results revealed that CAMK2 contributed to adipocyte lipolysis, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα)-induced inflammation, and insulin resistance. CONCLUSIONS These results identify a new link between adipocyte CAMK2 activity, metabolic regulation, and whole-body glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Dai
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Cardiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Mayank Choubey
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sonal Patel
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Harold A Singer
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Lale Ozcan
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
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23
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He YL, Chen MT, Wang T, Zhang MM, Li YX, Wang HY, Ding N. Development of FABP4/5 inhibitors with potential therapeutic effect on type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 224:113720. [PMID: 34332399 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acid-binding protein 4 (FABP4) and fatty acid-binding protein 5 (FABP5) are promising therapeutic targets for the treatment of various metabolic diseases. However, the weak potency, low selectivity over FABP3, or poor pharmacokinetic profiles of currently reported dual FABP4/5 inhibitors impeded further research. Here, we described the characterization of a series of dual FABP4/5 inhibitors with improved metabolic stabilities and physicochemical properties based on our previous studies. Among the compounds, D9 and E1 exhibited good inhibitory activities against FABP4/5 and favorable selectivity over FABP3 in vitro. In cell-based assays, D9 and E1 exerted a decrease of FABP4 secretion, a strong anti-lipolytic effect in mature adipocytes, and suppression of MCP-1 expression in THP-1 macrophages. Moreover, D9 and E1 possessed good metabolic stabilities in mouse hepatic microsomes and acceptable pharmacokinetics profiles in ICR mice. Further in vivo experiments showed that D9 and E1 could potently decrease serum FABP4 levels and ameliorate glucose metabolism disorders in obese diabetic db/db mice. These results demonstrated that D9 and E1 could serve as lead compounds for the development of novel anti-diabetic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Long He
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Meng-Ting Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Ming-Ming Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Ying-Xia Li
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - He-Yao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Ning Ding
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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24
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Arumugam MK, Chava S, Rasineni K, Paal MC, Donohue TM, Osna NA, Kharbanda KK. Elevated S-adenosylhomocysteine induces adipocyte dysfunction to promote alcohol-associated liver steatosis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14693. [PMID: 34282217 PMCID: PMC8289835 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94180-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been previously shown that chronic ethanol administration-induced increase in adipose tissue lipolysis and reduction in the secretion of protective adipokines collectively contribute to alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) pathogenesis. Further studies have revealed that increased adipose S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) levels generate methylation defects that promote lipolysis. Here, we hypothesized that increased intracellular SAH alone causes additional related pathological changes in adipose tissue as seen with alcohol administration. To test this, we used 3-deazaadenosine (DZA), which selectively elevates intracellular SAH levels by blocking its hydrolysis. Fully differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes were treated in vitro for 48 h with DZA and analysed for lipolysis, adipokine release and differentiation status. DZA treatment enhanced adipocyte lipolysis, as judged by lower levels of intracellular triglycerides, reduced lipid droplet sizes and higher levels of glycerol and free fatty acids released into the culture medium. These findings coincided with activation of both adipose triglyceride lipase and hormone sensitive lipase. DZA treatment also significantly reduced adipocyte differentiation factors, impaired adiponectin and leptin secretion but increased release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-6, TNF and MCP-1. Together, our results demonstrate that elevation of intracellular SAH alone by DZA treatment of 3T3-L1 adipocytes induces lipolysis and dysregulates adipokine secretion. Selective elevation of intracellular SAH by DZA treatment mimics ethanol's effects and induces adipose dysfunction. We conclude that alcohol-induced elevations in adipose SAH levels contribute to the pathogenesis and progression of ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madan Kumar Arumugam
- Research Service (151), Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, 4101 Woolworth Avenue, Omaha, NE, 68105, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Srinivas Chava
- Research Service (151), Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, 4101 Woolworth Avenue, Omaha, NE, 68105, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Karuna Rasineni
- Research Service (151), Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, 4101 Woolworth Avenue, Omaha, NE, 68105, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Matthew C Paal
- Research Service (151), Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, 4101 Woolworth Avenue, Omaha, NE, 68105, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Terrence M Donohue
- Research Service (151), Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, 4101 Woolworth Avenue, Omaha, NE, 68105, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Natalia A Osna
- Research Service (151), Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, 4101 Woolworth Avenue, Omaha, NE, 68105, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Kusum K Kharbanda
- Research Service (151), Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, 4101 Woolworth Avenue, Omaha, NE, 68105, USA.
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
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25
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He Y, Wu Y, Mei B, Fang X, Cai G, Cai N, Wu Q, Huang Z, Ge C, Liang H, Zhang B, Chen X, Chu L. A small nucleolar RNA, SNORD126, promotes adipogenesis in cells and rats by activating the PI3K-AKT pathway. J Cell Physiol 2021; 236:3001-3014. [PMID: 32960468 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) plays important role in various histogenesis. Whether snoRNA plays a role in adipogenesis is unknown. SNORD126 is a C/D box snoRNA. We previously demonstrated that SNORD126 promoted hepatocellular carcinoma cell growth by activating the phosphoinositide 3-kinase-protein kinase B (Akt) pathway through upregulating fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 expression. In the present study, we found that the expression of SNORD126 was downregulated in the obesity-related tissues in high-fat diet-fed rats. Overexpression of SNORD126 in 3T3-L1 cells promoted adipocytes differentiation. SNORD126 significantly increased the expression of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α, fatty acid-binding protein 4, peroxisome proliferative-activated receptor-γ, and the phosphorylation of Akt and p70S6K. Overexpression of SNORD126 in human adipose-derived stem cells stimulated adipogenesis and increased phosphorylation of Akt. Meanwhile, SNORD126 increased the messenger RNA and protein levels of cyclin D1 and cyclin-dependent kinase 2, which promoted mitotic clonal expansion progression during the early stage of 3T3-L1 cell differentiation. We further found that SNORD126 accelerated the growth of the groin fat pad and increased phosphorylation of Akt and p70S6K in rats. Overall, our results suggested that SNORD126 promoted adipocyte differentiation through increasing phosphorylation of Akt and p70S6K both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi He
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Wu
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Bin Mei
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xianlong Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Guangzhen Cai
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ning Cai
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiqi Wu
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhao Huang
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chang Ge
- Department of Nephrology, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huifang Liang
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Bixiang Zhang
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoping Chen
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Liang Chu
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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26
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Kaczocha M, Haj-Dahmane S. Mechanisms of endocannabinoid transport in the brain. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 179:4300-4310. [PMID: 33786823 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoids 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) and anandamide are among the best studied lipid messengers in the brain. By activating cannabinoid receptors in the CNS, endocannabinoids tune synaptic function, thereby influencing a variety of physiological and behavioural processes. Extensive research conducted over the last few decades has considerably enhanced our understanding of the molecular mechanisms and physiological functions of the endocannabinoid system. It is now well-established that endocannabinoids are synthesized by postsynaptic neurons and serve as retrograde messengers that suppress neurotransmitter release at central synapses. While the detailed mechanisms by which endocannabinoids gate synaptic function and behavioural processes are relatively well characterized, the mechanisms governing endocannabinoid transport at central synapses remain ill defined. Recently, several studies have begun to unravel the mechanisms governing intracellular and intercellular endocannabinoid transport. In this review, we will focus on new advances in the mechanisms of intracellular and synaptic endocannabinoid transport in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kaczocha
- Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Samir Haj-Dahmane
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA.,Neuroscience Program, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
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27
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Lee CH, Lui DTW, Lam KSL. Adipocyte Fatty Acid-Binding Protein, Cardiovascular Diseases and Mortality. Front Immunol 2021; 12:589206. [PMID: 33815359 PMCID: PMC8017191 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.589206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been increasingly recognized that inflammation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease (CVD). In obesity, adipose tissue inflammation, especially in the visceral fat depots, contributes to systemic inflammation and promotes the development of atherosclerosis. Adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein (AFABP), a lipid chaperone abundantly secreted from the adipocytes and macrophages, is one of the key players mediating this adipose-vascular cross-talk, in part via its interaction with c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) and activator protein-1 (AP-1) to form a positive feedback loop, and perpetuate inflammatory responses. In mice, selective JNK inactivation in the adipose tissue significantly reduced the expression of AFABP in their adipose tissue, as well as circulating AFABP levels. Importantly, fat transplant experiments showed that adipose-specific JNK inactivation in the visceral fat was sufficient to protect mice with apoE deficiency from atherosclerosis, with the beneficial effects attenuated by the continuous infusion of recombinant AFABP, supporting the role of AFABP as the link between visceral fat inflammation and atherosclerosis. In humans, raised circulating AFABP levels are associated with incident metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes and CVD, as well as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, diabetic nephropathy and adverse renal outcomes, all being conditions closely related to inflammation and enhanced CV mortality. Collectively, these clinical data have provided support to AFABP as an important adipokine linking obesity, inflammation and CVD. This review will discuss recent findings on the role of AFABP in CVD and mortality, the possible underlying mechanisms, and pharmacological inhibition of AFABP as a potential strategy to combat CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Ho Lee
- Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - David T W Lui
- Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Karen S L Lam
- Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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28
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Wang Z, Guo W, Yi F, Zhou T, Li X, Feng Y, Guo Q, Xu H, Song X, Cao L. The Regulatory Effect of SIRT1 on Extracellular Microenvironment Remodeling. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:89-96. [PMID: 33390835 PMCID: PMC7757024 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.52619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The sirtuins family is well known by its unique nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)-dependent deacetylase function. The most-investigated member of the family, Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), accounts for deacetylating a broad range of transcription factors and coregulators, such as p53, the Forkhead box O (FOXO), and so on. It serves as a pivotal regulator in various intracellular biological processes, including energy metabolism, DNA damage response, genome stability maintenance and tumorigenesis. Although the most attention has been focused on its intracellular functions, the regulatory effect on extracellular microenvironment remodeling of SIRT1 has been recognized by researchers recently. SIRT1 can regulate cell secretion process and participate in glucose metabolism, neuroendocrine function, inflammation and tumorigenesis. Here, we review the advances in the understanding of SIRT1 on remodeling the extracellular microenvironment, which may provide new ideas for pathogenesis investigation and guidance for clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Wang
- College of Basic Medical Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Liaoning Province, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, P.R. China, 110122
| | - Wendong Guo
- College of Basic Medical Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Liaoning Province, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, P.R. China, 110122
| | - Fei Yi
- College of Basic Medical Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Liaoning Province, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, P.R. China, 110122
| | - Tingting Zhou
- College of Basic Medical Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Liaoning Province, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, P.R. China, 110122
| | - Xiaoman Li
- College of Basic Medical Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Liaoning Province, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, P.R. China, 110122
| | - Yanling Feng
- College of Basic Medical Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Liaoning Province, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, P.R. China, 110122
| | - Qiqiang Guo
- College of Basic Medical Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Liaoning Province, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, P.R. China, 110122
| | - Hongde Xu
- College of Basic Medical Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Liaoning Province, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, P.R. China, 110122
| | - Xiaoyu Song
- College of Basic Medical Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Liaoning Province, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, P.R. China, 110122
| | - Liu Cao
- College of Basic Medical Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Liaoning Province, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, P.R. China, 110122
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Padmanabhan S, Manjithaya R. Facets of Autophagy Based Unconventional Protein Secretion-The Road Less Traveled. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:586483. [PMID: 33363205 PMCID: PMC7755989 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.586483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Unconventional protein secretion (UCPS) of leaderless proteins bypasses the conventional endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-Golgi route. The proportion of UCPS in the secretome varies tremendously across eukaryotes. Interestingly, macroautophagy, an intracellular recycling process that is generally involved in cargo degradation, also participates in UCPS. This emerging field of secretory mode of autophagy is underexplored and has several unanswered questions regarding the composition of players, cargo, and the mechanisms that drive it. As secretomes vary considerably across cell types and physiological conditions, the contribution of secretory autophagy in healthy and pathophysiological states remain to be elucidated. Recent studies have begun to shed light on this enigmatic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreedevi Padmanabhan
- Autophagy Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bengaluru, India
| | - Ravi Manjithaya
- Autophagy Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bengaluru, India.,Neuroscience Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bengaluru, India
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30
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Cohen MJ, Chirico WJ, Lipke PN. Through the back door: Unconventional protein secretion. Cell Surf 2020; 6:100045. [PMID: 33225116 PMCID: PMC7666356 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcsw.2020.100045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins are secreted from eukaryotic cells by several mechanisms besides the well-characterized classical secretory system. Proteins destined to enter the classical secretory system contain a signal peptide for translocation into the endoplasmic reticulum. However, many proteins lacking a signal peptide are secreted nonetheless. Contrary to conventional belief, these proteins are not just released as a result of membrane damage leading to cell leakage, but are actively packaged for secretion in alternative pathways. They are called unconventionally secreted proteins, and the best-characterized are from fungi and mammals. These proteins have extracellular functions including cell signaling, immune modulation, as well as moonlighting activities different from their well-described intracellular functions. Among the pathways for unconventional secretion are direct transfer across the plasma membrane, release within plasma membrane-derived microvesicles, use of elements of autophagy, or secretion from endosomal/multivesicular body-related components. We review the fungal and metazoan unconventional secretory pathways and their regulation, and propose experimental criteria to identify their mode of secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Cohen
- The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, United States
- Biology Department, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, United States
| | - William J. Chirico
- Department of Cell Biology, Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, United States
| | - Peter N. Lipke
- The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, United States
- Biology Department, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, United States
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31
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Suárez M, Canclini L, Esteves A. Identification of a non-classical three-dimensional nuclear localization signal in the intestinal fatty acid binding protein. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242312. [PMID: 33180886 PMCID: PMC7660557 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal fatty acid binding protein (FABP) is a small protein expressed along the small intestine that bind long-chain fatty acids and other hydrophobic ligands. Several lines of evidence suggest that, once in the nucleus, it interacts with nuclear receptors, activating them and thus transferring the bound ligand into the nucleus. Previous work by our group suggests that FABP2 would participate in the cytoplasm-nucleus translocation of fatty acids. Because the consensus NLS is absent in the sequence of FABP2, we propose that a 3D signal could be responsible for its nuclear translocation. The results obtained by transfection assays of recombinant wild type and mutated forms of Danio rerio Fabp2 in Caco-2 cell cultures, showed that lysine 17, arginine 29 and lysine 30 residues, which are located in the helix-turn-helix region, would constitute a functional non-classical three-dimensional NLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Suárez
- Sección Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Lucía Canclini
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Adriana Esteves
- Sección Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- * E-mail:
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32
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Adipocyte lipolysis: from molecular mechanisms of regulation to disease and therapeutics. Biochem J 2020; 477:985-1008. [PMID: 32168372 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20190468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acids (FAs) are stored safely in the form of triacylglycerol (TAG) in lipid droplet (LD) organelles by professional storage cells called adipocytes. These lipids are mobilized during adipocyte lipolysis, the fundamental process of hydrolyzing TAG to FAs for internal or systemic energy use. Our understanding of adipocyte lipolysis has greatly increased over the past 50 years from a basic enzymatic process to a dynamic regulatory one, involving the assembly and disassembly of protein complexes on the surface of LDs. These dynamic interactions are regulated by hormonal signals such as catecholamines and insulin which have opposing effects on lipolysis. Upon stimulation, patatin-like phospholipase domain containing 2 (PNPLA2)/adipocyte triglyceride lipase (ATGL), the rate limiting enzyme for TAG hydrolysis, is activated by the interaction with its co-activator, alpha/beta hydrolase domain-containing protein 5 (ABHD5), which is normally bound to perilipin 1 (PLIN1). Recently identified negative regulators of lipolysis include G0/G1 switch gene 2 (G0S2) and PNPLA3 which interact with PNPLA2 and ABHD5, respectively. This review focuses on the dynamic protein-protein interactions involved in lipolysis and discusses some of the emerging concepts in the control of lipolysis that include allosteric regulation and protein turnover. Furthermore, recent research demonstrates that many of the proteins involved in adipocyte lipolysis are multifunctional enzymes and that lipolysis can mediate homeostatic metabolic signals at both the cellular and whole-body level to promote inter-organ communication. Finally, adipocyte lipolysis is involved in various diseases such as cancer, type 2 diabetes and fatty liver disease, and targeting adipocyte lipolysis is of therapeutic interest.
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Xu H, Diolintzi A, Storch J. Fatty acid-binding proteins: functional understanding and diagnostic implications. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2019; 22:407-412. [PMID: 31503024 PMCID: PMC9940447 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0000000000000600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Fatty acid-binding proteins (FABPs) are a family of small, abundant proteins with highly tissue-specific expression patterns whose different functions remain incompletely understood. The purpose of this review is to summarize recent findings regarding FABP functions and mechanisms of action, including their potential utilization as serum markers of tissue-specific metabolic diseases. RECENT FINDINGS FABPs are important not only in their tissues of origin but also appear to influence the metabolism and function of tissues distal to their sites of expression. This may be secondary to metabolic changes in their primary tissues, and/or a result of FABP secretion from these tissues leading to effects on distal sites. Their levels in the circulation are increasingly explored as potential biomarkers for tissue-specific disease prognosis and progression. SUMMARY The nine fatty acid-binding members of the FABP family have unique tissue-specific functions and important secondary effects on tissues in which they are not expressed. For many of the FABPs, circulating levels may be indicative of disease processes related to their primary tissues, and may influence physiological function in distal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heli Xu
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick,
- Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, New Jersey, USA
| | - Anastasia Diolintzi
- Department of Kinesiology and Health, New Jersey, USA
- Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, New Jersey, USA
| | - Judith Storch
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick,
- Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, New Jersey, USA
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