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Marcovecchio ML, Hendriks AEJ, Delfin C, Battelino T, Danne T, Evans ML, Johannesen J, Kaur S, Knip M, Overbergh L, Pociot F, Todd JA, Van der Schueren B, Wicker LS, Peakman M, Mathieu C. The INNODIA Type 1 Diabetes Natural History Study: a European cohort of newly diagnosed children, adolescents and adults. Diabetologia 2024; 67:995-1008. [PMID: 38517484 PMCID: PMC11058619 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-024-06124-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Type 1 diabetes is an heterogenous condition. Characterising factors explaining differences in an individual's clinical course and treatment response will have important clinical and research implications. Our aim was to explore type 1 diabetes heterogeneity, as assessed by clinical characteristics, autoantibodies, beta cell function and glycaemic outcomes, during the first 12 months from diagnosis, and how it relates to age at diagnosis. METHODS Data were collected from the large INNODIA cohort of individuals (aged 1.0-45.0 years) newly diagnosed with type 1 diabetes, followed 3 monthly, to assess clinical characteristics, C-peptide, HbA1c and diabetes-associated antibodies, and their changes, during the first 12 months from diagnosis, across three age groups: <10 years; 10-17 years; and ≥18 years. RESULTS The study population included 649 individuals (57.3% male; age 12.1±8.3 years), 96.9% of whom were positive for one or more diabetes-related antibodies. Baseline (IQR) fasting C-peptide was 242.0 (139.0-382.0) pmol/l (AUC 749.3 [466.2-1106.1] pmol/l × min), with levels increasing with age (p<0.001). Over time, C-peptide remained lower in participants aged <10 years but it declined in all age groups. In parallel, glucose levels progressively increased. Lower baseline fasting C-peptide, BMI SD score and presence of diabetic ketoacidosis at diagnosis were associated with lower stimulated C-peptide over time. HbA1c decreased during the first 3 months (p<0.001), whereas insulin requirement increased from 3 months post diagnosis (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION In this large cohort with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes, we identified age-related differences in clinical and biochemical variables. Of note, C-peptide was lower in younger children but there were no main age differences in its rate of decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Loredana Marcovecchio
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Department of Paediatric Diabetes and Endocrinology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK.
| | - A Emile J Hendriks
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Paediatric Diabetes and Endocrinology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Carl Delfin
- Department of Pharmacometrics, Novo Nordisk A/S, Søborg, Denmark
| | - Tadej Battelino
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Thomas Danne
- Centre for Paediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Clinical Research, Auf Der Bult Children's Hospital, Hannover, Germany
| | - Mark L Evans
- Wellcome MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jesper Johannesen
- Translational Type 1 Diabetes Research, Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Paediatrics, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark; Institute of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Simranjeet Kaur
- Translational Type 1 Diabetes Research, Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Paediatrics, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark; Institute of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Mikael Knip
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Pediatric Research Center, New Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lut Overbergh
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Flemming Pociot
- Translational Type 1 Diabetes Research, Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Paediatrics, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark; Institute of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
| | - John A Todd
- Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Bart Van der Schueren
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Linda S Wicker
- Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mark Peakman
- Immunology & Inflammation Research Therapeutic Area, Sanofi, MA, USA
| | - Chantal Mathieu
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Shi R, Cen J, Westermark GT, Zhao S, Welsh N, Sun Z, Lau J. CLEC11A improves insulin secretion and promotes cell proliferation in human beta-cells. J Mol Endocrinol 2023; 71:e220066. [PMID: 37078556 PMCID: PMC10326638 DOI: 10.1530/jme-22-0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
Beta-cell dysfunction is a hallmark of disease progression in patients with diabetes. Research has been focused on maintaining and restoring beta-cell function during diabetes development. The aims of this study were to explore the expression of C-type lectin domain containing 11A (CLEC11A), a secreted sulphated glycoprotein, in human islets and to evaluate the effects of CLEC11A on beta-cell function and proliferation in vitro. To test these hypotheses, human islets and human EndoC-βH1 cell line were used in this study. We identified that CLEC11A was expressed in beta-cells and alpha-cells in human islets but not in EndoC-βH1 cells, whereas the receptor of CLEC11A called integrin subunit alpha 11 was found in both human islets and EndoC-βH1 cells. Long-term treatment with exogenous recombinant human CLEC11A (rhCLEC11A) accentuated glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, insulin content, and proliferation from human islets and EndoC-βH1 cells, which was partially due to the accentuated expression levels of transcription factors MAFA and PDX1. However, the impaired beta-cell function and reduced mRNA expression of INS and MAFA in EndoC-βH1 cells that were caused by chronic palmitate exposure could only be partially improved by the introduction of rhCLEC11A. Based on these results, we conclude that rhCLEC11A promotes insulin secretion, insulin content, and proliferation in human beta-cells, which are associated with the accentuated expression levels of transcription factors MAFA and PDX1. CLEC11A, therefore, may provide a novel therapeutic target for maintaining beta-cell function in patients with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruifeng Shi
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, Institute of Diabetes, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Cen
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Sheng Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Nils Welsh
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Zilin Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, Institute of Diabetes, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Joey Lau
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Novac CN, Mihai DA, Boboc AA, Platica C, Nemuc A, Radulian G. Changes in C-Peptide Values in Children with Type 1 Diabetes - a Three-Year Study. MAEDICA 2023; 18:182-189. [PMID: 37588842 PMCID: PMC10427091 DOI: 10.26574/maedica.2023.18.2.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Background: C-peptide is used as an important indicator of residual insulin secretion in patients diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and treated with insulin. Aim:We have aimed to monitor the serum C-peptide (CP) levels during the first three years after diagnosis of T1DM in a cohort of children admitted to the Diabetes Department of "M. S. Curie" Emergency Clinical Hospital for Children, Bucharest, Romania, and to investigate the factors that could influence the rate of decline in its secretion. Method:We conducted a longitudinal, retrospective cohort study on a group of 215 children and adolescents who met the inclusion criteria and were monitored in our clinic over the course of a long period of time. We analyzed several parameters, including fasting serum CP values at diagnosis and yearly throughout T1DM evolution, the severity of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) at onset, HbA1c at diagnosis, family history of T1DM/T2DM, patient gender and presence of concurrent acute infectious disease at diagnosis, with the purpose of evaluating their influence on the preservation of endogenous insulin secretion. Based on serum CP value measured three years after T1DM onset, patients were divided into two groups: group 1, with low insulin residual secretion (CP < 0.6 ng/mL), and group 2, with preserved insulin residual secretion (CP ≥0.6 ng/mL) Results:At the moment of diagnosis, patients in group 1 were younger than those in group 2 (6.03 ± 3.54 years and 9.76 ± 2.75 years, respectively). The proportion of children with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) at onset was greater in group 1 (68% of patients) than group 2, in which the majority of subjects (60%) did not have DKA. The C-peptide value at diagnosis was significantly lower (0.55 ± 0.36 ng/mL) among patients in group 1 than those in group 2 (1.11 ± 0.59 ng/mL). In group 1 there was a higher proportion of patients (65%) with acute infectious disease at onset. Family history of T1DM/T2DM was associated with a more rapid decline in CP values. Our data showed no correlation between CP levels monitored for three years and HbA1c at diagnosis and no association with the gender of each patient. Conclusion:Patients with higher CP concentrations at diagnosis maintained increased values (> 0.6 ng/mL) three years after disease onset. Younger children had a faster decline of CP secretion during the first three years following diabetes diagnosis. In patients with severe symptoms (DKA) and associated infectious disease at onset, a risk of rapid CP decline was found.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Doina-Andrada Mihai
- "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
- "Prof. Dr. N. Paulescu" National Institute of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Anca Andreea Boboc
- "M. S. Curie" Emergency Clinical Hospital for Children, Bucharest, Romania
- "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cristina Platica
- "M. S. Curie" Emergency Clinical Hospital for Children, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Anca Nemuc
- INOE National Institute of Research and Development for Optoelectronics, Magurele, Romania
| | - Gabriela Radulian
- "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
- "Prof. Dr. N. Paulescu" National Institute of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, Bucharest, Romania
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Merjaneh L, Dolan LM, Suerken CK, D’Agostino R, Imperatore G, Saydah S, Roberts A, Marcovina S, Mayer-Davis EJ, Dabelea D, Lawrence JM, Pihoker C. A longitudinal assessment of diabetes autoantibodies in the SEARCH for diabetes in youth study. Pediatr Diabetes 2022; 23:1027-1037. [PMID: 36054435 PMCID: PMC9588609 DOI: 10.1111/pedi.13403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
To assess changes in diabetes autoantibodies (DAs) over time in children and young adults with diabetes and determine whether observed changes were associated with demographic characteristics, clinical parameters and diabetes complications. Participants had DAs measured at baseline (10.3 ± 7.1 months after diabetes diagnosis) and at 12, 24 months and ≥5 years after the baseline measurement. At the ≥5-year follow-up, the presence of diabetes complications was assessed. We examined the associations between change in number of positive DAs and changes in individual DA status with the participants' characteristics and clinical parameters over time. Out of 4179 participants, 62% had longitudinal DA data and 51% had complications and longitudinal DA data. In participants with ≥1 baseline positive DA (n = 1699), 83.4% remained positive after 7.3 ± 2.3 years duration of diabetes. Decrease in number of positive DAs was associated with longer diabetes duration (p = 0.003 for 1 baseline positive DA; p < 0.001 for 2 baseline positive DAs) and younger age at diagnosis (p < 0.001 for 2 baseline positive DAs). No associations were found between change in number of positive DAs in participants with ≥1 baseline positive DA (n = 1391) and HbA1c, insulin dose, acute, or chronic complications after 7.7 ± 1.9 years duration of diabetes. DA status likely remains stable in the first 7 years after diabetes diagnosis. Younger age at diabetes diagnosis and longer duration were associated with less persistence of DAs. Measuring DAs after initial presentation may aid in diabetes classification but not likely in predicting the clinical course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Merjaneh
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington,
Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lawrence M. Dolan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College
of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Cynthia K. Suerken
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Division of Public
Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Ralph D’Agostino
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Division of Public
Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Giuseppina Imperatore
- Division of Diabetes Translation, Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health
Promotion, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sharon Saydah
- Division of Diabetes Translation, Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health
Promotion, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Alissa Roberts
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington,
Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Dana Dabelea
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public
Health, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jean M. Lawrence
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolic
Diseases, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National
Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Catherine Pihoker
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington,
Seattle, WA, USA
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5
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Boughton CK, Allen JM, Ware J, Wilinska ME, Hartnell S, Thankamony A, Randell T, Ghatak A, Besser REJ, Elleri D, Trevelyan N, Campbell FM, Sibayan J, Calhoun P, Bailey R, Dunseath G, Hovorka R. Closed-Loop Therapy and Preservation of C-Peptide Secretion in Type 1 Diabetes. N Engl J Med 2022; 387:882-893. [PMID: 36069870 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa2203496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whether improved glucose control with hybrid closed-loop therapy can preserve C-peptide secretion as compared with standard insulin therapy in persons with new-onset type 1 diabetes is unclear. METHODS In a multicenter, open-label, parallel-group, randomized trial, we assigned youths 10.0 to 16.9 years of age within 21 days after a diagnosis of type 1 diabetes to receive hybrid closed-loop therapy or standard insulin therapy (control) for 24 months. The primary end point was the area under the curve (AUC) for the plasma C-peptide level (after a mixed-meal tolerance test) at 12 months after diagnosis. The analysis was performed on an intention-to-treat basis. RESULTS A total of 97 participants (mean [±SD] age, 12±2 years) underwent randomization: 51 were assigned to receive closed-loop therapy and 46 to receive control therapy. The AUC for the C-peptide level at 12 months (primary end point) did not differ significantly between the two groups (geometric mean, 0.35 pmol per milliliter [interquartile range, 0.16 to 0.49] with closed-loop therapy and 0.46 pmol per milliliter [interquartile range, 0.22 to 0.69] with control therapy; mean adjusted difference, -0.06 pmol per milliliter [95% confidence interval {CI}, -0.14 to 0.03]). There was not a substantial between-group difference in the AUC for the C-peptide level at 24 months (geometric mean, 0.18 pmol per milliliter [interquartile range, 0.06 to 0.22] with closed-loop therapy and 0.24 pmol per milliliter [interquartile range, 0.05 to 0.30] with control therapy; mean adjusted difference, -0.04 pmol per milliliter [95% CI, -0.14 to 0.06]). The arithmetic mean glycated hemoglobin level was lower in the closed-loop group than in the control group by 4 mmol per mole (0.4 percentage points; 95% CI, 0 to 8 mmol per mole [0.0 to 0.7 percentage points]) at 12 months and by 11 mmol per mole (1.0 percentage points; 95% CI, 7 to 15 mmol per mole [0.5 to 1.5 percentage points]) at 24 months. Five cases of severe hypoglycemia occurred in the closed-loop group (in 3 participants), and one occurred in the control group; one case of diabetic ketoacidosis occurred in the closed-loop group. CONCLUSIONS In youths with new-onset type 1 diabetes, intensive glucose control for 24 months did not appear to prevent the decline in residual C-peptide secretion. (Funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research and others; CLOuD ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02871089.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte K Boughton
- From the Wellcome-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science (C.K.B., J.M.A., J.W., M.E.W., R.H.) and the Department of Paediatrics (J.M.A., J.W., M.E.W., A.T., R.H.), University of Cambridge, and Wolfson Diabetes and Endocrine Clinic, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (C.K.B., S.H.), Cambridge, the Department of Paediatric Diabetes and Endocrinology, Nottingham Children's Hospital, Nottingham (T.R.), the Department of Diabetes, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool (A.G.), the Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the National Institute for Health and Care Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford (R.E.J.B.), the Department of Diabetes, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh (D.E.), the Department of Paediatric Diabetes, Southampton Children's Hospital, Southampton (N.T.), the Department of Paediatric Diabetes, Leeds Children's Hospital, Leeds (F.M.C.), and the Diabetes Research Group, Swansea University, Swansea (G.D.) - all in the United Kingdom; and Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa, FL (J.S., P.C., R.B.)
| | - Janet M Allen
- From the Wellcome-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science (C.K.B., J.M.A., J.W., M.E.W., R.H.) and the Department of Paediatrics (J.M.A., J.W., M.E.W., A.T., R.H.), University of Cambridge, and Wolfson Diabetes and Endocrine Clinic, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (C.K.B., S.H.), Cambridge, the Department of Paediatric Diabetes and Endocrinology, Nottingham Children's Hospital, Nottingham (T.R.), the Department of Diabetes, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool (A.G.), the Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the National Institute for Health and Care Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford (R.E.J.B.), the Department of Diabetes, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh (D.E.), the Department of Paediatric Diabetes, Southampton Children's Hospital, Southampton (N.T.), the Department of Paediatric Diabetes, Leeds Children's Hospital, Leeds (F.M.C.), and the Diabetes Research Group, Swansea University, Swansea (G.D.) - all in the United Kingdom; and Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa, FL (J.S., P.C., R.B.)
| | - Julia Ware
- From the Wellcome-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science (C.K.B., J.M.A., J.W., M.E.W., R.H.) and the Department of Paediatrics (J.M.A., J.W., M.E.W., A.T., R.H.), University of Cambridge, and Wolfson Diabetes and Endocrine Clinic, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (C.K.B., S.H.), Cambridge, the Department of Paediatric Diabetes and Endocrinology, Nottingham Children's Hospital, Nottingham (T.R.), the Department of Diabetes, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool (A.G.), the Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the National Institute for Health and Care Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford (R.E.J.B.), the Department of Diabetes, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh (D.E.), the Department of Paediatric Diabetes, Southampton Children's Hospital, Southampton (N.T.), the Department of Paediatric Diabetes, Leeds Children's Hospital, Leeds (F.M.C.), and the Diabetes Research Group, Swansea University, Swansea (G.D.) - all in the United Kingdom; and Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa, FL (J.S., P.C., R.B.)
| | - Malgorzata E Wilinska
- From the Wellcome-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science (C.K.B., J.M.A., J.W., M.E.W., R.H.) and the Department of Paediatrics (J.M.A., J.W., M.E.W., A.T., R.H.), University of Cambridge, and Wolfson Diabetes and Endocrine Clinic, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (C.K.B., S.H.), Cambridge, the Department of Paediatric Diabetes and Endocrinology, Nottingham Children's Hospital, Nottingham (T.R.), the Department of Diabetes, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool (A.G.), the Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the National Institute for Health and Care Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford (R.E.J.B.), the Department of Diabetes, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh (D.E.), the Department of Paediatric Diabetes, Southampton Children's Hospital, Southampton (N.T.), the Department of Paediatric Diabetes, Leeds Children's Hospital, Leeds (F.M.C.), and the Diabetes Research Group, Swansea University, Swansea (G.D.) - all in the United Kingdom; and Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa, FL (J.S., P.C., R.B.)
| | - Sara Hartnell
- From the Wellcome-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science (C.K.B., J.M.A., J.W., M.E.W., R.H.) and the Department of Paediatrics (J.M.A., J.W., M.E.W., A.T., R.H.), University of Cambridge, and Wolfson Diabetes and Endocrine Clinic, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (C.K.B., S.H.), Cambridge, the Department of Paediatric Diabetes and Endocrinology, Nottingham Children's Hospital, Nottingham (T.R.), the Department of Diabetes, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool (A.G.), the Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the National Institute for Health and Care Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford (R.E.J.B.), the Department of Diabetes, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh (D.E.), the Department of Paediatric Diabetes, Southampton Children's Hospital, Southampton (N.T.), the Department of Paediatric Diabetes, Leeds Children's Hospital, Leeds (F.M.C.), and the Diabetes Research Group, Swansea University, Swansea (G.D.) - all in the United Kingdom; and Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa, FL (J.S., P.C., R.B.)
| | - Ajay Thankamony
- From the Wellcome-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science (C.K.B., J.M.A., J.W., M.E.W., R.H.) and the Department of Paediatrics (J.M.A., J.W., M.E.W., A.T., R.H.), University of Cambridge, and Wolfson Diabetes and Endocrine Clinic, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (C.K.B., S.H.), Cambridge, the Department of Paediatric Diabetes and Endocrinology, Nottingham Children's Hospital, Nottingham (T.R.), the Department of Diabetes, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool (A.G.), the Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the National Institute for Health and Care Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford (R.E.J.B.), the Department of Diabetes, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh (D.E.), the Department of Paediatric Diabetes, Southampton Children's Hospital, Southampton (N.T.), the Department of Paediatric Diabetes, Leeds Children's Hospital, Leeds (F.M.C.), and the Diabetes Research Group, Swansea University, Swansea (G.D.) - all in the United Kingdom; and Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa, FL (J.S., P.C., R.B.)
| | - Tabitha Randell
- From the Wellcome-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science (C.K.B., J.M.A., J.W., M.E.W., R.H.) and the Department of Paediatrics (J.M.A., J.W., M.E.W., A.T., R.H.), University of Cambridge, and Wolfson Diabetes and Endocrine Clinic, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (C.K.B., S.H.), Cambridge, the Department of Paediatric Diabetes and Endocrinology, Nottingham Children's Hospital, Nottingham (T.R.), the Department of Diabetes, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool (A.G.), the Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the National Institute for Health and Care Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford (R.E.J.B.), the Department of Diabetes, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh (D.E.), the Department of Paediatric Diabetes, Southampton Children's Hospital, Southampton (N.T.), the Department of Paediatric Diabetes, Leeds Children's Hospital, Leeds (F.M.C.), and the Diabetes Research Group, Swansea University, Swansea (G.D.) - all in the United Kingdom; and Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa, FL (J.S., P.C., R.B.)
| | - Atrayee Ghatak
- From the Wellcome-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science (C.K.B., J.M.A., J.W., M.E.W., R.H.) and the Department of Paediatrics (J.M.A., J.W., M.E.W., A.T., R.H.), University of Cambridge, and Wolfson Diabetes and Endocrine Clinic, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (C.K.B., S.H.), Cambridge, the Department of Paediatric Diabetes and Endocrinology, Nottingham Children's Hospital, Nottingham (T.R.), the Department of Diabetes, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool (A.G.), the Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the National Institute for Health and Care Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford (R.E.J.B.), the Department of Diabetes, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh (D.E.), the Department of Paediatric Diabetes, Southampton Children's Hospital, Southampton (N.T.), the Department of Paediatric Diabetes, Leeds Children's Hospital, Leeds (F.M.C.), and the Diabetes Research Group, Swansea University, Swansea (G.D.) - all in the United Kingdom; and Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa, FL (J.S., P.C., R.B.)
| | - Rachel E J Besser
- From the Wellcome-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science (C.K.B., J.M.A., J.W., M.E.W., R.H.) and the Department of Paediatrics (J.M.A., J.W., M.E.W., A.T., R.H.), University of Cambridge, and Wolfson Diabetes and Endocrine Clinic, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (C.K.B., S.H.), Cambridge, the Department of Paediatric Diabetes and Endocrinology, Nottingham Children's Hospital, Nottingham (T.R.), the Department of Diabetes, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool (A.G.), the Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the National Institute for Health and Care Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford (R.E.J.B.), the Department of Diabetes, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh (D.E.), the Department of Paediatric Diabetes, Southampton Children's Hospital, Southampton (N.T.), the Department of Paediatric Diabetes, Leeds Children's Hospital, Leeds (F.M.C.), and the Diabetes Research Group, Swansea University, Swansea (G.D.) - all in the United Kingdom; and Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa, FL (J.S., P.C., R.B.)
| | - Daniela Elleri
- From the Wellcome-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science (C.K.B., J.M.A., J.W., M.E.W., R.H.) and the Department of Paediatrics (J.M.A., J.W., M.E.W., A.T., R.H.), University of Cambridge, and Wolfson Diabetes and Endocrine Clinic, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (C.K.B., S.H.), Cambridge, the Department of Paediatric Diabetes and Endocrinology, Nottingham Children's Hospital, Nottingham (T.R.), the Department of Diabetes, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool (A.G.), the Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the National Institute for Health and Care Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford (R.E.J.B.), the Department of Diabetes, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh (D.E.), the Department of Paediatric Diabetes, Southampton Children's Hospital, Southampton (N.T.), the Department of Paediatric Diabetes, Leeds Children's Hospital, Leeds (F.M.C.), and the Diabetes Research Group, Swansea University, Swansea (G.D.) - all in the United Kingdom; and Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa, FL (J.S., P.C., R.B.)
| | - Nicola Trevelyan
- From the Wellcome-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science (C.K.B., J.M.A., J.W., M.E.W., R.H.) and the Department of Paediatrics (J.M.A., J.W., M.E.W., A.T., R.H.), University of Cambridge, and Wolfson Diabetes and Endocrine Clinic, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (C.K.B., S.H.), Cambridge, the Department of Paediatric Diabetes and Endocrinology, Nottingham Children's Hospital, Nottingham (T.R.), the Department of Diabetes, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool (A.G.), the Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the National Institute for Health and Care Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford (R.E.J.B.), the Department of Diabetes, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh (D.E.), the Department of Paediatric Diabetes, Southampton Children's Hospital, Southampton (N.T.), the Department of Paediatric Diabetes, Leeds Children's Hospital, Leeds (F.M.C.), and the Diabetes Research Group, Swansea University, Swansea (G.D.) - all in the United Kingdom; and Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa, FL (J.S., P.C., R.B.)
| | - Fiona M Campbell
- From the Wellcome-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science (C.K.B., J.M.A., J.W., M.E.W., R.H.) and the Department of Paediatrics (J.M.A., J.W., M.E.W., A.T., R.H.), University of Cambridge, and Wolfson Diabetes and Endocrine Clinic, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (C.K.B., S.H.), Cambridge, the Department of Paediatric Diabetes and Endocrinology, Nottingham Children's Hospital, Nottingham (T.R.), the Department of Diabetes, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool (A.G.), the Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the National Institute for Health and Care Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford (R.E.J.B.), the Department of Diabetes, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh (D.E.), the Department of Paediatric Diabetes, Southampton Children's Hospital, Southampton (N.T.), the Department of Paediatric Diabetes, Leeds Children's Hospital, Leeds (F.M.C.), and the Diabetes Research Group, Swansea University, Swansea (G.D.) - all in the United Kingdom; and Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa, FL (J.S., P.C., R.B.)
| | - Judy Sibayan
- From the Wellcome-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science (C.K.B., J.M.A., J.W., M.E.W., R.H.) and the Department of Paediatrics (J.M.A., J.W., M.E.W., A.T., R.H.), University of Cambridge, and Wolfson Diabetes and Endocrine Clinic, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (C.K.B., S.H.), Cambridge, the Department of Paediatric Diabetes and Endocrinology, Nottingham Children's Hospital, Nottingham (T.R.), the Department of Diabetes, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool (A.G.), the Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the National Institute for Health and Care Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford (R.E.J.B.), the Department of Diabetes, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh (D.E.), the Department of Paediatric Diabetes, Southampton Children's Hospital, Southampton (N.T.), the Department of Paediatric Diabetes, Leeds Children's Hospital, Leeds (F.M.C.), and the Diabetes Research Group, Swansea University, Swansea (G.D.) - all in the United Kingdom; and Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa, FL (J.S., P.C., R.B.)
| | - Peter Calhoun
- From the Wellcome-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science (C.K.B., J.M.A., J.W., M.E.W., R.H.) and the Department of Paediatrics (J.M.A., J.W., M.E.W., A.T., R.H.), University of Cambridge, and Wolfson Diabetes and Endocrine Clinic, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (C.K.B., S.H.), Cambridge, the Department of Paediatric Diabetes and Endocrinology, Nottingham Children's Hospital, Nottingham (T.R.), the Department of Diabetes, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool (A.G.), the Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the National Institute for Health and Care Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford (R.E.J.B.), the Department of Diabetes, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh (D.E.), the Department of Paediatric Diabetes, Southampton Children's Hospital, Southampton (N.T.), the Department of Paediatric Diabetes, Leeds Children's Hospital, Leeds (F.M.C.), and the Diabetes Research Group, Swansea University, Swansea (G.D.) - all in the United Kingdom; and Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa, FL (J.S., P.C., R.B.)
| | - Ryan Bailey
- From the Wellcome-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science (C.K.B., J.M.A., J.W., M.E.W., R.H.) and the Department of Paediatrics (J.M.A., J.W., M.E.W., A.T., R.H.), University of Cambridge, and Wolfson Diabetes and Endocrine Clinic, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (C.K.B., S.H.), Cambridge, the Department of Paediatric Diabetes and Endocrinology, Nottingham Children's Hospital, Nottingham (T.R.), the Department of Diabetes, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool (A.G.), the Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the National Institute for Health and Care Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford (R.E.J.B.), the Department of Diabetes, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh (D.E.), the Department of Paediatric Diabetes, Southampton Children's Hospital, Southampton (N.T.), the Department of Paediatric Diabetes, Leeds Children's Hospital, Leeds (F.M.C.), and the Diabetes Research Group, Swansea University, Swansea (G.D.) - all in the United Kingdom; and Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa, FL (J.S., P.C., R.B.)
| | - Gareth Dunseath
- From the Wellcome-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science (C.K.B., J.M.A., J.W., M.E.W., R.H.) and the Department of Paediatrics (J.M.A., J.W., M.E.W., A.T., R.H.), University of Cambridge, and Wolfson Diabetes and Endocrine Clinic, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (C.K.B., S.H.), Cambridge, the Department of Paediatric Diabetes and Endocrinology, Nottingham Children's Hospital, Nottingham (T.R.), the Department of Diabetes, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool (A.G.), the Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the National Institute for Health and Care Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford (R.E.J.B.), the Department of Diabetes, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh (D.E.), the Department of Paediatric Diabetes, Southampton Children's Hospital, Southampton (N.T.), the Department of Paediatric Diabetes, Leeds Children's Hospital, Leeds (F.M.C.), and the Diabetes Research Group, Swansea University, Swansea (G.D.) - all in the United Kingdom; and Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa, FL (J.S., P.C., R.B.)
| | - Roman Hovorka
- From the Wellcome-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science (C.K.B., J.M.A., J.W., M.E.W., R.H.) and the Department of Paediatrics (J.M.A., J.W., M.E.W., A.T., R.H.), University of Cambridge, and Wolfson Diabetes and Endocrine Clinic, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (C.K.B., S.H.), Cambridge, the Department of Paediatric Diabetes and Endocrinology, Nottingham Children's Hospital, Nottingham (T.R.), the Department of Diabetes, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool (A.G.), the Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the National Institute for Health and Care Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford (R.E.J.B.), the Department of Diabetes, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh (D.E.), the Department of Paediatric Diabetes, Southampton Children's Hospital, Southampton (N.T.), the Department of Paediatric Diabetes, Leeds Children's Hospital, Leeds (F.M.C.), and the Diabetes Research Group, Swansea University, Swansea (G.D.) - all in the United Kingdom; and Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa, FL (J.S., P.C., R.B.)
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6
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Dunger DB, Bruggraber SFA, Mander AP, Marcovecchio ML, Tree T, Chmura PJ, Knip M, Schulte AM, Mathieu C. INNODIA Master Protocol for the evaluation of investigational medicinal products in children, adolescents and adults with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes. Trials 2022; 23:414. [PMID: 35585600 PMCID: PMC9116021 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-022-06259-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The INNODIA consortium has established a pan-European infrastructure using validated centres to prospectively evaluate clinical data from individuals with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes combined with centralised collection of clinical samples to determine rates of decline in beta-cell function and identify novel biomarkers, which could be used for future stratification of phase 2 clinical trials. METHODS In this context, we have developed a Master Protocol, based on the "backbone" of the INNODIA natural history study, which we believe could improve the delivery of phase 2 studies exploring the use of single or combinations of Investigational Medicinal Products (IMPs), designed to prevent or reverse declines in beta-cell function in individuals with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes. Although many IMPs have demonstrated potential efficacy in phase 2 studies, few subsequent phase 3 studies have confirmed these benefits. Currently, phase 2 drug development for this indication is limited by poor evaluation of drug dosage and lack of mechanistic data to understand variable responses to the IMPs. Identification of biomarkers which might permit more robust stratification of participants at baseline has been slow. DISCUSSION The Master Protocol provides (1) standardised assessment of efficacy and safety, (2) comparable collection of mechanistic data, (3) the opportunity to include adaptive designs and the use of shared control groups in the evaluation of combination therapies, and (4) benefits of greater understanding of endpoint variation to ensure more robust sample size calculations and future baseline stratification using existing and novel biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B. Dunger
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Adrian P. Mander
- Centre for Trials Research, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust and King’s College London, London, UK
| | | | - Timothy Tree
- Centre for Trials Research, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust and King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Piotr Jaroslaw Chmura
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mikael Knip
- Pediatric Research Centre, Children’s Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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7
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Liu J, Li Z, Huang G, Zhou Z, Zheng P. Potential of PKM2 as a drug target in mouse models with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Immun Inflamm Dis 2022; 10:e3593. [PMID: 35349748 PMCID: PMC8962638 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to determine the effect of PKM2 knockout in STZ induced type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) mouse models and to explore the possible mechanism. Method PKM2fl/fl C57BL/6 mouse was backcrossed with Ins‐1cre C57BL/6 mouse to generate β‐cell‐specific PKM2 knockout mouse after tamoxifen administration. The expression level of PKM2 in pancreas tissues was detected by quantitative reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis. The blood glucose levels in STZ induced T1D mouse models were measured to validate the establishment of T1D models. The pathological changes of T1D mouse were examined by hematoxylin and eosin. The oxidative stress (OS) and inflammatory response in T1D mouse were determined by measuring the expression levels of malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, and 8‐OHdG in pancreatic tissues and the serum levels of interleukin‐6 and tumor necrosis factor‐α. The ability to catabolize glucose was assessed through intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test and insulin tolerance test. Results β‐cell‐specific PKM2 knockout was successfully achieved in PKM2fl/flcre+ mouse. T1D mouse with PKM2 knockdown had decreased blood glucose level and suppressed cell apoptosis. PKM2 knockout in T1D mouse attenuated β cell injury. OS and inflammatory response in T1D mouse with PKM2 knockout were also suppressed compared with T1D mouse without PKM2 knockout. Conclusion PKM2 knockout in T1D mouse can attenuate OS and inflammatory response as well as decrease blood glucose level, suggesting the potential of PKM2 as a drug target for T1D treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junbin Liu
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Central South University, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhixia Li
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Central South University, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Gan Huang
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Central South University, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhiguang Zhou
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Central South University, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Peilin Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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8
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Wilhelm-Benartzi CS, Miller SE, Bruggraber S, Picton D, Wilson M, Gatley K, Chhabra A, Marcovecchio ML, Hendriks AEJ, Morobé H, Chmura PJ, Bond S, Aschemeier-Fuchs B, Knip M, Tree T, Overbergh L, Pall J, Arnaud O, Haller MJ, Nitsche A, Schulte AM, Mathieu C, Mander A, Dunger D. Study protocol: Minimum effective low dose: anti-human thymocyte globulin (MELD-ATG): phase II, dose ranging, efficacy study of antithymocyte globulin (ATG) within 6 weeks of diagnosis of type 1 diabetes. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e053669. [PMID: 34876434 PMCID: PMC8655536 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-053669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic autoimmune disease, characterised by progressive destruction of the insulin-producing β cells of the pancreas. One immunosuppressive agent that has recently shown promise in the treatment of new-onset T1D subjects aged 12-45 years is antithymocyte globulin (ATG), Thymoglobuline, encouraging further exploration in lower age groups. METHODS AND ANALYSIS Minimal effective low dose (MELD)-ATG is a phase 2, multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multiarm parallel-group trial in participants 5-25 years diagnosed with T1D within 3-9 weeks of planned treatment day 1. A total of 114 participants will be recruited sequentially into seven different cohorts with the first cohort of 30 participants being randomised to placebo, 2.5 mg/kg, 1.5 mg/kg, 0.5 mg/kg and 0.1 mg/kg ATG total dose in a 1:1:1:1:1 allocation ratio. The next six cohorts of 12-15 participants will be randomised to placebo, 2.5 mg/kg, and one or two selected middle ATG total doses in a 1:1:1:1 or 1:1:1 allocation ratio, as dependent on the number of middle doses, given intravenously over two consecutive days. The primary objective will be to determine the changes in stimulated C-peptide response over the first 2 hours of a mixed meal tolerance test at 12 months for 2.5 mg/kg ATG arm vs the placebo. Conditional on finding a significant difference at 2.5 mg/kg, a minimally effective dose will be sought. Secondary objectives include the determination of the effects of a particular ATG treatment dose on (1) stimulated C-peptide, (2) glycated haemoglobin, (3) daily insulin dose, (4) time in range by intermittent continuous glucose monitoring measures, (5) fasting and stimulated dry blood spot (DBS) C-peptide measurements. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION MELD-ATG received first regulatory and ethical approvals in Belgium in September 2020 and from the German and UK regulators as of February 2021. The publication policy is set in the INNODIA (An innovative approach towards understanding and arresting Type 1 diabetes consortium) grant agreement (www.innodia.eu). TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT03936634; Pre-results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah E Miller
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Diane Picton
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mark Wilson
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Katrina Gatley
- Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anita Chhabra
- Pharmacy, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Hilde Morobé
- Katholieke Universiteit Leuven/ Universitaire Ziekenhuizen, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Piotr Jaroslaw Chmura
- Center for Protein Research, Kobenhavns Universitet Sundhedsvidenskabelige Fakultet, Kobenhavn, Denmark
| | - Simon Bond
- Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Bärbel Aschemeier-Fuchs
- Diabetes Centre for Children and Adolescents, Children's Hospital Auf der Bult, Hannover, Germany
| | - Mikael Knip
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, University of Helsinki Faculty of Medicine, Helsinki, Finland
- Pediatric Research Centre, University of Helsinki Children's Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Timothy Tree
- Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Lut Overbergh
- Katholieke Universiteit Leuven/ Universitaire Ziekenhuizen, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jaivier Pall
- INNODIA Patient Advisory Committee, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Michael J Haller
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | | | | | - Chantal Mathieu
- Katholieke Universiteit Leuven/ Universitaire Ziekenhuizen, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Adrian Mander
- Centre for Trials Research, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - David Dunger
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK
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N-3 PUFA and Pregnancy Preserve C-Peptide in Women with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13122082. [PMID: 34959363 PMCID: PMC8703519 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13122082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1DM) is an autoimmune disease characterized by the gradual loss of β-cell function and insulin secretion. In pregnant women with T1DM, endogenous insulin production is absent or minimal, and exogenous insulin is required to control glycemia and prevent ketoacidosis. During pregnancy, there is a partial decrease in the activity of the immune system, and there is a suppression of autoimmune diseases. These changes in pregnant women with T1DM are reflected by Langerhans islet enlargement and improved function compared to pre-pregnancy conditions. N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) have a protective effect, affect β-cell preservation, and increase endogenous insulin production. Increased endogenous insulin production results in reduced daily insulin doses, better metabolic control, and adverse effects of insulin therapy, primarily hypoglycemia. Hypoglycemia affects most pregnant women with T1DM and is several times more common than that outside of pregnancy. Strict glycemic control improves the outcome of pregnancy but increases the risk of hypoglycemia and causes maternal complications, including coma and convulsions. The suppression of the immune system during pregnancy increases the concentration of C-peptide in women with T1DM, and n-3 PUFA supplements serve as the additional support for a rise in C-peptide levels through its anti-inflammatory action.
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10
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Kahn SE, Chen YC, Esser N, Taylor AJ, van Raalte DH, Zraika S, Verchere CB. The β Cell in Diabetes: Integrating Biomarkers With Functional Measures. Endocr Rev 2021; 42:528-583. [PMID: 34180979 PMCID: PMC9115372 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnab021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of hyperglycemia observed in most forms of diabetes is intimately tied to the islet β cell. Impairments in propeptide processing and secretory function, along with the loss of these vital cells, is demonstrable not only in those in whom the diagnosis is established but typically also in individuals who are at increased risk of developing the disease. Biomarkers are used to inform on the state of a biological process, pathological condition, or response to an intervention and are increasingly being used for predicting, diagnosing, and prognosticating disease. They are also proving to be of use in the different forms of diabetes in both research and clinical settings. This review focuses on the β cell, addressing the potential utility of genetic markers, circulating molecules, immune cell phenotyping, and imaging approaches as biomarkers of cellular function and loss of this critical cell. Further, we consider how these biomarkers complement the more long-established, dynamic, and often complex measurements of β-cell secretory function that themselves could be considered biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven E Kahn
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, VA Puget Sound Health Care System and University of Washington, Seattle, 98108 WA, USA
| | - Yi-Chun Chen
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute and Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Nathalie Esser
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, VA Puget Sound Health Care System and University of Washington, Seattle, 98108 WA, USA
| | - Austin J Taylor
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute and Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Daniël H van Raalte
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), Vrije Universiteit (VU) University Medical Center, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), Academic Medical Center, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sakeneh Zraika
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, VA Puget Sound Health Care System and University of Washington, Seattle, 98108 WA, USA
| | - C Bruce Verchere
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute and Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada
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11
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Ikegami H, Babaya N, Noso S. β-Cell failure in diabetes: Common susceptibility and mechanisms shared between type 1 and type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes Investig 2021; 12:1526-1539. [PMID: 33993642 PMCID: PMC8409822 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.13576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is etiologically classified into type 1, type 2 and other types of diabetes. Despite distinct etiologies and pathogenesis of these subtypes, many studies have suggested the presence of shared susceptibilities and underlying mechanisms in β-cell failure among different types of diabetes. Understanding these susceptibilities and mechanisms can help in the development of therapeutic strategies regardless of the diabetes subtype. In this review, we discuss recent evidence indicating the shared genetic susceptibilities and common molecular mechanisms between type 1, type 2 and other types of diabetes, and highlight the future prospects as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ikegami
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and DiabetesFaculty of MedicineKindai UniversityOsaka‐sayama, OsakaJapan
| | - Naru Babaya
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and DiabetesFaculty of MedicineKindai UniversityOsaka‐sayama, OsakaJapan
| | - Shinsuke Noso
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and DiabetesFaculty of MedicineKindai UniversityOsaka‐sayama, OsakaJapan
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12
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Lin K, Yang X, Wu Y, Chen S, Zeng Q. Residual β-Cell Function in Type 1 Diabetes Followed for 2 Years after 3C Study. J Diabetes Res 2021; 2021:9946874. [PMID: 34258294 PMCID: PMC8261175 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9946874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the natural history and related factors of the pancreatic β-cell function in Chinese type 1 diabetic patients from 3C study Shantou center. METHOD Stimulated C-peptide levels from follow-up data of 201 individuals in 3C study Shantou subgroup starting in 2012 were used. Residual β-cell function was defined as stimulated C - peptide level ≥ 0.2 pmol/mL, on the basis of cut-points derived from the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT). RESULTS 36.8% of patients had residual β-cell function, and the percentage was 68.2% in newly diagnosed diabetic patients. COX regression analysis indicated that the age of diagnosis, HbA1C level, and duration were independent factors of residual β-cell function in individuals with ≤5 years duration, but in those with duration ≥5 years, only the age of diagnosis was a predictor. The pancreatic β-cell function mainly declined in the first 5 years of the duration, and the rate of decline was correlated negatively with the duration and age of diagnosis. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis indicated that the cut-off point of stimulated C-peptide was 0.615 pmol/mL in patients with <5 years duration to have 7% HbA1c. CONCLUSION Age at diagnosis was the strongest predictor for residual C-peptide. There was a more rapid decline of stimulated C-peptide in duration ≤5 years and younger patients. Therefore, intervention therapies of β-cells should start from the early stage, and the recommended target goal of stimulated C-peptide is 0.615 pmol/mL or above.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Lin
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Xiaoping Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Yixi Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Shuru Chen
- Shenzhen Huada Gene Technology Service Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qiong Zeng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
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13
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Januszewski AS, Cho YH, Joglekar MV, Farr RJ, Scott ES, Wong WKM, Carroll LM, Loh YW, Benitez-Aguirre PZ, Keech AC, O'Neal DN, Craig ME, Hardikar AA, Donaghue KC, Jenkins AJ. Insulin micro-secretion in Type 1 diabetes and related microRNA profiles. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11727. [PMID: 34083567 PMCID: PMC8175359 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90856-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this cross-sectional study was to compare plasma C-peptide presence and levels in people without diabetes (CON) and with Type 1 diabetes and relate C-peptide status to clinical factors. In a subset we evaluated 50 microRNAs (miRs) previously implicated in beta-cell death and associations with clinical status and C-peptide levels. Diabetes age of onset was stratified as adult (≥ 18 y.o) or childhood (< 18 y.o.), and diabetes duration was stratified as ≤ 10 years, 10–20 years and > 20 years. Plasma C-peptide was measured by ultrasensitive ELISA. Plasma miRs were quantified using TaqMan probe-primer mix on an OpenArray platform. C-peptide was detectable in 55.3% of (n = 349) people with diabetes, including 64.1% of adults and 34.0% of youth with diabetes, p < 0.0001 and in all (n = 253) participants without diabetes (CON). C-peptide levels, when detectable, were lower in the individuals with diabetes than in the CON group [median lower quartile (LQ)–upper quartile (UQ)] 5.0 (2.6–28.7) versus 650.9 (401.2–732.4) pmol/L respectively, p < 0.0001 and lower in childhood versus adult-onset diabetes [median (LQ–UQ) 4.2 (2.6–12.2) pmol/L vs. 8.0 (2.3–80.5) pmol/L, p = 0.02, respectively]. In the childhood-onset group more people with longer diabetes duration (> 20 years) had detectable C-peptide (60%) than in those with shorter diabetes duration (39%, p for trend < 0.05).
Nine miRs significantly correlated with detectable C-peptide levels in people with diabetes and 16 miRs correlated with C-peptide levels in CON. Our cross-sectional study results are supportive of (a) greater beta-cell function loss in younger onset Type 1 diabetes; (b) persistent insulin secretion in adult-onset diabetes and possibly regenerative secretion in childhood-onset long diabetes duration; and (c) relationships of C-peptide levels with circulating miRs. Confirmatory clinical studies and related basic science studies are merited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej S Januszewski
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia. .,Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Yoon Hi Cho
- Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mugdha V Joglekar
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ryan J Farr
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Emma S Scott
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Wilson K M Wong
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Luke M Carroll
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Yik W Loh
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul Z Benitez-Aguirre
- Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Anthony C Keech
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - David N O'Neal
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Maria E Craig
- Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Anandwardhan A Hardikar
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kim C Donaghue
- Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Alicia J Jenkins
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia. .,Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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14
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Perkins BA, Lovblom LE, Lanctôt SO, Lamb K, Cherney DZI. Discoveries from the study of longstanding type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 2021; 64:1189-1200. [PMID: 33661335 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-021-05403-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Award programmes that acknowledge the remarkable accomplishments of long-term survivors with type 1 diabetes have naturally evolved into research programmes to determine the factors associated with survivorship and resistance to chronic complications. In this review, we present an overview of the methodological sources of selection bias inherent in survivorship research (selection of those with early-onset diabetes, incidence-prevalence bias and bias from losses to follow-up in cohort studies) and the breadth and depth of literature focusing on this special study population. We focus on the learnings from the study of longstanding type 1 diabetes on discoveries about the natural history of insulin production loss and microvascular complications, and mechanisms associated with them that may in future offer therapeutic targets. We detail descriptive findings about the prevalence of preserved insulin production and resistance to complications, and the putative mechanisms associated with such resistance. To date, findings imply that the following mechanisms exist: strategies to maintain or recover beta cells and their function; activation of specific glycolytic enzymes such as pyruvate kinase M2; modification of AGE production and processing; novel mechanisms for modification of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activation, in particular those that may normalise afferent rather than efferent renal arteriolar resistance; and activation and modification of processes such as retinol binding and DNA damage checkpoint proteins. Among the many clinical and public health insights, research into this special study population has identified putative mechanisms that may in future serve as therapeutic targets, knowledge that likely could not have been gained without studying long-term survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce A Perkins
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Leif Erik Lovblom
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sebastien O Lanctôt
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Krista Lamb
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David Z I Cherney
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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15
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Yoshida K, Urakami T, Morioka I. Glucagon stimulation test as a possible predictor of residual β-cell function. Pediatr Int 2021; 63:536-542. [PMID: 32894600 DOI: 10.1111/ped.14462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to investigate the significance of the C-peptide levels on a glucagon stimulation test (GST) conducted soon after diagnosis as a predictive marker for residual β-cell function over time in Japanese children with type 1 diabetes (TD1). METHODS We retrospectively enrolled 65 Japanese children (25 male, 40 female; age <16 years) with new-onset TD1. A GST was conducted within 1 month of diagnosis, when glucose toxicity improved. One- to 2-h postprandial serum C-peptide values were measured at 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 36, 60, and 120 months after diagnosis. RESULTS Receiver operating characteristic analysis showed that the cutoff values of peak serum C-peptide levels used to predict the complete destruction of β-cells at 3, 6, and 12 months after diagnosis were all 0.20 ng/mL (area under the curve [AUC] 0.867, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.745-0.990; AUC 0.774, 95% CI 0.634-0.914; and AUC 0.804, 95% CI 0.695-0.914, respectively); the values at 24, 36, and 60 months were 0.69 ng/mL (AUC 0.828, 95% CI 0.721-0.936), 0.60 ng/mL (AUC 0.777, 95% CI 0.636-0.918), and 0.70 ng/mL (AUC 0.848, 95% CI 0.715-0.982), respectively. On multivariate analysis, peak serum C-peptide level on a GST, diabetic ketoacidosis, age, and HbA1c level at diagnosis were associated with residual β-cell function over time. CONCLUSIONS Peak serum C-peptide levels on a GST conducted soon after diagnosis in Japanese children with TD1 could predict the time to decrease in postprandial serum C-peptide values to < 0.20 ng/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Yoshida
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Nihon University School of Medicine, 1-6 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Urakami
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Nihon University School of Medicine, 1-6 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Japan
| | - Ichiro Morioka
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Nihon University School of Medicine, 1-6 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Japan
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16
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Cheng J, Yin M, Tang X, Yan X, Xie Y, He B, Li X, Zhou Z. Residual β-cell function after 10 years of autoimmune type 1 diabetes: prevalence, possible determinants, and implications for metabolism. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:650. [PMID: 33987348 PMCID: PMC8106063 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-7471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Type 1 diabetes (T1D) has long been considered a progressive autoimmune disease resulting in the failure of pancreatic β-cell function and absolute endogenous insulin deficiency. However, several studies have demonstrated patients with T1D have detectable C-peptide levels long after diagnosis, which has remarkable clinical significance. Since this issue has not been systematically explored in non-Caucasian populations, we aimed to identify the prevalence of residual β-cell function and its related clinical features in Chinese long-term T1D patients. Methods We enrolled 109 patients with T1D for ≥10 years and administered a mixed-meal tolerance test (MMTT). Fasting and postprandial C-peptide (FCP/PCP) levels were measured to evaluate the insulin secretion function of β-cells. Patients whose FCP and PCP levels were both below the lower detection limit (16.7 pmol/L) were grouped as ‘β-cell function depleted’, while others were thought to have ‘residual β-cell function’. Demographic data, metabolic status, and diabetic complications were compared between patients with or without residual β-cell function. Results 38.5% of subjects retained residual β-cell function, and among those, 33.3% responded to MMTT by a two-fold or greater rise of their FCP levels. Clinical features associated with residual β-cell function were older age of diagnosis [27.5 (interquartile range:11.5–37.0) vs. 17.0 (interquartile range: 8.0–30.0) years, P=0.037], lower HbA1c (64.6±20.3 vs. 72.4±18.5 mmol/mol, P=0.026), and reduced rate of hypoglycemia (23.8% vs. 52.2%, P=0.003). Age of diagnosis was positively correlated with detectable FCP level (r=0.393, P=0.020). Individuals diagnosed after 30 years of age tended to retain residual β-cell function (OR =3.016, P=0.044). We found no association between residual β-cell function and chronic diabetic complications. Conclusions Residual β-cell function can be found in nearly 40% of long-term patients with T1D in China and is associated with older age at diagnosis and better glucose control. The relationship between residual β-cell function and chronic diabetic complications remains to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Cheng
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Min Yin
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaohan Tang
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiang Yan
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuting Xie
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Binbin He
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xia Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhiguang Zhou
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
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17
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Steck AK, Liu X, Krischer JP, Haller MJ, Veijola R, Lundgren M, Ahmed S, Akolkar B, Toppari J, Hagopian WA, Rewers MJ, Elding Larsson H. Factors Associated With the Decline of C-Peptide in a Cohort of Young Children Diagnosed With Type 1 Diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:e1380-e1388. [PMID: 33035311 PMCID: PMC8244121 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Understanding factors involved in the rate of C-peptide decline is needed to tailor therapies for type 1 diabetes (T1D). OBJECTIVE Evaluate factors associated with rate of C-peptide decline after a T1D diagnosis in young children. DESIGN Observational study. SETTING Academic centers. PARTICIPANTS A total of 57 participants from the Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young (TEDDY) study who were enrolled at 3 months of age and followed until T1D, and 56 age-matched children diagnosed with T1D in the community. INTERVENTION A mixed meal tolerance test was used to measure the area under the curve (AUC) C-peptide at 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 months postdiagnosis. OUTCOME Factors associated with rate of C-peptide decline during the first 2 years postdiagnosis were evaluated using mixed effects models, adjusting for age at diagnosis and baseline C-peptide. RESULTS Adjusted slopes of AUC C-peptide decline did not differ between TEDDY subjects and community controls (P = 0.21), although the former had higher C-peptide baseline levels. In univariate analyses combining both groups (n = 113), younger age, higher weight and body mass index z-scores, female sex, an increased number increased number of islet autoantibodies, and IA-2A or ZnT8A positivity at baseline were associated with a higher rate of C-peptide loss. Younger age, female sex, and higher weight z-score remained significant in multivariate analysis (all P < 0.02). At 3 months after diagnosis, higher HbA1c became an additional independent factor associated with a higher rate of C-peptide decline (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION Younger age at diagnosis, female sex, higher weight z-score, and HbA1c were associated with a higher rate of C-peptide decline after T1D diagnosis in young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea K Steck
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Xiang Liu
- Health Informatics Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Jeffrey P Krischer
- Health Informatics Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Michael J Haller
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Riitta Veijola
- Department of Pediatrics, PEDEGO Research Unit, MRC Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Markus Lundgren
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University CRC, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Simi Ahmed
- Immunology of T1D, JDRF International, New York, New York
| | - Beena Akolkar
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive, and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jorma Toppari
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Pacific Diabetes Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | | | - Marian J Rewers
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Helena Elding Larsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University CRC, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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18
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Sims EK, Bundy BN, Stier K, Serti E, Lim N, Long SA, Geyer SM, Moran A, Greenbaum CJ, Evans-Molina C, Herold KC. Teplizumab improves and stabilizes beta cell function in antibody-positive high-risk individuals. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:eabc8980. [PMID: 33658358 PMCID: PMC8610022 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abc8980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We analyzed the effects of a single 14-day course of teplizumab treatment on metabolic function and immune cells among participants in a previously reported randomized controlled trial of nondiabetic relatives at high risk for type 1 diabetes (T1D). In an extended follow-up (923-day median) of a previous report of teplizumab treatment, we found that the median times to diagnosis were 59.6 and 27.1 months for teplizumab- and placebo-treated participants, respectively (HR = 0.457, P = 0.01). Fifty percent of teplizumab-treated but only 22% of the placebo-treated remained diabetes-free. Glucose tolerance, C-peptide area under the curve (AUC), and insulin secretory rates were calculated, and relationships to T cell subsets and function were analyzed. Teplizumab treatment improved beta cell function, reflected by average on-study C-peptide AUC (1.94 versus 1.72 pmol/ml; P = 0.006). Drug treatment reversed a decline in insulin secretion before enrollment, followed by stabilization of the declining C-peptide AUC seen with placebo treatment. Proinsulin:C-peptide ratios after drug treatment were similar between the treatment groups. The changes in C-peptide with teplizumab treatment were associated with increases in partially exhausted memory KLRG1+TIGIT+CD8+ T cells (r = 0.44, P = 0.014) that showed reduced secretion of IFNγ and TNFα. A single course of teplizumab had lasting effects on delay of T1D diagnosis and improved beta cell function in high-risk individuals. Changes in CD8+ T cell subsets indicated that partially exhausted effector cells were associated with clinical response. Thus, this trial showed improvement in metabolic responses and delay of diabetes with immune therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily K Sims
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Brian N Bundy
- Department of Epidemiology, and Pediatrics University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Kenneth Stier
- Departments of Immunobiology and Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | | | - Noha Lim
- Immune Tolerance Network, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - S Alice Long
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle WA 98101, USA
| | | | - Antoinette Moran
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | | | - Carmella Evans-Molina
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Kevan C Herold
- Departments of Immunobiology and Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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19
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Dabelea D, Sauder KA, Jensen ET, Mottl AK, Huang A, Pihoker C, Hamman RF, Lawrence J, Dolan LM, Agostino RD, Wagenknecht L, Mayer-Davis EJ, Marcovina SM. Twenty years of pediatric diabetes surveillance: what do we know and why it matters. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2021; 1495:99-120. [PMID: 33543783 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth (SEARCH) was initiated in 2000 as a multicenter study to address major gaps in the understanding of childhood diabetes in the United States. An active registry of youth diagnosed with diabetes at age <20 years since 2002 assessed prevalence, annual incidence, and trends by age, race/ethnicity, sex, and diabetes type. An observational cohort nested within the population-based registry was established to assess the natural history and risk factors for acute and chronic diabetes-related complications, as well as the quality of care and quality of life of children and adolescents with diabetes from diagnosis into young adulthood. SEARCH findings have contributed to a better understanding of the complex and heterogeneous nature of youth-onset diabetes. Continued surveillance of the burden and risk of type 1 and type 2 diabetes is important to track and monitor incidence and prevalence within the population. SEARCH reported evidence of early diabetes complications highlighting that continuing the long-term follow-up of youth with diabetes is necessary to further our understanding of its natural history and to develop the most appropriate approaches to primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention of diabetes and its complications. This review summarizes two decades of research and suggests avenues for further work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Dabelea
- Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes Center, Department of Epidemiology and Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Katherine A Sauder
- Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes Center, Department of Epidemiology and Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Elizabeth T Jensen
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Amy K Mottl
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Alyssa Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Catherine Pihoker
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Richard F Hamman
- Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes Center, Department of Epidemiology and Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jean Lawrence
- Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, California
| | - Lawrence M Dolan
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Ralph D' Agostino
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Lynne Wagenknecht
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Elizabeth J Mayer-Davis
- Department of Nutrition and Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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20
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Imai J. Regulation of Adaptive Cell Proliferation by Vagal Nerve Signals for Maintenance of Whole-Body Homeostasis: Potential Therapeutic Target for Insulin-Deficient Diabetes. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2021; 254:245-252. [PMID: 34373421 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.254.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In insulin-resistant states such as obesity, pancreatic β-cells proliferate to prevent blood glucose elevations. Failure of this β-cells proliferative response leads to the development of diabetes. On the other hand, when organs are damaged, cells proliferate to repair the organs. Therefore, these proliferations are compensatory mechanisms aimed at maintaining whole-body homeostasis. We previously discovered vagal signal-mediated systems regulating adaptive proliferation of β-cells and hepatocytes. Neuron-mediated liver-β-cell inter-organ crosstalk is involved in promotion of β-cell proliferation during obesity, and in this system, vagal signals directly stimulate β-cell proliferation. Meanwhile, in the liver, the multi-step mechanisms whereby vagal nerve signals activate hepatic resident macrophages are involved in hepatocyte proliferation after severe injury. Diabetes mellitus develops on the pathological basis of insufficient insulin action. Insulin action insufficiency is attributable to insulin resistance, i.e., the failure of insulin to exert sufficient effects, and/or to impairment of insulin secretion. Impairment of insulin secretion is attributable not only to the β-cell dysfunction but also to functional β-cell mass reduction. In this regard, there are already therapeutic options to increase insulin secretion from residual β-cells, such as sulfonyl urea and incretin-related drugs. In contrast, there are as yet no applicable therapeutic strategies to increase functional β-cell mass in vivo. Therefore, we have conducted the basic investigations to tackle this issue based on the discovery of neuron-mediated liver-β-cell inter-organ crosstalk. This review introduces vagal signal-mediated regulatory systems of adaptive cell proliferation in vivo and efforts to develop cell-increasing therapies based on vagal nerve-mediated cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junta Imai
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine
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21
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Gong S, Wu C, Zhong T, Xie Y, Liu F, Li J, Li X, Zhou Z. Complicated curve association of body weight at diagnosis with C-peptide in children and adults with new-onset type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2020; 36:e3285. [PMID: 31909856 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the association of body mass index (BMI) or BMI z-score (BMIz) at diagnosis with β-cell function in new-onset type 1 diabetes (T1D) patients in children and adults. METHODS This was a retrospective cohort study; 256 children (<18 years) and 245 adults (≥18 years) with less than 1-year duration were recruited and followed for 4 years with an interval of 12 months. Smooth curve fitting, a two-piecewise linear model, and Cox proportional hazards models were utilized to investigate the influence of BMI/BMIz on C-peptide levels. RESULTS Heavier patients (BMIz ≥ -1 in children and BMI in adults ≥20.2 kg/m2 ) had greater C-peptide with a complicated J curve in all age groups after adjustment for age of onset, sex, and disease duration. Moreover, after 4 years of follow-up, patients with higher BMI/BMIz had a lower risk of β-cell failure (HR = 0.7; 95% CI, 0.6-1.0; P = .026). However, no association was found between baseline BMI/BMIz at diagnosis and C-peptide rate of decline during 1 year follow-up. CONCLUSION Association between BMI/BMIz and C-peptide in T1D followed a complicated J curve pattern, and heavier patients had greater C-peptide at diagnosis and a lower risk of β-cell failure at 4 years, suggesting that baseline BMI is a useful predictor for β-cell function in patients with T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Gong
- Institute of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital and the Diabetes Center, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Central South University, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chao Wu
- Institute of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital and the Diabetes Center, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Central South University, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ting Zhong
- Institute of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital and the Diabetes Center, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Central South University, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yuting Xie
- Institute of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital and the Diabetes Center, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Central South University, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Institute of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital and the Diabetes Center, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Central South University, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Juan Li
- Institute of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital and the Diabetes Center, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Central South University, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xia Li
- Institute of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital and the Diabetes Center, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Central South University, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhiguang Zhou
- Institute of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital and the Diabetes Center, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Central South University, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Changsha, Hunan, China
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22
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Udler MS, McCarthy MI, Florez JC, Mahajan A. Genetic Risk Scores for Diabetes Diagnosis and Precision Medicine. Endocr Rev 2019; 40:1500-1520. [PMID: 31322649 PMCID: PMC6760294 DOI: 10.1210/er.2019-00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
During the last decade, there have been substantial advances in the identification and characterization of DNA sequence variants associated with individual predisposition to type 1 and type 2 diabetes. As well as providing insights into the molecular, cellular, and physiological mechanisms involved in disease pathogenesis, these risk variants, when combined into a polygenic score, capture information on individual patterns of disease predisposition that have the potential to influence clinical management. In this review, we describe the various opportunities that polygenic scores provide: to predict diabetes risk, to support differential diagnosis, and to understand phenotypic and clinical heterogeneity. We also describe the challenges that will need to be overcome if this potential is to be fully realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam S Udler
- Diabetes Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Programs in Metabolism and Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mark I McCarthy
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jose C Florez
- Diabetes Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Programs in Metabolism and Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Anubha Mahajan
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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23
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Yu MG, Keenan HA, Shah HS, Frodsham SG, Pober D, He Z, Wolfson EA, D'Eon S, Tinsley LJ, Bonner-Weir S, Pezzolesi MG, King GL. Residual β cell function and monogenic variants in long-duration type 1 diabetes patients. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:3252-3263. [PMID: 31264968 DOI: 10.1172/jci127397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDIn the Joslin Medalist Study (Medalists), we determined whether significant associations exist between β cell function and pathology and clinical characteristics.METHODSIndividuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D) for 50 or more years underwent evaluation including HLA analysis, basal and longitudinal autoantibody (AAb) status, and β cell function by a mixed-meal tolerance test (MMTT) and a hyperglycemia/arginine clamp procedure. Postmortem analysis of pancreases from 68 Medalists was performed. Monogenic diabetes genes were screened for the entire cohort.RESULTSOf the 1019 Medalists, 32.4% retained detectable C-peptide levels (>0.05 ng/mL, median: 0.21 ng/mL). In those who underwent a MMTT (n = 516), 5.8% responded with a doubling of baseline C-peptide levels. Longitudinally (n = 181, median: 4 years), C-peptide levels increased in 12.2% (n = 22) and decreased in 37% (n = 67) of the Medalists. Among those with repeated MMTTs, 5.4% (3 of 56) and 16.1% (9 of 56) had waxing and waning responses, respectively. Thirty Medalists with baseline C-peptide levels of 0.1 ng/mL or higher underwent the clamp procedure, with HLA-/AAb- and HLA+/AAb- Medalists being most responsive. Postmortem examination of pancreases from 68 Medalists showed that all had scattered insulin-positive cells; 59 additionally had few insulin-positive cells within a few islets; and 14 additionally had lobes with multiple islets with numerous insulin-positive cells. Genetic analysis revealed that 280 Medalists (27.5%) had monogenic diabetes variants; in 80 (7.9%) of these Medalists, the variants were classified as "likely pathogenic" (rare exome variant ensemble learner [REVEL] >0.75).CONCLUSIONAll Medalists retained insulin-positive β cells, with many responding to metabolic stimuli even after 50 years of T1D. The Medalists were heterogeneous with respect to β cell function, and many with HLA+ diabetes risk alleles also had monogenic diabetes variants, indicating the importance of genetic testing for clinically diagnosed T1D.FUNDINGFunding for this work was provided by the Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Fund; the Beatson Pledge Fund; the NIH, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); and the American Diabetes Association (ADA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Gregory Yu
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hillary A Keenan
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hetal S Shah
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Scott G Frodsham
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - David Pober
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Zhiheng He
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Emily A Wolfson
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stephanie D'Eon
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Liane J Tinsley
- Clinic Administration, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Susan Bonner-Weir
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marcus G Pezzolesi
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - George Liang King
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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24
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Sims EK, Bahnson HT, Nyalwidhe J, Haataja L, Davis AK, Speake C, DiMeglio LA, Blum J, Morris MA, Mirmira RG, Nadler J, Mastracci TL, Marcovina S, Qian WJ, Yi L, Swensen AC, Yip-Schneider M, Schmidt CM, Considine RV, Arvan P, Greenbaum CJ, Evans-Molina C. Proinsulin Secretion Is a Persistent Feature of Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2019; 42:258-264. [PMID: 30530850 PMCID: PMC6341288 DOI: 10.2337/dc17-2625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Abnormally elevated proinsulin secretion has been reported in type 2 and early type 1 diabetes when significant C-peptide is present. We questioned whether individuals with long-standing type 1 diabetes and low or absent C-peptide secretory capacity retained the ability to make proinsulin. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS C-peptide and proinsulin were measured in fasting and stimulated sera from 319 subjects with long-standing type 1 diabetes (≥3 years) and 12 control subjects without diabetes. We considered three categories of stimulated C-peptide: 1) C-peptide positive, with high stimulated values ≥0.2 nmol/L; 2) C-peptide positive, with low stimulated values ≥0.017 but <0.2 nmol/L; and 3) C-peptide <0.017 nmol/L. Longitudinal samples were analyzed from C-peptide-positive subjects with diabetes after 1, 2, and 4 years. RESULTS Of individuals with long-standing type 1 diabetes, 95.9% had detectable serum proinsulin (>3.1 pmol/L), while 89.9% of participants with stimulated C-peptide values below the limit of detection (<0.017 nmol/L; n = 99) had measurable proinsulin. Proinsulin levels remained stable over 4 years of follow-up, while C-peptide decreased slowly during longitudinal analysis. Correlations between proinsulin with C-peptide and mixed-meal stimulation of proinsulin were found only in subjects with high stimulated C-peptide values (≥0.2 nmol/L). Specifically, increases in proinsulin with mixed-meal stimulation were present only in the group with high stimulated C-peptide values, with no increases observed among subjects with low or undetectable (<0.017 nmol/L) residual C-peptide. CONCLUSIONS In individuals with long-duration type 1 diabetes, the ability to secrete proinsulin persists, even in those with undetectable serum C-peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily K Sims
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN .,Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Henry T Bahnson
- Diabetes Clinical Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - Julius Nyalwidhe
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA
| | - Leena Haataja
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Asa K Davis
- Diabetes Clinical Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - Cate Speake
- Diabetes Clinical Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - Linda A DiMeglio
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN.,Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Janice Blum
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Margaret A Morris
- Department of Internal Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA
| | - Raghavendra G Mirmira
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN.,Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN.,Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN.,Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Jerry Nadler
- Department of Internal Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA
| | - Teresa L Mastracci
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN.,Indiana Biosciences Research Institute, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Santica Marcovina
- Northwest Lipid Metabolism and Diabetes Research Laboratories, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Wei-Jun Qian
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA
| | - Lian Yi
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA
| | - Adam C Swensen
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA
| | | | - C Max Schmidt
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Robert V Considine
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Peter Arvan
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Carla J Greenbaum
- Diabetes Clinical Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - Carmella Evans-Molina
- Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN .,Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN.,Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN.,Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN
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25
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Abstract
Since the 1970s, C-peptide has been used as a surrogate marker for monitoring the progression of type 1 and type 2 diabetes and to determine the effects of interventions designed to preserve or improve residual beta cell function. C-peptide measurement is a well-established surrogate of residual beta cell activity and of clinical significance as it is associated with HbA1c, risk for microvascular complications and the incidence of hyperglycaemia in longitudinal studies. Measurement of C-peptide after a mixed meal tolerance test is considered the gold standard of measuring beta cell function in type 1 diabetes, but the method is laborious and inconvenient. In this issue of Diabetologia, Wentworth et al ( https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-018-4722-z ) report an algorithm for estimating C-peptide (CPEST) based on six routine clinical measures. These do not include stimulated C-peptide measurement and outperform other prevailing algorithms for estimating residual beta cell function. Going forward it is very likely that this new algorithm will serve as a simple measure of beta cell function in routine practice and as a more acceptable primary outcome measure in future trials of disease-modifying therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flemming Pociot
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Niels Steensensvej 2, DK-2820, Gentofte, Denmark.
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Copenhagen Diabetes Research Center (CPH-DIRECT), Department of Paediatrics E, Herlev Hospital, Herlev, Denmark.
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26
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We provide an overview of pancreas pathology in type 1 diabetes (T1D) in the context of its clinical stages. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies of pancreata from organ donors with T1D and non-diabetic donors expressing T1D-associated autoantibodies reveal pathological changes/disease mechanisms beyond the well-known loss of β cells and lymphocytic infiltrates of the islets (insulitis), including β-cell stress, dysfunction, and viral infections. Pancreas pathology evolves through disease stages, is asynchronous, and demonstrates a chronic disease that remains active years after diagnosis. Critically, β-cell loss is not complete at onset, although young age is associated with increased severity. The recognition of multiple pathogenic alterations and the chronic nature of disease mechanisms during and after the development of T1D inform improved clinical trial design and reveal additional targets for therapeutic manipulation, in the context of an expanded time window for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Rodriguez-Calvo
- Institute for Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Sarah J Richardson
- Islet Biology Exeter (IBEx), Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Alberto Pugliese
- Diabetes Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.
- Diabetes Research Institute, 1450 NW 10th Avenue, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
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27
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Exploring C-peptide loss in type 1 diabetes using growth curve analysis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199635. [PMID: 29969494 PMCID: PMC6029769 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES C-peptide (CP) loss in type 1 diabetes (T1D) is highly variable, and factors influencing it are poorly understood. We modelled CP values in T1D patients from diagnosis for up to 6 years, treating the serial data as growth curves plotted against time since diagnosis. The aims were to summarise the pattern of CP loss (i.e. growth curve shape) in individual patients in simple terms, and to identify baseline characteristics that predict this pattern in individuals. MATERIALS AND METHODS Between 1976 and 2011, 442 T1D patients initially aged <18y underwent 120-minute mixed meal tolerance tests (MMTT) to calculate area under the curve (AUC) CP, at 3, 9, 18, 30, 48 and 72 months after diagnosis (n = 1537). The data were analysed using the novel SITAR mixed effects growth curve model (SuperImposition by Translation And Rotation). It fits a mean AUC growth curve, but also allows the curve's mean level and rate of fall to vary between individuals so as to best fit the individual patient curves. These curve adjustments define individual curve shape. RESULTS The square root (√) AUC scale provided the best fit. The mean levels and rates of fall for individuals were normally distributed and uncorrelated with each other. Age at diagnosis and √AUC at 3 months strongly predicted the patient-specific mean levels, while younger age at diagnosis (p<0.0001) and the 120-minute CP value of the 3-month MMTT (p = 0.002) predicted the patient-specific rates of fall. CONCLUSIONS SITAR growth curve analysis is a useful tool to assess CP loss in type 1 diabetes, explaining patient differences in terms of their mean level and rate of fall. A definition of rapid CP loss could be based on a quantile of the rate of fall distribution, allowing better understanding of factors determining CP loss and stratification of patients into targeted therapies.
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28
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Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is a chronic autoimmune disease characterised by insulin deficiency and resultant hyperglycaemia. Knowledge of type 1 diabetes has rapidly increased over the past 25 years, resulting in a broad understanding about many aspects of the disease, including its genetics, epidemiology, immune and β-cell phenotypes, and disease burden. Interventions to preserve β cells have been tested, and several methods to improve clinical disease management have been assessed. However, wide gaps still exist in our understanding of type 1 diabetes and our ability to standardise clinical care and decrease disease-associated complications and burden. This Seminar gives an overview of the current understanding of the disease and potential future directions for research and care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda A DiMeglio
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| | - Carmella Evans-Molina
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Richard A Oram
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, and The Academic Kidney Unit, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
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29
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Szypowska A, Groele L, Wysocka-Mincewicz M, Mazur A, Lisowicz L, Ben-Skowronek I, Sieniawska J, Klonowska B, Charemska D, Nawrotek J, Jałowiec I, Bossowski A, Noiszewska K, Pyrżak B, Rogozińska I, Szalecki M. Factors associated with preservation of C-peptide levels at the diagnosis of type 1 diabetes. J Diabetes Complications 2018; 32:570-574. [PMID: 29699766 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The level of C-peptide can identify individuals most likely to respond to immune interventions carried out to prevent pancreatic β-cell damage. The aim of the study was to evaluate factors associated with C-peptide levels at type 1 diabetes (T1D) diagnosis. METHODS This study included 1098 children aged 2-17 with newly recognized T1D. Data were collected from seven Polish hospitals. The following variables were analyzed: date of birth, fasting C-peptide, HbA1c, sex, weight, height, pH at diabetes onset. RESULTS A correlation was observed between fasting C-peptide level and BMI-SDS (p = 0.0001), age (p = 0.0001), and HbA1c (p = 0.0001). The logistic regression model revealed that fasting C-peptide ≥0.7 ng/ml at diabetes diagnosis was dependent on weight, HbA1c, pH and sex (p < 0.0001). Overweight and obese children (n = 124) had higher fasting C-peptide (p = 0.0001) and lower HbA1c (p = 0.0008) levels than other subjects. Girls had higher fasting C-peptide (p = 0.036) and higher HbA1c (p = 0.026) levels than boys. CONCLUSION Obese and overweight children are diagnosed with diabetes at an early stage with largely preserved C-peptide levels. Increased awareness of T1D symptoms as well as improved screening and diagnostic tools are important to preserve C-peptide levels. There are noticeable gender differences in the course of diabetes already at T1D diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lidia Groele
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Wysocka-Mincewicz
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Artur Mazur
- II Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Medical Faculty University of Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Lucyna Lisowicz
- II Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Medical Faculty University of Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Iwona Ben-Skowronek
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical University of Lublin, Poland
| | - Joanna Sieniawska
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical University of Lublin, Poland
| | - Bożenna Klonowska
- Department of Clinical Pediatrics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Provincial Specialist Children's Hospital, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Dorota Charemska
- Department of Clinical Pediatrics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Provincial Specialist Children's Hospital, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Jolanta Nawrotek
- Endocrinology and Diabetology Ward, General District Hospital, Kielce, Poland
| | - Irena Jałowiec
- Endocrinology and Diabetology Ward, General District Hospital, Kielce, Poland
| | - Artur Bossowski
- Department of Pediatrics, Endocrinology, Diabetology with Cardiology Division, Medical University of Białystok, Poland
| | - Klaudyna Noiszewska
- Department of Pediatrics, Endocrinology, Diabetology with Cardiology Division, Medical University of Białystok, Poland
| | - Beata Pyrżak
- Department of Pediatrics and Endocrinology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - Izabela Rogozińska
- Department of Pediatrics and Endocrinology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mieczysław Szalecki
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland; Faculty of Health Sciences, UJK, Kielce, Poland
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30
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Hwang JW, Kim MS, Lee DY. Factors Associated with C-peptide Levels after Diagnosis in Children with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. Chonnam Med J 2017; 53:216-222. [PMID: 29026710 PMCID: PMC5636761 DOI: 10.4068/cmj.2017.53.3.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
C-peptide is the best indicator of endogenous insulin secretion in patients with diabetes. This study investigated the relationship between C-peptide levels and clinical/laboratory parameters of children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), as measured at 6-month intervals after diagnosis. We retrospectively reviewed the data of 34 children with newly diagnosed T1DM. The study subjects were subdivided into a rapid progression group with C-peptide levels <0.6 ng/mL at 36 months (n=27; Group A) and a slow progression group with C-peptide levels >0.6 ng/mL at 36 months (n=7; Group B). Patients in Group A had a younger mean age at diagnosis (A: 9±4.3 years vs. B: 13.6±3.6 years; p=0.013) and lower body mass index (BMI) (A: 15.5±2.5 kg/m2 vs. B: 18.7±3.3 kg/m2; p=0.035). There were fewer asymptomatic patients with glucosuria in Group A, with these patients showing more severe symptoms, such as diabetic ketoacidosis (p=0.035), than those in Group B. Group A also had lower initial C-peptide levels (A: 0.5±0.46 ng/mL vs. B: 1.87±1.08 ng/mL; p=0.001). There were no significant intergroup differences in sex, family history, baseline hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), potential of hydrogen (pH), autoantibodies or serum insulin. Simple correlation analyses showed that C-peptide levels were correlated with age and BMI, but not with pH, insulin, or HbA1c. Younger patients, who had a lower BMI, significant symptoms with complications, and/or a low initial C-peptide level, tended to show a rapid rate of decrease in C-peptide levels. Early intensive insulin therapy to preserve beta-cell function should be considered in these groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Won Hwang
- Department of Pediatrics, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Min Sun Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea.,Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Dae-Yeol Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea.,Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Korea
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31
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Abstract
Underlying type 1 diabetes is a genetic aetiology dominated by the influence of specific HLA haplotypes involving primarily the class II DR-DQ region. In genetically predisposed children with the DR4-DQ8 haplotype, exogenous factors, yet to be identified, are thought to trigger an autoimmune reaction against insulin, signalled by insulin autoantibodies as the first autoantibody to appear. In children with the DR3-DQ2 haplotype, the triggering reaction is primarily against GAD signalled by GAD autoantibodies (GADA) as the first-appearing autoantibody. The incidence rate of insulin autoantibodies as the first-appearing autoantibody peaks during the first years of life and declines thereafter. The incidence rate of GADA as the first-appearing autoantibody peaks later but does not decline. The first autoantibody may variably be followed, in an apparently non-HLA-associated pathogenesis, by a second, third or fourth autoantibody. Although not all persons with a single type of autoantibody progress to diabetes, the presence of multiple autoantibodies seems invariably to be followed by loss of functional beta cell mass and eventually by dysglycaemia and symptoms. Infiltration of mononuclear cells in and around the islets appears to be a late phenomenon appearing in the multiple-autoantibody-positive with dysglycaemia. As our understanding of the aetiology and pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes advances, the improved capability for early prediction should guide new strategies for the prevention of type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon E Regnell
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University/CRC, Skåne University Hospital, Jan Waldenströms gata 35, SE-20502, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Åke Lernmark
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University/CRC, Skåne University Hospital, Jan Waldenströms gata 35, SE-20502, Malmö, Sweden.
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32
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Chen C, Cohrs CM, Stertmann J, Bozsak R, Speier S. Human beta cell mass and function in diabetes: Recent advances in knowledge and technologies to understand disease pathogenesis. Mol Metab 2017; 6:943-957. [PMID: 28951820 PMCID: PMC5605733 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2017.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Plasma insulin levels are predominantly the product of the morphological mass of insulin producing beta cells in the pancreatic islets of Langerhans and the functional status of each of these beta cells. Thus, deficiency in either beta cell mass or function, or both, can lead to insufficient levels of insulin, resulting in hyperglycemia and diabetes. Nonetheless, the precise contribution of beta cell mass and function to the pathogenesis of diabetes as well as the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. In the past, this was largely due to the restricted number of technologies suitable for studying the scarcely accessible human beta cells. However, in recent years, a number of new platforms have been established to expand the available techniques and to facilitate deeper insight into the role of human beta cell mass and function as cause for diabetes and as potential treatment targets. Scope of Review This review discusses the current knowledge about contribution of human beta cell mass and function to different stages of type 1 and type 2 diabetes pathogenesis. Furthermore, it highlights standard and newly developed technological platforms for the study of human beta cell biology, which can be used to increase our understanding of beta cell mass and function in human glucose homeostasis. Major Conclusions In contrast to early disease models, recent studies suggest that in type 1 and type 2 diabetes impairment of beta cell function is an early feature of disease pathogenesis while a substantial decrease in beta cell mass occurs more closely to clinical manifestation. This suggests that, in addition to beta cell mass replacement for late stage therapies, the development of novel strategies for protection and recovery of beta cell function could be most promising for successful diabetes treatment and prevention. The use of today's developing and wide range of technologies and platforms for the study of human beta cells will allow for a more detailed investigation of the underlying mechanisms and will facilitate development of treatment approaches to specifically target human beta cell mass and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunguang Chen
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden (PLID) of Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University Clinic Carl Gustav Carus of Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München-Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christian M Cohrs
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden (PLID) of Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University Clinic Carl Gustav Carus of Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München-Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Julia Stertmann
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden (PLID) of Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University Clinic Carl Gustav Carus of Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München-Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Robert Bozsak
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden (PLID) of Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University Clinic Carl Gustav Carus of Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München-Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Stephan Speier
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden (PLID) of Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University Clinic Carl Gustav Carus of Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München-Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
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The Clinical Course of Patients with Preschool Manifestation of Type 1 Diabetes Is Independent of the HLA DR-DQ Genotype. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:genes8050146. [PMID: 28534863 PMCID: PMC5448020 DOI: 10.3390/genes8050146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Major histocompatibility complex class II genes are considered major genetic risk factors for autoimmune diabetes. We analysed Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) DR and DQ haplotypes in a cohort with early-onset (age < 5 years), long term type 1 diabetes (T1D) and explored their influence on clinical and laboratory parameters. Methods: Intermediate resolution HLA-DRB1, DQA1 and DQB1 typing was performed in 233 samples from the German Paediatric Diabetes Biobank and compared with a local control cohort of 19,544 cases. Clinical follow-up data of 195 patients (diabetes duration 14.2 ± 2.9 years) and residual C-peptide levels were compared between three HLA risk groups using multiple linear regression analysis. Results: Genetic variability was low, 44.6% (104/233) of early-onset T1D patients carried the highest-risk genotype HLA-DRB1*03:01-DQA1*05:01-DQB1*02:01/DRB1*04-DQA1*03:01-DQB1*03:02 (HLA-DRB1*04 denoting 04:01/02/04/05), and 231 of 233 individuals carried at least one of six risk haplotypes. Comparing clinical data between the highest (n = 83), moderate (n = 106) and low risk (n = 6) genotypes, we found no difference in age at diagnosis (mean age 2.8 ± 1.1 vs. 2.8 ± 1.2 vs. 3.2 ± 1.5 years), metabolic control, or frequency of associated autoimmune diseases between HLA risk groups (each p > 0.05). Residual C-peptide was detectable in 23.5% and C-peptide levels in the highest-risk group were comparable to levels in moderate to high risk genotypes. Conclusion: In this study, we saw no evidence for a different clinical course of early-onset T1D based on the HLA genotype within the first ten years after manifestation.
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Redondo MJ, Grant SFA, Davis A, Greenbaum C. Dissecting heterogeneity in paediatric Type 1 diabetes: association of TCF7L2 rs7903146 TT and low-risk human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genotypes. Diabet Med 2017; 34:286-290. [PMID: 27027642 DOI: 10.1111/dme.13123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To test the hypothesis that non-obese individuals with childhood-onset Type 1 diabetes and the rs7903146 TT genotype would be less likely to have high-risk human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genotypes and alleles. METHODS We studied a cohort of 105 non-obese participants in the T1D Exchange Biobank Residual Insulin Study who had childhood-onset Type 1 diabetes [mean (sd) age at onset and recruitment, respectively, 9.9 (4.15) and 14.4 (4.13) years; 84.8% non-Hispanic white]. We analysed islet autoantibodies (glutamic acid decarboxylase 65, islet cell autoantigen 512/islet antigen-2 and zinc transporter 8), non-fasting random C-peptide levels, HLA type and TCF7L2 single nucleotide polymorphism rs7903146 in this cohort. RESULTS None of the 13 individuals with the rs7903146 TT genotype carried the highest Type 1 diabetes risk HLA genotype, i.e. DRB1*03:01/DR4 (DRB1*0401, *04:05 or *04:02), compared with 29.4% (27/92) of those without it (P=0.023). The DRB1*03:01 allele was present in 15.4% (2/13) of individuals with the single nucleotide polymorphism, compared with 59.8% (55/92) of those without it (P=0.003). Analyses restricted to autoantibody-positive individuals (n=80) yielded similar results. The HLA DRB1*15:01 allele, which affords dominant protection against Type 1 diabetes, was found in one participant, who had multiple islet autoantibodies and carried the rs7903146 TT genotype. CONCLUSIONS These findings further support the hypothesis that TCF7L2 gene variation contributes to diabetogenesis in a subset of young people with Type 1 diabetes, opening possible new pathways for therapy and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Redondo
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - S F A Grant
- Divisions of Human Genetics and Endocrinology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - A Davis
- Diabetes Clinical Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - C Greenbaum
- Diabetes Clinical Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
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Pugliese A. Insulitis in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 2016; 17 Suppl 22:31-6. [PMID: 27411434 PMCID: PMC4948864 DOI: 10.1111/pedi.12388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic autoimmune disease in which autoreactive T-cells and inflammation cause severe loss of pancreatic beta cells. Insulitis, the pathologic hallmark of T1D, is an inflammatory lesion consisting of immune cell infiltrates around and within the islets. New research initiatives and methodologies are advancing our understanding of pancreas pathology. Studies have revealed the predominant cellular types that infiltrate the islets, novel molecular aspects associated with insulitis, and the coexistence of additional pathological abnormalities. While insulitis is a critical element of T1D pathology and pathogenesis, it is typically present only in a modest proportion of islets at any given time, even at diagnosis, with overall limited relation to disease duration. Thus, the relative importance of insulitis as a determining factor of diabetes symptoms at disease onset appears to have been overestimated; growing evidence also shows that beta cell loss at diagnosis is more modest than previously thought. Thus, the sole targeting of the immune system may not afford full therapeutic efficacy if dysfunction affects beta cells that are not under immune attack and this is a key contributor to symptoms. Combination therapies that promote both immunoregulation and address beta cell dysfunction should be more effective in treating this chronic disease process. It remains a major goal to clarify the relation of insulitis with the dynamics of beta cell loss and coexisting mechanisms of dysfunction, according to clinical stage; such improved understanding is key to design therapeutic strategies that target multiple pathogenic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Pugliese
- Diabetes Research InstituteUniversity of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiamiFLUSA
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36
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Outcome of bariatric surgery in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus: our experience and review of the literature. Surg Endosc 2016; 30:5428-5433. [PMID: 27126622 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-016-4901-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The beneficial effect of bariatric surgery (BS) in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients is well established. Conversely, little is known about the efficacy of BS in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) patients, despite the increasing prevalence of obesity in this population. METHODS A retrospective review was carried out on a prospectively collected bariatric surgery registry of all patients undergoing BS at two university hospitals between 2010 and 2015. Patients with T1DM were identified, and detailed chart reviews were obtained. RESULTS In this time period, we operated on thirteen patients with T1DM. Eight were female (61.5 %). Median age at time of surgery was 38 ± 8.3 (range 28-53) years. The procedures performed were laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (n = 10) and laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (n = 3). On median postoperative follow-up of 24 (range 2.5-51) months, mean body mass index significantly decreased from 39.9 ± 4.1 to 30.1 ± 3.9 kg/m2 (P < 0.0001) and insulin requirements were significantly reduced from 83.7 ± 40.4 to 45.7 ± 33.1 U/day (P < 0.01). However, there was no significant change in glycemic control assessed by HbA1C (P = 0.2). During the first months following surgery, three patients (21.4 %) experienced diabetic ketoacidosis, and four patients (28.6 %) reported more frequent episodes of hypoglycemia. CONCLUSIONS Bariatric surgery in morbidly obese T1DM patients is an effective method for weight loss, leading to a remarkable improvement in insulin requirements. Larger prospective studies are still needed to confirm these findings, assess long-term effects of BS and better delineate its risk-to-benefit ratio in this growing population of morbidly obese patients with T1DM.
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Oram RA, Patel K, Hill A, Shields B, McDonald TJ, Jones A, Hattersley AT, Weedon MN. A Type 1 Diabetes Genetic Risk Score Can Aid Discrimination Between Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes in Young Adults. Diabetes Care 2016; 39:337-44. [PMID: 26577414 PMCID: PMC5642867 DOI: 10.2337/dc15-1111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE With rising obesity, it is becoming increasingly difficult to distinguish between type 1 diabetes (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) in young adults. There has been substantial recent progress in identifying the contribution of common genetic variants to T1D and T2D. We aimed to determine whether a score generated from common genetic variants could be used to discriminate between T1D and T2D and also to predict severe insulin deficiency in young adults with diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We developed genetic risk scores (GRSs) from published T1D- and T2D-associated variants. We first tested whether the scores could distinguish clinically defined T1D and T2D from the Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium (WTCCC) (n = 3,887). We then assessed whether the T1D GRS correctly classified young adults (diagnosed at 20-40 years of age, the age-group with the most diagnostic difficulty in clinical practice; n = 223) who progressed to severe insulin deficiency <3 years from diagnosis. RESULTS In the WTCCC, the T1D GRS, based on 30 T1D-associated risk variants, was highly discriminative of T1D and T2D (area under the curve [AUC] 0.88 [95% CI 0.87-0.89]; P < 0.0001), and the T2D GRS added little discrimination (AUC 0.89). A T1D GRS >0.280 (>50th centile in those with T1D) is indicative of T1D (50% sensitivity, 95% specificity). A low T1D GRS (<0.234, <5th centile T1D) is indicative of T2D (53% sensitivity, 95% specificity). Most discriminative ability was obtained from just nine single nucleotide polymorphisms (AUC 0.87). In young adults with diabetes, T1D GRS alone predicted progression to insulin deficiency (AUC 0.87 [95% CI 0.82-0.92]; P < 0.0001). T1D GRS, autoantibody status, and clinical features were independent and additive predictors of severe insulin deficiency (combined AUC 0.96 [95% CI 0.94-0.99]; P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS A T1D GRS can accurately identify young adults with diabetes who will require insulin treatment. This will be an important addition to correctly classifying individuals with diabetes when clinical features and autoimmune markers are equivocal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Oram
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, U.K. Clinical Islet Transplant Program, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada National Institute for Health Research Exeter Clinical Research Facility, Exeter, U.K.
| | - Kashyap Patel
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, U.K. National Institute for Health Research Exeter Clinical Research Facility, Exeter, U.K
| | - Anita Hill
- National Institute for Health Research Exeter Clinical Research Facility, Exeter, U.K
| | - Beverley Shields
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, U.K
| | - Timothy J McDonald
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, U.K. Department of Blood Sciences, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, U.K
| | - Angus Jones
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, U.K. National Institute for Health Research Exeter Clinical Research Facility, Exeter, U.K
| | - Andrew T Hattersley
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, U.K. National Institute for Health Research Exeter Clinical Research Facility, Exeter, U.K.
| | - Michael N Weedon
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, U.K.
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Chan CL, Taki I, Dong F, Hoffman M, Norris JM, Klingensmith G, Rewers MJ, Steck AK. Comparison of Metabolic Outcomes in Children Diagnosed with Type 1 Diabetes Through Research Screening (Diabetes Autoimmunity Study in the Young [DAISY]) Versus in the Community. Diabetes Technol Ther 2015; 17:649-56. [PMID: 26317880 PMCID: PMC4555644 DOI: 10.1089/dia.2015.0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children with positive islet autoantibodies monitored prospectively avoid metabolic decompensation at type 1 diabetes (T1D) diagnosis. However, the effects of early diagnosis and treatment on preservation of insulin secretion and long-term metabolic control are unknown. We compared characteristics of children detected through research screening (Diabetes Autoimmunity Study in the Young [DAISY]) versus community controls at baseline and, in a subset, 6- and 12-month metabolic outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a case-control study comparing DAISY children with T1D to children diagnosed in the general community. All participants underwent mixed-meal tolerance testing; a subset wore a continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) device. Fasting and stimulated C-peptide levels, insulin dose-adjusted hemoglobin A1c (IDAA1c), and CGM variables were compared. RESULTS Children (21 DAISY, 21 community) were enrolled and matched by age, time of diagnosis, and diabetes duration; 18 were enrolled within 2 months and 24 within 2.5 years on average from diagnosis. In the overall group and the subgroup of participants enrolled 2.5 years from diagnosis, there were no IDAA1c or C-peptide differences between DAISY versus community children. The subgroup of DAISY versus community children enrolled near diagnosis, however, had lower baseline hemoglobin A1c (6.5±1.4% vs. 9.2±2.9%; P=0.0007) and IDAA1c (7.4±2.1% vs. 11.2±3.5%; P=0.04) and higher stimulated C-peptide (2.5±0.5 vs. 1.6±0.2 ng/mL; P=0.02). In this subgroup, IDAA1c differences persisted at 6 months but not at 1 year. CGM analyses revealed lower minimum overnight glycemia in community children (72 vs. 119 mg/dL; P=0.01). CONCLUSIONS Favorable patterns of IDAA1c and C-peptide seen in research-screened versus community-diagnosed children with T1D within 2 months of diagnosis are no longer apparent 1 year from diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine L. Chan
- Children's Hospital Colorado and University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Iman Taki
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Fran Dong
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Michelle Hoffman
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jill M. Norris
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Georgeanna Klingensmith
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Marian J. Rewers
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Andrea K. Steck
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
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Yu HW, Lee YJ, Cho WI, Lee YA, Shin CH, Yang SW. Preserved C-peptide levels in overweight or obese compared with underweight children upon diagnosis of type 1 diabetes mellitus. Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2015; 20:92-7. [PMID: 26191513 PMCID: PMC4504996 DOI: 10.6065/apem.2015.20.2.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We hypothesized that overweight or obese children might develop type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) early despite residual beta-cell function. Factors independently associated with preservation of C-peptide level were analyzed. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the medical data of 135 children aged 2.1-16.5 years with autoimmune T1DM. Body mass index (BMI), pubertal stage, and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and C-peptide levels were evaluated. Patients were assigned to underweight (22.2%), normal weight (63.7%), and overweight or obese (14.1%) groups according to their BMI. RESULTS Preservation of serum C-peptide levels (≥0.6 ng/mL) was found in 43.0% of subjects. With increasing BMI, the proportions of children with preserved C-peptide levels increased from 33.3% to 41.9% to 63.2%, with marginal significance (P=0.051). Interaction analysis indicated no effect of BMI score on age at onset associated with serum C-peptide levels. The lower the C-peptide level, the younger the age of onset (P<0.001), after adjustment for BMI z-score and HbA1c level. However, no significant relationship between BMI z-score or category and onset age was evident. Upon multivariate-adjusted modeling, the odds that the C-peptide level was preserved increased by 1.2 fold (P=0.001) per year of life, by 3.1 folds (P=0.015) in children presenting without (compared to with) ketoacidosis, and by 5.0 folds (P=0.042) in overweight or obese (compared to underweight) children. CONCLUSION Overweight or obese children had slightly more residual beta-cell function than did underweight children. However, we found no evidence that obesity temporally accelerates T1DM presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeoh Won Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yun Jeong Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won Im Cho
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Ah Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Choong Ho Shin
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sei Won Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Citro A, Valle A, Cantarelli E, Mercalli A, Pellegrini S, Liberati D, Daffonchio L, Kastsiuchenka O, Ruffini PA, Battaglia M, Allegretti M, Piemonti L. CXCR1/2 inhibition blocks and reverses type 1 diabetes in mice. Diabetes 2015; 64:1329-40. [PMID: 25315007 DOI: 10.2337/db14-0443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines and their receptors have been associated with or implicated in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes (T1D), but the identification of a single specific chemokine/receptor pathway that may constitute a suitable target for the development of therapeutic interventions is still lacking. Here, we used multiple low-dose (MLD) streptozotocin (STZ) injections and the NOD mouse model to investigate the potency of CXCR1/2 inhibition to prevent inflammation- and autoimmunity-mediated damage of pancreatic islets. Reparixin and ladarixin, noncompetitive allosteric inhibitors, were used to pharmacologically blockade CXCR1/2. Transient blockade of said receptors was effective in preventing inflammation-mediated damage in MLD-STZ and in preventing and reversing diabetes in NOD mice. Blockade of CXCR1/2 was associated with inhibition of insulitis and modification of leukocytes distribution in blood, spleen, bone marrow, and lymph nodes. Among leukocytes, CXCR2(+) myeloid cells were the most decreased subpopulations. Together these results identify CXCR1/2 chemokine receptors as "master regulators" of diabetes pathogenesis. The demonstration that this strategy may be successful in preserving residual β-cells holds the potential to make a significant change in the approach to management of human T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Citro
- San Raffaele Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy Department of Surgery, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Andrea Valle
- San Raffaele Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Cantarelli
- San Raffaele Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessia Mercalli
- San Raffaele Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Pellegrini
- San Raffaele Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Liberati
- San Raffaele Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Luisa Daffonchio
- Research and Development Department, Dompè Farmaceutici S.p.A, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Olga Kastsiuchenka
- Research and Development Department, Dompè Farmaceutici S.p.A, L'Aquila, Italy
| | | | - Manuela Battaglia
- San Raffaele Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Marcello Allegretti
- Research and Development Department, Dompè Farmaceutici S.p.A, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Piemonti
- San Raffaele Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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Davis AK, DuBose SN, Haller MJ, Miller KM, DiMeglio LA, Bethin KE, Goland RS, Greenberg EM, Liljenquist DR, Ahmann AJ, Marcovina SM, Peters AL, Beck RW, Greenbaum CJ. Prevalence of detectable C-Peptide according to age at diagnosis and duration of type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2015; 38:476-81. [PMID: 25519448 DOI: 10.2337/dc14-1952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It is generally accepted that complete β-cell destruction eventually occurs in individuals with type 1 diabetes, which has implications for treatment approaches and insurance coverage. The frequency of residual insulin secretion in a large cohort of individuals at varying ages of diagnosis and type 1 diabetes duration is unknown. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The frequency of residual insulin secretion was determined by measurement of nonfasting serum C-peptide concentration in 919 individuals with type 1 diabetes according to prespecified groups based on age at diagnosis and duration of disease (from 3 to 81 years' duration). Stimulated C-peptide was measured in those with detectable nonfasting values and a group of those with undetectable values as control. RESULTS The overall frequency of detectable nonfasting C-peptide was 29%, decreasing with time from diagnosis regardless of age at diagnosis. In all duration groups, the frequency of C-peptide was higher with diagnosis age >18 years compared with ≤18 years. Nineteen percent of those with undetectable nonfasting C-peptide were C-peptide positive upon stimulation testing. CONCLUSIONS The American Diabetes Association's definition of type 1 diabetes as "usually leading to absolute insulin deficiency" results in clinicians often considering the presence of residual insulin secretion as unexpected in this population. However, our data suggest that residual secretion is present in almost one out of three individuals 3 or more years from type 1 diabetes diagnosis. The frequency of residual C-peptide decreases with time from diagnosis regardless of age at diagnosis, yet at all durations of disease, diagnosis during adulthood is associated with greater frequency and higher values of C-peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Kathleen E Bethin
- School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences at the University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY
| | - Robin S Goland
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center at Columbia University, New York, NY
| | | | | | | | | | - Anne L Peters
- Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Roy W Beck
- Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa, FL
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Jones B. Glucagon-like peptide 1 deficiency in type 1 diabetes? Ann Clin Biochem 2015; 52:191-2. [PMID: 25355776 DOI: 10.1177/0004563214559547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ben Jones
- Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
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43
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Comment on: Should metabolic surgery be offered in morbidly obese patients with type I diabetes? Surg Obes Relat Dis 2015; 11:805-7. [PMID: 26003893 DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2015.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Kumar RB, Gupta M, Feldman BJ. The development of next-generation screening and diagnostic platforms will change diabetes care. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2015; 15:291-4. [PMID: 25583407 DOI: 10.1586/14737159.2015.1002468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a common disease with a rising incidence and the findings of hyperglycemia and glucosuria. However, there are multiple types of diabetes, each with distinct etiologies. The two major types of diabetes are type 1, which is caused by an autoimmune process, and type 2, which is thought to be primarily metabolic, resulting from insulin resistance, often in the setting of obesity. Historically, the distinction between these two types was obvious. Here, we discuss how this paradigm has dramatically changed because of both the evolving epidemiology of diabetes mellitus and new and emerging tools, and therapies to diagnose and treat diabetes. As we believe that understanding these changes is critical to providing optimal care to patients with diabetes, we have developed a novel plasmonic gold chip platform that is able to meet the new and emerging demands of modern diabetes care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajiv B Kumar
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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Hamman RF, Bell RA, Dabelea D, D'Agostino RB, Dolan L, Imperatore G, Lawrence JM, Linder B, Marcovina SM, Mayer-Davis EJ, Pihoker C, Rodriguez BL, Saydah S. The SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study: rationale, findings, and future directions. Diabetes Care 2014; 37:3336-44. [PMID: 25414389 PMCID: PMC4237981 DOI: 10.2337/dc14-0574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth (SEARCH) study was initiated in 2000, with funding from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and support from the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, to address major knowledge gaps in the understanding of childhood diabetes. SEARCH is being conducted at five sites across the U.S. and represents the largest, most diverse study of diabetes among U.S. youth. An active registry of youth diagnosed with diabetes at age <20 years allows the assessment of prevalence (in 2001 and 2009), annual incidence (since 2002), and trends by age, race/ethnicity, sex, and diabetes type. Prevalence increased significantly from 2001 to 2009 for both type 1 and type 2 diabetes in most age, sex, and race/ethnic groups. SEARCH has also established a longitudinal cohort to assess the natural history and risk factors for acute and chronic diabetes-related complications as well as the quality of care and quality of life of persons with diabetes from diagnosis into young adulthood. Many youth with diabetes, particularly those from low-resourced racial/ethnic minority populations, are not meeting recommended guidelines for diabetes care. Markers of micro- and macrovascular complications are evident in youth with either diabetes type, highlighting the seriousness of diabetes in this contemporary cohort. This review summarizes the study methods, describes key registry and cohort findings and their clinical and public health implications, and discusses future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard F Hamman
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO
| | - Ronny A Bell
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Dana Dabelea
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO
| | - Ralph B D'Agostino
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Lawrence Dolan
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Giuseppina Imperatore
- Division of Diabetes Translation, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Jean M Lawrence
- Department of Research & Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA
| | - Barbara Linder
- Childhood Diabetes Research Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD
| | | | - Elizabeth J Mayer-Davis
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | | | - Beatriz L Rodriguez
- John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Kuakini Medical Center, Honolulu, HI Instituto Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Sharon Saydah
- Division of Diabetes Translation, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
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Tanaka M, Imai J, Satoh M, Hashimoto T, Izumi T, Sawada S, Uno K, Hasegawa Y, Kaneko K, Yamada T, Ishigaki Y, Imai Y, Katagiri H. Glycemic control in diabetic patients with impaired endogenous insulin secretory capacity is vulnerable after a natural disaster: study of Great East Japan Earthquake. Diabetes Care 2014; 37:e212-3. [PMID: 25249676 DOI: 10.2337/dc14-1479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mamiko Tanaka
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolism, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Junta Imai
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolism, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Michihiro Satoh
- Department of Pharmacy, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takanao Hashimoto
- Department of Planning for Drug Development and Clinical Evaluation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tomohito Izumi
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolism, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shojiro Sawada
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolism, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kenji Uno
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolism, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yutaka Hasegawa
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolism, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Keizo Kaneko
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolism, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Yamada
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolism, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yasushi Ishigaki
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolism, Iwate Medical University Hospital, Morioka, Japan
| | - Yutaka Imai
- Department of Planning for Drug Development and Clinical Evaluation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hideki Katagiri
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolism, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
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VanBuecken DE, Greenbaum CJ. Residual C-peptide in type 1 diabetes: what do we really know? Pediatr Diabetes 2014; 15:84-90. [PMID: 24645775 DOI: 10.1111/pedi.12135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Connecting peptide, or C-peptide, is a protein that joins insulin's α and B chains in the proinsulin molecule. During insulin synthesis, C-peptide is cleaved from proinsulin and secreted in an equimolar concentration to insulin from the β cells. Because C-peptide experiences little first-pass clearance by the liver, and because levels are not affected by exogenous insulin administration, it may be used as a marker of endogenous insulin production and a reflection of β-cell function. Residual β-cell function, as measured by C-peptide in those with type 1 diabetes (T1D), has repeatedly been demonstrated to be clinically important. The Eisenbarth model of type 1 diabetes postulated immune-mediated linear loss of β cells, with clinical diagnosis occurring when there was insufficient insulin secretion to meet glycemic demand. Moreover, the model also implied that all individuals with T1D rapidly and inevitably progressed to absolute insulin deficiency. Correspondingly, it was assumed that most people with longstanding T1D would show little to no residual C-peptide secretion. While more than a quarter century of data confirms that this model remains largely true and appropriately serves as the basis for prevention studies, accumulating evidence suggests that the natural history of β-cell function before, during and after diagnosis is more complex. In this review, we discuss the clinical benefits of residual insulin secretion and present recent data about the natural history of insulin secretion in those with, or at risk for T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana E VanBuecken
- Diabetes Clinical Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
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Badaru A, Klingensmith GJ, Dabelea D, Mayer-Davis EJ, Dolan L, Lawrence JM, Marcovina S, Beavers D, Rodriguez BL, Imperatore G, Pihoker C. Correlates of treatment patterns among youth with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2014; 37:64-72. [PMID: 24026554 PMCID: PMC3867996 DOI: 10.2337/dc13-1124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe treatment regimens in youth with type 2 diabetes and examine associations between regimens, demographic and clinical characteristics, and glycemic control. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This report includes 474 youth with a clinical diagnosis of type 2 diabetes who completed a SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study visit. Diabetes treatment regimen was categorized as lifestyle alone, metformin monotherapy, any oral hypoglycemic agent (OHA) other than metformin or two or more OHAs, insulin monotherapy, and insulin plus any OHA(s). Association of treatment with demographic and clinical characteristics (fasting C-peptide [FCP], diabetes duration, and self-monitoring of blood glucose [SMBG]), and A1C was assessed by χ(2) and ANOVA. Multiple linear regression models were used to evaluate independent associations of treatment regimens and A1C, adjusting for demographics, diabetes duration, FCP, and SMBG. RESULTS Over 50% of participants reported treatment with metformin alone or lifestyle. Of the autoantibody-negative youth, 40% were on metformin alone, while 33% were on insulin-containing regimens. Participants on metformin alone had a lower A1C (7.0 ± 2.0%, 53 ± 22 mmol/mol) than those on insulin alone (9.2 ± 2.7%, 77 ± 30 mmol/mol) or insulin plus OHA (8.6 ± 2.6%, 70 ± 28 mmol/mol) (P < 0.001). These differences remained significant after adjustment (7.5 ± 0.3%, 58 ± 3 mmol/mol; 9.1 ± 0.4%, 76 ± 4 mmol/mol; and 8.6 ± 0.4%, 70 ± 4 mmol/mol) (P < 0.001) and were more striking in those with diabetes for ≥2 years (7.9 ± 2.8, 9.9 ± 2.8, and 9.8 ± 2.6%). Over one-half of those on insulin-containing therapies still experience treatment failure (A1C ≥8%, 64 mmol/mol). CONCLUSIONS Approximately half of youth with type 2 diabetes were managed with lifestyle or metformin alone and had better glycemic control than individuals using other therapies. Those with longer diabetes duration in particular commonly experienced treatment failures, and more effective management strategies are needed.
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Sørensen JS, Johannesen J, Pociot F, Kristensen K, Thomsen J, Hertel NT, Kjaersgaard P, Brorsson C, Birkebaek NH. Residual β-Cell function 3-6 years after onset of type 1 diabetes reduces risk of severe hypoglycemia in children and adolescents. Diabetes Care 2013; 36:3454-9. [PMID: 23990516 PMCID: PMC3816898 DOI: 10.2337/dc13-0418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence of residual β-cell function (RBF) in children after 3-6 years of type 1 diabetes, and to examine the association between RBF and incidence of severe hypoglycemia, glycemic control, and insulin requirements. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A total of 342 children (173 boys) 4.8-18.9 years of age with type 1 diabetes for 3-6 years were included. RBF was assessed by testing meal-stimulated C-peptide concentrations. Information regarding severe hypoglycemia within the past year, current HbA1c, and daily insulin requirements was retrieved from the medical records and through patient interviews. RESULTS Ninety-two children (27%) had RBF >0.04 nmol/L. Patients with RBF <0.04 nmol/L were significantly more likely to have severe hypoglycemia than patients with RBF >0.04 nmol/L (odds ratio, 2.59; 95% CI, 1.10-7.08; P < 0.03). HbA1c was significantly higher in patients with RBF <0.04 nmol/L compared with patients with RBF >0.04 nmol/L (mean, 8.49 ± 0.08% [69.3 ± 0.9 mmol/mol] vs. 7.92 ± 0.13% [63.1 ± 1.4 mmol/mol]; P < 0.01), and insulin requirements were significantly lower in patients with RBF >0.2 nmol/L (mean ± SE: 1.07 ± 0.02 vs. 0.93 ± 0.07 units/kg/day; P < 0.04). CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated considerable phenotypic diversity in RBF among children after 3-6 years of type 1 diabetes. Children with RBF are at lower risk for severe hypoglycemia, have better diabetes regulation, and have lower insulin requirements compared with children without RBF. There appears to be a lower limit for stimulated RBF of ∼0.04 nmol/L that confers a beneficial effect on hypoglycemia and metabolic control.
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Mayer-Davis EJ, Dabelea D, Crandell JL, Crume T, D'Agostino RB, Dolan L, King IB, Lawrence JM, Norris JM, Pihoker C, The N. Nutritional factors and preservation of C-peptide in youth with recently diagnosed type 1 diabetes: SEARCH Nutrition Ancillary Study. Diabetes Care 2013; 36:1842-50. [PMID: 23801797 PMCID: PMC3687285 DOI: 10.2337/dc12-2084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the novel hypothesis that nutritional factors previously associated with type 1 diabetes etiology or with insulin secretion are prospectively associated with fasting C-peptide (FCP) concentration among youth recently diagnosed with type 1 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Included were 1,316 youth with autoantibody-positive type 1 diabetes who participated in the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study (baseline disease duration, 9.9 months; SD, 6.3). Nutritional exposures included breastfeeding and age at introduction of complementary foods, baseline plasma long-chain omega-3 fatty acids including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), vitamin D, vitamin E, and, from a baseline food frequency questionnaire, estimated intake of the branched-chain amino acid leucine and total carbohydrate. Multiple linear regression models were conducted to relate each nutritional factor to baseline FCP adjusted for demographics, disease-related factors, and other confounders. Prospective analyses included the subset of participants with preserved β-cell function at baseline (baseline FCP ≥0.23 ng/mL) with additional adjustment for baseline FCP and time (mean follow-up, 24.3 months; SD, 8.2; n = 656). FCP concentration was analyzed as log(FCP). RESULTS In adjusted prospective analyses, baseline EPA (P = 0.02), EPA plus DHA (P = 0.03), and leucine (P = 0.03) were each associated positively and significantly with FCP at follow-up. Vitamin D was unexpectedly inversely associated with FCP (P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS Increased intake of branched-chain amino acids and long-chain omega-3 fatty acids may support preservation of β-cell function. This represents a new direction for research to improve prognosis for type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Mayer-Davis
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
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