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Neuwirth T, Knapp K, Stary G. (Not) Home alone: Antigen presenting cell - T Cell communication in barrier tissues. Front Immunol 2022; 13:984356. [PMID: 36248804 PMCID: PMC9556809 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.984356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Priming of T cells by antigen presenting cells (APCs) is essential for T cell fate decisions, enabling T cells to migrate to specific tissues to exert their effector functions. Previously, these interactions were mainly explored using blood-derived cells or animal models. With great advances in single cell RNA-sequencing techniques enabling analysis of tissue-derived cells, it has become clear that subsets of APCs are responsible for priming and modulating heterogeneous T cell effector responses in different tissues. This composition of APCs and T cells in tissues is essential for maintaining homeostasis and is known to be skewed in infection and inflammation, leading to pathological T cell responses. This review highlights the commonalities and differences of T cell priming and subsequent effector function in multiple barrier tissues such as the skin, intestine and female reproductive tract. Further, we provide an overview of how this process is altered during tissue-specific infections which are known to cause chronic inflammation and how this knowledge could be harnessed to modify T cell responses in barrier tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Neuwirth
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria,CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katja Knapp
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria,CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Stary
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria,CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases, Vienna, Austria,*Correspondence: Georg Stary,
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2
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Nikolakis D, de Voogd FAE, Pruijt MJ, Grootjans J, van de Sande MG, D’Haens GR. The Role of the Lymphatic System in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031854. [PMID: 35163775 PMCID: PMC8836364 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the number of therapeutic options for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has increased in recent years, patients suffer from decreased quality of life due to non-response or loss of response to the currently available treatments. An increased understanding of the disease’s etiology could provide novel insights for treatment strategies in IBD. Lymphatic system components are generally linked to immune responses and presumably related to inflammatory diseases pathophysiology. This review aims to summarize findings on immune-mediated mechanisms in lymphoid tissues linked with IBD pathogenesis and (potential) novel treatments. Enhanced innate and adaptive immune responses were observed in mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) and other lymphoid structures, such as Peyer’s patches, in patients with IBD and in animal models. Furthermore, the phenomenon of lymphatic obstruction in the form of granulomas in MLNs and lymphatic vessels correlates with disease activity. There is also evidence that abnormalities in the lymphatic stromal components and lymph node microbiome are common in IBD and could be exploited therapeutically. Finally, novel agents targeting lymphocyte trafficking have been added to the treatment armamentarium in the field of IBD. Overall, gut-associated lymphoid tissue plays a key role in IBD immunopathogenesis, which could offer novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Nikolakis
- Department of Gastroenterology, Amsterdam Institute for Gastroenterology Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (D.N.); (F.A.E.d.V.); (M.J.P.); (J.G.)
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Amsterdam Rheumatology & Immunology Center (ARC), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Institute for Infection & Immunity, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Onassis Foundation, 4 Aeschinou Street, 10558 Athens, Greece
| | - Floris A. E. de Voogd
- Department of Gastroenterology, Amsterdam Institute for Gastroenterology Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (D.N.); (F.A.E.d.V.); (M.J.P.); (J.G.)
| | - Maarten J. Pruijt
- Department of Gastroenterology, Amsterdam Institute for Gastroenterology Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (D.N.); (F.A.E.d.V.); (M.J.P.); (J.G.)
| | - Joep Grootjans
- Department of Gastroenterology, Amsterdam Institute for Gastroenterology Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (D.N.); (F.A.E.d.V.); (M.J.P.); (J.G.)
| | - Marleen G. van de Sande
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Amsterdam Rheumatology & Immunology Center (ARC), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Institute for Infection & Immunity, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Geert R. D’Haens
- Department of Gastroenterology, Amsterdam Institute for Gastroenterology Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (D.N.); (F.A.E.d.V.); (M.J.P.); (J.G.)
- Correspondence:
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3
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Caparrós E, Wiest R, Scharl M, Rogler G, Gutiérrez Casbas A, Yilmaz B, Wawrzyniak M, Francés R. Dysbiotic microbiota interactions in Crohn's disease. Gut Microbes 2021; 13:1949096. [PMID: 34313550 PMCID: PMC8320851 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2021.1949096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Crohn's disease (CD) is a major form of inflammatory bowel disease characterized by transmural inflammation along the alimentary tract. Changes in the microbial composition and reduction in species diversity are recognized as pivotal hallmarks in disease dynamics, challenging the gut barrier function and shaping a pathological immune response in genetically influenced subjects. The purpose of this review is to delve into the modification of the gut microbiota cluster network during CD progression and to discuss how this shift compromises the gut barrier integrity, granting the translocation of microbes and their products. We then complete the scope of the review by retracing gut microbiota dysbiosis interactions with the main pathophysiologic factors of CD, starting from the host's genetic background to the immune inflammatory and fibrotic processes, providing a standpoint on the lifestyle/exogenous factors and the potential benefits of targeting a specific gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Caparrós
- Dpto Medicina Clínica, Universidad Miguel Hernández, San Juan De Alicante, Spain,Iis Isabial, Hospital General Universitario De Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Reiner Wiest
- Department for Biomedical Research, Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michael Scharl
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital of Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gerhard Rogler
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital of Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ana Gutiérrez Casbas
- Iis Isabial, Hospital General Universitario De Alicante, Alicante, Spain,CIBERehd, Instituto De Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Bahtiyar Yilmaz
- Department for Biomedical Research, Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marcin Wawrzyniak
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital of Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rubén Francés
- Dpto Medicina Clínica, Universidad Miguel Hernández, San Juan De Alicante, Spain,Iis Isabial, Hospital General Universitario De Alicante, Alicante, Spain,CIBERehd, Instituto De Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain,CONTACT Rubén Francés Hepatic and Intestinal Immunobiology Group. Departamento De Medicina Clínica, Universidad Miguel Hernández De Elche. Carretera Alicante-Valencia, Km 8,703550San Juan De Alicante
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4
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Pathak M, Lal G. The Regulatory Function of CCR9 + Dendritic Cells in Inflammation and Autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2020; 11:536326. [PMID: 33123124 PMCID: PMC7566413 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.536326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokine receptor CCR9 is a G protein–coupled receptor and expressed on several types of immune cells, including dendritic cells (DCs), CD4+ T cells, and B cells. CCR9 drives the migration of immune cells to gradients of its cognate ligand CCL25. The chemokine CCL25 is mostly produced by gut and thymic epithelial cells. Gut- and thymic-homing DCs are known to express CCR9, and these cells are predominantly localized in the gut lining and thymus. CCR9+ DCs are implicated in regulating inflammation, food allergy, alloimmunity, and autoimmunity. Differential interaction of CCR9+ DCs with lymphoid and myeloid cells in the thymus, secondary lymphoid tissues, and mucosal sites offer crucial insights to immune regulation. In this review, we examine the phenotypes, distributions, and interactions of CCR9+ DCs with other immune cells, elucidating their functions and role in inflammation and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Pathak
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity and Tolerance, National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, India
| | - Girdhari Lal
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity and Tolerance, National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, India
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Sun T, Nguyen A, Gommerman JL. Dendritic Cell Subsets in Intestinal Immunity and Inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 204:1075-1083. [PMID: 32071090 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian intestine is a complex environment that is constantly exposed to Ags derived from food, microbiota, and metabolites. Intestinal dendritic cells (DC) have the responsibility of establishing oral tolerance against these Ags while initiating immune responses against mucosal pathogens. We now know that DC are a heterogeneous population of innate immune cells composed of classical and monocyte-derived DC, Langerhans cells, and plasmacytoid DC. In the intestine, DC are found in organized lymphoid tissues, such as the mesenteric lymph nodes and Peyer's patches, as well as in the lamina propria. In this Brief Review, we review recent work that describes a division of labor between and collaboration among gut DC subsets in the context of intestinal homeostasis and inflammation. Understanding relationships between DC subtypes and their biological functions will rationalize oral vaccine design and will provide insights into treatments that quiet pathological intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Sun
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S1A8, Canada
| | - Albert Nguyen
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S1A8, Canada
| | - Jennifer L Gommerman
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S1A8, Canada
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6
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Differential miRNA-Gene Expression in M Cells in Response to Crohn's Disease-Associated AIEC. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8081205. [PMID: 32784656 PMCID: PMC7466023 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8081205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Adherent-invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC), which abnormally colonize the ileal mucosa of Crohn’s disease (CD) patients, are able to invade intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and translocate through M cells overlying Peyer’s patches. The levels of microRNA (miRNA) and gene expression in IECs and M cells upon AIEC infection have not been investigated. Here, we used human intestinal epithelial Caco-2 monolayers and an in vitro M-cell model of AIEC translocation to analyze comprehensive miRNA and gene profiling under basal condition and upon infection with the reference AIEC LF82 strain. Our results showed that AIEC LF82 translocated through M cells but not Caco-2 monolayers. Both differential gene expression and miRNA profile in M cells compared to Caco-2 cells were obtained. In addition, AIEC infection induces changes in gene and miRNA profiles in both Caco-2 and M cells. In silico analysis showed that certain genes dysregulated upon AIEC infection were potential targets of AIEC-dysregulated miRNAs, suggesting a miRNA-mediated regulation of gene expression during AIEC infection in Caco-2, as well as M cells. This study facilitates the discovery of M cell-specific and AIEC response-specific gene-miRNA signature and enhances the molecular understanding of M cell biology under basal condition and in response to infection with CD-associated AIEC.
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7
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Keita ÅV, Alkaissi LY, Holm EB, Heil SDS, Chassaing B, Darfeuille-Michaud A, McKay DM, Söderholm JD. Enhanced E. coli LF82 Translocation through the Follicle-associated Epithelium in Crohn's Disease is Dependent on Long Polar Fimbriae and CEACAM6 expression, and Increases Paracellular Permeability. J Crohns Colitis 2020; 14:216-229. [PMID: 31393983 PMCID: PMC7008151 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjz144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Patients with Crohn's disease [CD] harbour an increased number of adherent-invasive E. coli [AIEC]. The strain LF82, identified in the ileal mucosa of CD patients, has been extensively studied for pathogenic mechanisms. However, understanding of the interaction of LF82 with the intestinal mucosa of CD patients is lacking. METHODS Here, we investigated the importance of long polar fimbriae [LPF] type 1 pili and the carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell-adhesion molecule 6 [CEACAM6] for translocation of LF82 in an in vitro model of follicle-associated epithelium [FAE], and in the FAE and villus epithelium [VE] of patients with CD and controls, using Ussing chambers. RESULTS Significantly greater LF82 passage occurred in the FAE model compared with in the VE Caco-2cl1 mono-culture. Moreover, bacterial translocation was inhibited by either LPF disruption or pre-incubation with anti-CEACAM6 antibody. Tissue mounted in Ussing chambers showed significantly higher LF82 passage in FAE from patients with CD compared with control FAE, that was diminished in LF82 lacking LPF and by blocking host CEACAM6. Interestingly, addition of LF82 to the CD FAE tissues significantly increased paracellular permeability [of 51Chromium-EDTA] compared with baseline, and the increase was inhibited by anti-CEACAM6. Immunofluorescence and immunoblots showed higher expression of CEACAM6 in FAE of patients with CD compared with in FAE from controls. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that the FAE of CD patients is a site of vulnerability for invasion by LF82 via a mechanism that requires both bacterial LPF and host CEACAM6. Further, LF82 has the ability to increase paracellular passage through the FAE of patients with CD. These data can help define novel therapeutic targets in CD for the prevention of clinical recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Åsa V Keita
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Surgery, Orthopedics & Oncology, Medical Faculty, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden,Corresponding author: Åsa V Keita, PhD, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Surgery, Orthopedics & Oncology, Medical Faculty, Linköping University, 581 85 Linköping, Sweden. Tel: 46101038919;
| | - Lina Yakymenko Alkaissi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Surgery, Orthopedics & Oncology, Medical Faculty, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Elin B Holm
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Surgery, Orthopedics & Oncology, Medical Faculty, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Stéphanie D S Heil
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Surgery, Orthopedics & Oncology, Medical Faculty, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Benoit Chassaing
- Neuroscience Institute and Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, USA
| | | | - Derek M McKay
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Johan D Söderholm
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Surgery, Orthopedics & Oncology, Medical Faculty, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden,Department of Surgery, County Council of Östergötland, Linköping, Sweden
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8
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Pathak M, Padghan P, Halder N, Shilpi, Kulkarni N, Sonar SA, Lal G. CCR9 signaling in dendritic cells drives the differentiation of Foxp3 + Tregs and suppresses the allergic IgE response in the gut. Eur J Immunol 2019; 50:404-417. [PMID: 31755547 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201948327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The chemokine receptor CCR9 and its only known ligand CCL25 play an important role in gut inflammation and autoimmune colitis. The function of CCR9-CCL25 in the migration of immune cells is well characterized. However, its role in the immune cell differentiation is mostly not known. Using dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced gut inflammation model, we showed that CCR9+ dendritic cells (DCs) specifically CD11b- CD103+ DCs were significantly increased in the gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT) compared to control mice. These CCR9+ DCs express lower MHC II and CD86 molecules and had regulatory surface markers (FasL and latency-associated peptide, LAP) in the GALT. In the presence of CCL25, CCR9+ DCs promoted in vitro differentiation of Foxp3+ regulatory CD4+ T cells (Tregs). CCL25-induced differentiation of Tregs was due to intrinsic signaling in the DCs but not through CD4+ T cells, which was driven by the production of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) and not IL-10. Furthermore, adoptive transfer of CCR9+ DCs in C57BL/6 mice promoted Tregs but reduced the Th17 cells in the GALT, and also suppressed the OVA-specific gut-allergic response. Our results suggest CCR9+ DCs have a regulatory function and may provide a new cellular therapeutic strategy to control gut inflammation and allergic immune reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Pathak
- National Centre for Cell Science, SP Pune University campus, Ganeshkhind, Pune, Maharashtra, 411007, India
| | - Priyanka Padghan
- National Centre for Cell Science, SP Pune University campus, Ganeshkhind, Pune, Maharashtra, 411007, India
| | - Namrita Halder
- National Centre for Cell Science, SP Pune University campus, Ganeshkhind, Pune, Maharashtra, 411007, India
| | - Shilpi
- National Centre for Cell Science, SP Pune University campus, Ganeshkhind, Pune, Maharashtra, 411007, India
| | - Neeraja Kulkarni
- National Centre for Cell Science, SP Pune University campus, Ganeshkhind, Pune, Maharashtra, 411007, India
| | - Sandip A Sonar
- National Centre for Cell Science, SP Pune University campus, Ganeshkhind, Pune, Maharashtra, 411007, India
| | - Girdhari Lal
- National Centre for Cell Science, SP Pune University campus, Ganeshkhind, Pune, Maharashtra, 411007, India
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Firinci B, Caglar O, Karadeniz E, Ahiskalioglu A, Demirci T, Aydin MD. Mysterious effects of olfactory pathway lesions on intestinal immunodeficiency targeting Peyer's patches: The first experimental study. Med Hypotheses 2019; 125:31-36. [PMID: 30902148 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2019.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although olfaction has been considered as important neuroimmunomodulatory foundation, there is no satisfying analytical information between neurohistomorphological features olfactory networks and intestinal immune system hardwares. We studied if the olfactory bulb lesions (OBL) may rely on histopathological features of intestinal lymphatic Peyer's patches in an animal model. METHODS Thirty-two rats were grouped as control (Group I, n = 8), SHAM (Group II, n = 7) and OBL (Group III, n = 17) respectively; and followed eight weeks and animals were decapitated. The olfactory bulbs and intestines were extracted. Specimens stained with hematoxylin/eosin and GFAP methods and analyzed Stereologically to evaluate volume loss of olfactory bulbs and Peyer's patches volumes (PV) of intestines per cubic millimeter and compared with each other's statistically. RESULTS The mean olfactory bulbs volumes were estimated as 3.65 ± 0.32/mm3 in group I, 3.12 ± 0.20/mm3 in group II and 2.21 ± 0.15/mm3 in group III (p < 0.0005 Group III vs. I and II). The mean of PV were estimated as; (9 ± 2) × 106 µm3/cm3 in Group-I, (12 ± 3) × 106 µm3/cm3 in Group-II; and (23 ± 4) × 106 µm3/cm3 in group-III (p < 0.005 Group II vs. I, p < 0.0005 Group III vs. I-II). CONCLUSIONS OBL could rely on intestinal immunodeficiency causing by olfaction loss induced denervation injury of Peyer's patches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binali Firinci
- Ataturk University, Medical Faculty, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Ozgur Caglar
- Ataturk University, Medical Faculty, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Erdem Karadeniz
- Ataturk University, Medical Faculty, Department of General Surgery, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Ali Ahiskalioglu
- Ataturk University, Medical Faculty, Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Tuba Demirci
- Ataturk University, Medical Faculty, Department of Histology, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Dumlu Aydin
- Ataturk University, Medical Faculty, Department of Neurosurgery, Erzurum, Turkey.
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Yakymenko O, Schoultz I, Gullberg E, Ström M, Almer S, Wallon C, Wang A, Keita ÅV, Campbell BJ, McKay DM, Söderholm JD. Infliximab restores colonic barrier to adherent-invasive E. coli in Crohn's disease via effects on epithelial lipid rafts. Scand J Gastroenterol 2018; 53:677-684. [PMID: 29688802 DOI: 10.1080/00365521.2018.1458146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Infliximab is important in the therapeutic arsenal of Crohn's disease (CD). However, its effect on mucosal barrier function is not fully understood. Adherent-invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) are important in CD pathophysiology, but the transmucosal uptake routes are partly unknown. We investigated effects of infliximab on uptake of colon-specific AIEC HM427 across CD colonic mucosa. MATERIALS AND METHODS Endoscopic biopsies from non-inflamed colon of seven patients with CD, before and after two infliximab infusions, and eight non-inflammation controls, were mounted in Ussing chambers. Paracellular permeability (51Cr-EDTA) and transmucosal passage of GFP-expressing HM427 were studied. Mechanisms of HM427 transepithelial transport were investigated in Caco-2 monolayers treated with TNF, in the presence of infliximab and/or endocytosis inhibitors. RESULTS Before infliximab treatment, colonic passage of HM427 [CD: 2475 CFU (450-3000); controls 1163(225-1950)] and 51Cr-EDTA permeability were increased in CD (p < .05), but were restored to control levels by infliximab (CD: 150 (18.8-1069)). In TNF-exposed Caco-2 monolayers HM427 transport and lipid rafts/HM427 co-localization was decreased by infliximab. The lipid raft inhibitor methyl-β-cyclodextrin decreased HM427 transport. CONCLUSION Infliximab restored the colonic barrier to AIEC in CD; an effect partially mediated by blocking lipid rafts in epithelial cells. This ability likely contributes to infliximab's clinical efficacy in colonic CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olena Yakymenko
- a Department of Surgery and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine , Linköping University , Linköping , Sweden
| | - Ida Schoultz
- b Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine , Örebro University , Örebro , Sweden
| | - Elisabeth Gullberg
- a Department of Surgery and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine , Linköping University , Linköping , Sweden
| | - Magnus Ström
- c Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , Linköping University , Linköping , Sweden
| | - Sven Almer
- d Department of Medicine , Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden.,e GastroCentrum , Karolinska University Hospital , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Conny Wallon
- a Department of Surgery and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine , Linköping University , Linköping , Sweden
| | - Arthur Wang
- f Gastrointestinal Research Group, Cumming School of Medicine , University of Calgary , Calgary , Canada
| | - Åsa V Keita
- a Department of Surgery and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine , Linköping University , Linköping , Sweden
| | - Barry J Campbell
- g Gastroenterology Research Unit, Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology , University of Liverpool , Liverpool , UK
| | - Derek M McKay
- f Gastrointestinal Research Group, Cumming School of Medicine , University of Calgary , Calgary , Canada
| | - Johan D Söderholm
- a Department of Surgery and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine , Linköping University , Linköping , Sweden
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11
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Dorgham K, Dejou C, Piesse C, Gorochov G, Pène J, Yssel H. Identification of the Single Immunodominant Region of the Native Human CC Chemokine Receptor 6 Recognized by Mouse Monoclonal Antibodies. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157740. [PMID: 27336468 PMCID: PMC4919008 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines and their receptors play an important role in cell trafficking and recruitment. The CCR6 chemokine receptor, selectively expressed on leukocyte populations, has been shown to play a deleterious role in the pathogenesis of various chronic inflammatory diseases and, as such, may constitute a prime target in the development of immunotherapeutic treatment. However, to date no neutralizing mouse monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) specific for this chemokine receptor have been reported, whereas information on small molecules capable of interfering with the interaction of CCR6 and its ligands is scant. Here, we report the failure to generate neutralizing mouse mAbs specific for human (hu)CCR6. Immunization of mice with peptides mimicking extracellular domains, potentially involved in CCR6 function, failed to induce Abs reactive with the native receptor. Although the use of NIH-3T3 cells expressing huCCR6 resulted in the isolation of mAbs specific for this receptor, they were not able to block the interaction between huCCR6 and huCCL20. Investigation of the anti-huCCR6 mAbs generated in the present study, as well as those commercially available, show that all mAbs invariably recognize a unique, non-neutralizing, immunodominant region in the first part of its N-terminal domain. Together, these results indicate that the generation of potential neutralizing anti-huCCR6 mAbs in the mouse is unlikely to succeed and that alternative techniques, such as the use of other animal species for immunization, might constitute a better approach to generate such a potentially therapeutic tool for the treatment of inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Dorgham
- Sorbonne Universités, Inserm U1135, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMRS 1135, Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (Cimi-Paris), F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Cécile Dejou
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie, F-34090, Montpellier, France
| | - Christophe Piesse
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, IBPS-FR 3631, Service de Synthèse Peptidique, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Guy Gorochov
- Sorbonne Universités, Inserm U1135, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMRS 1135, Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (Cimi-Paris), F-75013, Paris, France
- AP-HP, Groupement Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Département d’Immunologie, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Pène
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapy, Inserm U1183, F-34295, Montpellier, France
| | - Hans Yssel
- Sorbonne Universités, Inserm U1135, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMRS 1135, Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (Cimi-Paris), F-75013, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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12
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Grasberger H, Gao J, Nagao-Kitamoto H, Kitamoto S, Zhang M, Kamada N, Eaton KA, El-Zaatari M, Shreiner AB, Merchant JL, Owyang C, Kao JY. Increased Expression of DUOX2 Is an Epithelial Response to Mucosal Dysbiosis Required for Immune Homeostasis in Mouse Intestine. Gastroenterology 2015; 149:1849-59. [PMID: 26261005 PMCID: PMC4663159 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2015.07.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Dual oxidase 2 (DUOX2), a hydrogen-peroxide generator at the apical membrane of gastrointestinal epithelia, is up-regulated in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) before the onset of inflammation, but little is known about its effects. We investigated the role of DUOX2 in maintaining mucosal immune homeostasis in mice. METHODS We analyzed the regulation of DUOX2 in intestinal tissues of germ-free vs conventional mice, mice given antibiotics or colonized with only segmented filamentous bacteria, mice associated with human microbiota, and mice with deficiencies in interleukin (IL) 23 and IL22 signaling. We performed 16S ribosomal RNA gene quantitative polymerase chain reaction of intestinal mucosa and mesenteric lymph nodes of Duoxa(-/-) mice that lack functional DUOX enzymes. Genes differentially expressed in Duoxa(-/-) mice compared with co-housed wild-type littermates were correlated with gene expression changes in early-stage IBD using gene set enrichment analysis. RESULTS Colonization of mice with segmented filamentous bacteria up-regulated intestinal expression of DUOX2. DUOX2 regulated redox signaling within mucosa-associated microbes and restricted bacterial access to lymphatic tissues of the mice, thereby reducing microbiota-induced immune responses. Induction of Duox2 transcription by microbial colonization did not require the mucosal cytokines IL17 or IL22, although IL22 increased expression of Duox2. Dysbiotic, but not healthy human microbiota, activated a DUOX2 response in recipient germ-free mice that corresponded to abnormal colonization of the mucosa with distinct populations of microbes. In Duoxa(-/-) mice, abnormalities in ileal mucosal gene expression at homeostasis recapitulated those in patients with mucosal dysbiosis. CONCLUSIONS DUOX2 regulates interactions between the intestinal microbiota and the mucosa to maintain immune homeostasis in mice. Mucosal dysbiosis leads to increased expression of DUOX2, which might be a marker of perturbed mucosal homeostasis in patients with early-stage IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Grasberger
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
| | - Jun Gao
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Hiroko Nagao-Kitamoto
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Sho Kitamoto
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Min Zhang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Nobuhiko Kamada
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Kathryn A Eaton
- Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Mohamad El-Zaatari
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Andrew B Shreiner
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Juanita L Merchant
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Chung Owyang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - John Y Kao
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
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13
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Mikulski Z, Johnson R, Shaked I, Kim G, Nowyhed H, Goodman W, Chodaczek G, Pizarro TT, Cominelli F, Ley K. SAMP1/YitFc mice develop ileitis via loss of CCL21 and defects in dendritic cell migration. Gastroenterology 2015; 148:783-793.e5. [PMID: 25620669 PMCID: PMC4375031 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2015.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The lymphatic chemokine CCL21 is required for dendritic cell (DC) migration from tissues to lymph nodes, which helps establish tolerance to foreign yet harmless antigens. We demonstrate that CCL21 is almost completely absent from SAMP1/YitFc (SAMP) mice, which spontaneously develop chronic ileitis that resembles Crohn's disease, and that DC migration is severely impaired in these mice compared with AKR mice (controls). Toll-like receptor agonists like the Toll-like receptor 7 agonist R848 induce DC maturation and mobilization. METHODS We collected intestinal and other tissues and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) from SAMP mice. Expression of CCL21 was measured by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and immunofluorescence analyses; spontaneous and induced migration of DCs were assessed by flow cytometry. We analyzed production of retinoic acid by DCs and their ability to induce development of regulatory T cells. Mice were fed R848 to determine its effects on migration of DCs and development of ileitis in SAMP mice. RESULTS SAMP mice expressed almost no CCL21 in any tissue tested. Their CD11b(+)CD103(+) DCs were defective in migration from the ileal lamina propria to the MLN. DCs from SAMP mice also had a greatly reduced ability to produce retinoic acid and induce development of regulatory T cells compared with control mice. Young SAMP mice had reduced CCL21 expression and decreased DC migration before developing ileitis. Administration of R848 to adult SAMP mice increased migration of DC to the MLN and development of regulatory T cells there, and reduced the severity of ileitis. CONCLUSIONS Loss of CCL21 signaling and DC migration is required for development of ileitis in SAMP mice. Reagents such as R848, which activate DC migration to the MLN, may be developed as treatments for patients with Crohn's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zbigniew Mikulski
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, 92037
| | - Rebecca Johnson
- Department of Pathology, University of California - San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Iftach Shaked
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, 92037
| | - Gisen Kim
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, 92037
| | - Heba Nowyhed
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, 92037
| | - Wendy Goodman
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Grzegorz Chodaczek
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, 92037
| | - Theresa T. Pizarro
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Fabio Cominelli
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Klaus Ley
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California.
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Söderholm JD. Gut immunology: Nanoparticles ferry gut antigens. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 10:298-299. [PMID: 25855255 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2015.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Johan D Söderholm
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Surgery, Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
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15
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Schey R, Danzer C, Mattner J. Perturbations of mucosal homeostasis through interactions of intestinal microbes with myeloid cells. Immunobiology 2014; 220:227-35. [PMID: 25466587 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2014.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal surfaces represent the largest areas of interactions of the host with its environment. Subsequently, the mucosal immune system has evolved complex strategies to maintain the integrity of the host by inducing protective immune responses against pathogenic and tolerance against dietary and commensal microbial antigens within the broad range of molecules the intestinal epithelium is exposed to. Among many other specialized cell subsets, myeloid cell populations - due to their strategic location in the subepithelial lamina propria - are the first ones to scavenge and process these intestinal antigens and to send consecutive signals to other immune and non-immune cell subsets. Thus, myeloid cell populations represent attractive targets for clinical intervention in chronic inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) such as ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) as they initiate and modulate inflammatory or regulatory immune response and shape the intestinal T cell pool. Here, we discuss the interactions of the intestinal microbiota with dendritic cell and macrophage populations and review in this context the literature on four promising candidate molecules that are critical for the induction and maintenance of intestinal homeostasis on the one hand, but also for the initiation and propagation of chronic intestinal inflammation on the other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Schey
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Claudia Danzer
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jochen Mattner
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany; Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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16
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Matricon J, Barnich N, Ardid D. Immunopathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. SELF NONSELF 2014; 1:299-309. [PMID: 21487504 DOI: 10.4161/self.1.4.13560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2010] [Revised: 09/06/2010] [Accepted: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of idiopathic, chronic and relapsing inflammatory conditions of the gastrointestinal tract. Familial and epidemiological studies have stressed the involvement of genetic factors and have also shown the critical role of environmental factors such as sanitation and hygiene in the development of IBD. However, the molecular mechanisms of intestinal inflammation in IBD have long remained unknown. In recent years, the study of susceptibility genes involved in the detection of bacterial components and in the regulation of the host immune response has shed light onto the potential role of intestinal pathogens and gut flora in IBD immunobiology. This review presents current knowledge on intestinal epithelial barrier alterations and on dysfunction of mucosal innate and acquired immune responses in IBD. The data support the etiological hypothesis which argues that pathogenic intestinal bacteria and/or infectious agents initiate and perpetuate the inflammation of the gut through disruption of tolerance towards the commensal microbiota in an individual with genetic vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Matricon
- Clermont Université; Université d'Auvergne; Pharmacologie Fondamentale et Clinique de la Douleur; Laboratoire de Pharmacologie Médicale; Inserm U 766; Clermont-Ferrand, France
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17
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Tsurikisawa N, Saito H, Oshikata C, Tsuburai T, Ishiyama M, Mitomi H, Akiyama K. An increase of CD83+ dendritic cells ex vivo correlates with increased regulatory T cells in patients with active eosinophilic granulomatosis and polyangiitis. BMC Immunol 2014; 15:32. [PMID: 25174446 PMCID: PMC4159546 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-014-0032-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA) is a rare disease characterized by the presence of allergic granulomatosis and necrotizing vasculitis with eosinophilic infiltration. The etiology of EGPA is unknown. Dendritic cells (DCs) are not only critical for the induction of primary immune responses; they may also be important for the induction of immunological tolerance and the regulation of the type of T-cell-mediated immune response. To investigate whether DC maturation is associated with EGPA disease status, we examined the relationship between the maturation of DCs and the differentiation of regulatory T (Treg) cells in EGPA patients. We exposed the CD14+ blood monocytes of 19 patients with EGPA in remission or relapse to stimulation with GM-CSF and IL-4 for 6 d and lipopolysaccharide for 24 h to obtain mature CD83+ DCs and immature CD206+ DCs. Using immunohistochemistry, we examined four patients for the presence of CD83+ and CD206+ DCs in the lung at the onset of EGPA. RESULTS The percentage of CD83+ cells among DCs differentiated from CD14+ monocytes was lower for EGPA patients in relapse than in remission. The percentage of CD83+ DCs was inversely correlated with the percentage of CD206+ DCs and was significantly correlated with the numbers of naturally occurring CD4+ regulatory Treg (nTreg; FOXP3+CD4+) cells and inducible Treg (iTreg; CD4+CD25+ T cells producing IL-10 or TGF-β) cells but not the number of eosinophils. The percentage of CD206+ DCs was significantly inversely correlated with the percentages of nTreg and iTreg cells but not the number of eosinophils. Immunohistochemistry revealed both CD206+ DCs and CD83+ DCs in alveoli and interstitial spaces at the onset of EGPA. CONCLUSION The maturation of DCs from monocytes was related to disease activity in patients with EGPA. Increased CD83+ DCs in EGPA patients may induce the differentiation of iTreg and nTreg cells, thereby suppressing inflammation and disease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Tsurikisawa
- />Departments of Allergy and Respirology, 18-1 Sakuradai, Minami-ku Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0392 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Saito
- />Clinical Research Center for Allergy and Rheumatology, National Hospital Organization, Sagamihara National Hospital, 18-1 Sakuradai, Minami-ku Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0392 Japan
| | - Chiyako Oshikata
- />Departments of Allergy and Respirology, 18-1 Sakuradai, Minami-ku Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0392 Japan
| | - Takahiro Tsuburai
- />Departments of Allergy and Respirology, 18-1 Sakuradai, Minami-ku Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0392 Japan
| | - Miyako Ishiyama
- />Laboratory Medicine, Kanagawa Rehabilitation Hospital, 516 Nanasawa Atsugi, Kanagawa, 243-0121 Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Mitomi
- />Department of Surgical and Molecular Pathology, Dokkyo Medical University, 880 Kitakobayashi, Shimotsuga-gun, Mibu-machi, Tochigi 321-0293 Japan
| | - Kazuo Akiyama
- />Departments of Allergy and Respirology, 18-1 Sakuradai, Minami-ku Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0392 Japan
- />Clinical Research Center for Allergy and Rheumatology, National Hospital Organization, Sagamihara National Hospital, 18-1 Sakuradai, Minami-ku Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0392 Japan
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18
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Tawfik A, Flanagan PK, Campbell BJ. Escherichia coli-host macrophage interactions in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:8751-8763. [PMID: 25083050 PMCID: PMC4112894 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i27.8751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple studies have demonstrated alterations in the intestinal microbial community (termed the microbiome) in Crohn’s disease (CD) and several lines of evidence suggest these changes may have a significant role in disease pathogenesis. In active and quiescent disease, both the faecal and mucosa-associated microbiome are discordant with matched controls with reduced biodiversity, changes in dominant organisms and increased temporal variation described. Mucosa-associated adherent, invasive Escherichia coli (E. coli) (AIEC), pro-inflammatory and resistant to killing by mucosal macrophages, appear to be particularly important. AIEC possess several virulence factors which may confer pathogenic potential in CD. Type-1 pili (FimH) allow adherence to intestinal cells via cell-surface carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecules and possession of long polar fimbrae promotes translocation across the intestinal mucosa via microfold (M)-cells of the follicle-associated epithelium. Resistance to stress genes (htrA, dsbA and hfq) and tolerance of an acidic pH may contribute to survival within the phagolysosomal environment. Here we review the current understanding of the role of mucosa-associated E. coli in Crohn’s pathogenesis, the role of the innate immune system, factors which may contribute to prolonged bacterial survival and therapeutic strategies to target intracellular E. coli.
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19
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Magnusson MK, Wick MJ. Intestinal dendritic cell and macrophage subsets: Tipping the balance to Crohn's disease? Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp) 2014; 1:19-24. [PMID: 24466433 DOI: 10.1556/eujmi.1.2011.1.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells and macrophages play an essential role in immune homeostasis in the intestine. They have the critical task of maintaining the balance between tolerance to the intestinal microflora and potential food antigens while retaining the ability to initiate immunity against pathogens. For patients with Crohn's Disease, the tolerance/immunity balance is disturbed and these individuals suffer from chronic intestinal inflammation driven by aberrant T cell reactivity to intestinal bacteria. As antigen presenting cells are required for T cell activation, intestinal phagocytes with the capacity to present antigens from intestinal bacteria to T cells are likely involved in initiating and propagating Crohn's Disease. Recent data describe unique subsets of human intestinal phagocytes that may be involved in the aberrant reactivity to commensal flora that drives Crohn's Disease pathogenesis. This review summarizes the current knowledge of phagocyte subsets in the intestine and mesenteric lymph nodes in healthy individuals and Crohn's Disease patients. Deciphering the function of intestinal phagocytes in health and disease is crucial to advance our understanding of the cellular mechanisms underlying this debilitating disease, provides a potential way to improve treatment for patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Magnusson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
| | - M J Wick
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
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20
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Commensal bacterial endocytosis in epithelial cells is dependent on myosin light chain kinase-activated brush border fanning by interferon-γ. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 184:2260-74. [PMID: 24911373 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal bacterial adherence and internalization in enterocytes have been documented in Crohn disease, celiac disease, surgical stress, and intestinal obstruction and are associated with low-level interferon (IFN)-γ production. How commensals gain access to epithelial soma through densely packed microvilli rooted on the terminal web (TW) remains unclear. We investigated molecular and ultrastructural mechanisms of bacterial endocytosis, focusing on regulatory roles of IFN-γ and myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) in TW myosin phosphorylation and brush border fanning. Mouse intestines were sham operated on or obstructed for 6 hours by loop ligation with intraluminally administered ML-7 (a MLCK inhibitor) or Y27632 (a Rho-associated kinase inhibitor). After intestinal obstruction, epithelial endocytosis and extraintestinal translocation of bacteria were observed in the absence of tight junctional damage. Enhanced TW myosin light chain phosphorylation, arc formation, and brush border fanning coincided with intermicrovillous bacterial penetration, which were inhibited by ML-7 and neutralizing anti-IFN-γ but not Y27632. The phenomena were not seen in mice genetically deficient for long MLCK-210 or IFN-γ. Stimulation of human Caco-2BBe cells with IFN-γ caused MLCK-dependent TW arc formation and brush border fanning, which preceded caveolin-mediated bacterial internalization through cholesterol-rich lipid rafts. In conclusion, epithelial MLCK-activated brush border fanning by IFN-γ promotes adherence and internalization of normally noninvasive enteric bacteria. Transcytotic commensal penetration may contribute to initiation or relapse of chronic inflammation.
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21
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Barnich N, Denizot J, Darfeuille-Michaud A. E. coli-mediated gut inflammation in genetically predisposed Crohn's disease patients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 61:e65-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.patbio.2010.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Junginger J, Lemensieck F, Moore PF, Schwittlick U, Nolte I, Hewicker-Trautwein M. Canine gut dendritic cells in the steady state and in inflammatory bowel disease. Innate Immun 2013; 20:145-60. [PMID: 23723379 DOI: 10.1177/1753425913485475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alongside the intestinal border, dendritic cells (DCs) sample large amounts of endogenous and potentially pathogenic antigens followed by initiation of protective immune responses or induction of tolerance. Breakdown of oral tolerance towards commensal bacteria is suggested to be crucial for the development of both human and canine inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The aim of this study was to investigate canine intestinal DCs in the steady state and in dogs with IBD using multicolour immunofluorescence. In the healthy gut, DC-like cells expressed MHC II, CD1a8.2 and CD11c, and, in lower amounts, CD11b, within lamina propria, Peyer's patches (PPs) and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs), whereas those expressing CD80 and CD86 were only present in PPs and MLNs. Occasionally, DC-like cells were in contact with the intestinal lumen through transepithelial projections. In canine IBD, CD1a8.2+, CD11b+ and CD11c+ DC-like cells were decreased within the stomach, duodenum and colon, whereas the colonic mucosa revealed elevation of CD86+ DC-like cells. The complex network of DC-like cells in the gut indicates their important role in canine mucosal immunity, including active sampling of luminal antigens. Furthermore, their shift in diseased dogs suggests a pathogenetic significance for canine IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Junginger
- 1Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) form an important link between innate and adaptive immunity. However, DCs are also deployed as vehicles for systemic spread of pathogens. Salmonella is an important gastrointestinal pathogen causing diseases ranging from gastroenteritis to typhoid fever. DCs play an important role in the immunity against Salmonella infection, but this pathogen has also evolved efficient mechanisms to persist after phagocytosis by DCs, to spread using DCs as vehicles and to interfere with the central function of DCs, the processing of antigens and presentation of antigen-derived peptides to T cells for the stimulation of adaptive immune responses. Here we review the routes used by Salmonella to breach intestinal barriers, the intracellular habitat of Salmonella in DCs, molecular mechanisms of Salmonella virulence factors for intracellular life and intracellular activities in DCs resulting in manipulation of DC functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Leoni Swart
- Abt. Mikrobiologie, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
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Roberts CL, Keita ÅV, Parsons BN, Prorok-Hamon M, Knight P, Winstanley C, O′Kennedy N, Söderholm JD, Rhodes JM, Campbell BJ. Soluble plantain fibre blocks adhesion and M-cell translocation of intestinal pathogens. J Nutr Biochem 2012; 24:97-103. [PMID: 22818716 PMCID: PMC3520008 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2012.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Revised: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Dietary fibres may have prebiotic effects mediated by promotion of beneficial bacteria. This study explores the possibility that soluble plant fibre may also improve health by inhibiting epithelial adhesion and translocation by pathogenic bacteria. We have focussed on soluble non-starch polysaccharide (NSP) from plantain bananas (Musa spp.) which previous studies showed to be particularly effective at blocking Escherichia coli epithelial adherence. In vitro and ex vivo studies assessed the ability of plantain NSP to inhibit epithelial cell adhesion and invasion of various bacterial pathogens, and to inhibit their translocation through microfold (M)-cells and human Peyer′s patches mounted in Ussing chambers. Plantain NSP showed dose-related inhibition of epithelial adhesion and M-cell translocation by a range of pathogens. At 5 mg/ml, a concentration readily achievable in the gut lumen, plantain NSP inhibited adhesion to Caco2 cells by Salmonella Typhimurium (85.0±8.2%, P<.01), Shigella sonnei (46.6±29.3%, P<.01), enterotoxigenic E.coli (56.1±23.7%, P<.05) and Clostridium difficile (67.6±12.3%, P<.001), but did not inhibit adhesion by enteropathogenic E.coli. Plantain NSP also inhibited invasion of Caco2 cells by S. Typhimurium (80.2 ± 9.7%) and Sh. sonnei (46.7±13.4%); P<.01. Plantain NSP, 5 mg/ml, also inhibited translocation of S. Typhimurium and Sh. sonnei across M-cells by 73.3±5.2% and 46.4±7.7% respectively (P<.05). Similarly, S. Typhimurium translocation across Peyer′s patches was reduced 65.9±8.1% by plantain NSP (P<.01). Soluble plantain fibre can block epithelial adhesion and M-cell translocation of intestinal pathogens. This represents an important novel mechanism by which soluble dietary fibres can promote intestinal health and prevent infective diarrhoea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol L. Roberts
- Gastroenterology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, L69 3GE Liverpool, UK
| | - Åsa V. Keita
- Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Bryony N. Parsons
- Gastroenterology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, L69 3GE Liverpool, UK
| | - Maelle Prorok-Hamon
- Gastroenterology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, L69 3GE Liverpool, UK
| | - Paul Knight
- Gastroenterology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, L69 3GE Liverpool, UK
| | - Craig Winstanley
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, L69 3GA, UK
| | - Niamh O′Kennedy
- Provexis Plc, c/o Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, AB21 9S, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Johan D. Söderholm
- Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Jonathan M. Rhodes
- Gastroenterology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, L69 3GE Liverpool, UK
| | - Barry J. Campbell
- Gastroenterology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, L69 3GE Liverpool, UK
- Corresponding author. Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, L69 3GE, Liverpool, UK. Tel.: + 44 0 151 794 6829; fax: + 44 0 151 794 6825.
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Keita ÅV, Söderholm JD. Barrier dysfunction and bacterial uptake in the follicle-associated epithelium of ileal Crohn's disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2012; 1258:125-34. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06502.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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26
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Fries P, Popowych YI, Guan LL, Beskorwayne T, Potter A, Babiuk L, Griebel PJ. Mucosal dendritic cell subpopulations in the small intestine of newborn calves. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 35:1040-1051. [PMID: 21527286 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2011.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Revised: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 04/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal dendritic cell development in the newborn is poorly understood despite evidence that distinct DC subpopulations populate individual mucosal surfaces. Therefore, we investigated DC phenotype and distribution in the small intestine of newborn calves. DC phenotype was analyzed using flow cytometry and DC distribution was investigated with immunohistochemistry. Purification of CD11c(Hi)MHC Class II(+) cells confirmed CD11c defined myeloid cells and a comparison of neonatal blood and intestine revealed distinct mucosal DC subpopulations. CD11c(Hi)CD14(+) cells were significantly more abundant in newborn ileum versus jejunum and CD335(+) NK cells were the only lymphoid population significantly different in ileum versus jejunum. Immunohistochemistry revealed unique patterns of myeloid cell distribution within the mucosal epithelium, lamina propria, and submucosa. CD11c(+) cells were present within the jejunal but absent from the ileal intraepithelial compartment. In contrast, CD11b(+) cells were present within the ileal but absent from the jejunal intraepithelial compartment. In conclusion, the neonatal small intestine is populated by diverse myeloid subpopulations and significant differences in regional distribution are established early in life. These observations may have significant implications for the response of the newborn to both commensal microflora and enteric pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Fries
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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27
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Santini SM, Lapenta C, Donati S, Spadaro F, Belardelli F, Ferrantini M. Interferon-α-conditioned human monocytes combine a Th1-orienting attitude with the induction of autologous Th17 responses: role of IL-23 and IL-12. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17364. [PMID: 21387004 PMCID: PMC3046151 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2010] [Accepted: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
IFN-α exerts multiple effects leading to immune protection against pathogens and cancer as well to autoimmune reactions by acting on monocytes and dendritic cells. We analyzed the versatility of human monocytes conditioned by IFN-α towards dendritic cell differentiation (IFN-DC) in shaping the autologous T-helper response. Priming of naïve CD4 T cells with autologous IFN-DC in the presence of either SEA or anti-CD3, resulted, in addition to a prominent expansion of CXCR3+ IFN-γ-producing CD4 Th1 cells, in the emergence of two distinct subsets of IL-17-producing CD4 T cells: i) a predominant Th17 population selectively producing IL-17 and expressing CCR6; ii) a minor Th1/Th17 population, producing both IL-17 and IFN-γ. After phagocytosis of apoptotic cells, IFN-DC induced Th17 cell expansion and IL-17 release. Notably, the use of neutralizing antibodies revealed that IL-23 was an essential cytokine in mediating Th17 cell development by IFN-DC. The demonstration of the IFN-DC-induced expansion of both Th1 and Th17 cell populations reveals the intrinsic plasticity of these DC in orienting the immune response and provides a mechanistic link between IFN-α and the onset of autoimmune phenomena, which have been correlated with both IL-17 production and exposure to IFN-α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano M. Santini
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Caterina Lapenta
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Donati
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Spadaro
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Filippo Belardelli
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Ferrantini
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail:
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28
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Chassaing B, Rolhion N, de Vallée A, Salim SY, Prorok-Hamon M, Neut C, Campbell BJ, Söderholm JD, Hugot JP, Colombel JF, Darfeuille-Michaud A. Crohn disease--associated adherent-invasive E. coli bacteria target mouse and human Peyer's patches via long polar fimbriae. J Clin Invest 2011; 121:966-75. [PMID: 21339647 DOI: 10.1172/jci44632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2010] [Accepted: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Crohn disease (CD) is a multifactorial disease in which an abnormal immune response in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract leads to chronic inflammation. The small intestine, particularly the ileum, of patients with CD is colonized by adherent-invasive E. coli (AIEC)--a pathogenic group of E. coli able to adhere to and invade intestinal epithelial cells. As the earliest inflammatory lesions are microscopic erosions of the epithelium lining the Peyer's patches (PPs), we investigated the ability of AIEC bacteria to interact with PPs and the virulence factors involved. We found that AIEC bacteria could interact with mouse and human PPs via long polar fimbriae (LPF). An LPF-negative AIEC mutant was highly impaired in its ability to interact with mouse and human PPs and to translocate across monolayers of M cells, specialized epithelial cells at the surface of PPs. The prevalence of AIEC strains harboring the lpf operon was markedly higher in CD patients compared with controls. In addition, increased numbers of AIEC, but not LPF-deficient AIEC, bacteria were found interacting with PPs from Nod2(-/-) mice compared with WT mice. In conclusion, we have identified LPF as a key factor for AIEC to target PPs. This could be the missing link between AIEC colonization and the presence of early lesions in the PPs of CD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Chassaing
- Clermont Université, Université Auvergne, JE2526, USC INRA 2018, Clermont-Ferrand, Auvergne, France
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29
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Salim SY, Söderholm JD. Importance of disrupted intestinal barrier in inflammatory bowel diseases. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2011; 17:362-81. [PMID: 20725949 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.21403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 402] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2010] [Accepted: 06/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The current paradigm of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), both Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), involves the interaction between environmental factors in the intestinal lumen and inappropriate host immune responses in genetically predisposed individuals. The intestinal mucosal barrier has evolved to maintain a delicate balance between absorbing essential nutrients while preventing the entry and responding to harmful contents. In IBD, disruptions of essential elements of the intestinal barrier lead to permeability defects. These barrier defects exacerbate the underlying immune system, subsequently resulting in tissue damage. The epithelial phenotype in active IBD is very similar in CD and UC. It is characterized by increased secretion of chloride and water, leading to diarrhea, increased permeability via both the transcellular and paracellular routes, and increased apoptosis of epithelial cells. The main cytokine that seems to drive these changes is tumor necrosis factor alpha in CD, whereas interleukin (IL)-13 may be more important in UC. Therapeutic restoration of the mucosal barrier would provide protection and prevent antigenic overload due to intestinal "leakiness." Here we give an overview of the key players of the intestinal mucosal barrier and review the current literature from studies in humans and human systems on mechanisms underlying mucosal barrier dysfunction in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sa'ad Y Salim
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Surgery and Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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30
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Fries PN, Popowych YI, Guan LL, Griebel PJ. Age-related changes in the distribution and frequency of myeloid and T cell populations in the small intestine of calves. Cell Immunol 2011; 271:428-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2011.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Revised: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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31
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Ng SC, Kamm MA, Stagg AJ, Knight SC. Intestinal dendritic cells: their role in bacterial recognition, lymphocyte homing, and intestinal inflammation. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2010; 16:1787-807. [PMID: 20222140 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.21247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) play a key role in discriminating between commensal microorganisms and potentially harmful pathogens and in maintaining the balance between tolerance and active immunity. The regulatory role of DC is of particular importance in the gut where the immune system lies in intimate contact with the highly antigenic external environment. Intestinal DC constantly survey the luminal microenvironment. They act as sentinels, acquiring antigens in peripheral tissues before migrating to secondary lymphoid organs to activate naive T cells. They are also sensors, responding to a spectrum of environmental cues by extensive differentiation or maturation. Recent studies have begun to elucidate mechanisms for functional specializations of DC in the intestine that may include the involvement of retinoic acid and transforming growth factor-β. Specialized CD103(+) intestinal DC can promote the differentiation of Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells via a retinoic acid-dependent process. Different DC outcomes are, in part, influenced by their exposure to microbial stimuli. Evidence is also emerging of the close interaction between bacteria, epithelial cells, and DC in the maintenance of intestinal immune homeostasis. Here we review recent advances of functionally specialized intestinal DC and their mechanisms of antigen uptake and recognition. We also discuss the interaction of DC with intestinal microbiota and their ability to orchestrate protective immunity and immune tolerance in the host. Lastly, we describe how DC functions are altered in intestinal inflammation and their emerging potential as a therapeutic target in inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Ng
- Antigen Presentation Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Northwick Park and St Mark's Campus, Harrow, UK
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32
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Jung C, Hugot JP, Barreau F. Peyer's Patches: The Immune Sensors of the Intestine. Int J Inflam 2010; 2010:823710. [PMID: 21188221 PMCID: PMC3004000 DOI: 10.4061/2010/823710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2010] [Accepted: 07/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) consists of isolated or aggregated lymphoid follicles forming Peyer's patches (PPs). By their ability to transport luminal antigens and bacteria, PPs can be considered as the immune sensors of the intestine. PPs functions like induction of immune tolerance or defense against pathogens result from the complex interplay between immune cells located in the lymphoid follicles and the follicle-associated epithelium. This crosstalk seems to be regulated by pathogen recognition receptors, especially Nod2. Although TLR exerts a limited role in PP homeotasis, Nod2 regulates the number, size, and T-cell composition of PPs, in response to the gut flora. In turn, CD4+ T-cells present in the PP are able to modulate the paracellular and transcellular permeabilities. Two human disorders, Crohn's disease and graft-versus-host disease are thought to be driven by an abnormal response toward the commensal flora. They have been associated with NOD2 mutations and PP dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Jung
- UMR843 INSERM, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité-Diderot, Hôpital Robert Debré, 75019 Paris, France
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The role of the gut mucosal immunity in the development of tolerance against allergy to food. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 10:220-5. [PMID: 20431370 DOI: 10.1097/aci.0b013e32833982ab] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To provide an overview on the role of gut mucosal immunity in the development of tolerance against allergy to food. RECENT FINDINGS The gastrointestinal tract, through innate and specific immunologic factors, acts as a defense against ingested antigens. In addition to the mucous membrane integrity and digestion, numerous specific immunologic cells and mediators orchestrate such defensive mechanisms. In case of food antigens, the outcome is usually in favor of tolerance. Defects in that barrier, however, can lead to the development of aberrant immunologic responses, including hypersensitivity reactions. SUMMARY The prevailing evidence is that healthy mucosal immunity plus appropriate feeding regimen during early infancy are in favor of food tolerance. However, in addition to genetic predisposition, development of allergy is facilitated by defects in the gut barrier (immune or nonimmune) and the food allergen load.
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34
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Fries PN, Griebel PJ. Mucosal dendritic cell diversity in the gastrointestinal tract. Cell Tissue Res 2010; 343:33-41. [PMID: 20824287 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-010-1030-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2010] [Accepted: 07/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of dendritic cells (DCs) in skin by Paul Langerhans in 1868 identified a cell type which has since been recognized as a key link between innate and adaptive immunity. DCs originate from bone marrow and disseminate through blood to all tissues in the body, and distinct DC subpopulations have been identified in many different tissues. DC diversity is apparent throughout all mucosal surfaces of the body, but the focus of this review article is DC diversity throughout the gastro-intestinal tract (GIT). DC subpopulations have been well characterized in the oral cavity and small intestine, but DC characterization in other regions, such as the esophagus and stomach, is limited. Substantial research has focused on DC function during disease, but understanding the regulation of inflammation and the induction of acquired immune responses requires combined phenotypic and functional characterization of individual DC subpopulations. Furthermore, little is known regarding mucosal DC subpopulations in the GIT of the neonate and how these DC populations change following colonization by commensal microflora. The current review will highlight mucosal DC diversity and discuss factors that may influence mucosal DC differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick N Fries
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
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35
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The ability to control uptake across the mucosa and protect from damage of harmful substances from the lumen is defined as intestinal barrier function. A disturbed barrier dysfunction has been described in many human diseases and animal models, for example, inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, and intestinal hypersensitivity. In most diseases and models, alterations are seen both of the paracellular pathway, via the tight junctions, and of the transcellular routes, via different types of endocytosis. Recent studies of pathogenic mechanisms have demonstrated the important role of neuroimmune interaction with the epithelial cells in the regulation of barrier function. Neural impulses from extrinsic vagal and/or sympathetic efferent fibers or intrinsic enteric nerves influence mucosal barrier function via direct effects on epithelial cells or via interaction with immune cells. For example, by nerve-mediated activation by corticotropin-releasing hormone or cholinergic pathways, mucosal mast cells release a range of mediators with effects on transcellular, and/or paracellular permeability (for example, tryptase, TNF-alpha, nerve growth factor, and interleukins). PURPOSE In this review, we discuss current physiological and pathophysiological aspects of the intestinal barrier and, in particular, its regulation by neuroimmune factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Keita
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Surgery and Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Health Science, University Hospital, Linköping, Sweden
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36
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Varol C, Zigmond E, Jung S. Securing the immune tightrope: mononuclear phagocytes in the intestinal lamina propria. Nat Rev Immunol 2010; 10:415-26. [PMID: 20498668 DOI: 10.1038/nri2778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal landscape comprises the host's own tissue and immune cells, as well as a diverse intestinal microbiota. Intricate regulatory mechanisms have evolved to maintain peaceful coexistence at this site, the breakdown of which can result in devastating inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). Mononuclear phagocytes promote both innate and adaptive immune responses in the gut and, as such, are essential for the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis. Here, we review the origins and functions of the mononuclear phagocytes found in the intestinal lamina propria, highlighting the problems that have arisen from their classification. Understanding these cells in their physiological context will be important for developing new therapies for IBDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Varol
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Institute, Tel Aviv-Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Recognition of secretory IgA by DC-SIGN: implications for immune surveillance in the intestine. Immunol Lett 2010; 131:59-66. [PMID: 20362001 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2010.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2009] [Revised: 03/20/2010] [Accepted: 03/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Secretory IgA (SIgA), the predominant class of antibody in intestinal secretions, serves as the first line of defense against enteric infections. SIgA has also been proposed to function in immune surveillance, given that both SIgA and SIgA-antigen complexes are actively transported by Peyer's patch M cells from the intestinal lumen to sub-epithelial dendritic cells (DCs). The goal of the present study was to identify the receptor(s) potentially utilized by mucosal DCs to recognize and internalize SIgA. We demonstrate that human colostral SIgA is recognized by purified recombinant human DC-specific ICAM-3 grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN) in a solid phase binding assay, as well as by DC-SIGN ectopically expressed on the surface of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-S) cells. The interaction between SIgA and DC-SIGN was specific, given that it was Ca(2+)-dependent and inhibited by mannan. Moreover, SIgA bound to, and was internalized by, endogenous DC-SIGN expressed on THP-1 cells following monocyte to macrophage-like cell differentiation by stimulation with phorbol ester and interleukin-4. These data identify DC-SIGN as a putative receptor for SIgA, and reveal a mechanism by which DCs could collaborate with M cells in immune surveillance at mucosal surfaces.
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Rescigno M. Functional specialization of antigen presenting cells in the gastrointestinal tract. Curr Opin Immunol 2010; 22:131-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2009.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2009] [Revised: 12/22/2009] [Accepted: 12/23/2009] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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