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Landinger A, Zablotski Y, Knubben-Schweizer G, Tschoner T. Evaluation of Substance P concentrations in the blood plasma of jugular and tail vein of healthy German Simmental cows. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:218. [PMID: 37864162 PMCID: PMC10588027 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03768-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cattle strongly mask their pain, making the recognition and assessment of pain difficult. Different subjective and objective parameters to assess pain have been described. Substance P (SP), which is a neurotransmitter, is used to objectively evaluate nociception in cattle. However, SP concentrations have mainly been described in diseased animals, or animals subjected to painful procedures. To this day, no evaluation of SP in healthy adult cattle has been published. The objectives of this pilot study were to 1) assess the SP concentrations in healthy adult German Simmental cattle in the blood plasma, 2) compare the concentrations between the blood of the jugular and the tail vein, and 3) assess the concentrations in the blood of the tail vein every 6 h over a period of 24 h. A total of 52 healthy cattle of the German Simmental breed were included in this study. Animals were 5.0 ± 1.3 (mean ± SD) years old and between 117 and 239 (175.0 ± 34.1) days in milk. Blood samples were taken from the jugular vein (BJV, 07:45 a.m.) and the tail vein (TV1, 08:00 a.m.) each. Additional blood samples were taken every 6 h over the course of 24 h from the tail vein (TV2 - TV5). SP concentrations were analyzed using a commercial ELISA kit. RESULTS Mean (± SD) and median SP concentrations were 1.087 ± 436 pg/ml and 984 pg/ml for BJV (range 502 - 2,337 pg/ml), and 920 ± 402 pg/ml and 818 pg/ml for TV1 (range 192 - 2,531 pg/ml), respectively. There was a significantly positive correlation between SP concentrations of BJV and TV1. SP concentrations between BJV and TV1 were significantly different, as were SP concentrations in the tail vein between sampling times over the course of 24 h. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study show that blood samples to assess SP concentrations in cattle can be taken from the jugular as well as from the tail vein. There are high variations in concentrations between animals, and it is hard to define reference ranges for SP in healthy animals. Repeated blood samples should not be taken by repeated punctation of a vein but by use of a jugular vein catheter, which is a major limitation of the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Landinger
- Clinic for Ruminants With Ambulatory and Herd Health Services at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Sonnenstrasse 16, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Yury Zablotski
- Clinic for Ruminants With Ambulatory and Herd Health Services at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Sonnenstrasse 16, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Gabriela Knubben-Schweizer
- Clinic for Ruminants With Ambulatory and Herd Health Services at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Sonnenstrasse 16, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Theresa Tschoner
- Clinic for Ruminants With Ambulatory and Herd Health Services at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Sonnenstrasse 16, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany.
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Weeder MM, Kleinhenz MD, Reppert EJ, Fritz BR, Viscardi AV, Montgomery SR, Martin MS, Curtis AK, Leslie AA, Lou ME, Hall MG, Coetzee JF. Optimal lameness induction model development using amphotericin B in meat goats. Transl Anim Sci 2023; 7:txad105. [PMID: 37720823 PMCID: PMC10503652 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txad105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Lameness continues to be a critical health and welfare concern associated with goat production. Amphotericin B (amp B) is an antimicrobial successful in inducing transient lameness for research purposes previously in livestock animals. The objectives of this study were to (1) identify which of three varying doses of amp B would be most effective in inducing lameness in meat type goats and (2) develop a facial grimace scale for goats. Lameness was produced by an intra-articular injection of amphotericin B into the left hind lateral claw distal interphalangeal joint with either a 5 mg/0.25 mL (high-low, 5 mg of amphotericin B in a volume of 0.25 mL), 5 mg/0.5 mL (high-high, 5 mg of amphotericin B in a volume of 0.5 mL), or a 2.5 mg/0.25 mL (low-low, 2.5 mg of amphotericin B in a volume of 0.25 mL). A saline treatment of 0.5 mL was used as control (0.9% sterile saline solution). Lameness response was analyzed by infrared thermography (IRT) at the induced joint, mechanical-nociception threshold (MNT), visual lameness scoring (VLS), a visual analogue scale (VAS), kinetic gait analysis (KGA), plasma cortisol (CORT), substance P (Sub P), and behavior scoring. The IRT and MNT values differed by timepoint (P ≤ 0.0001). Results from VLS showed the HL treatment was the most effective at inducing lameness (6/6 goats became lame compared to HH 4/6 and LL 2/6). At 24, 48, and 72 h, VAS scores were significantly higher when comparing HL to all other treatment groups (P = 0.0003). Both behavior observers (1 and 2) reported a significant time effect (P = 0.05), with goats exhibiting more facial grimacing at 24 h post-lameness induction. From these data, an optimal dose for a repeatable lameness induction model in goats was aquired. An effective Goat Grimace Scale (GGS) was also developed to evaluate pain responses in goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikaela M Weeder
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Ave., Manhattan KS 66502, USA
| | - Michael D Kleinhenz
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Ave., Manhattan KS 66502, USA
| | - Emily J Reppert
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Ave., Manhattan KS 66502, USA
| | - Bailey R Fritz
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Ave., Manhattan KS 66502, USA
| | - Abbie V Viscardi
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Ave., Manhattan KS 66502, USA
| | - Shawnee R Montgomery
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Ave., Manhattan KS 66502, USA
| | - Miriam S Martin
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Ave., Manhattan KS 66502, USA
| | - Andrew K Curtis
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Ave., Manhattan KS 66502, USA
| | - Alyssa A Leslie
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Ave., Manhattan KS 66502, USA
| | - Maria E Lou
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Ave., Manhattan KS 66502, USA
| | - Madeline G Hall
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Ave., Manhattan KS 66502, USA
| | - Johann F Coetzee
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Ave., Manhattan KS 66502, USA
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3
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Elmore KK, Chibisa GE. Graduate Student Literature Review: Reducing mortality and morbidity in transported preweaning dairy calves: Colostrum management and pretransport nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug administration. J Dairy Sci 2023:S0022-0302(23)00360-0. [PMID: 37414600 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Currently, mortality and morbidity rates for preweaning calves in the US dairy industry are high, with the major cause being digestive disorders and respiratory diseases. One of the most important management practices that can reduce calf mortalities and morbidities is the feeding of colostrum, provided its quantity, quality, and cleanliness, and timing of feeding are according to recommendations. However, other management practices similar to transportation, can also compromise calf health and production performance. When preweaning calves are transported, stressors similar to physical restraint, commingling, dehydration, bruising, and pain may lead to an inflammatory response and immunosuppression, which has been seen in older cattle, and could increase susceptibility to digestive disorders and respiratory diseases. One strategy that could potentially reduce transport-related negative outcomes is the pretransport administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, such as meloxicam. This review provides a brief background on preweaning mortality and morbidity, colostrum management, transport-related stress, use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in transported calves, and highlights some of the current knowledge gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- K K Elmore
- Animal, Veterinary, and Food Sciences Department, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844.
| | - G E Chibisa
- Animal, Veterinary, and Food Sciences Department, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844.
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Pagliasso G, Moriconi M, Fusi F, Vitale N, Vevey M, Dondo A, Razzuoli E, Bergagna S. Evaluation of the Immune Response to Transport Stress in the Aosta Valley Breed. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10050351. [PMID: 37235434 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10050351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Transportation is a recurring event in a farm animal's life, and it is considered one of the main stressors with possible negative repercussions for both the health and welfare of farm animals. The objective of the present study was to examine the effect of transportation on some blood variables of 45 young bulls moved from their original farms to a livestock collection centre. Transportation took no more than 8 h and was carried out between January and March 2021. Blood samples were taken before transportation (T0), upon arrival at the collection centre (T1), and 7 days after arrival (T2). Samples were processed for blood cell count, clinical chemistry analyses, serum protein electrophoresis, and the evaluation of innate immunity parameters. The results showed a typical stress leukogram with neutrophilia and changes in the neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio. No significant alterations were observed in either serum proteins or pro-inflammatory cytokines. Significant, albeit transient, alterations were observed in some clinical chemistry parameters after transportation, which could be accounted for by stressful conditions such as the transportation itself and handling and mixing with other animals. Our results indicated that the adopted transportation conditions only slightly affected the blood variables under study with no significant impact on animal welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Pagliasso
- Instituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy
- Azienda Sanitaria Locale di Ciriè, Chivasso e Ivrea, Via Cavour 29, 10073 Ciriè, Italy
| | - Martina Moriconi
- Instituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy
| | - Francesca Fusi
- Italian National Reference Centre for Animal Welfare (CReNBA), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini" (IZSLER), Via A. Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Vitale
- Instituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy
| | - Mario Vevey
- Associazione Nazionale Bovini di Razza Valdostana, Fraz. Favret, 5, 11020 Gressan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Dondo
- Instituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Razzuoli
- Instituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy
| | - Stefania Bergagna
- Instituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy
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5
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Martin M, Kleinhenz M, Schwartzkopf-Genswein K, Melendez D, Marti S, Pajor E, Janzen E, Coetzee J. Characterizing the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of pain biomarkers in cattle using receiver operating characteristic curves. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:9853-9868. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Whiteman JP, Harlow HJ, Durner GM, Regehr EV, Amstrup SC, Pagano AM, Ben‐David M. The acute physiological response of polar bears to helicopter capture. J Wildl Manage 2022; 86:e22238. [PMID: 35915725 PMCID: PMC9324155 DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.22238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Many wildlife species are live captured, sampled, and released; for polar bears (Ursus maritimus) capture often requires chemical immobilization via helicopter darting. Polar bears reduce their activity for approximately 4 days after capture, likely reflecting stress recovery. To better understand this stress, we quantified polar bear activity (via collar‐mounted accelerometers) and body temperature (via loggers in the body core [Tabd] and periphery [Tper]) during 2–6 months of natural behavior, and during helicopter recapture and immobilization. Recapture induced bouts of peak activity higher than those that occurred during natural behavior for 2 of 5 bears, greater peak Tper for 3 of 6 bears, and greater peak Tabd for 1 of 6 bears. High body temperature (>39.0°C) occurred in Tper for 3 of 6 individuals during recapture and 6 of 6 individuals during natural behavior, and in Tabd for 2 of 6 individuals during recapture and 3 of 6 individuals during natural behavior. Measurements of Tabd and Tper correlated with rectal temperatures measured after immobilization, supporting the use of rectal temperatures for monitoring bear response to capture. Using a larger dataset (n = 66 captures), modeling of blood biochemistry revealed that maximum ambient temperature during recapture was associated with a stress leukogram (7–26% decline in percent lymphocytes, 12–21% increase in percent neutrophils) and maximum duration of helicopter operations had a similar but smaller effect. We conclude that polar bear activity and body temperature during helicopter capture are similar to that which occurs during the most intense events of natural behavior; high body temperature, especially in warm capture conditions, is a key concern; additional study of stress leukograms in polar bears is needed; and additional data collection regarding capture operations would be useful.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P. Whiteman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University Hampton Boulevard Norfolk VA 23529 USA
| | - Henry J. Harlow
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming University Avenue Laramie WY 82071 USA
| | - George M. Durner
- Alaska Science Center, US Geological Survey University Drive Anchorage AK 99508 USA
| | - Eric V. Regehr
- Polar Science Center University of Washington NE 40th Street Seattle WA 98105 USA
| | | | - Anthony M. Pagano
- Alaska Science Center, US Geological Survey University Drive Anchorage AK 99508 USA
| | - Merav Ben‐David
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming University Avenue Laramie WY 82071 USA
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Tschoner T, Feist M. Substance P concentrations in the blood plasma and serum of adult cattle and calves during different painful procedures and conditions - a systematic review. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:232. [PMID: 35717202 PMCID: PMC9206354 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03304-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pain in cattle is a major welfare problem, as cattle mask their pain. Subjective and objective parameters to assess pain in cattle have been described. Among the objective parameters to evaluate pain in cattle is substance P (SP). SP is a neurotransmitter, which is involved in the processing of noxious information to the brain; it seems to be a more objective indicator for nociception than cortisol, which has long been used as a biomarker for pain and stress in cattle. The objective of this systematic review was to assess the existing literature about SP during painful procedures, conditions, and diseases in cattle in form of a systematic review. Results Following the PRISMA statement, 36 out of 236 studies were included in this systematic review. Study design, grouping, age and weight of animals, processing of blood samples for the assessment of SP, and results were heterogenous. The largest number of studies originated from the United States of America and Canada and were published in 2018. A higher number of studies were done on calves (69.4%, n = 25) compared with adult cattle (30.6%, n = 11). Most studies were done to assess SP concentrations after administration of analgesics prior to husbandry procedures in calves. Conclusions There is a manageable number of studies assessing SP concentrations during painful procedures, conditions, and diseases in cattle. SP seems to be a suitable biomarker for nociception in cattle, but results of research work are heterogenous, and SP concentrations of calves and adult cattle differ throughout studies. Basic research work is missing and is needed to assess factors others than nociception which might influence the SP concentrations in the blood plasma. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-022-03304-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Tschoner
- Clinic for Ruminants With Ambulatory and Herd Health Services at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Sonnenstrasse 16, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany.
| | - Melanie Feist
- Clinic for Ruminants With Ambulatory and Herd Health Services at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Sonnenstrasse 16, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany
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8
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Martin MS, Kleinhenz MD, Edwards-Callaway LN, Engle TE, Guimaraes O, Schafer DW, Montgomery SR, Curtis AK, Weeder MM, Jacobs DR, Coetzee JF. The effect of breed, sex and oral meloxicam administration on pain biomarkers following hot-iron branding in Hereford and Angus calves. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:6523281. [PMID: 35137141 PMCID: PMC8919813 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hot-iron branding uses thermal injury to permanently identify cattle causing painful tissue damage. The primary objective was to examine the physiological and behavioral effects of oral meloxicam (MEL), compared to a control, administered at the time of hot-iron branding in Angus and Hereford steers and heifers. The secondary objectives were to investigate breed and sex effects on pain biomarkers. A total of 70 yearlings, consisting of 35 heifers and 35 steers (Angus, Hereford, or Angus × Hereford), were enrolled in the study. Animals were blocked by sex, randomized across weight, and assigned to receive MEL (1 mg/kg) or a placebo (CON). Biomarkers were assessed for 48 h after branding and included infrared thermography (IRT), mechanical nociceptive threshold (MNT), accelerometry and a visual analog scale (VAS), and serum cortisol and prostaglandin E2 metabolites (PGEM). Wound healing was assessed for 12 wk. Hair samples to quantify cortisol levels were taken prior to and 30 d post-branding. Responses were analyzed using repeated measures with calf nested in treatment as a random effect, and treatment, time, treatment by time interaction, breed, and sex as fixed effects. There was a treatment by time interaction for PGEM (P < 0.01) with MEL having lower values than CON at 6, 24, and 48 h (MEL: 18.34 ± 3.52, 19.61 ± 3.48, and 22.24 ± 3.48 pg/mL, respectively; CON: 32.57 ± 3.58, 37.00 ± 3.52, and 33.07 ± 3.48 pg/mL; P < 0.01). MEL showed less of a difference in maximum IRT values between the branded (2.27 ± 0.29 °C) and control site (3.15 ± 0.29 °C; P < 0.01). MEL took fewer lying bouts at 0–12 h (4.91 bouts ± 0.56) compared with CON (6.87 bouts ± 0.55; P < 0.01). Compared with Hereford calves, Angus calves exhibited greater serum but lower hair cortisol, greater PGEM, more lying bouts, and less healed wound scores at 3, 4, and 5 wk. Compared with heifers, steers exhibited lower PGEM, lower branding site and ocular IRT, higher MNT, and lower plasma meloxicam levels. Steers spent more time lying, took more lying bouts and had greater VAS pain, and more healed wound scores at 5 wk than heifers. Meloxicam administration at branding reduced branding and control site temperature differences and reduced lying bouts for the first 12 h. Breed and sex effects were observed across many biomarkers. Changes from baseline values for IRT, MNT, lying time, step count, VAS pain, and wound scoring all support that branding cattle is painful. Hot-iron branding uses thermal injury to permanently identify cattle causing painful tissue damage. The primary objective was to examine the effects of oral meloxicam (MEL), compared with a control, administered at the time of hot-iron branding in Angus and Hereford steers and heifers. The secondary objectives were to investigate breed and sex effects on pain biomarkers. A total of 70 yearlings, consisting of 35 heifers and 35 steers (Angus, Hereford, or Angus × Hereford), were enrolled. Animals were assigned to receive MEL or a placebo. Changes from baseline values for infrared thermography (IRT), mechanical nociceptive threshold, lying time, step count, visual analog scale score, and wound scoring all support that hot-iron branding cattle is painful and investigation into analgesic strategies is needed. MEL administration reduced IRT differences from the branding and control site and reduced lying bouts. Breed and sex effects were observed across a wide range of biomarkers and should be considered in future pain studies. The practicality of administering a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug once at the time of branding is attractive. However, a multimodal approach using a combination of analgesics or longer acting analgesic option warrants further investigation to alleviate pain and discomfort caused by hot-iron branding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam S Martin
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Michael D Kleinhenz
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | | | - Terry E Engle
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Octavio Guimaraes
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - David W Schafer
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Shawnee R Montgomery
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Andrew K Curtis
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Mikaela M Weeder
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Devin R Jacobs
- Department of Animal Science, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Johann F Coetzee
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
- Corresponding author:
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9
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Martin MS, Kleinhenz MD, White BJ, Johnson BT, Montgomery SR, Curtis AK, Weeder MM, Blasi DA, Almes KM, Amachawadi RG, Salih HM, Miesner MD, Baysinger AK, Nickell JS, Coetzee JF. Assessment of pain associated with bovine respiratory disease and its mitigation with flunixin meglumine in cattle with induced bacterial pneumonia. J Anim Sci 2021; 100:6473170. [PMID: 34932121 PMCID: PMC8849227 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pleuritic chest pain from bacterial pneumonia is often reported in human medicine. However, studies investigating pain associated with bovine respiratory disease (BRD) are lacking. The objectives of this study were to assess if bacterial pneumonia elicits a pain response in calves with experimentally induced BRD and to determine the analgesic effects of transdermally administered flunixin. Twenty-six calves, 6-7 months of age, with no history of BRD were enrolled into 1 of 3 treatment groups: (1) experimentally induced BRD + transdermal flunixin at 3.3 mg/kg twice, 24 h apart (BRD + FTD); (2) experimentally induced BRD + placebo (BRD + PLBO); and (3) sham induction + placebo (CNTL + PLBO). Calves induced with BRD were inoculated with Mannheimia haemolytica via bronchoalveolar lavage. Outcomes were collected from -48 to 192 hours post-treatment and included serum cortisol; infrared thermography; mechanical nociceptive threshold; substance P; kinematic gait analysis; visual analog scale (VAS); clinical illness score; computerized lung score; average activity and rumination level; prostaglandin E2 metabolite; plasma serum amyloid A and rectal temperature. Outcomes were evaluated using either a generalized logistic mixed model for categorical variables or a generalized linear mixed model for continuous variables. Right front force differed by treatment (P = 0.01). The BRD + PLBO had lower mean force applied to the right front limb (85.5 kg) compared to BRD + FTD (96.5 kg) (P < 0.01). Average VAS differed by a treatment by time interaction (P = 0.01). The VAS scores differed for BRD + PLBO at -48 (3.49 mm) compared to 168 and 192 h (13.49 and 13.64 mm, respectively) (P < 0.01). Activity for BRD + PLBO was higher at -48 h (27 min/h) compared to 48, 72, 120 and 168 h (≤ 22.24 min/h) (P < 0.01). Activity differed by a treatment by time interaction (P = 0.01). Activity for BRD + FTD was higher at -48 and 0 h (28.2 and 28.2 min/h, respectively) compared to 48, 72, 96 and 168 h (≤ 23.7 min/h) (P < 0.01). Results show a combination of reduced activity levels, decreased force on the right front limb, and increased visual analog scale pain scores all support that bacterial pneumonia in cattle is painful. Differences in right front force indicate that flunixin transdermal may attenuate certain pain biomarkers in cattle with BRD. These findings suggest that BRD is painful and analgesic drugs may improve the humane aspects of care for cattle with BRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Martin
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - M D Kleinhenz
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - B J White
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - B T Johnson
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology & Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS
| | - S R Montgomery
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - A K Curtis
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - M M Weeder
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - D A Blasi
- Department of Animal Science, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - K M Almes
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology & Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS
| | - R G Amachawadi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - H M Salih
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology & Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS
| | - M D Miesner
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | | | - J S Nickell
- Merck Animal Health, De Soto, KS, United States
| | - J F Coetzee
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS, United States
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10
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Martin M, Kleinhenz MD, Montgomery SR, Blasi DA, Almes KM, Baysinger AK, Coetzee JF. Assessment of diagnostic accuracy of biomarkers to assess lung consolidation in calves with induced bacterial pneumonia using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. J Anim Sci 2021; 100:6468933. [PMID: 34919697 PMCID: PMC8827016 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is the most economically significant disease for cattle producers in the U.S. Cattle with advanced lung lesions at harvest have reduced average daily gain, yield grades and carcass quality outcomes. The identification of biomarkers and clinical signs that accurately predict lung lesions could benefit livestock producers in determining a BRD prognosis. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves are graphical plots that illustrate the diagnostic ability of a biomarker or clinical sign. Previously we used the area under the ROC curve (AUC) to identify cortisol, hair cortisol and infrared thermography imaging as having acceptable (AUC > 0.7) diagnostic accuracy for detecting pain in cattle. Herein, we used ROC curves to assess the sensitivity and specificity of biomarkers and clinical signs associated with lung lesions after experimentally induced bovine respiratory disease (BRD). We hypothesized pain biomarkers and clinical signs assessed at specific timepoints after induction of BRD could be used to predict lung consolidation at necropsy. Lung consolidation of >10% was retrospectively assigned at necropsy as a true positive indicator of BRD. Calves with a score of <10% were considered negative for BRD. The biomarkers and clinical signs analyzed were serum cortisol; infrared thermography (IRT); mechanical nociceptive threshold (MNT); substance P; kinematic gait analysis; a visual analog scale (VAS); clinical illness score (CIS); computerized lung score (CLS); average activity levels; prostaglandin E2 metabolite (PGEM); serum amyloid A and rectal temperature. A total of 5,122 biomarkers and clinical signs were collected from 26 calves, eighteen of which were inoculated with M. haemolytica. All statistics were performed using JMP Pro 14.0. Results comparing calves with significant lung lesions to those without yielded the best diagnostic accuracy (AUC > 0.75) for right front stride length at 0 h; gait velocity at 32 h; VAS, CIS, average activity and rumination levels, step count and rectal temperature, all at 48 h; PGEM at 72 h; gait distance at 120 h; cortisol at 168 h; and IRT, right front force and serum amyloid A, all at 192 h. These results show ROC analysis can be a useful indicator of the predictive value of pain biomarkers and clinical signs in cattle with induced bacterial pneumonia. AUC values for VAS score, average activity levels, step count, and rectal temperature seemed to yield good diagnostic accuracy (AUC > 0.75) at multiple timepoints while MNT values, substance P concentrations, and CLS did not (all AUC values < 0.75).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Martin
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - M D Kleinhenz
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - S R Montgomery
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - D A Blasi
- Department of Animal Science, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - K M Almes
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology & Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | | | - J F Coetzee
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS, USA
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11
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Beenken AM, Deters EL, Hansen SL. The effect of injectable vitamin C and road transit duration on inflammation, muscle fatigue, and performance in pre-conditioned beef steer calves. J Anim Sci 2021; 99:6410693. [PMID: 34698836 PMCID: PMC8645226 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the effects of injectable vitamin C (VC) before transport and duration of transit on feedlot performance, inflammation, and muscle fatigue in cattle. One hundred thirty-two Angus-cross steers (393 ± 4 kg) were stratified by body weight (BW) to a 2 × 2 factorial of intramuscular injection (INJ; 20 mL/steer): VC (250 mg sodium ascorbate/mL) or saline (SAL) and road transit duration (DUR): 18 h (18-h; 1,770 km) or 8 h (8-h; 727 km). On day 0, steers were weighed and given INJ of VC or SAL immediately before transport. Upon return (day 1), BW and blood were collected before steers returned to pens equipped with GrowSafe bunks. Steers were weighed on days 0, 1, 7, 15, 30, 31, 54, and 55. Data were analyzed via ProcMixed of SAS (experimental unit = steer; 32 to 34 steers/treatment) with fixed effects of INJ, DUR, and the interaction. Blood was collected on days −5, 1, 2, 3, and 7 (n = 9 steers/treatment); blood parameters were analyzed as repeated measures with the repeated effect of day. Area under the curve (AUC) for plasma ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) was calculated using R. Final BW was greater for 8 h compared to 18 h (P = 0.05) with no effect of INJ or interaction (P ≥ 0.51). Dry matter intake (DMI) from days 1 to 7 was greater for VC-8, intermediate for VC-18 and SAL-18, and least for SAL-8 (P = 0.02). Overall, DMI tended to be greatest for SAL-18, intermediate for VC-18 and VC-8, and least for SAL-8 (P = 0.08). Days 7 to 31 gain:feed (G:F) was greatest for VC-18 compared to other treatments (INJ × DUR, P = 0.05), and there was no effect of treatment on overall G:F (P ≥ 0. 19). There was no INJ or INJ × DAY (P ≥ 0.17) effect on serum lactate, haptoglobin, or non-esterified fatty acid. However, these blood parameters were greater on day 1 for 18 h compared to 8 h, and both treatments returned to near baseline by day 3 (DUR × DAY, P < 0.01). Plasma ascorbate concentrations on day 1 were greater for VC compared to SAL and returned to baseline by day 2 (INJ × DAY, P < 0.01). Plasma FRAP AUC from days −5 to 3 was greatest for VC-18, intermediate for VC-8 and SAL-8, and least for SAL-18 (INJ × DAY, P = 0.02). This suggests an antioxidant prior to long-haul transit positively influenced antioxidant capacity; however, VC did not improve overall post-transit performance. Although longer transit duration increased indicators of muscle fatigue and inflammation, post-transit performance was not appreciably different between transit durations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aubree M Beenken
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50014, USA
| | - Erin L Deters
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50014, USA
| | - Stephanie L Hansen
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50014, USA
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12
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Jung DJS, Lee J, Kim DH, Beak SH, Hong SJ, Jeong IH, Yoo SP, Lee JO, Cho IG, Fassah DM, Kim HJ, Baik M. Effects of stress after road transportation and oral administration of chromium and meloxicam on plasma cortisol concentrations and behavior in dairy calves. Anim Biosci 2021; 35:503-510. [PMID: 34727648 PMCID: PMC8902229 DOI: 10.5713/ab.21.0321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study was performed to determine the effects of stress after road transportation and oral administration of chromium and meloxicam on growth performance, plasma cortisol, serum metabolites, and behavior in dairy calves. Methods A total of 50 Holstein heifers (average body weight [BW]: 172±4.19 kg; average age: 5.53±0.12 months) were randomly assigned to five groups including NL (not transported + D-lactose; 1 mg/kg BW), TL (transported + D-lactose; 1 mg/kg BW), TC (transported + chromium; 0.5 mg/kg dry matter [DM] feed), TM (transported + meloxicam; 1 mg/kg BW), and TMC (transported + combination of meloxicam and chromium; 1 mg/kg BW and 0.5 mg/kg DM, respectively). Doses of D-lactose monohydrate, meloxicam, and chromium were prepared for oral administration by suspension in 15 mL of water in a 20-mL dosing syringe. Blood was collected before transportation, immediately after 120 km of transportation (IAT), and at 6, 24, and 48 h after transportation. Results Neither transportation nor administration of meloxicam and/or chromium affected (p = 0.99) average daily gain and feed intake. Plasma cortisol concentrations in the NL group (average 0.13 and 0.18 nmol/L, respectively) were lower (p<0.001) compared to the TL group (average 0.39 and 0.61 nmol/L, respectively) at IAT and 48 h after transportation. At 48 h after transportation, cortisol concentrations were lower (p<0.05) in the TC group (average 0.22 nmol/L) than in the TL group (average 0.61 nmol/L), and TC calves had similar cortisol concentrations to NL calves. Lying duration (min/d) was shorter (p<0.05) in the TL group than in the NL group at 2 d after transportation. Lying duration was longer (p<0.05) for the TC and TMC groups than for the TL group at 2 d after transportation. Conclusion Transportation increased cortisol concentrations and affected lying behavior, while chromium administration reduced cortisol concentrations and changed lying behavior. Thus, chromium administration before transportation may be a viable strategy to alleviate stress elicited by road transportation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Jin Sol Jung
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jaesung Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Do Hyun Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Seok-Hyeon Beak
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Soo Jong Hong
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - In Hyuk Jeong
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Seon Pil Yoo
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jin Oh Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - In Gu Cho
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Dilla Mareistia Fassah
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Hyun Jin Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Myunggi Baik
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea.,Institutes of Green Bio Science Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Korea
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13
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Bassel LL, Kaufman EI, Alsop SNA, Buchan J, Hewson J, McCandless EE, Tiwari R, Sharif S, Vulikh K, Caswell JL. Effect of aerosolized bacterial lysate on development of naturally occurring respiratory disease in beef calves. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:655-665. [PMID: 33442910 PMCID: PMC7848379 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is a major problem affecting beef cattle after arrival to feedlots. Alternatives to antibiotics are needed for prevention. Hypothesis Stimulation of pulmonary innate immune responses at the time of arrival to a feedlot reduces the occurrence and severity of BRD. Animals Sixty beef steers at high risk of BRD. Methods Randomized, double‐blinded, placebo‐controlled study. Calves received saline or a lysate of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli by aerosol, at 16 hours after feedlot arrival. Calves were monitored for 28 days for disease outcomes and levels of Mycoplasma bovis and Mannheimia haemolytica in nasal swabs. Results Death from M bovis pneumonia was significantly greater in lysate‐treated animals (6/29, 24%) compared to controls (1/29, 3%; odds ratio = 10.2; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.1‐96.0; P = .04). By 28 days after arrival, 29/29 lysate‐treated calves had ultrasonographic pulmonary consolidation compared to 24/29 control calves (P = .05). Lysate‐treated calves had lower weight gain compared to control calves (−8.8 kg, 95% CI = −17.1 to −0.5; P = .04), and higher body temperatures on days 4, 7, and 21 (0.19°C; 95% CI = 0.01‐0.37; P = .04). Nasal M bovis numbers increased over time and were higher in lysate‐treated calves (0.76 log CFU, 95% CI = 0.3‐1.2; P = .001). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Aerosol administration of a bacterial lysate exacerbated BRD in healthy high‐risk beef calves, suggesting that respiratory tract inflammation adversely affects how calves respond to subsequent natural infection with M bovis and other respiratory pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura L Bassel
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Emily I Kaufman
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sarah-Nicole A Alsop
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jordan Buchan
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joanne Hewson
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Erin E McCandless
- Global Therapeutics Research, Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, Zoetis Inc., Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA
| | - Raksha Tiwari
- Global Therapeutics Research, Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, Zoetis Inc., Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA
| | - Shayan Sharif
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ksenia Vulikh
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeff L Caswell
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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14
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Warner R, Kleinhenz MD, Ydstie JA, Schleining JA, Wulf LW, Coetzee JF, Gorden PJ. Randomized controlled trial comparison of analgesic drugs for control of pain associated with induced lameness in lactating dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 2020; 104:2040-2055. [PMID: 33309349 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Both the economic loss and welfare implications of lameness affect the dairy industry. Currently no analgesic drugs are approved to alleviate lameness-associated pain in lactating dairy cattle in the United States. In this randomized controlled trial, 48 lactating Holsteins were enrolled to evaluate the effect of oral meloxicam and i.v. flunixin meglumine on induced lameness. Cows were allocated to 1 of 4 treatment groups (n = 12 per group): lameness and flunixin meglumine (LAME + FLU); lameness and meloxicam (LAME + MEL); lameness and placebo (LAME + PLBO); or sham induction and placebo (SHAM + PLBO). Six hours before treatment, arthritis-synovitis was induced in the distal interphalangeal joint with 20 mg of amphotericin B, whereas SHAM cows were given an intra-articular injection of an equal volume (4 mL) of isotonic saline. Cows in LAME + FLU received 2.2 mg/kg flunixin meglumine i.v. and whey protein placebo orally; LAME + MEL were administered 1 mg/kg meloxicam orally and 2 mL/45 kg sterile saline placebo i.v.; LAME + PLBO were administered 2 mL/45 kg sterile saline placebo i.v. and whey protein placebo orally; and SHAM + PLBO received 2 mL/45 kg sterile saline placebo i.v. and whey protein placebo orally. The initial treatment of MEL, FLU, or PLBO was identified as time 0 h and followed by a second dose 24 h later with data collection for 120 h. The methods used to assess analgesic efficacy were electronic pressure mat, visual lameness assessment, visual analog score, plasma cortisol concentration, plasma substance P concentration, mechanical nociception threshold, and infrared thermography imaging. Linear mixed effect modeling was the primary method of statistical analysis. Visual lameness scoring indicated a lower proportion of the FLU + LAME group was lame at the T2 h and T8 h time points in comparison to the positive controls, whereas MEL therapy resulted in a lower proportion of lame cows at the T8 h time point. Cortisol area under the effect curve was lower following FLU therapy compared with LAME + PBLO for the 0-2 h (LSM difference = 35.1 ng·h/mL, 95% CI: 6.8, 63.3 ng·h/mL), 2-8 h (LSM difference = 120.6 ng·h/mL, 95% CI: 77.2, 164.0 ng·h/mL), and 0-24 h (LSM difference = 226.0 ng·h/mL, 95% CI: 103.3, 348.8 ng·h/mL) time intervals. Following MEL therapy, cortisol area under the effect curve was lower than LAME + PLBO for both the 2 to 8 h (LSM difference = 93.6 ng·h/mL, 95% CI: 50.2, 137.0 ng·h/mL) and 0 to 24 h time intervals (LSM difference = 187.6 ng·h/mL, 95% CI: 64.9, 310.4 ng·h/mL). Analysis of data from other assessment modalities failed to discern biologically relevant differences between treatment groups. We conclude that meaningful differences were evident for visual lameness assessment and cortisol from MEL and FLU treatment versus the positive control. Further clinical research is needed toward development of a model that will create reproducible events that are more pronounced in severity and duration of lameness which can be validated as a substitute for naturally occurring lameness cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Warner
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - M D Kleinhenz
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506
| | - J A Ydstie
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - J A Schleining
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station 77845
| | - L W Wulf
- Analytical Chemistry Section, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - J F Coetzee
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506
| | - P J Gorden
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011.
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15
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Barragan AA, Bauman LM, Schuenemann GM, Velez J, Lakritz J, Coetzee JF, Gonzalez JDR, Piñeiro JM, Menichetti B, Bas S. Administration of acetylsalicylic acid after parturition in lactating dairy cows under certified organic management: Part II. Biomarkers of nociception, inflammation, and stress. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:11713-11722. [PMID: 33010916 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective was to assess the effect of oral administration of acetylsalicylic acid after calving on the concentrations of substance P (SP), haptoglobin (HP), and cortisol in lactating dairy cows. Holstein dairy cows (n = 152) from 3 organic herds were included. At parturition, cows were blocked by parity [multiparous (MULT) and primiparous (PRIM)] and calving ease [eutocia (EUT) and dystocia (DYS)] and were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatment groups: aspirin (ASP; n = 76), in which within 12 h after parturition cows received 4 treatments with acetylsalicylic acid (100 mg/kg; 2 boluses) at 12-h intervals, or placebo (PLC; n = 76), in which within 12 h after parturition cows received 4 consecutive treatments with gelatin capsules (2 capsules) containing water 12 h apart. Blood samples were collected immediately before treatment and at 12, 24, 36, 48, and 168 h (7 DIM) for assessment of circulating concentration of SP, HP, and cortisol. Based on farm records, cows were classified in the following clinical disease categories: no clinical disease event (NO-EVT), a single clinical disease event (SI-EVT), and more than 1 clinical disease event (MU-EVT). The study data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design using mixed multiple linear and logistic regression models. With regard to HP, there was a tendency for an interaction between treatment and parity, where MULT cows treated with ASP had lower concentration of HP compared with MULT cows treated with PLC (ASP = 124.33 ± 6.83 µg/mL; PLC = 143.9 ± 7.24 µg/mL). Analysis by calving ease showed that cows with DYS had higher concentrations of HP (DYS = 159.17 ± 5.97 µg/mL; EUT = 138.72 ± 6.22 µg/mL) and SP (only at 168 h; DYS = 64.99 pg/mL, 95% confidence interval, CI: 2.68-2.81; EUT = 60.33 pg/mL, 95% CI: 2.91-3.06) after calving compared with EUT cows. Regardless of treatment, PRIM cows had higher concentrations of SP (MULT = 55.11 pg/mL, 95% CI: 1.27-1.30; PRIM = 57.62 pg/mL, 95% CI: 1.99-2.06), HP (MULT = 134.14 ± 4.96 µg/mL; PRIM = 163.75 ± 7.76 µg/mL), and cortisol (MULT = 18.65 µg/mL, 95% CI: 1.02-1.05; PRIM = 21.92 µg/mL, 95% CI: 1.67-1.74) compared with MULT cows. In addition, cows that experienced SI-EVT or MU-EVT had higher concentrations of HP (NO-EVT = 134.13 ± 5.95 µg/mL; SI-EVT = 142.68 ± 7.32 µg/mL; MU-EVT = 170.03 ± 9.42 µg/mL) and cortisol (NO-EVT = 17.86 µg/mL, 95% CI: 1.20-1.24; SI-EVT = 21.01 µg/mL, 95% CI: 1.61-1.67; MU-EVT = 22.01 µg/mL, 95% CI: 2.08-2.18) compared with cows with NO-EVT recorded. Results from this study suggest that a short-duration anti-inflammatory therapy after calving reduced HP in MULT cows but may not have effects on SP and cortisol concentrations. Calving ease and parity affected the concentrations of markers of inflammation, nociception, and stress regardless of treatment. Further research is warranted to assess anti-inflammatory strategies aimed at decreasing inflammation and stress in DYS and PRIM cows and therefore improve welfare and performance of these high-priority groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Barragan
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
| | - L M Bauman
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
| | - G M Schuenemann
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
| | - J Velez
- Aurora Organic Farms, Platteville, CO 80651
| | - J Lakritz
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
| | - J F Coetzee
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506
| | | | - J M Piñeiro
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
| | - B Menichetti
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
| | - S Bas
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210.
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16
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Tschoner TS, Zablotski Y, Knubben-Schweizer G, Feist M. Effect of xylazine administration before laparoscopic abomasopexy to correct left displaced abomasum on markers of stress in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:9318-9331. [PMID: 32747093 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Left displacement of the abomasum in dairy cows is a disease diagnosed all over the world. In Germany, a common method for its correction is laparoscopic abomasopexy (LA). The aim of the study was to assess cortisol and substance P concentrations, behavioral patterns, and feeding and rumination times during and after LA in cattle treated with xylazine before LA compared with nonsedated cattle. A total of 28 cattle that had been referred to a veterinary teaching hospital with a diagnosis of left displacement of the abomasum were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 groups. Surgery was performed according to a standardized protocol. Animals of XYL (n = 14) received xylazine (0.02 mg/kg body weight i.v.) before surgery, and animals of CON (n = 14) received a placebo (0.9% saline i.v.). All cows received ketoprofen (3 mg/kg body weight i.v.) twice, and benzyl penicillin procaine (20,000 IU/kg body weight i.m.) for 5 ± 1 d. Blood samples for the determination of plasma cortisol concentration (PCC) and plasma substance P concentration were taken 3 h before surgery (+00:00), at 1100 h (+03:00), 1115 h (+03:15, skin incision), 1130 h (+03:30), 1145 h (+03:45, dorsal recumbency), 1200 h (+04:00, end of surgery), 1230 h (+04:30), 1300 h (+05:00), 1400 h (+06:00), and 1100 h (+27:00) the following day. Behavior was assessed on the day of surgery and the following day (0800, 1300, and 1700 h), and during surgery. Feeding and rumination time were recorded for 24 h after surgery. Data analysis was done using R (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria). The LA was performed in all animals without negative effects. The PCC was lower in XYL than in CON at all times and significantly lower at +03:30. In CON, PCC was significantly higher at +03:45, +04:00, and +04:30 compared with +03:00. In XYL, PCC was significantly lower at +03:15 and +03:30 compared with +03:00, and significantly higher at +04:00 and +04:30. Plasma substance P concentration did not differ between groups. No differences were observed in behavior between CON and XYL. Feeding and rumination times did not differ between groups. Animals in XYL showed significantly more chews per bolus after surgery than animals in CON. In conclusion, administration of xylazine before LA results in lower stress levels for cattle during the course of LA, especially before being put into lateral and dorsal recumbency. Therefore, in the opinion of the authors, xylazine administration can be recommended before LA to improve the well-being of the animals during and after surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- T S Tschoner
- Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory and Herd Health Services at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Sonnenstrasse 16, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany.
| | - Y Zablotski
- Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory and Herd Health Services at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Sonnenstrasse 16, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - G Knubben-Schweizer
- Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory and Herd Health Services at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Sonnenstrasse 16, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - M Feist
- Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory and Herd Health Services at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Sonnenstrasse 16, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
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17
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Alfaro GF, Novak TE, Rodning SP, Moisá SJ. Preconditioning beef cattle for long-duration transportation stress with rumen-protected methionine supplementation: A nutrigenetics study. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235481. [PMID: 32614880 PMCID: PMC7332072 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In general, beef cattle long-distance transportation from cow-calf operations to feedlots or from feedlots to abattoirs is a common situation in the beef industry. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of rumen-protected methionine (RPM) supplementation on a proposed gene network for muscle fatigue, creatine synthesis (CKM), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism after a transportation simulation in a test track. Angus × Simmental heifers (n = 18) were stratified by body weight (408 ± 64 kg; BW) and randomly assigned to dietary treatments: 1) control diet (CTRL) or 2) control diet + 8 gr/hd/day of top-dressed rumen-protected methionine (RPM). After an adaptation period to Calan gates, animals received the mentioned dietary treatment consisting of Bermuda hay ad libitum and a soy hulls and corn gluten feed based supplement. After 45 days of supplementation, animals were loaded onto a trailer and transported for 22 hours (long-term transportation). Longissimus muscle biopsies, BW and blood samples were obtained on day 0 (Baseline), 43 (Pre-transport; PRET), and 46 (Post-transport; POST). Heifers' average daily gain did not differ between baseline and PRET. Control heifer's shrink was 10% of BW while RPM heifers shrink was 8%. Serum cortisol decreased, and glucose and creatine kinase levels increased after transportation, but no differences were observed between treatments. Messenger RNA was extracted from skeletal muscle tissue and gene expression analysis was performed by RT-qPCR. Results showed that AHCY and DNMT3A (DNA methylation), SSPN (Sarcoglycan complex), and SOD2 (Oxidative Stress-ROS) were upregulated in CTRL between baseline and PRET and, decreased between pre and POST while they remained constant for RPM. Furthermore, CKM was not affected by treatments. In conclusion, RPM supplementation may affect ROS production and enhance DNA hypermethylation, after a long-term transportation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gastón F. Alfaro
- Department of Animal Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States of America
| | - Taylor E. Novak
- Department of Animal Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States of America
| | - Soren P. Rodning
- Department of Animal Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States of America
| | - Sonia J. Moisá
- Department of Animal Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States of America
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18
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Wu X, Cao N, Zhou Z, Beck PA, Wu H, Meng Q. Effect of anti-inflammatory compounds or antibiotic administration on receiving performance and physiological responses of transported heifers. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:5719593. [PMID: 32006020 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of products with anti-inflammatory properties (yeast product [YEA; 20 g/heifer daily] or astragalus polysaccharide [APS; 20 g/heifer daily]) or an antibiotic (TUL, tulathromycin; 0.025 mL/kg body weight [BW]) on receiving performance and stress responses of transported heifers. Angus heifers (n = 80) were ranked by BW (315 ± 6 kg) and assigned to one of four treatments (five pens per treatment, four heifers per pen) 7 d before shipping 1,400 km (day -7): 1) fed a basal diet of ad libitum hay and concentrate supplement (CON) from day -7 to day 29; 2) YEA in supplemental concentrate from day -7 to day 7 (YEA); 3) APS in supplemental concentrate from day -7 to day 7 (APS); 4) administration of TUL at loading for shipping (day 0; TUL). Upon arrival at the receiving facility (day 1), heifers within each treatment were ranked by BW and assigned to 20 feedlot pens in the same manner as pre-transport. Daily dry matter intake (DMI) was recorded from day 1 to day 28. Full BW was recorded on days -7, -1, 0, 1, 28, and 29. Blood samples were collected on days -7, -1, 1, 4, 7, 14, and 28. Over the receiving period, average daily gain (ADG) and gain: feed did not differ (P ≥ 0.19) for YEA, APS, and TUL, which were greater (P ≤ 0.01) than CON. Average daily gain was also lower (P < 0.01) for CON vs. YEA, APS, and TUL from day -7 to day 28. During the first week of receiving, hay, concentrate, and total DMI were lower (P < 0.01) in CON than the YEA, APS, and TUL, but did not differ (P ≥ 0.13) among these three groups. Hay and total DMI were still lower (P < 0.01) in CON vs. TUL in the second week. Total DMI was greater (P = 0.01) for TUL vs. YEA, and greater (P < 0.01) for YEA vs. CON. Serum nonesterified fatty acid concentrations were greater (P ≤ 0.05) for CON and TUL vs. YEA and APS on day 1. Plasma cortisol concentrations were greater (P ≤ 0.05) for YEA and CON vs. APS and TUL on day 1. Serum tumor necrosis factor-α concentrations were lower (P ≤ 0.05) for APS vs. CON, YEA, and TUL on days 1 and 4. Plasma haptoglobin concentrations were greater (P ≤ 0.05) for CON vs. YEA, APS, and TUL on days 1 and 4, greater (P ≤ 0.05) for YEA, APS vs. TUL on day 1, and greater (P = 0.03) for YEA vs. TUL on day 4. Plasma ceruloplasmin concentrations were greater (P ≤ 0.05) for CON vs. YEA, APS and TUL vs. APS on days 1, 4, and 7. In conclusion, YEA, APS, and TUL modulated the physiological stress responses and alleviated the performance losses caused by long-distance transportation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Na Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Zhenming Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Paul A Beck
- Department of Animal & Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK
| | - Hao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Qingxiang Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
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19
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Meléndez DM, Marti S, Pajor EA, Moya D, Gellatly D, Janzen ED, Schwartzkopf-Genswein KS. Effect of subcutaneous meloxicam on indicators of acute pain and distress after castration and branding in 2-mo-old beef calves1,2. J Anim Sci 2020; 96:3606-3621. [PMID: 29912457 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess knife castration and knife castration + branding in 2-mo-old calves, and the effect of a single dose of s.c. meloxicam at mitigating pain indicators. Seventy-one Angus crossbred bull calves (128 ± 18.5 kg of BW) were used in a 3 × 2 factorial design where main factors included procedure: sham (control calves, CT; n = 23), knife (KN; n = 24) or knife + branding (BK; n = 24), and medication: single s.c. administration of lactated ringer solution (NM; n = 35) or a single dose of 0.5 mg/kg of s.c. meloxicam (M; n = 36). Physiological samples were collected at T0, 60, 90, 120, and 180 min and on days 1, 2, 3, and 7 after procedure, whereas behavioral observations were evaluated at 2 to 4 h and 1, 2, 3, and 7 days after procedure. A procedure × time effect (P < 0.01) was observed for cortisol, where KN and BK calves had greater (P ≤ 0.01) cortisol concentrations than CT calves 60 min after the procedure, whereas BK calves had the greatest (P < 0.05) cortisol concentrations, followed by KN calves and by CT calves 90, 120, and 180 min after the procedure. A procedure × time effect (P = 0.01) was observed for tail flicks, where KN and BK calves had a greater (P < 0.05) number of tail flicks than CT calves on days 1 and 3, whereas BK calves had the greatest number of tail flicks, followed by KN calves, and then by CT calves on day 2. Haptoglobin had a procedure × medication × time interaction (P = 0.05), where BK-NM calves had greater haptoglobin concentrations than BK-M, KN-M, and CT calves on days 1 and 3, whereas BK-NM and KN-NM calves had greater haptoglobin concentrations than BK-M, KN-M, and CT calves on day 2 after the procedure. Lying duration and tail flicks had a medication effect (P = 0.04; P < 0.01) where M calves had greater (P < 0.05) lying duration and lower (P < 0.05) number of tail flicks than NM calves 2 to 4 h after procedure. No medication effects (P > 0.10) were observed for salivary cortisol, substance P, and scrotal temperature minutes after the procedure or for cortisol, substance P, serum amyloid-A, stride length, or behavioral observations days after the procedure. Overall, BK calves presented greater physiological and behavioral indicators of acute pain than KN calves, suggesting that the combination of knife castration + branding was more painful. Meloxicam administered s.c. was effective at reducing physiological and behavioral indicators of acute pain associated with knife castration and knife castration + branding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela M Meléndez
- Department of Production Animal Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, Canada
| | - Sonia Marti
- Department of Production Animal Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,IRTA Department of Ruminant Production, Caldes de Montbui, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ed A Pajor
- Department of Production Animal Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Diego Moya
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Désirée Gellatly
- Department of Production Animal Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, Canada
| | - Eugene D Janzen
- Department of Production Animal Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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20
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Martin M, Kleinhenz M, Kleinhenz K, Reppert E, Blasi D, Parks T, Baysinger A, Hutcheson J, Coetzee J. Comparison of the effect of tildipirosin administered alone or in combination with transdermal flunixin on the performance, health, activity, and well-being of transported feedlot calves on arrival at the feedlot. Transl Anim Sci 2020; 4:452-459. [PMID: 32705003 PMCID: PMC7200527 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txaa005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Long distance transportation can be a significant source of stress to cattle and is associated with increased risk of bovine respiratory disease (BRD). The administration of a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) has been shown to reduce stress following long distance transport. The objective of this study was to compare performance, health, accelerometer activity, and well-being between calves receiving either tildipirosin (Zuprevo 18%; Merck Animal Health, Madison, NJ) alone or in combination with transdermal flunixin (BANAMINE Transdermal Pour-on Solution; Merck Animal Health, Madison, NJ) on arrival at the feedlot. Three hundred eighty-four polled, Continental × English, and English crossbred bulls (n = 199) and steers (n = 185) were enrolled into one of two treatments: 1) tildipirosin administered in the neck as a single dose of 4 mg/kg only (PLBO) 2) tildipirosin in combination with transdermal flunixin applied to the dorsal midline at a dose of 3.3 mg/kg (FTD). Outcomes measured were average daily gain (ADG), dry mater intake (DMI), gain to feed, morbidity, mortality, accelerometer activity data, and a daily visual analog scale (VAS) assessment of well-being. Body weight (BW) was determined by weighing individual animals; ADG was calculated as initial BW-final BW / total days on feed; DMI was calculated as daily pen feed allocation-feed remaining at next feeding / number of calves in the pen; and gain to feed was calculated as pen level ADG / pen level DMI. The VAS used was a 100 mm line anchored at each end by descriptors of "no pain" or "severe pain". Statistical analysis was performed using JMP 13 computer software using pen as the experimental unit, lot number as a random variable, and treatment as a fixed variable. There was no treatment effect on DMI (P = 0.51). During the first 14 d on feed, FTD calves had a lower ADG of 0.90 kg/d compared with 1.33 kg/d in the PLBO group (P = 0.05). There were no differences observed in morbidity and mortality between groups (P = 0.29). There were no treatment differences from activity data (P = 0.19). The VAS assessment showed a significant time × treatment interaction (P < 0.001). During the first 36 h after treatment administration, the FTD-treated calves had lower VAS scores [6.23 (95% CI: 5.27-7.20) compared with 7.28 (95% CI: 6.32-8.24)] than PLBO (P < 0.05). Results suggest that FTD-treated calves showed less signs of pain the first 36 h postdrug application relative to PLBO calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Martin
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS
| | - Michael Kleinhenz
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS
| | - Katie Kleinhenz
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS
| | - Emily Reppert
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS
| | - Dale Blasi
- Department of Animal Science, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | | | | | | | - Johann Coetzee
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS
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21
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Karlen KJ, Baier FS, Odegard SL, Baumann RM, Coetzee JF, Kehoe SI, Vogel KD. Efficacy of oral meloxicam as primary pain mitigation following caustic paste disbudding of three day old Holstein calves 1. Transl Anim Sci 2019; 5:txz151. [PMID: 34151196 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txz151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of perioperative administration of oral meloxicam prior to and following the application of caustic paste to disbud neonatal dairy calves. Sixty-one 3-4-d-old Holstein heifer calves were randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups of 15-16 calves. The treatment groups were: 1) M1, caustic paste disbudding and oral meloxicam (45 mg) with a placebo 24 h later; 2) M2, treatment M1 followed by a second 45-mg dose of meloxicam 24 h later instead of placebo; 3) CONTROL, treatment M1 with placebo in place of meloxicam; and 4) SHAM, sham disbudding with placebo in place of meloxicam. Infrared thermography was used to quantify eye and horn bud temperatures. Pressure algometry was used to measure Mechanical nociceptive threshold (MNT) surrounding the horn bud. Average daily gain and body weight (BW) were obtained by weighing each animal throughout the study and calculating the changes over time. Plasma was collected and analyzed for cortisol and substance P concentrations. Substance P and cortisol decreased in all animals over time, regardless of treatment. Mean plasma substance P concentration across all time points was greater (P < 0.05) in the SHAM group than M1 or M2 but not different (P > 0.05) than the CONTROL group. The MNT and ocular temperatures decreased over time across all treatments (P < 0.05). Mean BW increased over time across all treatments (P < 0.05). A significant interaction (P < 0.05) between treatment and sampling time was observed at 12 h following treatment application for both mean horn bud temperature and the ratio between horn bud and ocular temperature. Overall, the results of this study suggest that meloxicam administration at a dose of 45 mg per animal may have limited influence as the primary modulator of pain and inflammatory response in calves that have been disbudded with caustic paste at 3 d of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J Karlen
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - Faith S Baier
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Sara L Odegard
- Department of Animal and Food Science, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, WI
| | | | - Johann F Coetzee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Sylvia I Kehoe
- Department of Animal and Food Science, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, WI
| | - Kurt D Vogel
- Department of Animal and Food Science, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, WI
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22
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Pearson JM, Pajor EA, Campbell JR, Caulkett NA, Levy M, Dorin C, Windeyer MC. Clinical impacts of administering a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug to beef calves after assisted calving on pain and inflammation, passive immunity, health, and growth. J Anim Sci 2019; 97:1996-2008. [PMID: 30896739 PMCID: PMC6488310 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skz094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Assisted calves are often born weak, injured, or oxygen deprived and have a higher risk of morbidity and mortality. The objective was to investigate the impact of using pain mitigation at birth in assisted beef calves on physiological indicators of pain and inflammation, passive immunity, health, and growth. Thirty-three primiparous cows and their calves requiring assistance at birth on two ranches located in southern Alberta were enrolled. Data collected at birth include date and time of calving, calf sex, meconium staining, presentation of calf, and calving difficulty (easy assist: one person manually delivered the calf; difficult assist: delivery by two or more people, or mechanical assistance). Within 10 min of birth, calves were stratified by calving difficulty, randomized to a medication group, and received a subcutaneous dose of meloxicam (0.5 mg/kg BW) or an equivalent volume of placebo. Cow–calf pairs were then placed in individual box stalls for observation and sampling. At birth, 1, 4, and 24 h after birth, heart rate, respiratory rate, and rectal temperature were assessed and blood samples collected to measure indicators of pain and inflammation (cortisol, corticosterone, substance P, and haptoglobin). Serum IgG concentration and failed transfer of passive immunity (serum IgG concentration <24 g/L) were assessed in the 24-h blood samples. Preweaning treatment for disease and mortality information was collected and calves were weighed at 7 to 10 d of age and at weaning. Of the 33 calves enrolled, 17 calves received meloxicam and 16 calves received a placebo. Meloxicam-medicated calves had significantly greater ADG to 7 to 10 d of age (P = 0.05) (mean = 0.9 kg/d; SE = 0.10) compared with placebo-medicated calves (mean = 0.6 kg/d; SE = 0.12). There was no significant effect of meloxicam on physiological indicators of pain and inflammation, standing or nursing by 1 h, passive immunity, health outcomes, or ADG to weaning (P > 0.1). Although this was a small sample population, meloxicam given to assisted calves at birth improved ADG in the first week of life, which may indicate an important production management tool for improving well-being in assisted calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Pearson
- Department of Production Animal Health, University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Edmond A Pajor
- Department of Production Animal Health, University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - John R Campbell
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Nigel A Caulkett
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Michel Levy
- Department of Production Animal Health, University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Craig Dorin
- Veterinary Agri-Health Services Ltd., Airdrie, AB, Canada
| | - M Claire Windeyer
- Department of Production Animal Health, University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Calgary, AB, Canada
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23
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Meléndez DM, Marti S, Pajor EA, Sidhu PK, Gellatly D, Janzen ED, Schwinghamer TD, Coetzee JF, Schwartzkopf-Genswein KS. Pharmacokinetics of oral and subcutaneous meloxicam: Effect on indicators of pain and inflammation after knife castration in weaned beef calves. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217518. [PMID: 31125384 PMCID: PMC6534336 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral meloxicam is labelled for reducing pain and inflammation associated with castration in cattle in Canada, however, subcutaneous meloxicam is only labelled for pain associated with dis-budding and abdominal surgery. The aim of this project was to determine the pharmacokinetic profile of oral (PO; 1.0 mg/kg BW) and subcutaneous meloxicam (SC; 0.5 mg/kg BW), and to assess the effect of meloxicam on physiological and behavioural indicators of pain associated with knife castration in 7–8 month old calves. Twenty-three Angus crossbred beef calves (328 ± 4.4 kg BW) were randomly assigned to two treatments: PO n = 12 or SC n = 11 administration of meloxicam immediately before knife castration. Physiological parameters included salivary and hair cortisol, substance P, haptoglobin, serum amyloid-A, weight, complete blood count, scrotal and rectal temperature. Behavioural parameters included standing and lying behaviour, pen behaviour and feeding behaviour. Data were analyzed using PROC GLIMMIX (SAS), with repeated measures using mixed procedures including treatment as a fixed effect and animal and pen as a random effect. The pharmacokinetic profile of the drug including area under the curve, volume of distribution and clearance was greater (P < 0.05) in PO than SC calves. After surgery, substance P concentrations, white blood cell counts (WBC), weight and lying duration were greater (P < 0.05) in PO than SC calves, while scrotal circumference was lower (P < 0.05) in PO calves than SC calves. Although statistical differences were observed for pharmacokinetic, physiological and behavioural parameters differences were small and may lack biological relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela M. Meléndez
- Lethbridge Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sonia Marti
- Lethbridge Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Ruminant Production, IRTA, Caldes de Montbui, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Edmond A. Pajor
- Department of Production Animal Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Pritam K. Sidhu
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States of America
| | - Désirée Gellatly
- Lethbridge Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Eugene D. Janzen
- Department of Production Animal Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Johann F. Coetzee
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States of America
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24
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Van Engen NK, Engelken TJ, Lockard CG, Lakritz J, Cernicchiaro N, Wilson BK, Krehbiel CR, Coetzee JF. The effects of pretransportation or arrival meloxicam administration to calves entering the feedlot on morbidity, biomarkers, performance, and carcass characteristics. Transl Anim Sci 2019; 3:620-632. [PMID: 32704832 PMCID: PMC7200945 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txz070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this trial was to investigate the effects of using meloxicam as a pretransport or on arrival therapeutic on disease outcomes of bovine respiratory disease (BRD), biomarker outcomes associated with BRD, performance characteristics over the first 42 d on feed, and carcass traits at harvest in cross bred beef cattle. Multisourced, crossbred steer calves (n = 168) consisting of mainly British and British-Continental breeds were purchased from an auction market in central Missouri. Calves were processed prior to transportation and again upon feedlot arrival. Animals were randomized to 3 separate treatments: pretransport meloxicam (PMEL), arrival meloxicam (AMEL), and a control group receiving inactive excipient (CONT). Dosing at 1 mg/kg on weighted averaged administered per os. Animals were weighed and blood was collected pre- and post-transport. Haptoglobin (Hp)-matrix metaloproteinase (MMP)-9 complex, cortisol, and substance P were quantified. Weights were taken again at 42 d and at harvest. Clinical signs of BRD were monitored using indicators of depression, appetite, respiration, and temperature that qualified the animals for treatment. Harvest parameters were collected using a standardized United States Department of Agriculture grading system for quality grade and yield grade. Meloxicam did not have a significant effect on BRD morbidity over the course of the study and there was no significant effect on performance characteristics at 42 d (P > 0.10). Of the calves that did succumb to BRD, no significant differences were found in severity of disease (P > 0.10). Concentrations of substance P and Hp- MMP-9, were increased on arrival (P ≤ 0.05) however no significant treatment effect or interaction were found between AMEL, PMEL, CONT, or across different levels of biomarkers (P > 0.10). Meloxicam use prior to or on arrival does not mitigate disease or improve performance during the feeding period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas K Van Engen
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostics and Production Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Terry J Engelken
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostics and Production Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Caleb G Lockard
- Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK
| | - Jeffery Lakritz
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Colombus, OH
| | - Natalia Cernicchiaro
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology and Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Blake K Wilson
- Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK
| | - Clint R Krehbiel
- Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK
| | - Johann F Coetzee
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology and Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
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25
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Kleinhenz MD, Gorden PJ, Smith JS, Schleining JA, Kleinhenz KE, Juarez JR, Rea D, Coetzee JF. Effects of transdermal flunixin meglumine on experimentally induced lameness in adult dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:6418-6430. [PMID: 31030917 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Lameness is a common animal health condition with significant production and welfare implications. The transdermal formulation of flunixin meglumine is the only approved drug for pain control in cattle in the United States. Thirty adult dairy cows were enrolled in a study to determine the effect of transdermal flunixin on cattle with induced lameness. Cows were allocated to 1 of 3 treatment groups, with 10 cows per group: lameness and flunixin (L+F), lameness and placebo (L+P), or sham induction and placebo (S+P). An arthritis-synovitis was induced in the distal interphalangeal joint of the left hind lateral digit, using 20 mg of amphotericin B, 6 h before the application of treatment. Cows enrolled into the sham induction group had 4 mL of isotonic saline injected into the joint. Cows were dosed with transdermal flunixin at 3.33 mg/kg (1 mL/15 kg), or a placebo at 1 mL/15 kg, every 24 h for 3 d. The first treatment of flunixin or placebo was considered the start of the study, identified as time 0 h. Data were collected from all cows for 120 h following the initial treatment application. Outcome measures included plasma cortisol; substance P; visual lameness assessment; mechanical nociception threshold (MNT), presented as difference between left and right feet; infrared thermography (IRT), presented as difference between left and right feet; and gait analysis using a pressure mat. Cortisol concentrations were lower for the L+F group starting at 1.5 h after drug administration. Substance P levels showed no evidence for treatment differences among groups. Differences between the left hind MNT and right hind MNT were detected, with S+P having the lowest difference at -0.04 kilograms-force (kgf; 95% CI: -1.86 to 1.78 kgf), and L+P having the highest at -2.96 kgf (95% CI: 1.55 to 4.36 kgf). The L+F group was intermediate at -2.08 kgf (95% CI: 0.89 to 3.27 kgf). Similarly, when the difference between the maximum temperatures of the coronary band were examined via IRT, the L+P group had the highest difference at 1.64°C (95% CI: 1.02 to 2.26°C), with the L+F and S+P groups measuring 0.57°C (95% CI: 0.06 to 1.08°C) and 0.53°C (95% CI: -0.2 to 1.25°C) respectively. We found no evidence for differences among treatment groups when analyzing force, contact pressure, step impulse, or stride length. Based on differences in MNT, IRT, and cortisol, transdermal flunixin is an effective analgesic agent for induced lameness. Multiple doses of transdermal flunixin may be required to be clinically effective, based on MNT and IRT data. Further investigation of transdermal flunixin and its analgesic effects is warranted in naturally occurring lameness.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Kleinhenz
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - P J Gorden
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - J S Smith
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - J A Schleining
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - K E Kleinhenz
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - J R Juarez
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - D Rea
- Castle Veterinary Group, Downpatrick, Northern Ireland BT30 9JF
| | - J F Coetzee
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011.
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Antimicrobial susceptibility and molecular typing of Pasteurella multocida isolated from six provinces in China. Trop Anim Health Prod 2018; 51:987-992. [PMID: 30535896 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-018-1754-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Pasteurella multocida (P. multocida) is an important pathogen that causes bovine respiratory disease (BRD) in China and other countries. To investigate the antimicrobial susceptibility of P. multocida isolated from different provinces in China, we analyzed antimicrobial susceptibility phenotypes and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) types of P. multocida; then, we sequenced the complete genome of strain found to be multidrug-resistant. The isolates exhibited resistance to many antimicrobial agents, especially amikacin, sulfamethoxazole, sulfachloropyridazinesodium, macrolides, and fluoroquinolones. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis showed that a clonal spread of multidrug-resistant isolates occurred in various provinces. All of the isolates carried class I integron.
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Abstract
The goal of this review is to present a concise and critical assessment of the literature related to physiologic responses in cattle that are subjected to transportation. Over two-thirds of US cattle are transported. Understanding trends in circulating physiologic parameters is an important part of mitigating the negative effects of transportation. For the producer, linking these effects after transportation to morbidity outcomes within the first 45 days on feed (i.e. especially development of bovine respiratory disease) is critical. Physiologic parameters in circulation are of primary importance and may have value for prediction of bovine respiratory disease on arrival and for the understanding of disease pathogenesis. The results of our literature survey indicated that post-transportation immune function, increased acute phase proteins, glucocorticoids, and inflammation are a pivotal starting point for understanding disease. These potential biomarkers may have utility in identifying disease for targeted therapeutics so that traditional protocols that rely heavily on metaphylaxis can be avoided. Additional research is needed to develop strategies for physiological marker identification, treatment methods, or predictive behaviors to prevent respiratory disease before and after transport. This review examines the significant deleterious effects of transportation handling and stress, and current immune system translation and non-antimicrobial mitigation strategies.
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Meléndez DM, Marti S, Pajor EA, Moya D, Gellatly D, Janzen ED, Schwartzkopf-Genswein KS. Effect of a single dose of meloxicam prior to band or knife castration in 1-wk-old beef calves: I. Acute pain. J Anim Sci 2018; 96:1268-1280. [PMID: 29506258 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In Western Canada, approximately half of the calves produced are castrated before 1 wk of age. Therefore, it is important to identify effective analgesic drugs to mitigate pain associated with castration and consequently improve animal welfare. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of a single s.c. dose of meloxicam at mitigating pain associated with knife and band castration in 1-wk-old calves. Seventy-two Angus crossbred bull calves (47.3 ± 6.70 kg of body weight (BW), 1 wk old) were used in a 3 × 2 factorial design where main factors included castration method-sham (CT), band (BA) or knife (KN) castration- and medication-lactate ringer (NM) or 0.5 mg/kg BW of meloxicam (M). Measurements included different physiological and behavioral parameters. Samples were collected on day -1, immediately before castration (T0); and 60, 90, and 120 min and 1, 2, 3, and 7 d after castration except for visual analog scale (VAS) which was collected at the time of castration. The salivary cortisol concentrations were greater (P = 0.04) in KN and BA calves than CT calves 60 min after castration, while 90 min after castration BA had greater concentrations than CT calves. Substance P concentrations were greater (P = 0.04) in NM calves than M calves on d 3 and 7 after castration. The serum amyloid-A (SAA) concentrations were greater (P = 0.05) in KN calves than BA and CT calves on days 0, 2, and 3, while BA calves had greater SAA concentrations on day 7 than KN and CT calves. The visual analog scores were greater (P < 0.01) in KN calves than BA, and in BA compared to CT calves. The KN calves tail flicked more (P < 0.01) than BA and CT calves, and NM calves tail flicked more (P = 0.03) than M calves. No castration or medication effect (P > 0.10) was observed for stride length, walking, standing, lying ventral, eating, foot stamping, head turning, lying and standing percentage, performance, platelets, or body temperature. Overall, knife castrated calves exhibited a greater acute pain response than band castrated calves. Meloxicam was able to reduce substance P concentrations, white blood cell counts and number of tail flicks after castration, suggesting that the drug was able to mitigate acute pain to some extent. However, meloxicam did not have an effect on the other physiological and behavioral parameters assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Meléndez
- Department of Production Animal Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - S Marti
- Department of Production Animal Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,IRTA Department of Ruminant Production, Caldes de Montbui, Barcelona, Spain
| | - E A Pajor
- Department of Production Animal Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - D Moya
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - D Gellatly
- Department of Production Animal Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - E D Janzen
- Department of Production Animal Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Chibisa GE, Vinyard JR, Laarman AH. Short communication: Effects of meloxicam administration on protein metabolism and growth performance in transported Jersey calves. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:11435-11440. [PMID: 30268623 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-14493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Our objective was to investigate the effects of administering the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug meloxicam (MEL) before transport on various indicators of protein metabolism and growth performance over the first 96 h after transport in Jersey calves. Calves (age ± SD; 2 ± 1 d) sourced from a commercial farm were randomly administered, at 1 mg/kg of body weight, either meloxicam (MEL; n = 11) or a whey protein placebo (CON; n = 10) orally before transport to a calf facility (669 km; 8.5-h road trip). Calves were weighed and rectal temperature was recorded before departure (0 h), on arrival (8.5 h), and 96 h after arrival. Blood was collected at the same time as calves were weighed, and samples were analyzed for total protein (0-h sample), cortisol (0- and 8.5-h samples), haptoglobin (0- and 96-h samples), and amino acids, 3-methylhistidine, and urea-N (96 h). Milk replacer (MR) intake was recorded on arrival and over the next 4 d. Serum total protein concentration did not differ for CON and MEL calves. Plasma cortisol concentration was similar across treatments at 0 h; however, it was lower for CON than for MEL calves at 8.5 h. Although serum haptoglobin concentration tended to be greater for CON than MEL calves 96 h after transport, 3-methylhistidine and plasma urea-N concentrations did not differ across treatments. Plasma Asp, Asn, Glu, Lys, Met, Ser, and Trp were greater and plasma Arg, Gly, Pro, and Thr concentrations tended to be greater at 96 h after arrival for MEL compared with CON calves. Intake of MR and average daily gain were higher in MEL than in CON calves. In summary, although it had no effect on 3-methylhistidine or urea-N concentrations, administration of MEL before transport tended to reduce haptoglobin concentration, altered the amino acid profile, and was beneficial in preventing a decrease in MR intake and average daily gain in Jersey calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Chibisa
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Idaho, Moscow 83844.
| | - J R Vinyard
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Idaho, Moscow 83844
| | - A H Laarman
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Idaho, Moscow 83844
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Romanello N, de Brito Lourenço Junior J, Barioni Junior W, Brandão FZ, Marcondes CR, Pezzopane JRM, de Andrade Pantoja MH, Botta D, Giro A, Moura ABB, do Nascimento Barreto A, Garcia AR. Thermoregulatory responses and reproductive traits in composite beef bulls raised in a tropical climate. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2018; 62:1575-1586. [PMID: 29732473 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-018-1557-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
It is believed that increased livestock production is limited by tropical climate. Thermal imbalance in bulls can lead to hyperthermia and alter testicular metabolism, causing subfertility or infertility. Therefore, the thermoregulation of composite Canchim bulls (5/8 Charolais × 3/8 Zebu) raised in tropical climate as well as their consequences in the physiological, hematological, hormonal, and andrological parameters were evaluated monthly. The bulls (n = 18; 30.0 ± 1.5 months; 503.8 ± 23.0 kg) were kept on pasture, in a single group, from August 2015 to March 2016, comprising the winter, spring, and summer seasons. Biometeorological variables were continuously monitored, and the Temperature and Humidity Index (THI) was calculated. A greater thermal challenge occurred in spring and summer (THI ≥ 72.0). Nevertheless, the bulls exhibited normothermia (38.6 to 38.9 °C) in these seasons. The cortisol did not vary between seasons (7.0 vs. 8.7 vs. 6.8 ng/mL; P > 0.05) and remained within the physiological patterns. Independent of the seasons, stress leukogram was also not observed, refuting the incidence of acute or chronic thermal stress. It is noteworthy that T3 and testosterone increased (P < 0.0001, P < 0.05) in spring and summer, the time that coincides with the breeding season, when there is increased metabolic requirement from the bulls. The progressive thermal challenge increase did not affect the scrotal thermoregulatory capacity, and in general, scrotal temperature remained at 5.2 °C below the internal body temperature. In summer, there was a 5% reduction in the minor sperm defects (P < 0.05) and DNA fragmentation in 2.4% of spermatozoa, a compatible value for high fertility bulls. The results show that the studied composite bulls can be considered as climatically adapted and constitute a viable alternative to be used in production systems in a tropical climate, even if the breeding seasons occur during the most critical thermal condition periods of the year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narian Romanello
- Federal University of Pará, Av. dos Universitários, s/n, Castanhal, 68746-360, Brazil
| | | | - Waldomiro Barioni Junior
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Animal Reproduction, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Embrapa Livestock Southeast, Rod. Washington Luiz, km 234, São Carlos, 13560-970, Brazil
| | | | - Cintia Righetti Marcondes
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Animal Reproduction, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Embrapa Livestock Southeast, Rod. Washington Luiz, km 234, São Carlos, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - José Ricardo Macedo Pezzopane
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Animal Reproduction, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Embrapa Livestock Southeast, Rod. Washington Luiz, km 234, São Carlos, 13560-970, Brazil
| | | | - Daniela Botta
- Federal University of Pará, Av. dos Universitários, s/n, Castanhal, 68746-360, Brazil
| | - Alessandro Giro
- Federal University of Pará, Av. dos Universitários, s/n, Castanhal, 68746-360, Brazil
| | | | | | - Alexandre Rossetto Garcia
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Animal Reproduction, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Embrapa Livestock Southeast, Rod. Washington Luiz, km 234, São Carlos, 13560-970, Brazil.
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Barragan A, Piñeiro J, Schuenemann G, Rajala-Schultz P, Sanders D, Lakritz J, Bas S. Assessment of daily activity patterns and biomarkers of pain, inflammation, and stress in lactating dairy cows diagnosed with clinical metritis. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:8248-8258. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-14510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Jung YH, Kim H, Jeon SY, Kwon JM, Lee WJ, Kim YC, Jang JH, Choi SH, Lee JY, Kang DH. Brain Metabolites and Peripheral Biomarkers Associated with Neuroinflammation in Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Using [11C]-(R)-PK11195 Positron Emission Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: A Pilot Study. PAIN MEDICINE 2018; 20:504-514. [DOI: 10.1093/pm/pny111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Ha Jung
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyeonjin Kim
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - So Yeon Jeon
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong Min Kwon
- Department of Experimental Animal Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won Joon Lee
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong Chul Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joon Hwan Jang
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soo-Hee Choi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Psychiatry and Institute of Human Behavioral Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jun-Young Lee
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine & SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Do-Hyung Kang
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Meléndez DM, Marti S, Pajor EA, Moya D, Gellatly D, Janzen ED, Schwartzkopf-Genswein KS. Effect of timing of subcutaneous meloxicam administration on indicators of pain after knife castration of weaned calves. J Anim Sci 2018; 95:5218-5229. [PMID: 29293785 DOI: 10.2527/jas2017.1978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The newly revised Canadian Codes of Practice for the management of beef cattle requires that as of 2018, calves older than 6 mo of age be castrated using pain control. Castration is a husbandry procedure commonly done without pain control, and there is a lack of agreement on an effective pain mitigation strategy specific to castration. The aim of this study was to identify the optimal time of administration of meloxicam prior to castration. Thirty-four Angus and Angus crossbred bull calves (282 ± 28.0 kg BW) were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatments receiving a single s.c. injection of meloxicam (0.5 mg/kg BW): 6 h (6H; = 11), 3 h (3H; = 12), or immediately (0H; = 11) before knife castration. Measurements included visual analog scale (VAS), head movement (HM), accelerometer movement (AM) and strain gauge exertion force (EF) on the squeeze chute, stride length (SL), lying and standing behavior, salivary cortisol (SC), haptoglobin, serum amyloid A (SAA), substance P (SP), and scrotal temperature (ST). Samples were collected on d -7, -5, -2, -1, and immediately before castration (T0) and 30, 60, 120, and 240 min and 1, 2, 5, 7, 14, 21, and 28 d after castration, except for VAS, AM, EF, and HM, which were obtained at the time of castration. A time × treatment effect ( = 0.01) was observed for SP, where 0H had lower concentrations than 3H and 6H calves 1 d after castration, whereas 3H calves tended to have greater levels than 6H calves 5 d after castration. Mean ST was greater ( < 0.01) in 6H calves compared to 0H and 3H calves 120 min after castration, whereas 6H and 3H calves had greater ST compared to 0H calves 240 min after castration. On d 1 after castration, 6H calves had greater ST than 0H and 3H calves, whereas 0H calves had greater ST compared to 3H and 6H calves on d 28 after castration. The SL tended ( = 0.09) to be shorter in 3H and 6H calves than 0H calves 30, 60, 120, and 240 min after castration. Number of peaks from the AM between 2 and 3 SD above or below the mean were greater ( = 0.03) in 3H and 6H calves than in 0H calves. No treatment differences ( > 0.10) were observed for the number of peaks and area for AM and EF, VAS, HM, SC, or haptoglobin. On the basis of these results, the optimal time to administer s.c. meloxicam in 7- to 8-mo-old knife-castrated calves is immediately before castration (0H), as evidenced by fewer indicators of pain and inflammation compared to 3H and 6H calves.
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The impact of transdermal flunixin meglumine on biomarkers of pain in calves when administered at the time of surgical castration without local anesthesia. Livest Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2018.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Li YZ, Zhang HF, Johnston LJ, Martin W, Peterson JD, Coetzee JF. Effects of tail docking and tail biting on performance and welfare of growing-finishing pigs in a confinement housing system. J Anim Sci 2018; 95:4835-4845. [PMID: 29293713 DOI: 10.2527/jas2017.1571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of tail docking on the welfare and performance of victimized pigs by tail biting and tail biters. Pigs ( = 240; 25.7 ± 2.9 kg average weight), including 120 pigs that were tail docked at birth and 120 pigs that remained with intact tails, were used. Pigs were housed in 8 pens of 30 pigs in a confinement barn for 16 wk, with 4 pens each housing pigs of both sexes with docked or intact tails. Tail biters and victimized pigs with damaged tails were identified during outbreaks of tail biting. Growth performance was monitored, and skin lesions on the tail, ears, and body were assessed. Blood samples were collected from focal tail biters, victimized pigs, and nonvictimized pigs for analysis of total serum protein, IgG, and substance P concentrations. When pigs were marketed, carcass weights and the number of pigs with carcass trim loss were recorded. During the growing-finishing period, 48% of pigs with docked tails and 89% of pigs with intact tails experienced lesions on their tails, including 5% of docked pigs and 30% of intact pigs identified as victimized pigs that experienced puncture wounds with signs of infection on their tails or loss of tails ( < 0.001). Victimized pigs tended to gain less weight ( = 0.07) between 17 and 21 wk of age than other pigs when tail biting prevailed in this study. Victimized pigs were more frequently ( = 0.04) sold for less than full value and had a lower dressing percentage ( < 0.001) compared with nonvictimized pigs. For victimized pigs, total serum protein and IgG concentrations were elevated 5 d after tails were injured, suggesting that tail damage can cause inflammation, which may lead to carcass abscesses and trim loss. Compared with victimized pigs and nonvictimized pigs, tail biters had lower total serum protein ( = 0.01) and IgG ( = 0.01) concentrations, indicating that tail biters may experience poor immune functions. Results of this study demonstrated that tail docking reduced tail damage in pigs kept in a confinement system. Tail damage can cause inflammation and reduce the value of market pigs. More research is needed to test whether compromised immune functions predispose pigs to tail biting.
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Meléndez DM, Marti S, Pajor EA, Moya D, Heuston CEM, Gellatly D, Janzen ED, Schwartzkopf-Genswein KS. Effect of band and knife castration of beef calves on welfare indicators of pain at three relevant industry ages: I. Acute pain. J Anim Sci 2018; 95:4352-4366. [PMID: 29108053 DOI: 10.2527/jas2017.1762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Three experiments evaluated the effect of band and knife castration on acute pain for the first 7 d after the procedure on 1-wk-, 2-mo-, and 4-mo-old calves. All calves were blocked by age and weight and randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatments: sham castration (control, CT), band castration (BA), and knife castration (KN). Experiment 1 evaluated 1-wk-old Angus bull calves ( = 34; 43.0 ± 6.61 kg BW), Exp. 2 evaluated 2-mo-old Angus bull calves ( = 34; 91.5 ± 11.93 kg BW), and Exp. 3 evaluated 4-mo-old Angus bull calves ( = 35; 157.6 ± 22.52 kg BW). For all experiments, physiological and behavioral parameters were collected before (d -1 and immediately before castration [T0]) and after (60 and 120 min and on d 7) castration to assess acute pain. Physiological measures included complete blood cell count, cortisol, substance P, and scrotal temperature. Behavioral measures consisted of a visual analog scale, stride length, and time and frequency budgets for walking, standing, lying, tail flicking, foot stamping, and head turning. Performance parameters included initial and final BW and ADG. In Exp. 1, tail flicking was greater ( = 0.02) in KN calves compared to BA calves 2 to 4 h after castration, although no differences were seen between BA and KN compared to CT calves. In Exp. 2, a treatment × time interaction ( = 0.02) was observed for cortisol, where KN calves had greater cortisol concentrations 120 min after castration compared to BA and CT calves; KN calves also lay down and ate less ( < 0.01; = 0.02) and stood and walked more ( < 0.01; = 0.05) compared to BA and CT calves 2 to 4 h after castration. In Exp. 3, a treatment × time interaction ( < 0.01) was observed for cortisol concentrations in which all treatments were different from one another at 60 and 120 min, with BA calves having the greatest concentrations, KN calves being intermediate, and CT having the lowest concentrations. Overall, KN and BA castrated calves presented physiological and behavioral changes associated with acute pain; however, 2-mo-old BA calves presented the fewest behavioral changes and no physiological changes associated with acute pain compared to CT calves.
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Capik SF, White BJ, Larson RL, Van Engen N, Cernicchiaro N, Engelken TJ, Lakritz J, Ballou MA, Hulbert LE, Vann RC, Caswell JL, Jacob G, Carroll JA, Coetzee JF. Effect of oral administration of meloxicam prior to transport on inflammatory mediators and leukoctye function of cattle at feedlot arrival. Am J Vet Res 2018; 78:1426-1436. [PMID: 29182392 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.78.12.1426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of meloxicam administration before long-distance transport on inflammatory mediators and leukocyte function of cattle at feedlot arrival. ANIMALS 60 healthy yearling beef steers. PROCEDURES Single-source steers were assigned to a transported (n = 40) or nontransported (20) group. Then, half of the steers within each group were assigned to receive meloxicam (1 mg/kg, PO) or a lactose placebo (1 bolus/steer, PO). All steers were transported approximately 1,300 km overnight to a feedlot; however, the nontransported group was moved before treatment (meloxicam or placebo) administration and allowed a 17-day acclimation period, whereas the transported group was moved immediately after treatment administration on day -1. Blood samples for measurement of inflammatory mediators and leukocyte function were collected from all steers on days -1, 0, and 3. RESULTS For steers that received meloxicam, mean plasma meloxicam concentration for the transported group was significantly greater than that for the nontransported group on day 0. For steers that received the placebo, mean haptoglobin-matrix metalloproteinase-9 complex for the transported group was significantly greater than that for the nontransported group on day 0. Mean haptoglobin concentration, neutrophil L-selectin intensity, and polymorphonuclear leukocyte count for the transported group were significantly greater than those for the nontransported group. Mean substance P concentration for nontransported steers that received meloxicam was significantly lower than that for the other 3 treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated meloxicam administration to healthy steers immediately before long-distance transport did not significantly mitigate the effects of transport-induced stress on leukocyte function or inflammatory markers.
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Kleinhenz MD, Van Engen NK, Gorden PJ, Ji J, Walsh P, Coetzee JF. Effects of transdermal flunixin meglumine on pain biomarkers at dehorning in calves. J Anim Sci 2018; 95:1993-2000. [PMID: 28726995 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2016.1138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the analgesic properties of transdermal flunixin meglumine when given at the time of dehorning on pain biomarkers. Twenty-four weaned male Holstein calves, 6 to 8 wk of age were enrolled into the study. The calves were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatment groups: 1) transdermal flunixin and dehorn (DH-FLU); 2) transdermal flunixin and sham dehorn (SHAM-FLU); and 3) placebo and dehorn (DH-PLBO). Transdermal flunixin at a label dose of 3.33 mg/kg (or placebo at an equivalent volume) was administered as a pour-on along the top-line of the calves in each treatment group concurrently with electrocautery dehorning or sham dehorning. Biomarker parameters collected and analyzed included: infrared thermography (IRT), mechanical nociception threshold (MNT), plasma cortisol, and substance P (SP). There were no differences in maximal temperatures detected for the IRT measurements of the medial canthus of the eye for the DH groups. Mean control point MNT measurements at 48 h were 3.14 kgF, 3.46 kgF, and 1.43 kgF for the DH-FLU, Sham-FLU, and DH-PLBO groups, respectively (P = 0.0001). No other differences of MNT were detected between the dehorned groups for the other test sites and time points. Plasma cortisol reached peak concentration at 20 min postdehorning for the DH-FLU and DH-PLBO groups and 10 min for SHAM-FLU group. Peak plasma cortisol concentrations were 32.0 ng/mL, 12.7 ng/mL, and 28.8 ng/mL for the DH-FLU, SHAM-FLU, and DH-PLBO groups, respectively. Cortisol concentrations were lower for the DH-FLU group at 90 min postdehorning compared to the SHAM-FLU and DH-PLBO groups ( = 0.04). Area under the effect curve (AUEC) were similar for all groups ( = 0.93). No statistical differences in SP concentrations between groups were detected for any of the time points. In conclusion, transdermal flunixin meglumine given at the time of dehorning did not provide substantial analgesia based on the pain biomarkers investigated. Further investigation into its role as part of a multimodal analgesic plan is warranted.
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Capik SF, White BJ, Larson RL, Van Engen N, Coetzee JF. Effect of meloxicam administration on movement, feeding, and drinking behaviors of transported and nontransported cattle. Am J Vet Res 2017; 78:1437-1443. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.78.12.1437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Marti S, Meléndez DM, Pajor EA, Moya D, Heuston CEM, Gellatly D, Janzen ED, Schwartzkopf-Genswein KS. Effect of band and knife castration of beef calves on welfare indicators of pain at three relevant industry ages: II. Chronic pain1. J Anim Sci 2017; 95:4367-4380. [DOI: 10.2527/jas2017.1763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Marti S, Wilde RE, Moya D, Heuston CEM, Brown F, Schwartzkopf-Genswein KS. Effect of rest stop duration during long-distance transport on welfare indicators in recently weaned beef calves. J Anim Sci 2017; 95:636-644. [PMID: 28380612 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2016.0739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Forty newly weaned beef calves (260 ± 32.6 kg) were transported 15 h in a livestock trailer (7.3 by 2.1 m) on 2 separate hauls 1 wk apart (20 calves/haul) to evaluate the effect of rest stop duration on indicators of calf welfare. Immediately following the 15-h journey, 15 calves/haul were randomly unloaded at a feedlot and randomly assigned to 1 of 3 rest stop treatments; calves without resting time (5 calves/haul) remained on the trailer and were used as the control group. Treatments included 0- (Control [CON]), 5- (RS5), 10- (RS10), or 15-h (RS15) rest periods in pens containing ad libitum access to water and long-stem hay. Following each rest period, calves were reloaded onto the same trailer and taken on another 5-h journey, before they were unloaded at the same feedlot, for a total transport event lasting 20 h. Control calves did not have access to feed or water until the end of the 20-h transit event. Behavioral measurements included bunk attendance (min/d) and standing and lying duration (min/d) recorded for 5 h after the 20-h transport event. Physiological measurements included saliva and hair cortisol, complete blood cell count, serum NEFA, haptoglobin, and substance P concentrations. All physiological measurements as well as BW were taken immediately prior to initial loading, at arrival at the feedlot after the 20-h event, and 48 h after the transport to the same feedlot. Hair cortisol was collected prior to the initial loading and 25 d after transportation. No differences ( = 0.78) in BW loss were observed among treatments after transportation. Standing time was greater ( < 0.001) in CON calves compared with RS5, RS10, and RS15 calves. Salivary cortisol was greater ( < 0.01) in CON and RS15 calves than in RS5 and RS10 calves at the end of the 20-h journey. Serum NEFA concentration was greater ( = 0.03) in RS5 and RS10 calves at arrival compared with CON and RS15 calves, but those differences were no longer observed ( = 0.49) 48 h after transportation. Concentration of substance P did not differ ( = 0.18) between treatments, and haptoglobin concentration tended to be greater ( = 0.07) in CON calves compared with the other treatments 48 h after arrival. Hair cortisol tended ( = 0.10) to be lower in RS5 calves compared with the other treatments. The results of this study indicate that rest stop periods ≥ 10 h did not prevent short- and long-term stress after transport in weaned calves.
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Stock ML, Barth LA, Van Engen NK, Millman ST, Gehring R, Wang C, Voris EA, Wulf LW, Labeur L, Hsu WH, Coetzee JF. Impact of carprofen administration on stress and nociception responses of calves to cautery dehorning. J Anim Sci 2016; 94:542-55. [PMID: 27065124 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-9510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of carprofen administered immediately before cautery dehorning on nociception and stress. Forty Holstein calves aged approximately 6 to 8 wk old were either placebo treated and sham dehorned ( = 10) or cautery dehorned following administration of carprofen (1.4 mg/kg) subcutaneously ( = 10) or orally ( = 10) or a subcutaneous and oral placebo ( = 10) in a randomized, controlled trial. All animals were given a cornual nerve block using lidocaine before dehorning. Response variables including mechanical nociception threshold, ocular temperature, heart rate, and respiratory rate were measured before and following cautery dehorning for 96 h. Blood samples were also collected over 96 h following dehorning and analyzed for plasma cortisol and substance P concentrations by RIA. Plasma carprofen concentration and ex vivo PGE concentrations were also determined for this time period. Average daily gain was calculated for 7 d after dehorning. Data were analyzed using a linear mixed effects model with repeated measures, controlling for baseline values by their inclusion as a covariate in addition to planned contrasts. Dehorning was associated with decreased nociception thresholds throughout the study and a stress response immediately after dehorning, following the loss of local anesthesia, and 48 h after dehorning compared with sham-dehorned calves. Carprofen was well absorbed after administration and reached concentrations that inhibited ex vivo PGE concentrations for 72 h (subcutaneous) and 96 h (oral) compared with placebo-treated calves ( < 0.05). Carprofen-treated calves tended to be less sensitive ( = 0.097) to nociceptive threshold tests. Overall, at the dosing regimen studied, the effect of carprofen on sensitivity and stress following cautery dehorning was minimal. Consideration of route of administration and dose determination studies may be warranted.
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Rodrigues MC, Cooke RF, Marques RS, Arispe SA, Keisler DH, Bohnert DW. Effects of oral meloxicam administration to beef cattle receiving lipopolysaccharide administration or vaccination against respiratory pathogens. J Anim Sci 2016; 93:5018-27. [PMID: 26523594 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-9424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of oral meloxicam administration on metabolic, inflammatory, and acute-phase responses of beef cattle receiving a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge (Exp. 1; d -1 to 6) or vaccinated against respiratory pathogens (Exp. 2; d 7 to 21). Twenty-one Angus steers ( = 11) and heifers ( = 10) were housed in individual pens on d -15 and were offered free-choice water, mineral-vitamin mix, and hay until d 21. In Exp. 1, cattle were ranked on d -1 by sex and BW and assigned to 1) oral meloxicam administration (1 mg/kg BW daily) from day -1 to 6 (MEL8), 2) oral meloxicam administration (1 mg/kg BW) on d 0 and oral lactose monohydrate administration (1 mg/kg BW) on d -1 and from d 1 to 6 (MEL1), or 3) oral lactose monohydrate administration (1 mg/kg BW daily) from d -1 to 6 (CON). On d 0, cattle received an intravenous LPS bolus (0.5 μg/kg BW) concurrently with treatment administration. Rectal temperature (RTEMP) was assessed, and blood samples were collected at -2, 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 96, 120, and 144 h relative to LPS administration. No treatment effects were detected ( ≥ 0.36) for RTEMP, concentrations of serum tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), plasma haptoglobin, cortisol, insulin, and leptin, as well as blood mRNA expression of α and cyclooxygenase-2, although all variables increased ( < 0.01) across treatments after LPS administration. In Exp. 2, cattle received the same treatments that they were assigned to in Exp. 1 from d 7 to d 13 and were vaccinated against respiratory pathogens concurrently with treatment administration on d 8. Blood samples were collected, and RTEMP was assessed as in Exp. 1 in addition to 168, 240, and 336 h relative to vaccination. No treatment effects were detected ( ≥ 0.26) for RTEMP, the same plasma and serum variables evaluated in Exp. 1, and serum concentrations of antibodies against or serum titers against bovine respiratory syncytial virus, bovine herpesvirus-1, bovine viral diarrhea virus-1, and parainfluenza-3 virus. All variables increased ( < 0.01) across treatments after vaccination, except for serum TNFα and titers against bovine viral diarrhea virus-1 ( ≥ 0.40). Collectively, this study found no evidence that oral meloxicam administration, at the doses and intervals utilized herein, mitigated the metabolic, inflammatory, and acute-phase reactions elicited by LPS administration or vaccination against respiratory pathogens.
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The sickness response in steers with induced bovine respiratory disease before and after treatment with a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2016.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Roberts SL, Hughes HD, Burdick Sanchez NC, Carroll JA, Powell JG, Hubbell DS, Richeson JT. Effect of surgical castration with or without oral meloxicam on the acute inflammatory response in yearling beef bulls. J Anim Sci 2016; 93:4123-31. [PMID: 26440192 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-9160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pain management and welfare are increasingly prevalent concerns within animal agriculture. Analgesics may alleviate pain and inflammation associated with castration of beef cattle. This study was conducted to elucidate the effects of surgical castration on the acute inflammatory response and immunomodulation and whether concurrent oral administration of meloxicam (1 mg/kg BW) would alter these responses. On d -1, crossbred bull calves ( = 30; initial BW = 227.4 ± 10.3 kg) were fitted with indwelling jugular catheters and rectal temperature (RT) recording devices, placed into individual stanchions, and randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatments. Treatment application occurred at h 0 and consisted of 1) intact bull calves treated with sham castration (CON), 2) bulls surgically castrated without meloxicam administration (CAS), and 3) bulls surgically castrated with oral meloxicam (1 mg/kg BW) administration (MEL). Blood samples were collected at 0.5-h intervals from h -2 to 4, 1.0-h intervals from h 4 to 8, and 12-h intervals from h 12 to 72. Serum was analyzed for cortisol and haptoglobin (Hp) concentrations using ELISA. Whole blood was analyzed for complete blood counts at -2, 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, and 72 h, and RT was recorded in 5-min intervals. Postcastration RT was greatest for MEL (39.04), intermediate for CAS (38.99), and least for CON (38.93°C; ≤ 0.01). Serum cortisol was increased ( < 0.001) for CAS (12.3) and MEL (11.3) compared with CON (6.7 ng/mL) during the postcastration period. At 0.5 and 1.5 h, cortisol concentration was greater in CAS and MEL than CON, whereas at 2 and 2.5 h, cortisol concentration was greatest for CAS, intermediate for MEL, and least for CON (treatment × time, < 0.001). Total white blood cell ( ≤ 0.04), lymphocyte ( ≤ 0.02), and monocyte ( ≤ 0.002) counts were greatest for CAS, intermediate for MEL, and least for CON. Administration of MEL reduced ( ≤ 0.002) eosinophil counts during the postcastration period when compared with CON and CAS. The change in serum Hp, relative to baseline values, was reduced for MEL at 36 ( < 0.01) and 60 h ( ≤ 0.03), and the overall Hp concentration was least for MEL ( < 0.001). Oral administration of meloxicam at the time of castration reduced the acute inflammatory response in castrates, as evidenced by a reduction in Hp and certain leukocyte concentrations; it also caused a delayed increase in RT. Further research is needed to determine if this reduced acute inflammatory response would equate to improved health and/or performance after castration.
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Impact of oral meloxicam and long-distance transport on cell-mediated and humoral immune responses in feedlot steers receiving modified live BVDV booster vaccination on arrival. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2016; 175:42-50. [PMID: 27269791 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of oral meloxicam (MEL) and long-distance transportation on cell-mediated immunity (CMI) in preconditioned steers receiving a booster vaccination on arrival. We hypothesized that steers treated with MEL at 1mg/kg body weight, 6h before night-time transport, would be less immunocompromised on arrival (day 0) and after 7days, and that CMI following vaccination with a modified live bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) recall antigen would be increased. Brahman crossbreed steers, 13-17 months of age (n=87), were randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups: MEL, transported (MTR) (n=22), MEL, non-transported (MNT) (n=22), lactose placebo, transported (CTR) (n=21), and lactose placebo, non-transported (CNT) (n=22). MTR and CTR steers were transported for approximately 16h non-stop on a truck from Mississippi to Iowa (approximately 1300km), whereas steers in the MNT and CNT groups remained in Mississippi as non-transported controls. Body weight was measured and jugular blood was collected at -1, 0, and 7days from all steers at the same time, regardless of location. Multi-parameter flow cytometry (MP-FCM) was used to identify T-cell subsets and detect the expression of three activation markers (CD25 [interleukin (IL)-2 receptor], intracellular interferon-gamma [IFNγ], and IL-4) after in vitro stimulation with BVDV recall antigen. Plasma cortisol concentration was measured on day -1, 0, and 7 as a marker of transport-associated stress. Serum antibody titer to BVDV was assessed on day -1 and day 7 post-booster vaccination. Whole-blood samples were analyzed using MP-FCM on days 0 and 7. Results were log transformed and analyzed using repeated measures of analysis of variance. Compared with non-transported controls, transport led to an increase in BVDV-induced expression of CD25, IFNγ, and IL-4 in CD4(+), CD8(+), and γδ(+) T-cell subsets (P<0.05). MEL treatment mitigated the transportation-associated increase in CD25 expression by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), CD4(+), and γδ(+) T cells. CMI outputs for the MTR group were less than those of the CTR group (P<0.05); however, the MTR and NT groups did not differ (P>0.10). A treatment*transport interaction was noted for the increase in IL-4 expression by CD8(+) T cells after transport, with a significant difference between the CTR and MTR groups at day 7. In conclusion, the use of oral MEL prior to transport appears to have inhibitory or homeostatic effects, but further research is needed to validate the effect of MEL treatment on specific T-cell subsets in transported cattle.
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Kang HJ, Lee IK, Piao MY, Kwak CW, Gu MJ, Yun CH, Kim HJ, Ahn HJ, Kim HB, Kim GH, Kim SK, Ko JY, Ha JK, Baik M. Effects of road transportation on metabolic and immunological responses in Holstein heifers. Anim Sci J 2016; 88:140-148. [PMID: 27087166 DOI: 10.1111/asj.12604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the effects of road transportation on metabolic and immunological responses in dairy heifers. Twenty Holstein heifers in early pregnancy were divided into non-transported (NT; n = 7) and transported (T; n = 13) groups. Blood was collected before transportation (BT), immediately after transportation for 100 km (T1) and 200 km (T2), and 24 h after transportation (AT). The T heifers had higher (P < 0.05) blood cortisol and non-esterified fatty acid concentrations after T1 and T2 than did NT heifers. By contrast, the T heifers had lower (P < 0.05) serum triglyceride concentrations after T1 and T2 than had the NT heifers. The serum cortisol and triglyceride concentrations returned (P > 0.05) to the BT concentrations at 24 h AT in the T heifers. The granulocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio and the percentage of monocytes were higher (P < 0.05) after T2 in the T heifers than in the NT heifers, suggesting that transportation stress increased the numbers of innate immune cells. T heifers had higher (P < 0.01) plasma haptoglobin concentrations than NT heifers 24 h AT. In conclusion, transportation increased cortisol secretion and was correlated with increased metabolic responses and up-regulation of peripheral innate immune cells in dairy heifers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeok-Joong Kang
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institutes of Green Bio Science Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - In Kyu Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institutes of Green Bio Science Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Yu Piao
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institutes of Green Bio Science Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae-Won Kwak
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institutes of Green Bio Science Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jeong Gu
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institutes of Green Bio Science Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Heui Yun
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institutes of Green Bio Science Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jin Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institutes of Green Bio Science Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon-Ju Ahn
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institutes of Green Bio Science Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Bal Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institutes of Green Bio Science Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeom-Heon Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Ki Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Youl Ko
- National Agricultural Cooperative Federation, Anseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong K Ha
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institutes of Green Bio Science Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Myunggi Baik
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institutes of Green Bio Science Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Frese DA, Reinhardt CD, Bartle SJ, Rethorst DN, Hutcheson JP, Nichols WT, Depenbusch BE, Corrigan ME, Thomson DU. Cattle handling technique can induce fatigued cattle syndrome in cattle not fed a beta adrenergic agonist1. J Anim Sci 2016; 94:581-91. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-9824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Cooke RF, Peres RFG, Cipriano RS, Guarnieri Filho TA, Marques RS, Rodrigues MC, Carvalho RS, Bohnert DW, Vasconcelos JLM. Impacts of meloxicam administration before temporary calf weaning on physiological and reproductive responses of beef cows. J Anim Sci 2016; 94:406-11. [PMID: 26812346 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-9222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to evaluate temperament, physiological, and reproductive variables in beef cows assigned to an estrus synchronization + timed AI protocol including eCG administration, 48-h temporary calf weaning (TCW), or TCW + meloxicam administration. A total of 943 lactating, multiparous, nonpregnant Nelore cows, allocated into 8 groups of approximately 120 cows each, were assigned to the experiment. Groups were maintained in individual pastures and assigned to the following estrus synchronization + timed AI protocol: a 2-mg injection of estradiol benzoate and an intravaginal progesterone-releasing device (CIDR) on d 0, a 12.5-mg injection of PGF on d 7, CIDR removal in addition to a 0.6-mg injection of estradiol cypionate on d 9, and timed AI on d 11. Within each group, cows were randomly assigned on d 9 to 1) TCW from d 9 to 11 (TCW-CON; = 317), 2) no TCW and a 300-IU injection of eCG on d 9 (NOTCW; = 311), and 3) TCW-CON in addition to meloxicam administration (intramuscular; 0.5 mg/kg BW) on d 9 (TCW-MEL; = 315). Cow BW and BCS were assessed on d 0. On d 9 and 11, blood samples were collected, and cow temperament was evaluated via chute score and exit velocity. Pregnancy status was verified 30 d after timed AI via transrectal ultrasonography. No treatment differences were detected ( ≥ 0.23) for cow age, days postpartum, BW, and BCS on d 0 of the estrus synchronization + timed AI protocol. No treatment effects were detected ( ≥ 0.41) for any of the temperament variables evaluated. A treatment × day interaction was detected ( = 0.02) for serum cortisol concentrations, which were similar ( = 0.55) between treatments on d 9 but greater ( ≤ 0.05) in TCW-CON and TCW-MEL compared with NOTCW cows on d 11. No treatment effects were detected ( = 0.90) for serum haptoglobin concentrations, which decreased from d 9 to 11 in all treatments (day effect; < 0.01). No treatment differences were detected ( = 0.84) for pregnancy rates to timed AI. In summary, TCW during estrus synchronization did not impact temperament or serum haptoglobin concentrations in beef cows but increased serum cortisol concentrations compared with cows not assigned to TCW, although such an outcome was not sufficient to impact pregnancy rates to timed AI. Moreover, administration of meloxicam did not alleviate the TCW-induced increase in serum cortisol concentrations and failed to benefit pregnancy rates to timed AI in beef cows.
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Abstract
This review identifies priorities for beef cattle welfare research in the USA. Based on our professional expertise and synthesis of existing literature, we identify two themes in intensive aspects of beef production: areas where policy-based actions are needed and those where additional research is required. For some topics, considerable research informs best practice, yet gaps remain between scientific knowledge and implementation. For example, many of the risk factors and management strategies to prevent respiratory disease are understood, but only used by a relatively small portion of the industry. This is an animal health issue that will require leadership and discussion to gain widespread adoption of practices that benefit cattle welfare. There is evidence of success when such actions are taken, as illustrated by the recent improvements in handling at US slaughter facilities. Our highest priorities for additional empirical evidence are: the effect of technologies used to either promote growth or manage cattle in feedlots, identification of management risk factors for disease in feedlots, and management decisions about transport (rest stops, feed/water deprivation, climatic conditions, stocking density). Additional research is needed to inform science-based recommendations about environmental features such as dry lying areas (mounds), shade, water and feed, as well as trailer design.
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