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Hamad MH, Islam SI, Jitsamai W, Chinkangsadarn T, Naraporn D, Ouisuwan S, Taweethavonsawat P. Patterns of Equine Small Strongyle Species Infection after Ivermectin Intervention in Thailand: Egg Reappearance Period and Nemabiome Metabarcoding Approach. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:574. [PMID: 38396542 PMCID: PMC10886017 DOI: 10.3390/ani14040574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The indiscriminate use of anthelmintics to control parasitic nematodes in horses has led to the emergence of anthelmintic resistance worldwide. However, there are no data available on using ivermectin for treating strongyle infections within domesticated horses in Thailand. Therefore, this study aimed to use the fecal egg count reduction (FECR) test to determine the strongylid egg reappearance period (ERP). Additionally, the nemabiome metabarcoding approach is incorporated to study patterns of strongyle species infection following ivermectin treatment. The study results indicate that, although ivermectin effectively eliminated adult strongyle parasites within two weeks post-treatment, the ERP was shortened to 6 weeks post-treatment with a mean FECR of 70.4% (95% CI 46.1-84.0). This potentially indicates a recent change in drug performance. In addition, nemabiome metabarcoding revealed that strongyle species have different levels of susceptibility in response to anthelmintic drugs. The reduction in ERP was associated with the early reappearance of specific species, dominated by Cylicostephanus longibursatus and Cylicocyclus nassatus, indicating the lower susceptibility of these species. In contrast, Poteriostomum imparidentatum, Triodontophorus nipponicus, and Triodontophorus serratus were not found post-treatment, indicating the high level of susceptibility of these species. This information is vital for comprehending the factors contributing to the emergence of resistance and for devising strategies to manage and control strongyle infections in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed H. Hamad
- The International Graduate Program of Veterinary Science and Technology (VST), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (M.H.H.); (S.I.I.)
- Department of Animal Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Sk Injamamul Islam
- The International Graduate Program of Veterinary Science and Technology (VST), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (M.H.H.); (S.I.I.)
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Wanarit Jitsamai
- Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
| | - Teerapol Chinkangsadarn
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
| | - Darm Naraporn
- Horse Farm and Laboratory Animal Breeding Center, Queen Saovabha Memorial Institute, The Thai Red Cross Society, Hua-Hin 77110, Thailand; (D.N.); (S.O.)
| | - Suraseha Ouisuwan
- Horse Farm and Laboratory Animal Breeding Center, Queen Saovabha Memorial Institute, The Thai Red Cross Society, Hua-Hin 77110, Thailand; (D.N.); (S.O.)
| | - Piyanan Taweethavonsawat
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Biomarkers in Animals Parasitology Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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de Souza RP, Mousquer MA, Müller V, Barbosa JCR, Leite FPL, Guedes RMC, Curcio BDR, Nogueira CEW. High Seroprevalence of Lawsonia intracellularis in Thoroughbred Farms in Southern Brazil. J Equine Vet Sci 2023; 128:104890. [PMID: 37423472 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2023.104890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to carry out a serological survey to identify the seroprevalence of Lawsonia intracellularis in six Thoroughbred farms in the Southern region of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. During 2019 and 2020, blood samples from 686 Thoroughbred horses were obtained from six different breeding farms. Horses were divided into groups according to age: (1) broodmares (>5 years), (2) two-year-old foals, (3) yearlings, and (4) 0-6 months-old foals. Blood samples were collected by venipuncture of the external jugular vein. The detection of antibodies (IgG) against L. intracellularis was performed by Immunoperoxidase Monolayer Assay. The detection of specific antibodies (IgG) against L. intracellularis in the evaluated population was 51%. The highest detection (86.8%) of IgG was in the broodmares category, while the lowest (5.2%) was in foals of 0-6 months of age. Regarding the farms, the Farm 1 had the highest (67.4%) prevalence of seropositivity against L. intracellularis, while Farm 4 had the lowest (30.6%). There was no record of clinical manifestation of Equine Proliferative Enteropathy in the sampled animals. The results of this study show the high seroprevalence of L. intracellularis in Thoroughbred farms in the Southern of Rio Grande do Sul, suggesting a large and continuous exposure to the agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela P de Souza
- Departament of Veterinary Clinics, Federal University of Pelotas, UFPel, Capão do Leão, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Mariana A Mousquer
- Departament of Veterinary Clinics, Federal University of Pelotas, UFPel, Capão do Leão, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Vitória Müller
- Center for Technological Development, Biotecnology, Federal University of Pelotas, UFPel, Capão do Leão, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Carolina Reis Barbosa
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fábio Pereira Leivas Leite
- Center for Technological Development, Biotecnology, Federal University of Pelotas, UFPel, Capão do Leão, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Roberto Maurício C Guedes
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Bruna da Rosa Curcio
- Departament of Veterinary Clinics, Federal University of Pelotas, UFPel, Capão do Leão, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Carlos E W Nogueira
- Departament of Veterinary Clinics, Federal University of Pelotas, UFPel, Capão do Leão, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Li L, Maboni G, Lack A, Gomez DE. Nontuberculous Mycobacteria in Horses: A Narrative Review. Vet Sci 2023; 10:442. [PMID: 37505847 PMCID: PMC10384023 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10070442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) infections are increasing in human and veterinary medicine. Although horses were initially thought to be resistant to NTM infection, reports of horses suffering from gastrointestinal, respiratory, and reproductive diseases associated with NTM have increased in the last few decades. The aim of this literature review is to summarize the mycobacteria species found in horses, describe clinical manifestations, diagnostic and treatment approaches, and public health concerns of NTM infection in horses. Clinical manifestations of NTM in horses include pulmonary disease, lymphadenitis, soft tissue, bone infections, and disseminated disease. NTM are also linked to granulomatous enteritis, placentitis, and abortions. Currently, diagnostic methods for NTM are limited and include acid-fast microscopy, bacterial cultures, species-specific PCR assays, and gene sequencing. In humans, NTM treatment guidelines are available, but their application appears inadequate and inconsistent. In horses, treatment guidelines for NTM infections are not available. NTM are a serious public health threat as 70% of people with untreated acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) have a chronic pulmonary disease caused by NTM. Thus, it is essential that we gain a better understanding of NTM infections in horses and their zoonotic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynna Li
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Grazieli Maboni
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Amy Lack
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Diego E Gomez
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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Dohrmann J, Hildebrand F, Straub J, Wadephul R, Pusterla N, Freise F, Venner M. Equine proliferative enteropathy in weanling foals on a German breeding farm: clinical course, treatment and long-term outcome. J Equine Vet Sci 2022; 111:103873. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2022.103873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Uzal FA, Arroyo LG, Navarro MA, Gomez DE, Asín J, Henderson E. Bacterial and viral enterocolitis in horses: a review. J Vet Diagn Invest 2021; 34:354-375. [PMID: 34763560 DOI: 10.1177/10406387211057469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteritis, colitis, and enterocolitis are considered some of the most common causes of disease and death in horses. Determining the etiology of these conditions is challenging, among other reasons because different causes produce similar clinical signs and lesions, and also because some agents of colitis can be present in the intestine of normal animals. We review here the main bacterial and viral causes of enterocolitis of horses, including Salmonella spp., Clostridium perfringens type A NetF-positive, C. perfringens type C, Clostridioides difficile, Clostridium piliforme, Paeniclostridium sordellii, other clostridia, Rhodococcus equi, Neorickettsia risticii, Lawsonia intracellularis, equine rotavirus, and equine coronavirus. Diarrhea and colic are the hallmark clinical signs of colitis and enterocolitis, and the majority of these conditions are characterized by necrotizing changes in the mucosa of the small intestine, colon, cecum, or in a combination of these organs. The presumptive diagnosis is based on clinical, gross, and microscopic findings, and confirmed by detection of some of the agents and/or their toxins in the intestinal content or feces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco A Uzal
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, University of California-Davis, San Bernardino Laboratory, USA
| | - Luis G Arroyo
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mauricio A Navarro
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, University of California-Davis, San Bernardino Laboratory, USA.,Instituto de Patología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Diego E Gomez
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Javier Asín
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, University of California-Davis, San Bernardino Laboratory, USA
| | - Eileen Henderson
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, University of California-Davis, San Bernardino Laboratory, USA
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6
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Kopper JJ, Willette JA, Kogan CJ, Seguin A, Bolin SR, Schott HC. Detection of pathogens in blood or feces of adult horses with enteric disease and association with outcome of colitis. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:2465-2472. [PMID: 34382708 PMCID: PMC8478065 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rates of detecting ≥1 potential enteric pathogens (PEP) or toxins (PEP‐T) in feces, blood, or both of horses ≥6 months of age with enteric disease and impact of multiple detections on outcome of horses with colitis has not been reported. Objective To determine detection rates of PEP/PEP‐T in feces, blood, or both of horses with enteric disease and effect of detecting multiple agents on outcome of horses with colitis. Animals Thirty‐seven hundred fifty‐three fecal samples submitted to IDEXX Laboratories and 239 fecal and blood samples submitted to Michigan State University's Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (MSUVDL). Methods Retrospective evaluation of PEP/PEP‐T testing results was performed to determine rates of detection of 1 or more PEP/PEP‐T. Impact of detecting multiple agents on outcome was assessed in 239 horses hospitalized for colitis. Results One or more PEP/PEP‐T was detected in 1175/3753 (31.3%) and 145/239 (60.7%) of samples submitted to IDEXX Laboratories and MSUVDL, respectively. In a hospitalized cohort, survival to discharge was lower (76%) in horses with 1 agent, compared to horses with either no (88%) or multiple (89%) agents. There was no difference (P = .78) in days of hospitalization between horses with 0 (1–17), 1 (1–33), and > 1 positive (1–20) result. There was no difference in cost of hospitalization (P = .25) between horses with 0 ($2357, $1110‐15 553), 1 ($2742, $788‐11 005), and >1 positive ($2560, $1091‐10 895) result. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Detection rates of PEP/PEP‐T in horses with colitis vary with cohorts and tests performed. Detection of more than 1 PEP or PEP‐T did not affect outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie J Kopper
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Jaclyn A Willette
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Clark J Kogan
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Alexis Seguin
- IDEXX Laboratories, Inc, Westbrook, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Steven R Bolin
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Harold C Schott
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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Lauková A, Styková E, Kubašová I, Strompfová V, Gancarčíková S, Plachá I, Miltko R, Belzecki G, Valocký I, Pogány Simonová M. Enterocin M-Producing Enterococcus faecium CCM 8558 Demonstrating Probiotic Properties in Horses. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2021; 12:1555-1561. [PMID: 32378078 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-020-09655-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The effects of non-authochtonous Enterococcus faecium AL41 = CCM 8558, enterocin M-producing and probiotic strain were tested on the microbiota, phagocytic activity, hydrolytic enzymes, biochemical parameters and dry matter in horses based on its previous benefits demonstrated in other animals. E. faecium CCM 8558 sufficiently colonized the digestive tract of horses. At day 14, its counts reached 2.35 ± 0.70 CFU/g (log 10) on average. The identity of CCM 8558 was confirmed by means of PCR after its re-isolation from horse faeces. The inhibition activity of CCM 8558 was demonstrated against Gram-negative aeromonads, counts of which were significantly reduced (P < 0.001). After 14 days application of CCM 8558, a tendency towards increased phagocytic activity (PA) was measured; PA value was 73.13% ± 8.55 on average at day 0/1; at day 14, it was 75.11 ± 8.66%. Cellulolytic, xylanolytic and pectinolytic activity in horse faeces was significantly increased (P < 0.001) at day 14 (after CCM 8558 application) and amylolytic activity as well (P < 0.01) compared to day 0/1. Inulolytic activity increased with mathematical difference 1.378. Dry matter value reached 20.81 ± 2.29% on average at day 0/1; at day 14, it was 20.77 ± 2.59% (P = 0.9725). Biochemical parameters were influenced mostly in the physiological range. These results achieved after application of CCM 8558 in horses are original, giving us further opportunity to continue these studies, to measure additional parameters and to show the benefits of CCM 8558 application in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Lauková
- Institute of Animal Physiology, Centre of Biosciences of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Šoltésovej 4-6, 040 01, Košice, Slovakia.
| | - Eva Styková
- University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 048 03, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Ivana Kubašová
- Institute of Animal Physiology, Centre of Biosciences of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Šoltésovej 4-6, 040 01, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Viola Strompfová
- Institute of Animal Physiology, Centre of Biosciences of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Šoltésovej 4-6, 040 01, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Soňa Gancarčíková
- University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 048 03, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Iveta Plachá
- University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 048 03, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Renata Miltko
- Polish Academy of Sciences, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Instytucka 3, 05 110, Jablonna, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Belzecki
- Polish Academy of Sciences, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Instytucka 3, 05 110, Jablonna, Poland
| | - Igor Valocký
- University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 048 03, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Monika Pogány Simonová
- Institute of Animal Physiology, Centre of Biosciences of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Šoltésovej 4-6, 040 01, Košice, Slovakia
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Loublier C, Cerri S, Gryspeerdt A, Amory H, Bauwens C, Cesarini C. High Seroprevalence Against Lawsonia intracellularis Among Adult Horses in Belgium. J Equine Vet Sci 2020; 95:103304. [PMID: 33276923 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Lawsonia intracellularis (LI) is an obligate intracellular gram-negative rod causing equine proliferative enteropathy (EPE). Occasional cases of EPE have been reported in foals living in Belgium, but the seroprevalence of equine LI in this country is unknown. The target population included clinically healthy adult horses, whose blood samples were collected and analyzed for specific IgG antibodies against LI using a blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test. The results were expressed as percentage of inhibition (PI). Samples that had a PI <20% were judged as negative, those between 20 and 30% as inconclusive, and those >30% were considered positive. A total of 356 blood samples were analyzed with 352 horses (98.8%) testing positive, 2 horses (0.6%) testing negative, and 2 horses (0.6%) showing inconclusive results. The large percentage of seropositive samples obtained in this study confirms a widespread exposure of Belgian horses to LI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémence Loublier
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Equine Internal Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Simona Cerri
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Equine Internal Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Hélène Amory
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Equine Internal Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Caroline Bauwens
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Carla Cesarini
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Equine Internal Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
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Pusterla N, Barnum S, Hall JA, Marshall-Lund L, Gebhart C. Investigation of the Usefulness of Serum Amyloid A in Supporting the Diagnosis of Equine Proliferative Enteropathy. J Equine Vet Sci 2020; 92:103151. [PMID: 32797779 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine if serum amyloid A (SAA), a major acute-phase protein, could help support the diagnosis of equine proliferative enteropathy (EPE) caused by Lawsonia intracellularis infection in foals. Archived serum samples from 101 foals with enteric signs and hypoproteinemia were available for SAA testing. Based on immunodiagnostics for L. intracellularis, the foals were divided into EPE-suspect (67) and non-EPE-suspect cases (34). Serum amyloid A values ranged from 0 to 2,761 μg/mL (median 466 μg/mL) and from 0 to 2,555 μg/mL (median 192 μg/mL) for the EPE-suspect and the non-EPE-suspect cases, respectively. Although SAA can be measured patient-side and help determine the severity of the underlying inflammatory condition, SAA was unable to consistently support the diagnosis of EPE in hypoproteinemic foals with enteric signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Pusterla
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA.
| | - Samantha Barnum
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
| | | | - Lacey Marshall-Lund
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
| | - Connie Gebhart
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
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10
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Bengtsson RJ, Wee BA, Yebra G, Bacigalupe R, Watson E, Guedes RMC, Jacobson M, Stadejek T, Archibald AL, Fitzgerald JR, Ait-Ali T. Metagenomic sequencing of clinical samples reveals a single widespread clone of Lawsonia intracellularis responsible for porcine proliferative enteropathy. Microb Genom 2020; 6:e000358. [PMID: 32238228 PMCID: PMC7276710 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lawsonia intracellularis is a Gram-negative obligate intracellular bacterium that is the aetiological agent of proliferative enteropathy (PE), a common intestinal disease of major economic importance in pigs and other animal species. To date, progress in understanding the biology of L. intracellularis for improved disease control has been hampered by the inability to culture the organism in vitro. In particular, our understanding of the genomic diversity and population structure of clinical L. intercellularis is very limited. Here, we utilized a metagenomic shotgun approach to directly sequence and assemble 21 L. intracellularis genomes from faecal and ileum samples of infected pigs and horses across three continents. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a genetically monomorphic clonal lineage responsible for infections in pigs, with distinct subtypes associated with infections in horses. The genome was highly conserved, with 94 % of genes shared by all isolates and a very small accessory genome made up of only 84 genes across all sequenced strains. In part, the accessory genome was represented by regions with a high density of SNPs, indicative of recombination events importing novel gene alleles. In summary, our analysis provides the first view of the population structure for L. intracellularis, revealing a single major lineage associated with disease of pigs. The limited diversity and broad geographical distribution suggest the recent emergence and clonal expansion of an important livestock pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J. Bengtsson
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Bryan A. Wee
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Gonzalo Yebra
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rodrigo Bacigalupe
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Roberto M. C. Guedes
- Veterinary School, Department of Clinic and Surgery, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Magdalena Jacobson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tomasz Stadejek
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- ANSES Fougères Laboratory, 10B rue Claude Bourgelat, Javené CS 40608, BP 90203, 35306 FOUGÈRES, France
| | - Alan L. Archibald
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - J. Ross Fitzgerald
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Tahar Ait-Ali
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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11
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Ueno Y, Uemura R, Niwa H, Higuchi T, Sekiguchi S, Sasaki Y, Sueyoshi M. Total serum protein reference value as a clinical diagnostic index of equine proliferative enteropathy. J Equine Sci 2019; 30:63-67. [PMID: 31592224 PMCID: PMC6773620 DOI: 10.1294/jes.30.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine proliferative enteropathy (EPE) caused by Lawsonia intracellularis is characterized by hypoproteinemia. There are currently no reliable reports that provide a reference value for the total serum protein (TP) concentration to clinically diagnose EPE. The objective of this study was to statistically determine the reference value. Feces and sera of 99 foals with EPE-like clinical signs and of 35 healthy foals were obtained. The samples were used for specific-gene detection of L. intracellularis, TP measurement, and specific-antibody detection against L. intracellularis. Based on these results, the optimal reference value for the TP concentration as a clinical diagnostic index of EPE was found to be ≤ 4.8 g/dl. This clinical diagnostic index will provide an effective approach for diagnosing EPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Ueno
- KM Biologics Co., Ltd., Kumamoto 860-8568, Japan.,Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Ryoko Uemura
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Niwa
- Microbiology Division, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | - Toru Higuchi
- Mitsuishi Animal Medical Center, NOSAI Minami, Hokkaido 053-0021, Japan
| | - Satoshi Sekiguchi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Yosuke Sasaki
- Department of Animal and Grassland Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Masuo Sueyoshi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
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Bohlin AM, Olsen SN, Laursen SH, Öhman A, van Galen G. Lawsonia intracellularis associated equine proliferative enteropathy in Danish weanling foals. Acta Vet Scand 2019; 61:12. [PMID: 30850006 PMCID: PMC6407178 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-019-0447-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lawsonia intracellularis, an obligate intracellular bacterium, causes equine proliferative enteropathy, mainly in horses around weaning. This disease is rarely reported in the Scandinavian countries. Results Five cases of equine proliferative enteropathy were diagnosed between 2008–2016 at the University of Copenhagen Large Animal Teaching Hospital. Cases were Danish Warmbloods and a Friesian horse, aged 6–7 months, presenting with typical clinical signs of lethargy, poor body condition, pyrexia and diarrhea. Clinical pathology was consistent with previous reports of severe hypoalbuminemia and leukocytosis. Diagnosis was confirmed by fecal polymerase chain reaction, serum immunomonolayer peroxidase assay and/or immunofluorescence and fluorescence in situ hybridization performed on formalin-fixed ileum samples. Concurrent intestinal parasitism was present in all five cases. Treatment consisted of antimicrobial therapy, anti-inflammatories, intravenous crystalloids and plasma. Three foals were euthanised due to deterioration and poor response to treatment, one with complications of septic arthritis and Strongylus vulgaris associated intestinal infarct. The other two foals survived and were reported by the owners to be healthy on long-term follow-up. Conclusions Equine proliferative enteropathy is a disease to consider in young horses presenting with diarrhea and hypoproteinemia in Denmark.
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Pereira CER, Resende TP, Vasquez E, Marshall‐Lund L, Guedes RMC, Gebhart CJ. In vitro antimicrobial activity against equine
Lawsonia intracellularis
strains. Equine Vet J 2019; 51:665-668. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.13071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. E. R. Pereira
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery Veterinary School Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - T. P. Resende
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine University of Minnesota St. Paul Minnesota USA
| | - E. Vasquez
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine University of Minnesota St. Paul Minnesota USA
| | - L. Marshall‐Lund
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine University of Minnesota St. Paul Minnesota USA
| | - R. M. C. Guedes
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery Veterinary School Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - C. J. Gebhart
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine University of Minnesota St. Paul Minnesota USA
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Enterocin M and its Beneficial Effects in Horses—a Pilot Experiment. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2018; 10:420-426. [DOI: 10.1007/s12602-018-9390-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Hines MT. Clinical Approach to Commonly Encountered Problems. EQUINE INTERNAL MEDICINE 2018. [PMCID: PMC7158300 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-44329-6.00007-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Use of flow cytometry and PCR analysis to detect 5-carboxyfluoroscein-stained obligate intracellular bacteria Lawsonia intracellularis invasion of McCoy cells. J Microbiol Methods 2016; 126:60-6. [PMID: 27154728 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2016.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we describe a method to quantify invasion of obligate intracellular bacteria, Lawsonia intracellularis, inside McCoy cells. In immunological research, the cell-permeable fluorescent dye 5'-carboxyfluoroscein succidyl ester (CFSE) is commonly used to quantify eukaryotic cellular proliferation. Instead of using it in this traditional way, we stained L. intracellularis with CFSE dye prior to infection of McCoy cells. Flow cytometry was performed to quantify the percentage of eukaryotic cells which had taken up or were associated with fluorescent bacteria. As obligate intracellular bacteria, they cannot replicate outside of eukaryotic cells and thus qPCR analysis was used to quantify bacterial growth. Indirectly, PCR analysis confirmed invasion rather than adherence to the McCoy cell surface. Fluorescent activated cell sorting (FACS) was used to sort the CFSE(+) (i.e. infected) McCoy cells from the CFSE(-) (i.e. non-infected) McCoy cells and confocal microscopy was used to confirm bacterial invasion and cytosolic localization of CFSE-L. intracellularis. To show that this approach could be used in conjunction with functional assays, we investigated the effect that serum antibodies had on CFSE-bacterial invasion and growth. Instead of blocking invasion, rabbit hyperimmune serum augmented invasion of the bacteria inside McCoy cells and qPCR analysis confirmed bacterial growth over the course of 5days. We conclude that CFSE-labeling of bacteria and qPCR can be used to track and quantify bacterial invasion and may be a valuable tool for studying the invasive properties of bacteria, especially if commercial antibodies are not available. This approach may be adapted for use in other obligate intracellular bacteria and intracellular pathogens.
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Abstract
The gastrointestinal system of horses is affected by a large variety of inflammatory infectious and noninfectious conditions. The most prevalent form of gastritis is associated with ulceration of the pars esophagea. Although the diagnostic techniques for alimentary diseases of horses have improved significantly over the past few years, difficulties still exist in establishing the causes of a significant number of enteric diseases in this species. This problem is compounded by several agents of enteric disease also being found in the intestine of clinically normal horses, which questions the validity of the mere detection of these agents in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco A Uzal
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, 105 West Central Avenue, San Bernardino, CA 92409, USA.
| | - Santiago S Diab
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Gabardo MP, Sato JP, Resende TP, Guedes RM. Equine proliferative enteropathy on a Brazilian farm. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2015000500009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract:Lawsonia intracellularis infection on a horse farm in the Midwest region of Brazil is described. Thirty-nine foals a few days to months old from a herd with 300 horses, experienced diarrhea with variable characteristics and intensities, weight loss, hyperemic mucous membranes and dehydration. In foals 3 to 6 months of age, hypoproteinemia associated with submandibular edema were also common. Intestinal fragments of a 7-month-old foal were sent to an animal disease laboratory for diagnosis. The observed macroscopic lesions were hyperemic serosa, thickening of the intestinal wall with a corrugation, thickening of the mucosa folds and reduction of intestinal lumen. Histological analysis of the small and large intestine revealed enterocyte hyperplasia of the crypts associated with diffuse marked decrease in the number of goblet cells and positive L. intracellularis antigen labeling by immunohistochemistry. Three out of 11 animals of the same property were seropositive for L. intracellularis, demonstrating the circulation of the agent throughout the farm, but none were PCR positive in fecal samples. Based on clinical signs and pathological findings, the diagnosis of equine proliferative enteropathy was confirmed.
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ENDO Y, NIWA H, KATAYAMA Y, MURASE H, SATO F, KOROSUE K, ISHIMARU M, SUEYOSHI M. Lawsonia intracellularis Infection in Thoroughbred Foals on a Breeding Farm in Japan. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.12935/jvma.68.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiro ENDO
- Hidaka Training and Research Center, Japan Racing Association
| | - Hidekazu NIWA
- Epizootic Research Center, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association
| | - Yoshinori KATAYAMA
- Epizootic Research Center, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association
| | - Harutaka MURASE
- Hidaka Training and Research Center, Japan Racing Association
| | - Fumio SATO
- Hidaka Training and Research Center, Japan Racing Association
| | - Kenji KOROSUE
- Hidaka Training and Research Center, Japan Racing Association
| | | | - Masuo SUEYOSHI
- Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki
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Page AE, Stills HF, Horohov DW. Sub-isotypic differences in the immunoglobulin G response to Lawsonia intracellularis in vaccinated, seropositive, and equine proliferative enteropathy-affected horses. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2014; 162:162-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Page AE, Slovis NM, Horohov DW. Lawsonia intracellularis and Equine Proliferative Enteropathy. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2014; 30:641-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Affiliation(s)
- J.-P. Lavoie
- Université de Montréal - Clinical Sciences; St-Hyacinthe Quebec Canada
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Page AE, Stills HF, Horohov DW. The effect of passively acquired antibodies onLawsonia intracellularisinfection and immunity in the horse. Equine Vet J 2014; 47:655-61. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. E. Page
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center; University of Kentucky; Lexington USA
| | - H. F. Stills
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics; University of Kentucky; Lexington USA
| | - D. W. Horohov
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center; University of Kentucky; Lexington USA
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Equine Proliferative Enteropathy Caused by Lawsonia intracellularis in a Foal in Brazil. J Equine Vet Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2013.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Sampieri F, Allen AL, Alcorn J, Clark CR, Vannucci FA, Pusterla N, Mapes SM, Ball KR, Dowling PM, Thompson J, Bernstein LR, Gebhart CJ, Hamilton DL. Efficacy of gallium maltolate against Lawsonia intracellularis
infection in a rabbit model. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2014; 37:571-8. [DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Sampieri
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Saskatchewan; Saskatoon SK Canada
| | - A. L. Allen
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Saskatchewan; Saskatoon SK Canada
| | - J. Alcorn
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition; University of Saskatchewan; Saskatoon SK Canada
| | - C. R. Clark
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Saskatchewan; Saskatoon SK Canada
| | - F. A. Vannucci
- College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Minnesota; Saint Paul MN USA
| | - N. Pusterla
- School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis CA USA
| | - S. M. Mapes
- School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis CA USA
| | - K. R. Ball
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Saskatchewan; Saskatoon SK Canada
| | - P. M. Dowling
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Saskatchewan; Saskatoon SK Canada
| | | | | | - C. J. Gebhart
- College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Minnesota; Saint Paul MN USA
| | - D. L. Hamilton
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Saskatchewan; Saskatoon SK Canada
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Sampieri F, Alcorn J, Allen AL, Clark CR, Vannucci FA, Pusterla N, Mapes S, Ball KR, Dowling PM, Thompson J, Bernstein LR, Gebhart CJ, Hamilton DL. Pharmacokinetics of gallium maltolate in Lawsonia intracellularis-infected and uninfected rabbits. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2014; 37:486-99. [PMID: 24628462 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Oral gallium maltolate (GaM) pharmacokinetics (PK) and intestinal tissue (IT) concentrations of elemental gallium ([Ga]) and iron ([Fe]) were investigated in a rabbit model of equine proliferative enteropathy (EPE). New Zealand white does (uninfected controls and EPE-infected, n = 6/group) were given a single oral GaM dose (50 mg/kg). Serial blood samples were collected from 0 to 216 h post-treatment (PT) and IT samples after euthanasia. Serology, qPCR, and immunohistochemistry confirmed, or excluded, EPE. Blood and IT [Ga] and [Fe] were determined using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. PK parameters were estimated through noncompartmental approaches. For all statistical comparisons on [Ga] and [Fe] α = 5%. The Ga log-linear terminal phase rate constant was lower in EPE rabbits vs. uninfected controls [0.0116 ± 0.004 (SD) vs. 0.0171 ± 0.0028 per hour; P = 0.03]; but half-life (59.4 ± 24.0 vs. 39.4 ± 10.8 h; P = 0.12); Cmax (0.50 ± 0.21 vs. 0.59 ± 0.42 μg/mL; P = 0.45); tmax (1.75 ± 0.41 vs. 0.9 ± 0.37 h; P = 0.20); and oral clearance (6.743 ± 1.887 vs. 7.208 ± 2.565 L/h; P = 0.74) were not. IT's [Ga] and [Fe] were higher (P < 0.0001) in controls. In conclusion, although infection reduces IT [Ga] and [Fe], a 48 h GaM dosing interval is appropriate for multidose studies in EPE rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Sampieri
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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29
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Pusterla N, Gebhart CJ, Lavoie JP, Drolet R. Lawsonia intracellularis. EQUINE INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2014. [PMCID: PMC7151967 DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4557-0891-8.00034-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Ekner-Grzyb A, Sajkowska Z, Dudek K, Gawałek M, Skórka P, Tryjanowski P. Locomotor performance of sand lizards ( Lacerta agilis): effects of predatory pressure and parasite load. Acta Ethol 2013; 16:173-179. [PMID: 24052686 PMCID: PMC3775096 DOI: 10.1007/s10211-013-0148-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Locomotor performance affects foraging efficiency, predator avoidance and consequently fitness. Agility and speed determine the animal's social status and reflect its condition. In this study, we test how predatory pressure and parasite load influences locomotor performance of wild specimens of the sand lizard Lacerta agilis. Animals were chased on a 2-metre racetrack. Lizards with autotomy ran significantly faster than lizards with an intact tail, but there was no significant difference in running speed between individuals with fresh caudal autotomy and regenerated tails. Parasite presence and load, age and sex had no significant effect on speed. Our results indicate that autotomy either alters locomotory behaviour or that individuals with autotomised tails were those that previously survived contact with predators, and therefore represented a subgroup of the fastest individuals. Therefore, in general, predatory pressure but not parasites affected locomotor performance in lizards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ekner-Grzyb
- Department of Behavioural Ecology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
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Pusterla N, Gebhart C. Lawsonia intracellularis infection and proliferative enteropathy in foals. Vet Microbiol 2013; 167:34-41. [PMID: 23871678 PMCID: PMC7126703 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Equine proliferative enteropathy (EPE) is a disease of foals caused by the obligate intracellular organism Lawsonia intracellularis. This organism is unique in that it causes proliferation of infected enterocytes, resulting in thickening of the intestinal epithelium, most often the small intestine. This disease affects mainly weanling foals and causes fever, lethargy, peripheral edema, diarrhea, colic and weight loss. The diagnosis of EPE may be challenging and relies on the presence of hypoproteinemia, thickening of segments of the small intestinal wall observed on abdominal ultrasonography, positive serology and molecular detection of L. intracellularis in feces. The epidemiology and genetic basis for pathogenesis for this disease is beginning to be elucidated. Phenotypic traits, genomic features, and gene expression profiles during L. intracellularis infection in vitro and in vivo are presented. In addition, this article reviews the epidemiology, pathological and clinicopathological findings, diagnosis, and control of EPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Pusterla
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Mayer JR, Fielding CL, Pusterla N, Magdesian KG, Higgins JC. Lawsonia intracellularisproliferative enteropathy in a 3.5-year-old miniature horse. EQUINE VET EDUC 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - N. Pusterla
- VM: Department of Medicine and Epidemiology; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California Davis; California USA
| | - K. G. Magdesian
- VM: Department of Medicine and Epidemiology; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California Davis; California USA
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Pusterla N, Gebhart CJ. Equine proliferative enteropathy--a review of recent developments. Equine Vet J 2013; 45:403-9. [PMID: 23662705 PMCID: PMC7163532 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Equine proliferative enteropathy (EPE) is a disease of foals caused by the obligate intracellular organism Lawsonia intracellularis. This emerging disease affects mainly weanling foals and causes fever, lethargy, peripheral oedema, diarrhoea, colic and weight loss. The diagnosis of EPE may be challenging and relies on the presence of hypoproteinaemia, thickening of segments of the small intestinal wall observed upon abdominal ultrasonography, positive serology and molecular detection of L. intracellularis in faeces. Although the clinical entity, diagnostic approach and treatment of EPE are well established and described, the epidemiology for this disease has remained largely unaddressed. This article focuses on new developments in the field of EPE, including epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment and prevention.
The Summary is available in Chinese – see Supporting information.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Pusterla
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, USA.
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35
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Proliferative enteropathy in foals: Disease, diagnostics and transmission. Vet J 2013; 195:135-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Revised: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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36
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Pusterla N, Sanchez-Migallon Guzman D, Vannucci F, Mapes S, White A, DiFrancesco M, Gebhart C. Transmission of Lawsonia intracellularis to weanling foals using feces from experimentally infected rabbits. Vet J 2013; 195:241-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Revised: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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37
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Hoefer HL, Fox JG, Bell JA. Gastrointestinal Diseases. FERRETS, RABBITS, AND RODENTS 2012. [PMCID: PMC7151867 DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4160-6621-7.00003-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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PAGE AE, STILLS HF, CHANDER Y, GEBHART CJ, HOROHOV DW. Adaptation and validation of a bacteria-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for determination of farm-specific Lawsonia intracellularis seroprevalence in central Kentucky Thoroughbreds. Equine Vet J 2011:25-31. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2011.00487.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Characterization of the interferon gamma response to Lawsonia intracellularis using an equine proliferative enteropathy challenge (EPE) model. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2011; 143:55-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Revised: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 06/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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40
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Evaluation of the field efficacy of an avirulent live Lawsonia intracellularis vaccine in foals. Vet J 2011; 192:511-3. [PMID: 21741284 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2011] [Revised: 05/29/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Equine proliferative enteropathy caused by Lawsonia intracellularis is an emerging disease with as yet unaddressed preventative measures. The hypothesis of this study was that vaccination will prevent clinical and sub-clinical disease. Weanling Thoroughbreds (n=202) from Central Kentucky were randomly assigned into two groups (vaccinated and non-vaccinated). Vaccinated foals received 30 mL of an avirulent, live L. intracellularis vaccine intra-rectally twice, 30 days apart. Foals were monitored for clinical disease, total solids and average weight gain until yearling age. There was an overall decreased disease incidence on the farms involved in the study that did not differ significantly between the groups. This decreased disease prevalence in the study population may be associated with the ongoing vaccine trial on these farms, as disease prevalence in Central Kentucky did not change in 2009 compared to 2008.
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Ellis AE, Hart KA, Elfenbein JR. Pathology in practice. Severe, chronic, segmental proliferative and ulcerative enteritis with intraepithelial curved bacilli (L intracellularis) and multifocal transmural necrosis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2011; 238:1417-9. [PMID: 21627502 DOI: 10.2460/javma.238.11.1417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Angela E Ellis
- Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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Pusterla N, Mapes S, Johnson C, Slovis N, Page A, Gebhart C. Comparison of feces versus rectal swabs for the molecular detection of Lawsonia intracellularis in foals with equine proliferative enteropathy. J Vet Diagn Invest 2010; 22:741-4. [PMID: 20807932 DOI: 10.1177/104063871002200513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the current study was to compare the molecular detection rate of Lawsonia intracellularis between feces and rectal swabs collected from 42 foals with suspected equine proliferative enteropathy (EPE). Fecal samples and rectal swabs were processed for DNA purification by using an automated extraction system. The purified DNA was then analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the presence of the aspartate ammonia lyase (aspA) gene of L. intracellularis. Absolute quantitation was calculated by using a standard curve for L. intracellularis and expressed as copy numbers of the aspA gene of L. intracellularis per microliter of purified DNA. The combined PCR detection rate for L. intracellularis was 90%, with 38 foals testing PCR positive in feces (33 samples), rectal swabs (32), or both (27). Six foals tested PCR positive only in feces, whereas 5 tested positive only in rectal swabs. Feces yielded a significantly higher aspA gene copy number of L. intracellularis than rectal swabs. Feces and rectal swabs tested PCR negative from 4 foals. In conclusion, the results showed that feces yielded similar numbers of PCR-positive results, with a higher L. intracellularis aspA gene load than rectal swabs. By analyzing dual samples, the PCR detection rate for L. intracellularis increased from 76% and 79% for rectal swabs and feces, respectively, to 90%. Rectal swabs should be considered as an alternative sample type for EPE-suspected patients with decreased or no fecal output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Pusterla
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Shimizu C, Shibahara T, Takai S, Kasuya K, Chikuba T, Murakoshi N, Kobayashi H, Kubo M. Lawsonia intracellularis and virulent Rhodococcus equi infection in a thoroughbred colt. J Comp Pathol 2010; 143:303-8. [PMID: 20471028 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2010.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2009] [Revised: 02/19/2010] [Accepted: 03/18/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A 26-month-old thoroughbred colt with a 4-month history of continuous diarrhoea and weight loss was subject to necropsy examination. The small intestinal mucosa was thickened and this change particularly affected the terminal ileum. Microscopical examination revealed multifocal epithelial hyperplasia, with multifocal granulomas and marked lymphocytic infiltration of the lamina propria. Numerous gram-negative argyrophilic curved bacilli were observed within the cytoplasm of affected enterocytes. Macrophages and epithelioid cells forming the granulomas had abundant, lightly eosinophilic, foamy cytoplasm, with occasional large, clear vacuoles containing gram-positive coccobacilli. Immunohistochemical studies suggested that the argyrophilic bacilli were Lawsonia intracellularis and the gram-positive coccobacilli were Rhodococcus equi. L. intracellularis-specific DNA fragments were amplified from the affected ileocaecal mucosa by polymerase chain reaction. Virulent R. equi (VapA positive) was isolated in pure culture from the liver and mesenteric lymph nodes. These results suggested that the two intracytoplasmic organisms had induced multifocal proliferative and granulomatous enteritis accompanied by severe and extensive lymphocytic infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Shimizu
- Ishikari Livestock Hygiene Service Centre, 3 Hitsujigaoka, Toyohira, Sapporo 062-0045, Japan
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Abstract
Equine proliferative enteropathy (EPE) is a disease of foals caused by the obligate intracellular organism Lawsonia intracellularis. This emerging disease affects mainly weanling foals and causes fever, lethargy, peripheral oedema, diarrhoea, colic and weight loss. The diagnosis of EPE may be challenging and relies on the presence of hypoproteinaemia, thickening of segments of the small intestinal wall observed on abdominal ultrasonography, positive serology and molecular detection of L. intracellularis in faeces. Although the clinical entity, diagnostic work‐up and treatment of EPE are well established and described, the epidemiology for this disease has remained largely unaddressed. This article reviews the aetiology, epidemiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of EPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Pusterla
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - C Gebhart
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, College of Veterinary Medicine, St Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA
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Sampieri F, Hinchcliff KW, Toribio RE. Tetracycline therapy of Lawsonia intracellularis enteropathy in foals. Equine Vet J 2010; 38:89-92. [PMID: 16411593 DOI: 10.2746/042516406775374270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F Sampieri
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, 601 Vernon L. Tharp Street, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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Blunden AS, Smith KC, Neal HN, Dugdale DJ. Enteritis associated with infection by Campylobacter jejuni in two Thoroughbred foals. EQUINE VET EDUC 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3292.2006.tb00404.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Guimarães-Ladeira CV, Palhares MS, Oliveira JSV, Ramirez MA, Guedes RMC. Faecal shedding and serological cross-sectional study of Lawsonia intracellularis in horses in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Equine Vet J 2009; 41:593-6. [PMID: 19803056 DOI: 10.2746/042516409x407639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
REASON FOR PERFORMING THE STUDY Proliferative enteropathy, caused by the intracellular bacterium Lawsonia intracellularis, has been described in horses in Australia, the USA, Canada and European countries but has not been reported in Latin America. The prevalence of the disease in horses worldwide is unknown. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the presence of subclinical L. intracellularis infection in horses in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. METHODS A longitudinal study using serology and PCR for detecting antibodies (IgG) and shedding of L. intracellularis in faecal samples, respectively, was conducted using a total of 223 horses from 14 different horse farms in Minas Gerais, and from the Veterinary School of UFMG equine herds in Minas Gerais. The immunoperoxidase technique in glass slides was used as the serological test. RESULTS Twenty-one horse sera had immunoglobulin G titres of 1:60 and were considered positive. The PCR technique in faeces for L. intracellularis DNA identified 7 horses as faecal shedders. Horses shedding the organism appeared healthy, indicating that subclinical infection of L. intracellularis occurred in the horses. CONCLUSION Seropositivity and detection of faecal shedding of L. intracellularis indicates the presence of the agent in the equine population in Minas Gerais. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE Results of this study should alert clinicians in countries where proliferative enteropthy in horses has not been reported to consider this disease as a possible cause of enteric disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- C V Guimarães-Ladeira
- Department of Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627 - Pampulha, PO Box 567, Belo Horizonte, MG 31.270-901, Brazil
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Wong D, Alcott C, Sponseller B, Young J, Sponseller B. Impaired Intestinal Absorption of Glucose in 4 Foals withLawsonia intracellularisInfection. J Vet Intern Med 2009; 23:940-4. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2009.0334.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Pusterla N, Collier J, Mapes SM, Wattanaphasak S, Gebhart C. Effects of administration of an avirulent live vaccine of Lawsonia intracellularis
on mares and foals. Vet Rec 2009; 164:783-5. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.164.25.783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Pusterla
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis California 95616 USA
| | - J. Collier
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis California 95616 USA
| | - S. M. Mapes
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis California 95616 USA
| | - S. Wattanaphasak
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences; University of Minnesota; College of Veterinary Medicine; St Paul Minnesota 55108 USA
| | - C. Gebhart
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences; University of Minnesota; College of Veterinary Medicine; St Paul Minnesota 55108 USA
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