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Heydari M, Mehraeen E, Javaherikiyan E, Mehrabi N, Langarizadeh M, Aghamohammadi V, Moghaddam HR, Nasiri K. Design, development and evaluation of a mobile-based self-care application for patients with COVID-19 not requiring hospitalization; a study of Northwest of Iran. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak 2023; 23:280. [PMID: 38057860 PMCID: PMC10698913 DOI: 10.1186/s12911-023-02381-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given the effective role of a mobile applications in disease management, disease monitoring, and self-care in patients with COVID-19 disease, we aimed to design, development and evaluation of a self-care Mobile app for COVID-19 patients not requiring hospitalization. METHODS The design, development and evaluation the usability of the self-care and education mobile app for patients with COVID-19 disease were conducted in two main phases at 2021 in Northwest of IRAN; (1) Determine the features and capabilities and (2) Design, development and evaluation of self-care mobile App. JAVA programming languages and Android Operating System were used and selected to design and development of a mobile app. There were 25 participants who conducted evaluations of the mobile app's usability and impact using the mobile health app usability a Questionnaire of User Interface Satisfaction was administered to assess the usability of the developed application. The results were analyzed via Excel 2013. RESULTS The model of developing a mobile app as an Information System was the Waterfall model. The smartphone application based on a set of capabilities and features was designed and consists of two main parts: the login screen for user registration, and the main home menu. The user interface includes three main pages or activities; (a) Main Menu for quick access to all of the pages, (b) Symptom management and monitoring to monitor the signs and symptoms during the illness, and (c) Set Reminders and Alarms to notify patients. The users' mean score of the application usability was calculated as 7.91 out of 9 indicating a good level of satisfaction. CONCLUSION This app can be a guideline and a useful tools for managing and monitoring symptoms, reminding medications, and implementing self-care instructions in outpatients. The authors suggest evaluating the efficacy and functionality test of mobile-based applications for COVID-19 in clinical trial studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Heydari
- Department of Health Information Technology, Khalkhal University of Medical Sciences, Khalkhal, Iran.
| | - Esmaeil Mehraeen
- Department of Health Information Technology, Khalkhal University of Medical Sciences, Khalkhal, Iran
| | | | - Nahid Mehrabi
- Department of Health Information Technology, Aja University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Langarizadeh
- Department of health information management, School of health management and information sciences, Iran university of medical sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Khadijeh Nasiri
- Department of Nursing, Khalkhal University of Medical Sciences, Khalkhal, Iran.
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Kim Y, Yang SC, Jang J, Park SY, Kim SS, Kim C, Kwon D, Lee SW. COVID-19 Cases and Deaths among Healthcare Personnel with the Progression of the Pandemic in Korea from March 2020 to February 2022. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:308. [PMID: 37368726 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8060308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Healthcare personnel (HCP) are vulnerable to COVID-19 infection due to their higher risk of contact with infected persons. The numbers of cases and deaths among HCP in Korea were divided into four periods associated with different major variants of SARS-CoV-2: GH clade, Alpha, Delta, and Omicron. To evaluate the implication of HCP infection in Korea, we overviewed the pandemic status in Korea and in other countries: the cases, deaths, excess mortality, and vaccination rates in Germany, Israel, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States. In about two years, there were 10,670 HCP cases among all COVID-19 cases (1.15% of 925,975 cases). HCP cases had a lower death rate (%) compared to that for all cases (0.14 versus 0.75). Nurses were the most infected (55.3%), followed by HCP of other categories (28.8%) and doctors (15.9%), while deaths were mostly reported among doctors (9 out of 15, 60%). Cases among HCP gradually increased, but the death rate decreased as the pandemic progressed. Compared to five of the other countries examined, Korea had a higher incidence of cases but a lower mortality, lower excess mortality, and a higher vaccination rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeonju Kim
- Division of Public Health Emergency Response Research, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KDCA), Cheongju 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Chan Yang
- Division of Public Health Emergency Response Research, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KDCA), Cheongju 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhwa Jang
- Division of Public Health Emergency Response Research, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KDCA), Cheongju 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Shin Young Park
- Division of Public Health Emergency Response Research, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KDCA), Cheongju 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Sun Kim
- Division of Public Health Emergency Response Research, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KDCA), Cheongju 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Chansoo Kim
- AI/R Lab, AI-Robot Department, University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- AI/R Lab, Computational Science Center & ASSIST, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghyok Kwon
- Division of Public Health Emergency Response Research, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KDCA), Cheongju 28159, Republic of Korea
- Division of Epidemiological Investigation Analysis, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KDCA), Cheongju 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Won Lee
- Public Health Emergency Preparedness, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KDCA), Cheongju 28159, Republic of Korea
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Electronic self-assessment of COVID-19 symptoms among healthcare workers. HEALTH AND TECHNOLOGY 2023. [PMCID: PMC10010951 DOI: 10.1007/s12553-023-00744-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Daily monitoring of COVID-19 symptoms/history of contact in hospital staff is useful for ensuring safety in the hospital. An electronic self- assessment tool could be used to monitor staff without using excessive resources and resulting in unnecessary contact. The objective of our study was to describe the results of a self-assessment COVID-19 daily monitor log in hospital employees. Methods A description of characteristics of staff who filled the log and follow-up of those who reported symptoms/history of contact was collected. An online self-assessment of COVID-19 symptoms/contact history was developed and used at a hospital in Bahrain. All staff completed the daily COVID-19 log. Data were collected during the month of June 2020. Results Out of 47,388 responses, 853 (2%) of staff reported either COVID-19 symptoms/history of contact with diagnosed COVID-19 case. The most frequently reported symptom was sore throat (23%), followed by muscle pain (12.6%). The highest frequency of staff who reported symptoms and/or contact was in nurses. Of those who reported symptoms/contact, 18 were diagnosed with COVID-19. The majority (83.3%) of the infected staff obtained the virus through community transmission, and only 16.7% obtained the virus through hospital transmission. Conclusion The electronic self-assessment log for staff during COVID-19 could be used as a safety measure in hospitals. Moreover, the study highlights the importance of targeting community transmission in an effort to increase hospital safety.
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Lei J, Clements M, Elfström M, Lundgren KC, Dillner J. Predicting past and future SARS-CoV-2-related sick leave using discrete time Markov modelling. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0273003. [PMID: 35960755 PMCID: PMC9374214 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prediction of SARS-CoV-2-induced sick leave among healthcare workers (HCWs) is essential for being able to plan the healthcare response to the epidemic. Methods During first wave of the SARS-Cov-2 epidemic (April 23rd to June 24th, 2020), the HCWs in the greater Stockholm region in Sweden were invited to a study of past or present SARS-CoV-2 infection. We develop a discrete time Markov model using a cohort of 9449 healthcare workers (HCWs) who had complete data on SARS-CoV-2 RNA and antibodies as well as sick leave data for the calendar year 2020. The one-week and standardized longer term transition probabilities of sick leave and the ratios of the standardized probabilities for the baseline covariate distribution were compared with the referent period (an independent period when there were no SARS-CoV-2 infections) in relation to PCR results, serology results and gender. Results The one-week probabilities of transitioning from healthy to partial sick leave or full sick leave during the outbreak as compared to after the outbreak were highest for healthy HCWs testing positive for large amounts of virus (ratio: 3.69, (95% confidence interval, CI: 2.44–5.59) and 6.67 (95% CI: 1.58–28.13), respectively). The proportion of all sick leaves attributed to COVID-19 during outbreak was at most 55% (95% CI: 50%-59%). Conclusions A robust Markov model enabled use of simple SARS-CoV-2 testing data for quantifying past and future COVID-related sick leave among HCWs, which can serve as a basis for planning of healthcare during outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayao Lei
- Karolinska University Laboratory, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Mark Clements
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Miriam Elfström
- Karolinska University Laboratory, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Joakim Dillner
- Karolinska University Laboratory, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Use of an algorithm based on routine blood laboratory tests to exclude COVID-19 in a screening-setting of healthcare workers. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0270548. [PMID: 35763522 PMCID: PMC9239486 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background COVID-19 is an ongoing pandemic leading to exhaustion of the hospital care system. Our health care system has to deal with a high level of sick leave of health care workers (HCWs) with COVID-19 related complaints, in whom an infection with SARS-CoV-2 has to be ruled out before they can return back to work. The aim of the present study is to investigate if the recently described CoLab-algorithm can be used to exclude COVID-19 in a screening setting of HCWs. Methods In the period from January 2021 till March 2021, HCWs with COVID-19-related complaints were prospectively collected and included in this study. Next to the routinely performed SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR, using a set of naso- and oropharyngeal swab samples, two blood tubes (one EDTA- and one heparin-tube) were drawn for analysing the 10 laboratory parameters required for running the CoLab-algorithm. Results In total, 726 HCWs with a complete CoLab-laboratory panel were included in this study. In this group, 684 HCWs were tested SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR negative and 42 cases RT-PCR positive. ROC curve analysis showed an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.853 (95% CI: 0.801–0.904). At a safe cut-off value for excluding COVID-19 of -6.525, the sensitivity was 100% with a specificity of 34% (95% CI: 21 to 49%). No SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR cases were missed with this cut-off and COVID-19 could be safely ruled out in more than one third of HCWs. Conclusion The CoLab-score is an easy and reliable algorithm that can be used for screening HCWs with COVID-19 related complaints. A major advantage of this approach is that the results of the score are available within 1 hour after collecting the samples. This results in a faster return to labour process of a large part of the COVID-19 negative HCWs (34%), next to a reduction in RT-PCR tests (reagents and labour costs) that can be saved.
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COVID-19 cases among medical laboratory services staff in South Africa, 2020–2021: A cohort study. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268998. [PMID: 35714075 PMCID: PMC9205487 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Medical laboratory workers may have an increased risk of COVID-19 due to their interaction with biological samples received for testing and contamination of documents. Records of COVID-19 laboratory-confirmed positive cases within the medical laboratory service were routinely collected in the company’s Occupational Health and Safety Information System (OHASIS). Surveillance data from the OHASIS system were extracted from 1 April 2020 to 31 March 2021. An epidemic curve was plotted and compared to that for the country, along with prevalence proportions and incidence rates. The odds of COVID-19 infection were categorised by job and compared to the US Occupational Risk Scores. A logistic regression model assessed the risk of COVID-19 infection per occupational group. A total of 2091 (26% of staff) COVID-19 positive cases were reported. The number of COVID-19 cases was higher in the first wave at 46% (967/2091) of cases, than in the second wave 40% (846/2091) of cases. There was no significant difference in COVID-19 prevalence between male and female employees. The job categories with the most increased risk were laboratory managers [AOR 3.2 (95%CI 1.9–5.1)] and laboratory support clerks [AOR 3.2 (95%CI 1.9–5.2)]. Our study confirms that some categories of medical laboratory staff are at increased risk for COVID-19; this is a complex interaction between workplace risk factors, community interaction, socioeconomic status, personal habits, and behaviour. Targeted interventions are recommended for high-risk groups. OHASIS has the potential to generate data for surveillance of health care workers and contribute towards a South African risk profile.
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Khan J, E N, Mariatti M, Vilay V, Todo M. A comprehensive review on facemask manufacturing, testing, and its environmental impacts. JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL TEXTILES 2022; 52:15280837221111175. [PMID: 36249720 PMCID: PMC9548449 DOI: 10.1177/15280837221111175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) is currently the biggest threat to human lives due to its rapid transmission rate causing severe damage to human health and economy. The transmission of viral diseases can be minimized at its early stages with proper planning and preventive practices. The use of facemask has proved to be most effective measure to curb the spread of virus along with social distancing and good hygiene practices. This necessitates more research on facemask technology to increase its filtration efficiencies and proper disposal, which can be accelerated with knowledge of the current manufacturing process and recent research in this field. This review article provides an overview of the importance of facemask, fundamentals of nonwoven fabrics, and its manufacturing process. It also covers topics related to recent research reported for improved facemask efficiencies and testing methods to evaluate the performance of facemask. The plastic waste associated with the facemask and measures to minimize its effect are also briefly described. A systematic understanding is given in order to trigger future research in this field to ensure that we are well equipped for any future pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junaid Khan
- School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal Penang, Malaysia
| | - Netnapa E
- School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal Penang, Malaysia
| | - M Mariatti
- School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal Penang, Malaysia
| | - V Vilay
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Sokpaluang Campus, National University of Laos, Vientiane, Laos
| | - M Todo
- Renewable Energy Center, Research Institute for Applied Mechanics, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Milosevic M, Kishore Biswas R, Innes L, Ng M, Mehmet Darendeliler A, Wong A, Denney-Wilson E. P2/N95 filtering facepiece respirators: Results of a large-scale quantitative mask fit testing program in Australian health care workers. Am J Infect Control 2022; 50:509-515. [PMID: 34971710 PMCID: PMC8767955 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2021.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, 6,287 Australian health care workers (HCWs) were fit tested to N95 filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs). This study determined how readily HCWs were fitted to 8 FFRs and how age and sex influenced testing. Methods HCWs were fit tested following the quantitative OSHA protocol. After bivariate analysis, a logistic regression model assessed the effect of FFR model, HCW age and sex on fit test results. Results Of 4,198 female and 2,089 male HCWs tested, 93.3% were successfully fitted. Fifty-five percent passed the first FFR, 21% required 2 and 23% required testing on 3 or more models. Males were 15% less likely to pass compared to females (P < .001). Individuals aged 18-29 were significantly more likely to pass compared to colleagues aged 30-59. Cup-style 3M 1860S was the most suitable model (95% CI: 1.94, 2.54) while the duckbill BSN TN01-11 was most likely to fail (95% CI: 0.11, 0.15). Conclusions Current N95 FFRs exhibit suboptimal fit such that a large proportion (45%) of HCWs require testing on multiple models. Older age and male sex were associated with significantly higher fit failure rates. QNFT programs should consider HCW characteristics like sex, age, racial and facial anthropometric measurements to improve the protection of the health workforce.
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Weehuizen JM, van Spronsen R, Hoepelman AIM, Bleeker-Rovers CP, Oosterheert JJ, Wever PC. No Influence of Previous Coxiella burnetii Infection on ICU Admission and Mortality in Emergency Department Patients Infected with SARS-CoV-2. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11030526. [PMID: 35159977 PMCID: PMC8836776 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11030526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: the geographical similarities of the Dutch 2007–2010 Q fever outbreak and the start of the 2020 coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) outbreak in the Netherlands raised questions and provided a unique opportunity to study an association between Coxiella burnetii infection and the outcome following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study in two Dutch hospitals. We assessed evidence of previous C. burnetii infection in COVID-19 patients diagnosed at the ED during the first COVID-19 wave and compared a combined outcome of in-hospital mortality and intensive care unit (ICU) admission using adjusted odds ratios (OR). Results: In total, 629 patients were included with a mean age of 68.0 years. Evidence of previous C. burnetii infection was found in 117 patients (18.6%). The combined primary outcome occurred in 40.2% and 40.4% of patients with and without evidence of previous C. burnetii infection respectively (adjusted OR of 0.926 (95% CI 0.605–1.416)). The adjusted OR of the secondary outcomes in-hospital mortality, ICU-admission and regular ward admission did not show an association either. Conclusion: no influence of previous C. burnetii infection on the risk of ICU admission and/or mortality for patients with COVID-19 presenting at the ED was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesper M. Weehuizen
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (R.v.S.); (A.I.M.H.); (J.J.O.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Rik van Spronsen
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (R.v.S.); (A.I.M.H.); (J.J.O.)
| | - Andy I. M. Hoepelman
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (R.v.S.); (A.I.M.H.); (J.J.O.)
| | - Chantal P. Bleeker-Rovers
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Radboud Expertise Center for Q Fever, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
| | - Jan Jelrik Oosterheert
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (R.v.S.); (A.I.M.H.); (J.J.O.)
| | - Peter C. Wever
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 5223 GZ ‘s-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands;
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Rodríguez de Limia Ramírez K, Ruiz-Robledillo N, Duro-Torrijos JL, García-Román V, Albaladejo-Blázquez N, Ferrer-Cascales R. Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in a Sample of Health Workers in Two Health Departments of the Valencian Community in Spain. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 19:66. [PMID: 35010325 PMCID: PMC8751085 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19010066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Health care personnel constitutes the most vulnerable group of professionals, as they are employed in a work context with higher exposure to SARS-CoV-2 infection. This study aims to estimate the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in health personnel (n = 2858) of two health departments in the Valencian community between March 2020 and April 2021, as well as the sociodemographic and work variables predicting higher infection prevalence in this group. A cross-sectional descriptive study was performed on health workers from the health departments of Torrevieja and Elche-Crevillente of the Valencian Community (Spain). After obtaining the samples, the cases were identified through an active infection diagnostic test (AIDT). The analyzed variables were: sex, age (18-34/35-49/>50 years), professional category, health care, risk service, and AIDT. A total of 2858 staff members were studied. Of them, 55.4% (1582) underwent an AIDT, with 9.7% (277) of positive cases. Infection predominated in the age group of 18 to 34 years, 12.6% (OR = 1.98, 95% CI [1.26, 3.11]); nurses, 12.1% (OR = 1.5, 95% CI [1.00, 2.23]); and at-risk services, 11.4% (OR = 1.3, 95% CI [1.06, 1.81]). A very low positivity rate was identified in the health personnel linked to the health departments analyzed during the 14 months of the study period. Based on our results, prevention strategies could focus more intensively on the most at-risk groups, specifically young nurses who work in at-risk services, mainly in emergency and internal medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicolás Ruiz-Robledillo
- Department of Health Psychology, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain; (N.A.-B.); (R.F.-C.)
| | | | - Vicente García-Román
- Preventive Medicine Service, University Hospital of Vinalopó, 03293 Elche, Spain;
| | | | - Rosario Ferrer-Cascales
- Department of Health Psychology, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain; (N.A.-B.); (R.F.-C.)
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Soebandrio A, Kusumaningrum T, Yudhaputri FA, Oktavianthi S, Safari D, Malik SG, Myint KSA. COVID-19 prevalence among healthcare workers in Jakarta and neighbouring areas in Indonesia during early 2020 pandemic. Ann Med 2021; 53:1896-1904. [PMID: 34783269 PMCID: PMC8604529 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2021.1975309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 disease has overwhelmed and disrupted healthcare services worldwide, particularly healthcare workers (HCW). HCW are essential workers performing any job in a healthcare setting who are potentially directly or indirectly exposed to infectious materials. Our retrospective cohort study aimed to determine the prevalence of COVID-19 infections among HCW in Jakarta and neighbouring areas during the first three months of the pandemic. METHODS Nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal swab specimens from HCW working at private and public hospitals in Jakarta and neighbouring areas were screened for SARS-CoV-2 between March and May 2020. Data on demography, clinical symptoms, contact history, and personal protective equipment (PPE) use were collected using standardised forms. RESULTS Among 1201 specimens, 7.9% were confirmed positive for SARS-CoV-2 with the majority coming from medical doctors (48.4%) and nurses (44.2%). 64.2% of the positive cases reported to have contact with suspect/confirmed COVID-19 cases, including 32 (52.2%) with patient and 3 (6.6%) with co-worker. The symptomatic HCW had a significantly lower median Ct value as compared to their asymptomatic counterpart (p < .001). Tendency to have a higher prevalence of pneumonia was observed in the age group of 40 - 49 and ≥50 years old. CONCLUSION Our findings highlighted the necessity to implement proper preventive and surveillance strategies for this high-risk population including adherence to strict PPE protocol and appropriate training.Key MessageHealthcare workers (HCW), defined as those handling any job in a healthcare setting, are at the frontline of risk of infection as SARS-CoV-2 is easily transmitted through airborne droplets and direct contact with contaminated surfaces. The aim of our study is to attain a more comprehensive and accurate picture of the impact of COVID-19 on HCW during the earlier phase of the outbreak in Indonesia to develop effective strategies that protect the health and safety of this workforce. Our findings highlighted that COVID-19 infections in HCW were mostly acquired in healthcare settings, with significant consequences of pneumonia and hospitalisation occurring across all age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Soebandrio
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | | | | | | | - Dodi Safari
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
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Riccò M, Gualerzi G, Ranzieri S, Peruzzi S, Valente M, Marchesi F, Bragazzi NL, Signorelli C. Occurrence of SARS-CoV-2 infection among healthcare personnel: results from an early systematic review and meta-analysis. ACTA BIO-MEDICA : ATENEI PARMENSIS 2021; 92:e2021311. [PMID: 34738585 PMCID: PMC8689308 DOI: 10.23750/abm.v92i5.10438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND SARS-CoV-2 infection has become a global public health concern globally. Even though Healthcare Workers (HCWs) are supposedly at increased risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection, to date no pooled evidence has been collected. MATERIALS AND METHODS We searched online electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, medRxiv.org for pre-prints) for all available contribution (up to May 20, 2019). Two Authors independently screened articles and extracted the data. The pooled prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 was analyzed using the random-effects model. The possible sources of heterogeneity were analyzed through subgroup analysis, and meta-regression. RESULTS The overall pooled prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 was 3.5% (95%CI 1.8-6.6) for studies based on molecular assays, 5.5% (95%CI 2.1-14.1) for studies based on serological assays, and 6.5% (95%CI 2.5-15.6) for point-of-care capillary blood tests. Among subgroups, serological tests identified higher risk for SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity in physicians than in nurses (OR 1.436, 95%CI 1.026 to 2.008). Regression analysis indicated the possible presence of publication bias only for molecular tests (t -3.3526, p-value 0.002648). CONCLUSIONS The overall pooled prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 was lower than previously expected, but available studies were affected by significant heterogeneity, and the molecular studies by significant publication bias. Therefore, further high-quality research in the field is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Riccò
- Azienda USL di Reggio EmiliaV.le Amendola n.2 - 42122 REServizio di Prevenzione e Sicurezza negli Ambienti di Lavoro (SPSAL)Dip. di Prevenzione.
| | - Giovanni Gualerzi
- 2 Department of Medicine and Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Parma, 43123 Parma (PR), Italy.
| | - Silvia Ranzieri
- 3 Department of Medicine and Surgery, School of Occupational Medicine, University of Parma, I-43123 Parma (PR), Italy.
| | - Simona Peruzzi
- 4 AUSL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Laboratorio Analisi Chimico Cliniche e Microbiologiche, Ospedale Civile di Guastalla, I-42016 Guastalla (RE), Italy.
| | - Marina Valente
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Unit of Clinical Surgery, University of Parma, I-43123 Parma (PR), Italy.
| | - Federico Marchesi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Unit of Clinical Surgery, University of Parma, I-43123 Parma (PR), Italy.
| | - Nicola Luigi Bragazzi
- Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (LIAM), Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada.
| | - Carlo Signorelli
- University "Vita e Salute", San Raffaele Hospital, 20132 Milan (MI), Italy.
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Bryan A, Tatem K, Diuguid-Gerber J, Cooke C, Romanoff A, Choudhury N, Scanlon M, Kishore P, Sydney E, Masci J, Bakshi P, Pemmasani S, Davis NJ, Maru D. Cross-sectional study evaluating the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies among healthcare workers and factors associated with exposure during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in New York. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e053158. [PMID: 34732494 PMCID: PMC8572359 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-053158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Estimate the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies among New York City Health and Hospitals (NYC H+H) healthcare workers during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, and describe demographic and occupational factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 antibodies among healthcare workers. DESIGN Descriptive, observational, cross-sectional study using a convenience sample of data from SARS-CoV-2 serological tests accompanied by a demographic and occupational survey administered to healthcare workers. SETTING A large, urban public healthcare system in NYC. PARTICIPANTS Participants were employed by NYC H+H and either completed serological testing at NYC H+H between 30 April 2020 and 30 June 2020, or completed SARS-CoV-2 antibody testing outside of NYC H+H and were able to self-report results from the same time period. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURE SARS-CoV-2 serostatus, stratified by key demographic and occupational characteristics reported through the demographic and occupational survey. RESULTS Seven hundred and twenty-seven survey respondents were included in analysis. Participants had a mean age of 46 years (SD=12.19) and 543 (75%) were women. Two hundred and fourteen (29%) participants tested positive or reported testing positive for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies (IgG+). Characteristics associated with positive SARS-CoV-2 serostatus were Black race (25% IgG +vs 15% IgG-, p=0.001), having someone in the household with COVID-19 symptoms (49% IgG +vs 21% IgG-, p<0.001), or having a confirmed COVID-19 case in the household (25% IgG +vs 5% IgG-, p<0.001). Characteristics associated with negative SARS-CoV-2 serostatus included working on a COVID-19 patient floor (27% IgG +vs 36% IgG-, p=0.02), working in the intensive care unit (20% IgG +vs 28% IgG-, p=0.03), being employed in a clinical occupation (64% IgG +vs 78% IgG-, p<0.001) or having close contact with a patient with COVID-19 (51% IgG +vs 62% IgG-, p=0.03). CONCLUSIONS Results underscore the significance that community factors and inequities might have on SARS-CoV-2 exposure for healthcare workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Bryan
- Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Office of Ambulatory Care and Population Health, NYC Health + Hospitals, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kathleen Tatem
- Office of Ambulatory Care and Population Health, NYC Health + Hospitals, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jillian Diuguid-Gerber
- Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, NYC Health + Hospitals/Woodhull, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Caroline Cooke
- Office of Ambulatory Care and Population Health, NYC Health + Hospitals, New York, New York, USA
| | - Anya Romanoff
- Department of Global Health and Health System Design, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nandini Choudhury
- Arnhold Institute for Global Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michael Scanlon
- Center for Global Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Preeti Kishore
- Department of Medicine, NYC Health + Hospitals/Jacobi, New York, New York, USA
| | - Elana Sydney
- Department of Medicine, NYC Health + Hospitals/Jacobi, New York, New York, USA
| | - Joseph Masci
- Department of Global Health, NYC Health + Hospitals/Elmhurst, Elmhurst, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Parampreet Bakshi
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, NYC Health + Hospitals/Queens, Jamaica, New York, USA
| | - Sahithi Pemmasani
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nichola J Davis
- Office of Ambulatory Care and Population Health, NYC Health + Hospitals, New York, New York, USA
| | - Duncan Maru
- Departments of Global Health, Internal Medicine, and Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, NYC Health + Hospitals/Elmhurst, Elmhurst, New York, USA
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14
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Yaghoubi M, Salimi M, Meskarpour-Amiri M. Systematic review of productivity loss among healthcare workers due to Covid-19. Int J Health Plann Manage 2021; 37:94-111. [PMID: 34655098 PMCID: PMC8652830 DOI: 10.1002/hpm.3351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To assess existing evidence on the effects of COVID‐19 on healthcare workers (HCWs) using the health‐related productivity loss approach. Methods A systematic search of online databases including PubMed, Scopus, Ovid, Web of Science, and EMBASE was conducted up to 25 August 2020. Following two screening stages, studies related to the effects of COVID‐19 on healthcare workers were included in the study. Results 82 studies were included in the analysis. The COVID‐19 related death rate among HCWs ranged from 0.00‐0.7%, while the positive test incidence varied between 0.00 and 24.4%. 39 evidences assessed psychological disorders. A wide range of psychological disorders observed among HCWs: 5.2 to 71.2% in anxiety, 1.00 to 88.3% in stress, 8.27 to 61.67% in insomnia, and 4.5 to 50.4% in depression. Conclusions The early evidence suggests that healthcare workers are one of the most vulnerable groups when it comes to positive COVID‐19 infection, mortality, and mental illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Yaghoubi
- Health Management Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Salimi
- Health Management Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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15
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Noel L, Marion E, Boufercha R, Martin F, Zandotti C, Charrel R, Bouhadfane M, Lehucher-Michel MP, Villa A. Screening of health workers exposed to SARS-CoV-2 in a university hospital in the south of France. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2021; 95:419-424. [PMID: 34654945 PMCID: PMC8519329 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-021-01789-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Introduction SARS-CoV-2, which causes COVID-19, is a virus that has caused a global pandemic. Health workers (HWs) are major players in the fight against this infection and are occupationally exposed to the virus in the course of their work. In this context, this study presents surveillance data on 1714 workers in a hospital center in the south of France for the period from March 17 to April 20, 2020. Materials and methods Symptomatic HWs, contact cases and those with high anxiety were tested. Diagnosis of COVID-19 was performed by RT-PCR after nasopharyngeal sampling. Results During this period, 30.4% of hospital staff received 3028 nasal swabs. Of these, 8.0% were infected with SARS-CoV-2. Among the SARS-CoV-2 positive HWs, 24.3% were asymptomatic. Among COVID unit and non COVID unit, the positive HWs for SARS-CoV-2 were, respectively, 5.8% and 8.2% (p = 0.2). HWs over 50 years of age were less likely to be positive for SARS-CoV-2 (3.8%) than other younger HWs (9.1%) (p < 0.001). No serious cases of COVID-19 were reported in our population during this period. Discussion Our study suggests that HWs who tested positive for COVID-19 are often asymptomatic. Therefore, PPE is pivotal to prevent HWs to patients and HWs to HWs transmission during workshifts. Contact tracing and screening is essential to limit the spread of the virus within the hospital. On the other hand, HWs working in COVID-19 units are not more often infected probably because they have a higher risk awareness than other HWs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Noel
- Service de Médecine et Santé au Travail, Hôpital de la Timone, APHM, 264, Rue Saint Pierre, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Elise Marion
- Service de Médecine et Santé au Travail, Hôpital de la Timone, APHM, 264, Rue Saint Pierre, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Rafika Boufercha
- Service de Médecine et Santé au Travail, Hôpital de la Timone, APHM, 264, Rue Saint Pierre, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Françoise Martin
- Service de Médecine et Santé au Travail, Hôpital de la Timone, APHM, 264, Rue Saint Pierre, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Christine Zandotti
- Laboratoire de Virologie, IHU Méditerranée Infection, CLIN, CHU Timone, UMR 190-Emergence des Pathologies Virales, Marseille, France
| | - Remi Charrel
- Laboratoire de Virologie, IHU Méditerranée Infection, CLIN, CHU Timone, UMR 190-Emergence des Pathologies Virales, Marseille, France
| | - Mouloud Bouhadfane
- Service de Médecine et Santé au Travail, Hôpital de la Timone, APHM, 264, Rue Saint Pierre, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Marie Pascale Lehucher-Michel
- Service de Médecine et Santé au Travail, Hôpital de la Timone, APHM, 264, Rue Saint Pierre, 13005, Marseille, France.,Aix-Marseille Univ, SPMC EA 3279, Marseille, France
| | - Antoine Villa
- Service de Médecine et Santé au Travail, Hôpital de la Timone, APHM, 264, Rue Saint Pierre, 13005, Marseille, France.
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16
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Diel R, Hittel N, Nienhaus A. Point-of-Care COVID-19 Antigen Testing in Exposed German Healthcare Workers-A Cost Model. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182010767. [PMID: 34682514 PMCID: PMC8536062 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182010767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Background: Hospital staffing shortages are again (mid-year 2021) becoming a significant problem as the number of positive COVID-19 cases continues to increase worldwide. Objective: To assess the costs of sending HCW into quarantine (Scenario 1) from the hospital’s and the taxpayer’s perspective versus the costs arising from implementing point-of-care COVID-19 antigen testing (POCT) for those staff members who, despite learning that they have been exposed to hospital patients later found to be infected with COVID-19, continue to report to work (Scenario 2). Methods: A mathematical model was built to calculate the costs of a sample-and-stay strategy for exposed healthcare workers (HCW) in Germany by utilizing a high-quality antigen fluorescent immunoassay (FIA), compared to the costs of quarantine. Direct costs and wage costs were evaluated from the hospital as well as from the taxpayer perspective assuming a SARS-CoV-2 infection prevalence of 10%. Results: Serial POCT testing of exposed HCW in Germany (Scenario 2) who do not go into quarantine but continue to work during a post-exposure period of 14 days at their working place raises costs of EUR 289 (±20%: EUR 231 to EUR 346, rounded) per HCW at the expense of the employing hospital while the extra-costs to the taxpayer per exposed HCW are limited to EUR 16 (±20%: EUR 13 to EUR 19). In contrast, sending HCW into quarantine (Scenario 1) would result in costs of EUR 111 (±20%: EUR 89 to EUR 133) per exposed HCW for the hospital but EUR 2235 (±20%: EUR 1744 to EUR 2727) per HCW at the expense of the taxpayer. Conclusions: Monitoring exposed HCW who continued working by sequential POCT may considerably reduce costs from the perspective of the taxpayer and help mitigate personnel shortages in hospitals during pandemic COVID-19 waves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Diel
- Institute for Epidemiology, University Medical Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, 24015 Kiel, Germany
- Lung Clinic Grosshansdorf, Airway Disease Center North (ARCN), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 22927 Großhansdorf, Germany
- Institution for Statutory Accident Insurance and Prevention in the Health and Welfare Services (BGW), 22089 Hamburg, Germany;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)-1724578525
| | | | - Albert Nienhaus
- Institution for Statutory Accident Insurance and Prevention in the Health and Welfare Services (BGW), 22089 Hamburg, Germany;
- Institute for Health Service Research in Dermatology and Nursing, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
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17
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Facciolà A, Laganà P, Caruso G. The COVID-19 pandemic and its implications on the environment. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 201:111648. [PMID: 34242676 PMCID: PMC8261195 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The emerging threat posed by COVID-19 pandemic has strongly modified our lifestyle, making urgent to re-consider the humans-environment relationships and stimulating towards more sustainable choices in our daily behavior. Scientific evidences showed that the onset of new viral pathogens with a high epidemic-pandemic potential is often the result of complex interactions between animals, humans and environment. In this context, the interest of the scientific community has also been attracted towards the potential interactions of SARS-CoV-2 with environmental compartments. Many issues, ranging from the epidemiology and persistence of SARS-CoV-2 in water bodies to the potential implications of lockdown measures on environmental quality status are here reviewed, with a special reference to marine ecosystems. Due to current sanitary emergence, the relevance of pilot studies regarding the interactions between SARS-CoV-2 spread and the direct and indirect environmental impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, that are still a matter of scientific debate, is underlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Facciolà
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Italy
| | - Pasqualina Laganà
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Italy.
| | - Gabriella Caruso
- Institute of Polar Sciences (ISP), National Research Council (CNR), Messina, Italy
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18
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Silva OMD, Cabral DB, Marin SM, Bitencourt JVDOV, Vargas MADO, Meschial WC. Biosafety measures to prevent COVID-19 in healthcare professionals: an integrative review. Rev Bras Enferm 2021; 75:e20201191. [PMID: 34495131 DOI: 10.1590/0034-7167-2020-1191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE to identify the main biosafety measures for preventing COVID-19 in healthcare professionals. METHODS this is an integrative literature review, with studies published between January and July 2020, on the MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, LILACS, SciELo, Wiley Online Library, Cochrane CINAHL databases. The selection of studies followed the PRISMA recommendations. RESULTS among the 2,208 publications identified, 12 studies comprised the sample, which enabled the analysis in four thematic categories: The importance of using recommendations about the use of personal protective equipment; The restructuring of new operational and clinical routines and flows in the practice of services; Monitoring professionals, especially testing; Conducting training. CONCLUSIONS the phenomena involved are innumerable, covering operational management and the training of teams to deal with highly infectious pathogens and disease outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sandra Mara Marin
- Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina. Chapecó, Santa Catarina, Brazil
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19
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Lin Y, Hu Z, Danaee M, Alias H, Wong LP. The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Future Nursing Career Turnover Intention Among Nursing Students. Risk Manag Healthc Policy 2021; 14:3605-3615. [PMID: 34475792 PMCID: PMC8407786 DOI: 10.2147/rmhp.s322764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction A shortage of nurses has been a major global concern, particularly during pandemics. Nursing students turning away from the nursing profession upon graduation may exacerbate nursing workforce shortfalls. The main objective of this study was to assess perceived occupational turnover intention among nursing students and associated factors (fear of COVID-19 and life satisfaction). Students were also asked to provide suggestions that could enhance their intention to join the nursing profession. Methods An online survey was sent to all registered undergraduate nursing students at Fujian Medical University, China. The partial least squares structural equation model (PLS-SEM) was used to investigate key factors influencing turnover intention. Results A total of 1020 complete responses were received (response rate: 86.2%). Nearly half (49.1%) reported that they would choose not to be on a nursing course if given a choice, 45.4% often think of not going into the nursing profession in the future, and 23.7% would consider entering a healthcare industry that has zero contact with patients. The total turnover intention score range was 3 to 15, and the mean ± standard deviation (SD) was 9.2 (SD ± 2.5). PLS-SEM path analysis revealed that fear of COVID-19 (β = 0.226, p < 0.001) had a positive effect on turnover intention. Satisfaction with life (β = −0.212, p < 0.001) had a negative effect on turnover intention. Analysis of open-ended survey data on students’ perspectives on how to encourage nursing students to enter the nursing workforce revealed five central themes: 1) professional role, respect, and recognition; 2) higher wages; 3) reduce workload; 4) enhance occupational health and safety; and 5) career advancement opportunities. Conclusion Factors influencing turnover intention and suggestions to reduce students’ apprehension towards joining the nursing profession found in this study should be seriously taken into consideration in initiatives to address the nurse shortages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulan Lin
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhijian Hu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Mahmoud Danaee
- Centre for Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Practice, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Haridah Alias
- Centre for Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Practice, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Li Ping Wong
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China.,Centre for Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Practice, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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20
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Rocha RPDS, Oliveira JLCD, Carvalho ARDS, Matos BABE, Mufato LF, Ribeiro AC, Silva GKTD. Características de profissionais de saúde acometidos por Covid-19: revisão integrativa da literatura. SAÚDE EM DEBATE 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/0103-1104202113023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
RESUMO O objetivo do estudo consistiu em identificar as características de profissionais de saúde acometidos por Covid-19. Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa da literatura guiada por seis etapas e que pesquisou cinco fontes de dados. Após o estabelecimento do fluxo de seleção do material levantado (N=5.522), determinou-se a amostra de artigos analisada (n=30). Desta, foram sintetizadas informações a respeito das características dos trabalhadores e relativas ao acometimento por Covid-19. Entre os estudos selecionados, foram compilados dados de 10.760 trabalhadores de saúde, predominantemente da equipe de enfermagem (27,3%) e médicos (13,2%). A maior parte (n=20; 66,6%) dos estudos atestou que os profissionais de saúde foram contaminados no ambiente de trabalho, principalmente hospitalar. A testagem por RT-PCR foi o principal método diagnóstico. Alguns estudos (n=16; 53,3%) relataram comorbidades prévias entre os trabalhadores. Os principais sintomas da Covid-19 nos profissionais de saúde acometidos foram: febre, tosse, fadiga e mialgia. Constataram-se características que remontam em perfil concentrado de enfermeiras e médicos contaminados no hospital. Essa realidade foi focalizada entre pesquisas transversais chinesas, italianas e estadunidenses.
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21
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Singh M, Sadat A, Abdi R, Colaruotolo LA, Francavilla A, Petker K, Nasr P, Moraveji M, Cruz G, Huang Y, Arora A, Chao A, Walker S, Wang X, Rathnayake S, Ragupathy S, Newmaster SG, Hanner RH, Goodridge LD, Corradini MG. Detection of SAR-CoV-2 on surfaces in food retailers in Ontario. Curr Res Food Sci 2021; 4:598-602. [PMID: 34485928 PMCID: PMC8406517 DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2021.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has generated increased interest in potential transmission routes. In food retail settings, transmission from infected customers and workers and customers through surfaces has been deemed plausible. However, limited information exists on the presence and survival of SARS-CoV-2 on surfaces, particularly outside laboratory settings. Therefore, the purpose of this project was to assess the presence of the virus at commonly found surfaces at food retail stores and the potential role that these spaces play in virus transmission. Samples (n=957) were collected twice a week for a month in food-retail stores within Ontario, Canada. High-touch surfaces were identified and surveyed in 4 zones within the store (payment stations, deli counters, refrigerated food section and carts and baskets). The samples were analyzed using a molecular method, i.e., reverse transcriptase quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR). Regardless of the store's location, the sampling day or time, the location of the surface within the store or the surface material, all samples tested negative for SARS-CoV-2. These results suggest that the risk of exposure from contaminated high-touch surfaces within a food retailer store is low if preventive measures and recommended sanitizing routines are maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maleeka Singh
- Food Science Department, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Azin Sadat
- Food Science Department, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Reihaneh Abdi
- Food Science Department, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - Katherine Petker
- Food Science Department, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Pedram Nasr
- Food Science Department, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Maryam Moraveji
- Food Science Department, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Gyllian Cruz
- Food Science Department, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Yinan Huang
- Food Science Department, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Aditi Arora
- Food Science Department, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Aleana Chao
- Food Science Department, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Sarah Walker
- Food Science Department, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Xinya Wang
- Food Science Department, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Sujani Rathnayake
- Integrative Biology Department, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - Robert H. Hanner
- Integrative Biology Department, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | - Maria G. Corradini
- Food Science Department, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
- Arrell Food Institute, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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22
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Abdolsalehi MR, Mahmoudi S, Badv RS, Pourakbari B, Mirnia K, Mahmoudieh Y, Mamishi S. SARS-CoV-2 transmission among health care workers in Iran: an urgent need for early identification and management. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2021; 22:e100821195494. [PMID: 35135466 DOI: 10.2174/1871526521666210810124359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION By increasing the rate of COVID-19, particularly in developing countries such as Iran, high numbers of frontline service providers, including doctors and nurses, die and makes frontline healthcare workers (HCWs) more vulnerable to the psychological disorders, fear and anxiety of secondary transmission to others, especially their family members. In this study, we aimed to report the incidence of COVID-19 infection among HCWs in an Iranian referral pediatrics hospital between April 2020 and July 2020. MATERIAL AND METHODS In this retrospective cross-sectional study, HCWs and hospital staff working at Children's Medical Center, Tehran, Iran with positive SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR test results were evaluated between April 2020 and July 2020. RESULTS Sixty-one out of the 1085 personnel (5.6%) including 14 pediatricians (23%), 24 nurses (39%), 9 paramedics (15%), and 14 HCWs without direct patient contact (23%) had a nasopharyngeal specimen positive SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR test. The mean age was 39.8±10.6 years. Eleven cases (18%) had underlying diseases such as hypertension and asthma. The most common symptoms were fatigue (67%, n=41), dry cough (61%, n=37), fever (52%, n=32), headache (46%, n=28), dyspnea (43%, n=24), anosmia (28%, n=17), chills (26%, n=16), sore throat (26%, n=16), gastrointestinal symptoms (23%, n=14), and productive cough (3%, n=2). Eleven cases (18%) showed lung involvement in their chest X-rays and/or CT scans. Eighteen cases (29.5%) had lymphopenia, and 20 individuals (33%) had a high level of C-reactive protein. CONCLUSION In conclusion, in the early phase of the COVID-19 outbreak, a substantial proportion of HCWs with fever, respiratory, and other prevalent symptoms including fatigue and headache were infected with SARS-CoV-2. Therefore, implementation of infection prevention measures, isolation of confirmed HCWs, disinfection of the environment, and regular COVID-19 prevention training for HCWs are strongly recommended for the wellbeing of health workers and minimizing the spread of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Abdolsalehi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran. Iran
| | - Shima Mahmoudi
- Pediatric Infectious Disease Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran. Iran
| | - Reza Shervin Badv
- Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran. Iran
| | - Babak Pourakbari
- Pediatric Infectious Disease Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran. Iran
| | - Keyvan Mirnia
- Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran. Iran
| | - Yasmine Mahmoudieh
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley. United States
| | - Setareh Mamishi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran. Iran
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23
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Prospective Observational COVID-19 Screening and Monitoring of Asymptomatic Cancer Center Health-Care Workers with a Rapid Serological Test. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11060975. [PMID: 34071278 PMCID: PMC8230120 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11060975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Health-care workers (HCW) are at high risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection and, if asymptomatic, for transmitting the virus to fragile cancer patients. We monitored all asymptomatic HCWs of a cancer institute (94% of all employees agreed to enter the study) with the rapid serological test, VivaDiagTM, identifying SARS-CoV-2 associated-IgM/IgG. The tests were performed at time 0 (n = 606) and after 14 days (n = 393). Overall, the VivaDiagTM results of nine HCWs (1.5%) were positive, with one confirmed to be SARS-CoV-2-positive after oropharyngeal swab testing by RT-PCR. At time 0, all nine cases showed IgM expression while IgG was detected in only one. After 14 days, IgM persisted in all the cases, while IgG became evident in four. A chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA) confirmed IgM positivity in 5/13 VivaDiagTM positive cases and IgG positivity in 4/5 VivaDiagTM positive cases. Our study suggests that the VivaDiagTM test can be of help in identifying SARS-CoV-2 infected people in cohorts of subjects with a high prevalence.
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24
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COVID-19 among Healthcare Workers in the University Clinical Hospital in Wroclaw, Poland. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18115600. [PMID: 34073925 PMCID: PMC8197392 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18115600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Efforts to limit severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections among hospital healthcare staff are crucial for controlling the Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemics. The study aimed to explore the prevalence and clinical presentations of COVID-19 in healthcare workers (HCWs) at the University Clinical Hospital (UCH) in Wroclaw with 1677 beds. The retrospective study was performed in 2020 using a self-derived structured questionnaire in a sample of HCWs who were diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed using a PCR double gene test and consented to be enrolled into the study. The significance level for all statistical tests was set to 0.05. The study showed that of the 4998 hospital workers, among 356 cases reported as COVID-19 infected, 70 consented to take part in the survey: nurses (48.5%), doctors (17.1%), HCWs with patient contact (10.0%), other HCWs without patient contact (7.1%), and cleaning personnel (5.7%). HCWs reported concurrent diseases such as hypertension (17.1%), bronchial asthma (5.7%), and diabetes (5.7%). Failure to keep 2 m distancing during contact (65.5%) and close contact with the infected person 14 days before the onset of symptoms or collection of biological material (58.6%) were identified as the increased risks of infection. A large part of infections in hospital healthcare staff were symptomatic (42.9%). The first symptoms of COVID-19 were general weakness (42.9%), poor mental condition (41.4%), and muscle pain (32.9%); whereas in the later stages of the illness, general weakness (38.6%), coughing (34.3%), lack of appetite (31.4%), and loss of taste (31.4%) were observed. In about 30% of the infected HCWs, there was no COVID-19 symptoms whatsoever. The vast majority of the patients were treated at home (85.7%). In conclusion, the majority of the SARS-CoV-2 infections in the hospital HCWs were asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic. Therefore, successful limitation of COVID-19 infection spread at hospitals requires a close attention to future cross-infections.
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Bergmans BJM, Reusken CBEM, van Oudheusden AJG, Godeke GJ, Bonačić Marinović AA, de Vries E, Kluiters-de Hingh YCM, Vingerhoets R, Berrevoets MAH, Verweij JJ, Nieman AE, Reimerink J, Murk JL, Swart A. Test, trace, isolate: evidence for declining SARS-CoV-2 PCR sensitivity in a clinical cohort. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 101:115392. [PMID: 34161880 PMCID: PMC8059257 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2021.115392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) on upper respiratory tract (URT) samples is the primary method to diagnose SARS-CoV-2 infections and guide public health measures, with a supportive role for serology. We reinforce previous findings on limited sensitivity of PCR testing, and solidify this fact by statistically utilizing a firm basis of multiple tests per individual. We integrate stratifications with respect to several patient characteristics such as severity of disease and time since onset of symptoms. Bayesian statistical modelling was used to retrospectively determine the sensitivity of RT-PCR using SARS-CoV-2 serology in 644 COVID-19-suspected patients with varying degrees of disease severity and duration. The sensitivity of RT-PCR ranged between 80% - 95%; increasing with disease severity, it decreased rapidly over time in mild COVID-19 cases. Negative URT RT-PCR results should be interpreted in the context of clinical characteristics, especially with regard to containment of viral transmission based on 'test, trace and isolate'. Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, RT-PCR, serology, sensitivity, public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara J M Bergmans
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Chantal B E M Reusken
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Anne J G van Oudheusden
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Gert-Jan Godeke
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Axel A Bonačić Marinović
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Esther de Vries
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, The Netherlands; Tranzo, Tilburg School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ralf Vingerhoets
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Marvin A H Berrevoets
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Jaco J Verweij
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - An-Emmie Nieman
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Reimerink
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jean-Luc Murk
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Arno Swart
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
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Agbor VN, Simo LP, Epie TB. Social media and management of COVID-19 in a developing country: the case of Cameroon. Pan Afr Med J 2021; 38:344. [PMID: 34367423 PMCID: PMC8308952 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2021.38.344.25033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the first reported case of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan China, the virus has spread to every continent, including sub-Saharan Africa. There exist no cure or vaccine for COVID-19. Classic public health approaches such as hygiene and sanitation, and social distancing are the recommended measures to contain the spread of the causative virus. While it is possible to combine strict lockdown measures in some western countries, this is not practical in almost every country in sub-Saharan Africa. In Cameroon, those without symptoms are encouraged to respect measures of hygiene and sanitation, physical distancing, and to wear a mask in public places. Those who develop symptoms are isolated in accredited COVID-19 management centres until they recover. However, the latter strategy is ineffective in containing the local spread of the virus because testing is not robust. Intuitively, the control of the virus in Cameroon depends largely on how engaged the public is in fighting against the virus. Social media can complement the use of community health workers for community or public engagement. In this viewpoint, we discuss how to optimize public engagement, to combat misinformation and to develop a culture for preparedness amidst the COVID-19 pandemic when time and resources are of the essence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valirie Ndip Agbor
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Clinical Research, Health Education and Research Organization (HERO), Buea, Cameroon
| | - Larissa Pone Simo
- Clinical Research Education, Networking and Consultancy (CRENC), Douala, Cameroon
- General Practice, Dzeng Sub-divisional Hospital, Centre Region, Cameroon
| | - Terrence Beteck Epie
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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27
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Sarapultseva M, Hu D, Sarapultsev A. SARS-CoV-2 Seropositivity among Dental Staff and the Role of Aspirating Systems. JDR Clin Trans Res 2021; 6:132-138. [PMID: 33543682 PMCID: PMC7868347 DOI: 10.1177/2380084421993099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Health care workers (HCWs) are at a high risk of infection owing to occupational exposure to patients and virus-contaminated surfaces. OBJECTIVES The study was aimed to reveal and compare the seroprevalence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection among patient-facing HCWs across 3 dental clinics equipped with different types of aspirating systems. METHODS This retrospective cohort study included 157 HCWs (43.58 ± 1.66 y) from 3 dental clinics in Ekaterinburg (Russian Federation) who reported to work during the coronavirus disease pandemic. All HCWs underwent serological testing once a week to detect immunoglobulin G and M antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2. The V6000 aspirating system with a vacuum controller (dry or semidry mode) and high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters was used at clinics A and B, and the aspirated aerosol and air were evacuated and dissipated into the atmosphere. The VS900 aspirating vacuum pump without HEPA filters was used at clinic C. The aspirated aerosol and air were evacuated and dissipated into the operatories. All dental clinics followed the same recommendations for dental patient management and types of personal protective equipment used. RESULTS The estimated prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection was 11.5% (19 HCWs) over a 5-mo follow-up (May to August 2020). The prevalence of infection was unaffected by sex or the role of the member in the dental team (dentist/dental assistant). The prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection (+) was significantly higher at clinic C (equipped with an aspirating vacuum pump without HEPA filters) than at other clinics. CONCLUSION The type of aspirating system used and the presence of HEPA filters could affect the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection across dental clinics. Therefore, we recommend the use of aspirating systems installed with HEPA filters, which evacuate and dissipate aerosols into specialized areas. KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER STATEMENT This report confirms that dentists, being patient-facing HCWs, are at a high risk of acquiring the SARS-CoV-2 infection and identifies gaps in the protection of patients and staff in dental settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Sarapultseva
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Medical Firm Vital EVV, Ekaterinburg, Russia
- Institute of Immunology and Physiology (IIP) of the Ural Division of Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - D. Hu
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - A. Sarapultsev
- Institute of Immunology and Physiology (IIP) of the Ural Division of Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, Russia
- School of Medical Biology, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russia
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28
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Lan FY, Suharlim C, Kales SN, Yang J. Association between SARS-CoV-2 infection, exposure risk and mental health among a cohort of essential retail workers in the USA. Occup Environ Med 2021; 78:237-243. [PMID: 33127659 PMCID: PMC7597418 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2020-106774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate SARS-CoV-2 (the virus causing COVID-19) infection and exposure risks among grocery retail workers, and to investigate their mental health state during the pandemic. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted in May 2020 in a single grocery retail store in Massachusetts, USA. We assessed workers' personal/occupational history and perception of COVID-19 by questionnaire. The health outcomes were measured by nasopharyngeal SARS-CoV-2 reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) results, General Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). RESULTS Among 104 workers tested, 21 (20%) had positive viral assays. Seventy-six per cent positive cases were asymptomatic. Employees with direct customer exposure had an odds of 5.1 (95% CI 1.1 to 24.8) being tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 after adjustments. As to mental health, the prevalence of anxiety and depression (ie, GAD-7 score >4 or PHQ-9 score >4) was 24% and 8%, respectively. After adjusting for potential confounders, those able to practice social distancing consistently at work had odds of 0.3 (95% CI 0.1 to 0.9) and 0.2 (95% CI 0.03 to 0.99) screening positive for anxiety and depression, respectively. Workers commuting by foot, bike or private cars were less likely to screen positive for depression (OR 0.1, 95% CI 0.02 to 0.7). CONCLUSIONS In this single store sample, we found a considerable asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection rate among grocery workers. Employees with direct customer exposure were five times more likely to test positive for SARS-CoV-2. Those able to practice social distancing consistently at work had significantly lower risk of anxiety or depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan-Yun Lan
- Environmental & Occupational Medicine & Epidemiology Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard University T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | | | - Stefanos N Kales
- Environmental & Occupational Medicine & Epidemiology Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard University T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Cambridge Health Alliance, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Justin Yang
- Environmental & Occupational Medicine & Epidemiology Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard University T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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29
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Boffetta P, Violante F, Durando P, De Palma G, Pira E, Vimercati L, Cristaudo A, Icardi G, Sala E, Coggiola M, Tafuri S, Gattini V, Apostoli P, Spatari G. Determinants of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Italian healthcare workers: a multicenter study. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5788. [PMID: 33707646 PMCID: PMC7970984 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85215-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Healthcare workers (HCWs) are at increased risk of being infected with SARS-CoV-2, yet limited information is available on risk factors of infection. We pooled data on occupational surveillance of 10,654 HCW who were tested for SARS-CoV-2 infection in six Italian centers. Information was available on demographics, job title, department of employment, source of exposure, use of personal protective equipment (PPEs), and COVID-19-related symptoms. We fitted multivariable logistic regression models to calculate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals of infection. The prevalence of infection ranged from 3.0 to 22.0%, and was correlated with that of the respective areas. Women were at lower risk of infection compared to men. Fever, cough, dyspnea and malaise were the symptoms most strongly associated with infection, together with anosmia and ageusia. No differences in the risk of infection were detected according to job title, or working in a COVID-19 designated department. Reported contact with a patient inside or outside the workplace was a risk factor. Use of a mask was strongly protective against risk of infection as was use of gloves. The use of a mask by the source of exposure (patient or colleague) had an independent effect in reducing infection risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Boffetta
- Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA. .,Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Francesco Violante
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Durando
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giuseppe De Palma
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Enrico Pira
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Luigi Vimercati
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Alfonso Cristaudo
- University Hospital Pisana, Pisa, Italy.,University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Icardi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Emma Sala
- University Hospital Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Maurizio Coggiola
- University Hospital City of Health and Science of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Silvio Tafuri
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Vittorio Gattini
- University Hospital Pisana, Pisa, Italy.,University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Pietro Apostoli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.,Italian Society of Occupational Medicine, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanna Spatari
- Department of Biomedical and Dentistry Sciences and Morphological and Functional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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30
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Çitak N, Pekçolaklar A. COVID-19 Screening Program Should be Performed in Healthcare Workers. Turk Thorac J 2021; 22:169-174. [PMID: 33871342 DOI: 10.5152/turkthoracj.2021.20217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The screening test for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) disease 2019 (COVID-19) has not been performed in healthcare workers (HCWs) yet, although HCWs are at a high risk of infection. COVID-19 is detected in 5%-15% of HCWs according to published studies. Nevertheless, it may be higher than the rates indicated in published studies. Based on this fact, the current recommendation of studies in the literature is to screen COVID-19 in HCWs. In this review, studies on SARS-CoV-2 screening in HCWs will be reconsidered, and the frequency and target group in whom screening should be performed will be emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Necati Çitak
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Bakırköy Dr. Sadi Konuk Research and Education Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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31
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Gholami M, Fawad I, Shadan S, Rowaiee R, Ghanem H, Hassan Khamis A, Ho SB. COVID-19 and healthcare workers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Infect Dis 2021; 104:335-346. [PMID: 33444754 PMCID: PMC7798435 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic has focused attention on the challenges and risks faced by frontline healthcare workers (HCW). This study aimed to describe the clinical outcomes and risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 infection in HCW. METHODS Three databases were surveyed and 328 articles were identified. Of these, 225 articles did not meet inclusion criteria; therefore, 97 full-text article were reviewed. Finally, after further revision, 30 articles were included in the systematic review and 28 were used for meta-analysis. RESULTS Twenty-eight studies were identified involving 119,883 patients. The mean age of the patients was 38.37 years (95% CI 36.72-40.03) and males comprised 21.4% (95% CI 12.4-34.2) of the population of HCW. The percentage of HCW who tested positive for COVID-19 was 51.7% (95% CI 34.7-68.2). The total prevalence of comorbidities in seven studies was 18.4% (95% CI 15.5-21.7). The most prevalent symptoms were fever 27.5% (95% CI 17.6-40.3) and cough 26.1% (95% CI 18.1-36). The prevalence of hospitalisation was 15.1% (95% CI 5.6-35) in 13 studies and of death was 1.5% (95% CI 0.5-3.9) in 12 studies. Comparisons of HCW with and without infection showed an increased relative risk for COVID-19 related to personal protective equipment, workplace setting, profession, exposure, contacts, and testing. CONCLUSION A significant number of HCW were reported to be infected with COVID-19 during the first 6 months of the COVID-19 pandemic, with a prevalence of hospitalisation of 15.1% and mortality of 1.5%. Further data are needed to track the continued risks in HCW as the pandemic evolves and health systems adapt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandana Gholami
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai Healthcare City, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Iman Fawad
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai Healthcare City, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sidra Shadan
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai Healthcare City, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rashed Rowaiee
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai Healthcare City, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - HedaietAllah Ghanem
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai Healthcare City, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Amar Hassan Khamis
- Hamdan Bin Mohammed College of Dental Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai Healthcare City, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Samuel B Ho
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai Healthcare City, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; Department of Medicine, Mediclinic City Hospital, Dubai Healthcare City, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
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32
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SARS-CoV-2 Seroprevalence Post-First Wave among Primary Care Physicians in Catania (Italy). Trop Med Infect Dis 2021; 6:tropicalmed6010021. [PMID: 33572221 PMCID: PMC7930996 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed6010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Family physicians or pediatricians and general practitioners (GPs) work in non-hospital settings. GPs usually visit many patients, frequently at their homes, with low potential, if any, to control the work setting. Particularly during the initial phases of the COVID-19 outbreak, they were not informed about the occurrence of SARS-CoV-2-infected patients, with inadequate information regarding the risk, a lack of suitable protective measures and, in some cases, deficient or poor accessibility to personal protective equipment (PPE). During the first wave of COVID-19, primary care physicians were on the front line and isolated the first cases of the disease. The present study aims to estimate the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in a cohort of 133 GPs working in Catania (Italy) after the first wave of COVID-19. Serological analysis revealed a low seroprevalence (3%) among GPs. The low seroprevalence highlighted in the results can be attributed to correct management of patients by GPs in the first wave. It is now hoped that mass vaccination, combined with appropriate behavior and use of PPE, can help further reduce the risk of COVID-19 disease.
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33
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Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 among healthcare workers and patients in a teaching hospital in the Netherlands confirmed by whole-genome sequencing. J Hosp Infect 2021; 110:178-183. [PMID: 33571558 PMCID: PMC7869749 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2021.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Aim To investigate the sources of infection among healthcare workers (HCWs) and patients in a teaching hospital in the Netherlands during the early stages of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic using epidemiological and whole-genome sequencing data. Methods From 3rd April to 11th May 2020, 88 HCWs and 215 patients were diagnosed with COVID-19. Whole-genome sequences were obtained for 30 HCWs and 20 patients. Results Seven and 11 sequence types were identified in HCWs and patients, respectively. Cluster A was the most common sequence type, detected in 23 (77%) HCWs; of these, 14 (61%) had direct patient contact and nine (39%) had indirect patient contact. In addition, seven patients who were not hospitalized in the COVID-19 cohort isolation ward who became positive during their admission were infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) cluster A. Following universal masking of all HCWs and emphasis on physical distancing during meals and breaks, no further evidence was found for patient-to-HCW or HCW-to-HCW transmission or vice versa. Conclusion The finding that patients and HCWs were infected with SARS-CoV-2 cluster A suggests both HCW-to-HCW and HCW-to-patient transmission.
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34
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Zhou L, Yao M, Zhang X, Hu B, Li X, Chen H, Zhang L, Liu Y, Du M, Sun B, Jiang Y, Zhou K, Hong J, Yu N, Ding Z, Xu Y, Hu M, Morawska L, Grinshpun SA, Biswas P, Flagan RC, Zhu B, Liu W, Zhang Y. Breath-, air- and surface-borne SARS-CoV-2 in hospitals. JOURNAL OF AEROSOL SCIENCE 2021; 152:105693. [PMID: 33078030 PMCID: PMC7557302 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2020.105693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has brought an unprecedented crisis to the global health sector. When discharging COVID-19 patients in accordance with throat or nasal swab protocols using RT-PCR, the potential risk of reintroducing the infection source to humans and the environment must be resolved. Here, 14 patients including 10 COVID-19 subjects were recruited; exhaled breath condensate (EBC), air samples and surface swabs were collected and analyzed for SARS-CoV-2 using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in four hospitals with applied natural ventilation and disinfection practices in Wuhan. Here we discovered that 22.2% of COVID-19 patients (n = 9), who were ready for hospital discharge based on current guidelines, had SARS-CoV-2 in their exhaled breath (~105 RNA copies/m3). Although fewer surface swabs (3.1%, n = 318) tested positive, medical equipment such as face shield frequently contacted/used by healthcare workers and the work shift floor were contaminated by SARS-CoV-2 (3-8 viruses/cm2). Three of the air samples (n = 44) including those collected using a robot-assisted sampler were detected positive by a digital PCR with a concentration level of 9-219 viruses/m3. RT-PCR diagnosis using throat swab specimens had a failure rate of more than 22% in safely discharging COVID-19 patients who were otherwise still exhaling the SARS-CoV-2 by a rate of estimated ~1400 RNA copies per minute into the air. Direct surface contact might not represent a major transmission route, and lower positive rate of air sample (6.8%) was likely due to natural ventilation (1.6-3.3 m/s) and regular disinfection practices. While there is a critical need for strengthening hospital discharge standards in preventing re-emergence of COVID-19 spread, use of breath sample as a supplement specimen could further guard the hospital discharge to ensure the safety of the public and minimize the pandemic re-emergence risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Zhou
- Department of Environment and Health, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Maosheng Yao
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Jiangsu Province Hospital), Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Bicheng Hu
- The Clinical Laboratory, Wuhan No.1 Hospital, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Xinyue Li
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Haoxuan Chen
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yun Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Jiangsu Province Hospital), Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Meng Du
- Zhenjiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhenjiang, 212003, China
| | - Bochao Sun
- Yancheng Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yancheng, 224002, China
| | - Yunyu Jiang
- Taizhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Taizhou, 225306, China
| | - Kai Zhou
- Suzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Suzhou, 215004, China
| | - Jie Hong
- Department of Environment and Health, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Na Yu
- The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Zhen Ding
- Department of Environment and Health, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Environment and Health, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Min Hu
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Lidia Morawska
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Heath (ILAQH), WHO Collaborating Centre for Air Quality and Health, School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Sergey A Grinshpun
- Center for Health-Related Aerosol Studies, Department of Environmental & Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Pratim Biswas
- Department of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Richard C Flagan
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering and Department of Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA
| | - Baoli Zhu
- Department of Environment and Health, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, 210009, China
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Wenqing Liu
- Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei City, Anhui Province, 230031, China
| | - Yuanhang Zhang
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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Platten M, Cranen R, Peters C, Wisplinghoff H, Nienhaus A, Bach AD, Michels G. [Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in employees of a general hospital in Northrhine-Westphalia, Germany]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2021; 146:e30-e38. [PMID: 33513626 PMCID: PMC7920642 DOI: 10.1055/a-1322-5355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Hintergrund
Wir erhoben die Prävalenz von SARS-CoV-2 in der Belegschaft eines Krankenhauses der Regel-/Schwerpunktversorgung in Nordrhein-Westfalen im Rahmen einer Querschnittsstudie.
Methode
Allen 1363 Mitarbeiter wurden ein nasopharyngealer Abstrich sowie eine Serologie auf SARS-CoV-2 angeboten. Zudem wurde ein Fragebogen zu Vorerkrankungen, Kontakten zu SARS-CoV-2-positiven Personen und COVID-19-typischen Symptomen vorgelegt.
Ergebnisse
1212 MitarbeiterInnen nahmen teil. 19 von 1363 (1,4 %) Mitarbeitern waren PCR-positiv (3 während der Studie, 16 vorher). Bei 40 (3,3 %) bzw. 105 (8,6 %) Mitarbeitern wurde IgG bzw. IgA nachgewiesen, bei 32 (2,6 %) IgG und IgA. Damit wurden insgesamt 47 Mitarbeiter positiv für SARS-CoV-2 getestet. In dieser Gruppe waren die häufigsten Symptome Kopfschmerzen (56 %), Müdigkeit (49 %), Halsschmerzen (49 %) und Husten (46 %), Fieber wurde in 33 % berichtet. Positiv getestete Mitarbeiter gaben häufiger Kontakt zu einem COVID-19-Fall an (60,5 % vs. 37,3 %; p = 0,006). Mitarbeiter mit isoliertem IgA-Nachweis gaben seltener Symptome an.
Schlussfolgerung
3,9 % der Mitarbeiter eines Krankenhauses der Regel-/Schwerpunktversorgung wurden zwischen dem 27.04. und 20.05.2020 positiv auf SARS-CoV-2 getestet. Der Anteil war geringer als erwartet; mögliche Gründe sind die geringe Durchseuchung der Bevölkerung und die umfangreichen, einheitlichen hausinternen Präventionsmaßnahmen.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rita Cranen
- Arbeitsmedizin, St.-Antonius-Hospital Eschweiler, Eschweiler, Deutschland
| | - Claudia Peters
- Kompetenzzentrum Epidemiologie und Versorgungsforschung bei Pflegeberufen (CVcare), Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Deutschland
| | - Hilmar Wisplinghoff
- Labor Dr. Wisplinghoff, Köln, Deutschland.,Institut für Virologie und klinische Mikrobiologie, Universität Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Deutschland; Institut für medizinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universität zu Köln, Köln, Deutschland
| | - Albert Nienhaus
- Kompetenzzentrum Epidemiologie und Versorgungsforschung bei Pflegeberufen (CVcare), Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Deutschland.,Berufsgenossenschaft für Gesundheitsdienst und Wohlfahrtspflege (BGW), Abteilung Arbeitsmedizin, Gefahrstoffe und Gesundheitswissenschaften (AGG), Hamburg, Deutschland
| | - Alexander Daniel Bach
- Klinik für Plastische und Ästhetische Chirurgie, Hand- und Wiederherstellungschirurgie, Ärztlicher Direktor (in Vertretung für die Betriebsleitung), St.-Antonius-Hospital Eschweiler, Eschweiler, Deutschland
| | - Guido Michels
- Klinik für Akut- und Notfallmedizin, St.-Antonius-Hospital Eschweiler, Eschweiler, Deutschland
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de Vries M, Claassen L, Te Wierik MJM, van den Hof S, Brabers AEM, de Jong JD, Timmermans DRM, Timen A. Dynamic Public Perceptions of the Coronavirus Disease Crisis, the Netherlands, 2020. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 27:1098-1109. [PMID: 33493429 PMCID: PMC8007322 DOI: 10.3201/eid2704.203328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A key component of outbreak control is monitoring public perceptions and public response. To determine public perceptions and public responses during the first 3 months of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak in the Netherlands, we conducted 6 repeated surveys of ≈3,000 persons. Generalized estimating equations analyses revealed changes over time as well as differences between groups at low and high risk. Overall, respondents perceived the risks associated with COVID-19 to be considerable, were positive about the mitigation measures, trusted the information and the measures from authorities, and adopted protective measures. Substantial increases were observed in risk perceptions and self-reported protective behavior in the first weeks of the outbreak. Individual differences were based mainly on participants’ age and health condition. We recommend that authorities constantly adjust their COVID-19 communication and mitigation strategies to fit public perceptions and public responses and that they tailor the information for different groups.
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Ogboghodo EO, Osaigbovo II, Obarisiagbon OO, Okwara BU, Obaseki DE, Omo-Ikirodah OT, Ehinze ES, Adio F, Nwaogwugwu JC, Eseigbe EF. Facility-Based Surveillance Activities for COVID-19 Infection and Outcomes among Healthcare Workers in a Nigerian Tertiary Hospital. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2021; 104:1034-1040. [PMID: 33534753 PMCID: PMC7941853 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-1402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 in healthcare workers (HCWs) can result in nosocomial transmission, depletion in available workforce, and enhanced community transmission. This article describes surveillance for COVID-19 in HCWs at a tertiary healthcare facility, and documents the outcomes. A descriptive cross-sectional study of all HCWs identified from surveillance for COVID-19 from March 31 to August 31, 2020 was conducted. Healthcare workers were categorized as high risk and low risk using an adapted WHO Risk Assessment tool. Nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swab specimens obtained from high-risk subjects were tested by a reverse transcriptase PCR method. Data were analyzed with IBM SPSS version 25.0 software (IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 25.0, Armonk, NY), and results were presented as frequencies and percentages. The level of significance was set at P < 0.05. During 5 months of surveillance, 1,466 HCWs with a mean age of 38.1 ± 9.7 years were identified as contacts. On risk assessment, 328 (22.4%) were adjudged high risk. High risk was associated with increasing age (P < 0.001), male gender (P = 0.001), and nonclinical staff (P = 0.002). Following testing, 78 (5.3%) in the high-risk category were confirmed to have COVID-19. There was no record of COVID-19 in HCWs adjudged low risk. Forty-four (56.4%) cases were epidemiologically linked to the community, 20 (25.7%) to patients, and 14 (17.9%) to another HCW. Surveillance and risk assessment are crucial to COVID-19 response in healthcare facilities and revealed HCW infections with predominantly nonoccupational epidemiological links in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esohe O Ogboghodo
- 1Department of Community Health, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria
| | - Iriagbonse I Osaigbovo
- 2Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria
| | | | - Benson U Okwara
- 3Department of Medicine, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria
| | - Darlington E Obaseki
- 4Office of the Chief Medical Director/Department of Anatomic Pathology, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria
| | | | - Ewere S Ehinze
- 1Department of Community Health, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria
| | - Funmilola Adio
- 1Department of Community Health, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria
| | - Joy C Nwaogwugwu
- 1Department of Community Health, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria
| | - Efeomon F Eseigbe
- 1Department of Community Health, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The COVID-19 pandemic is demanding for occupational medicine and for public health. As healthcare workers (HCWs) fight impacts of SARS-CoV-2 on front lines, we must create safe work environments through comprehensive risk assessments, evaluation and effective implementation of counter-measures. We ask: 'What does current literature report on health risks at workplaces regarding COVID-19?' and 'What do current studies report on the effectiveness of enacted preventative recommendations?' METHODS As a snapshot of early HCW research, on 26 April 2020, we conducted a rapid systematic literature search in three databases (PubMed, Web of Science and PsycInfo) for COVID-19-related health outcomes and preventive measures in healthcare-associated workplaces. RESULTS 27 studies were identified as relevant for exploring the risk of infection, 11 studies evaluated preventive measures. The studies described that SARS-CoV-2 impacts significantly on HCW's health and well-being, not only through infections (n=6), but also from a mental health perspective (n=16). 4 studies reported indirect risks such as skin injuries, one study described headaches to result from the use of personal protective equipment. Few studies provided information on the effectiveness of prevention strategies. Overall, most studies on health risks as well as on the effectiveness of preventive measures were of a moderate-to-low quality; this was mainly due to limitations in study design, imprecise exposure and outcome assessments. CONCLUSIONS Due to widespread exposure of HCW to SARS-CoV-2, workplaces in healthcare must be as safe as possible. Information from HCW can provide valuable insights into how infections spread, into direct and indirect health effects and into how effectively counter-measures mitigate adverse health outcomes. However, available research disallows to judge which counter-measure(s) of a current 'mix' should be prioritised for HCW. To arrive at evidence-based cost-effective prevention strategies, more well-conceived studies on the effectiveness of counter-measures are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Valérie Gross
- Institute and Policlinic for Occupational Medicine, Environmental Medicine and Prevention Research, University Hospital Cologne, Koln, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany
| | - Judith Mohren
- Institute and Policlinic for Occupational Medicine, Environmental Medicine and Prevention Research, University Hospital Cologne, Koln, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany
| | - Thomas C Erren
- Institute and Policlinic for Occupational Medicine, Environmental Medicine and Prevention Research, University Hospital Cologne, Koln, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany
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Gómez-Ochoa SA, Franco OH, Rojas LZ, Raguindin PF, Roa-Díaz ZM, Wyssmann BM, Guevara SLR, Echeverría LE, Glisic M, Muka T. COVID-19 in Health-Care Workers: A Living Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prevalence, Risk Factors, Clinical Characteristics, and Outcomes. Am J Epidemiol 2021; 190:161-175. [PMID: 32870978 PMCID: PMC7499478 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwaa191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 418] [Impact Index Per Article: 139.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Health care workers (HCW) are at the frontline response to the new coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), being at a higher risk of acquiring the disease, and subsequently, exposing patients and colleagues. Searches in eight bibliographic databases were performed to systematically review the evidence on the prevalence, risk factors, clinical characteristics, and prognosis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection among HCW. Ninety-seven studies (All published in 2020), including 230,398 HCW, met the inclusion criteria. From the screened HCW using RT-PCR and the presence of antibodies, the estimated prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection was 11% (95%CI; 7%-15%) and 7% (95% CI; 4%-11%), respectively. The most frequently affected personnel were the nurses (48%. 95%CI; 41%-56%), while most of the COVID-19 positive medical personnel were working in hospitalization/non-emergency wards during the screening (43%, 95%CI;28%-59%). Anosmia, fever and myalgia were identified as the only symptoms associated with HCW SARS-CoV-2 positivity. Among RT-PCR positive HCW, 40% (95%CI;17%-65%) did not show symptoms at the time of diagnosis. Finally, 5% (95%CI;3%-8%) of the COVID-19 positive HCW developed severe clinical complications, and 0.5% (95% CI; 0.02%-1.3%) died. HCW suffer a significant burden from COVID-19, with HCW working in hospitalization/non-emergency wards and nurses being the most infected personnel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Alejandro Gómez-Ochoa
- Research Division, Cardiovascular Foundation of Colombia, Floridablanca, Colombia
- Public Health and Epidemiological Studies Group, Cardiovascular Foundation of Colombia, Floridablanca, Colombia
| | - Oscar H Franco
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lyda Z Rojas
- Research Division, Cardiovascular Foundation of Colombia, Floridablanca, Colombia
- Research Group and Development of Nursing Knowledge (GIDCEN-FCV), Research Institute, Cardiovascular Foundation of Colombia, Floriadablanca, Santander, Colombia
| | - Peter Francis Raguindin
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Institute of Child Health and Human Development (ICHHD), National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
| | - Zayne Milena Roa-Díaz
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Research Group and Development of Nursing Knowledge (GIDCEN-FCV), Research Institute, Cardiovascular Foundation of Colombia, Floriadablanca, Santander, Colombia
| | - Beatrice Minder Wyssmann
- Public Health & Primary Care Library, University Library of Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Marija Glisic
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Swiss Paraplegic Research, Nottwil, Switzerland
| | - Taulant Muka
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Correspondence to Dr. Taulant Muka, MD, MPH, PhD; Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Mittelstrasse 43, 3012, Bern, Switzerland (e-mail: )
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40
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Kumar A, Manikandan R, Magesh S, Patan R, Ramesh S, Gupta D. Image analysis and data processing for COVID-19. DATA SCIENCE FOR COVID-19 2021. [PMCID: PMC8138042 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-824536-1.00035-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 is a deadly disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). It was first discovered by variations in the respirational and immune systems of a patient who died of a severe acute respiratory syndrome. The first country heavily affected by coronavirus was China. The first case was detected in Wuhan city, China. This virus spreads rapidly from person to person. Based on laboratory tests for coronavirus disease in humans, it is suspected that bats are the natural source of spread of large varieties of virus. The two major viruses, SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, originated from the bat; it caused an unexpected disease outbreak in the 21st century throughout the world. Researchers and doctors have investigated COVID in cadavers. The virus was detected in lung, trachea/bronchus, stomach, small intestine, distal convoluted renal tubule, sweat gland, pancreas, adrenal gland, parathyroid, pituitary, cerebrum, and liver. However, it was not noted in bone marrow, heart, aorta, cerebellum, thyroid, testis, esophagus, spleen, lymph node, ovary, muscle, or uterus. This chapter briefly discusses image analysis and data processing used to accelerate COVID-19 detection and support the efforts of researchers and physician to help infected people and break the chain of disease from person to person.
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41
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Ieni A, Tuccari G. The COVID-19 pandemic: Pathologists support the clinical infectious diseases team. Int J Infect Dis 2020; 104:479-481. [PMID: 33383219 PMCID: PMC7836675 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.12.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathologist is involved in many diagnostic steps together with the clinical infectious disease team in the management of COVID-19-affected patients. In particular, cytological and histopathological procedures as well as autoptic findings may represent useful tools to better understand the pathobiology of the disease as well as to correctly define causes of death. Moreover, pathologists have been forced to reconsider the usual laboratory workflow and introduce adequate guidelines against virus diffusion in the COVID-19 pandemic, requiring high biosafety levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Ieni
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", Section of Pathology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Tuccari
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", Section of Pathology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
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Galli C, Pellegrinelli L, Del Castillo G, Forni G, Gandolfi CE, Mosillo M, Pietronigro A, Tiwana N, Castaldi S, Pariani E. Self-Sampling of Oropharyngeal Swabs Among Healthcare Workers for Molecular Detection of Respiratory Viruses: A Valuable Approach for Epidemiological Studies and Surveillance Programs. Front Public Health 2020; 8:511669. [PMID: 33330298 PMCID: PMC7719692 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.511669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed at assessing the validity of self-collected (self-sampled) oropharyngeal (OP) swabs among healthcare workers compared to those collected by trained sentinel general practitioners (GP-sampled) from individuals with influenza-like illness (ILI), to be implemented in epidemiological studies and/or surveillance programs of viral pathogens involved in community respiratory infections. In our study, OP swabs were collected from adults (>18 years) with ILI during the 2018–2019 influenza season. Two groups of samples were considered: group 1−131 self-sampled OP swabs collected by healthcare workers after being trained on the sampling procedure; group 2−131 GP-sampled OP swabs collected from outpatients by sentinel GPs operating within the Italian Influenza Surveillance Network. To assess swabbing quality, following RNA extraction, each sample was tested for the presence of the human ribonuclease P gene (RNP) by in-house real-time reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Samples with a cycle threshold (Ct) <35 were considered adequate for further virological analysis. Influenza viruses (IVs), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and rhinovirus (RV) genomes were detected by in-house real-time RT-PCR. All samples were positive to RNP detection with Ct <35. The mean Ct value was similar in the two groups (group 1 vs. group 2: 25.93 ± 2.22 vs. 25.46 ± 2.40; p = 0.10). IVs, RSV, and RV positivity rates were 26.7 vs. 52.7% (p < 0.01), 7.6 vs. 9.9% (p = 0.52), and 21.4 vs. 19.9% (p = 0.76), respectively. Self-sampled OP swabs resulted as valid as GP-sampled OP swabs for molecular detection of respiratory viruses. Self-swabbing can thus be a worthwhile strategy for sample collection to implement molecular surveillance of respiratory pathogens and carry out epidemiological studies, easily reaching a larger population size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Galli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Pellegrinelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Forni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Marco Mosillo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Pietronigro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Navpreet Tiwana
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvana Castaldi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Fondazione Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Pariani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Interuniversity Research Center on Influenza and Other Transmissible Infections (CIRI-IT), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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43
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Buonafine CP, Paiatto BNM, Leal FB, de Matos SF, de Morais CO, Guerra GG, Martuchelli MVV, Oliveira DBL, Durigon EL, Soares CP, Candido ED, Telezynski BL, Sáfadi MAP, Almeida FJ. High prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection among symptomatic healthcare workers in a large university tertiary hospital in São Paulo, Brazil. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:917. [PMID: 33267836 PMCID: PMC7709093 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05662-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Brazil became the epicenter of the COVID-19 pandemic in Latin America since May 2020, reporting the highest number of cases and deaths in the region. Healthcare workers (HCWs) are at increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection, experiencing a significant burden from COVID-19. Identifying and understanding the clinical characteristics and risk factors associated with infection are of paramount importance to inform screening strategies and infection control practices in this scenario. The aims of this study were to investigate the prevalence and clinical characteristics of HCWs with COVID-19 symptoms. Methods Between March 21st and May 22nd, 2020 a cross-sectional study was performed in a tertiary university hospital in São Paulo. Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection among HCWs with COVID-19 symptoms was determined by RT-PCR testing on nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal samples. Participants were asked to complete an electronic structured questionnaire including clinical and demographic data. Results Overall, 125 (42.37%) of 295 symptomatic HCWs tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. Over the 10-week study period, positivity rates varied from 22.2% (95% CI 15.9–60.3%) in the second week to 55.9% (95% CI 43.2–68.6%) in the sixth week, reaching a plateau (38–46%) thereafter. Median (SD) age was 34.2 (9.9) years and 205 (69.5%) were female. We did not find significant differences in the prevalence of the most commonly reported underlying medical condition among healthcare workers that tested positive or negative for SARS-CoV-2 infection. After multivariable analysis, using logistic regression, anosmia (adjusted OR 4.4 95% CI 2.21–8.74) and ocular pain (adjusted OR 1.95 95% CI 1.14–3.33) were the only symptoms independently associated with positivity for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Follow-up information on clinical outcomes showed that 9 (7.2%) HCWs were hospitalized (seven were male) and 2 (1.6%) died. Conclusions The findings of this study confirmed the high burden of SARS-CoV-2 infection among healthcare workers in the hardest hit city by the pandemic in Latin America. Anosmia and ocular pain were symptoms independently associated with COVID-19 diagnosis. In low and middle-income countries, where limited availability of tests is frequent, these findings may contribute to optimize a targeted symptom-oriented screening strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Palamin Buonafine
- Department of Pediatrics, Santa Casa de São Paulo School of Medical Sciences, Rua Dr. Cesário Motta Jr., 61, São Paulo, SP, 01221-020, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Nobre Monteiro Paiatto
- Department of Pediatrics, Santa Casa de São Paulo School of Medical Sciences, Rua Dr. Cesário Motta Jr., 61, São Paulo, SP, 01221-020, Brazil
| | - Fabyano Bruno Leal
- Department of Microbiology, Laboratory of Molecular and Clinical Virology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences - University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Samantha Faria de Matos
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Santa Casa de São Paulo Hospital, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Camila Ohomoto de Morais
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Santa Casa de São Paulo Hospital, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Giovanna Guazzelli Guerra
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Santa Casa de São Paulo Hospital, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Danielle Bruna Leal Oliveira
- Department of Microbiology, Laboratory of Molecular and Clinical Virology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences - University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Edison Luiz Durigon
- Department of Microbiology, Laboratory of Molecular and Clinical Virology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences - University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Camila Pereira Soares
- Department of Microbiology, Laboratory of Molecular and Clinical Virology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences - University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Erika Donizette Candido
- Department of Microbiology, Laboratory of Molecular and Clinical Virology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences - University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruna Larotonda Telezynski
- Department of Microbiology, Laboratory of Molecular and Clinical Virology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences - University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marco Aurélio Palazzi Sáfadi
- Department of Pediatrics, Santa Casa de São Paulo School of Medical Sciences, Rua Dr. Cesário Motta Jr., 61, São Paulo, SP, 01221-020, Brazil. .,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Santa Casa de São Paulo Hospital, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Flávia Jacqueline Almeida
- Department of Pediatrics, Santa Casa de São Paulo School of Medical Sciences, Rua Dr. Cesário Motta Jr., 61, São Paulo, SP, 01221-020, Brazil.,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Santa Casa de São Paulo Hospital, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Kampf G, Brüggemann Y, Kaba H, Steinmann J, Pfaender S, Scheithauer S, Steinmann E. Potential sources, modes of transmission and effectiveness of prevention measures against SARS-CoV-2. J Hosp Infect 2020; 106:678-697. [PMID: 32956786 PMCID: PMC7500278 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2020.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
During the current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic new studies are emerging daily providing novel information about sources, transmission risks and possible prevention measures. In this review, we aimed to comprehensively summarize the current evidence on possible sources for SARS-CoV-2, including evaluation of transmission risks and effectiveness of applied prevention measures. Next to symptomatic patients, asymptomatic or pre-symptomatic carriers are a possible source with respiratory secretions as the most likely cause for viral transmission. Air and inanimate surfaces may be sources; however, viral RNA has been inconsistently detected. Similarly, even though SARS-CoV-2 RNA has been detected on or in personal protective equipment (PPE), blood, urine, eyes, the gastrointestinal tract and pets, these sources are currently thought to play a negligible role for transmission. Finally, various prevention measures such as handwashing, hand disinfection, face masks, gloves, surface disinfection or physical distancing for the healthcare setting and in public are analysed for their expected protective effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Kampf
- University Medicine Greifswald, Institute for Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Greifswald, Germany,Corresponding author. Address: University Medicine Greifswald, Institute for Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Strasse, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Y. Brüggemann
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - H.E.J. Kaba
- Institute of Infection Control and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - J. Steinmann
- Institute of Clinical Hygiene, Medical Microbiology and Infectiology, General Hospital Nürnberg, Paracelsus Medical University, Nürnberg, Germany
| | - S. Pfaender
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - S. Scheithauer
- Institute of Infection Control and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - E. Steinmann
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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Kumar P, Aggarwal M, Dhawan R, Dass J, Kumar G, Sharma V, Mirza S, Senapati J, Ganju N, Vaid T, Vijayran M, Panda T, Pragna GS, Krishna SS, Khandelwal A, Verghese R, Tyagi S, Seth T, Mahapatra M. Tele-Medicine Services in Hematological Practice During Covid Pandemic: Its Feasibility and Difficulties. Indian J Hematol Blood Transfus 2020; 37:528-533. [PMID: 33250594 PMCID: PMC7678769 DOI: 10.1007/s12288-020-01385-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In COVID 19 pandemic, delivery and access of health care services have become challenging. Telemedicine services can be considered for management of patients with hematological diseases. This study included all patients who enrolled for telemedicine facility for hematology from May 15 to July 15, 2020. Patient’s demographic and disease related parameters were recorded during the teleconsultation call. Overall satisfaction of attending doctor and patients were also recorded. A total of 1187 teleconsultation appointments were taken, of which 944 (79.6%) were successfully attended. Median age of patients was 38 years (range- 0.5–78 years), with 38% females. 55% of successful calls were from patients suffering a malignant hematological disorder. 24% had an active complaint pertaining to their disease or treatment. Of these, 162 (17%) were asked for a physical consultation. A significant association was found between the requirement of physical consultation and diagnosis (p < 0.001), absence of active complaint (< 0.0001) and education level of responder (p = 0.008). Patients understand that teleconsultation is helpful in preventing COVID-19 infection (71.4%) and avoids outpatient department rush (14.5%) associated with physical appointments; and around 80% patients were satisfied with the teleconsult. With the emergence of COVID 19, many localities under partial lockdown with constant fear of contacting virus amongst patients and health care providers, we can clearly see the advantages as well as feasibility of telemedicine services for our patients. The acute surge in telemedicine could be harnessed in the future to provide comprehensive and integrated care to patients of hematological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Kumar
- Department of Hematology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Mukul Aggarwal
- Department of Hematology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Rishi Dhawan
- Department of Hematology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Jasmita Dass
- Department of Hematology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ganesh Kumar
- Department of Hematology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Vishnu Sharma
- Department of Hematology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Saleem Mirza
- Department of Hematology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Jayastu Senapati
- Department of Hematology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Neha Ganju
- Department of Hematology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Tejasvini Vaid
- Department of Hematology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Mona Vijayran
- Department of Hematology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Tribikram Panda
- Department of Hematology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - G Stitha Pragna
- Department of Hematology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sahitya Sri Krishna
- Department of Hematology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Akash Khandelwal
- Department of Hematology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Renjith Verghese
- Department of Hematology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Seema Tyagi
- Department of Hematology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Tulika Seth
- Department of Hematology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Manoranjan Mahapatra
- Department of Hematology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Barrett ES, Horton DB, Roy J, Gennaro ML, Brooks A, Tischfield J, Greenberg P, Andrews T, Jagpal S, Reilly N, Carson JL, Blaser MJ, Panettieri RA. Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in previously undiagnosed health care workers in New Jersey, at the onset of the U.S. COVID-19 pandemic. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:853. [PMID: 33198725 PMCID: PMC7668027 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05587-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Healthcare workers (HCW) are presumed to be at increased risk of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection due to occupational exposure to infected patients. However, there has been little epidemiological research to assess these risks. METHODS We conducted a prospective cohort study of HCW (n = 546) and non-healthcare workers (NHCW; n = 283) with no known prior SARS-CoV-2 infection who were recruited from a large U.S. university and two affiliated university hospitals. In this cross-sectional analysis of data collected at baseline, we examined SARS-CoV-2 infection status (as determined by presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in oropharyngeal swabs) by healthcare worker status and role. RESULTS At baseline, 41 (5.0%) of the participants tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 infection, of whom 14 (34.2%) reported symptoms. The prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection was higher among HCW (7.3%) than in NHCW (0.4%), representing a 7.0% greater absolute risk (95% confidence interval for risk difference 4.7, 9.3%). The majority of infected HCW (62.5%) were nurses. Positive tests increased across the two weeks of cohort recruitment in line with rising confirmed cases in the hospitals and surrounding counties. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our results demonstrate that HCW had a higher prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection than NHCW. Continued follow-up of this cohort will enable us to monitor infection rates and examine risk factors for transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily S Barrett
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ, USA.,Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Daniel B Horton
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.,Rutgers Center for Pharmacoepidemiology and Treatment Science, Health Care Policy and Aging Research, Institute for Health, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Jason Roy
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Maria Laura Gennaro
- Department of Medicine, Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Andrew Brooks
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA.,RUCDR Infinite Biologics and Human Genetics Institute of NJ and Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Jay Tischfield
- Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.,RUCDR Infinite Biologics and Human Genetics Institute of NJ and Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Patricia Greenberg
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Tracy Andrews
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Sugeet Jagpal
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 125 Paterson Street, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 08901, USA
| | - Nancy Reilly
- Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine & Science, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Carson
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 125 Paterson Street, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 08901, USA.
| | - Martin J Blaser
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 125 Paterson Street, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 08901, USA.,Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Reynold A Panettieri
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 125 Paterson Street, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 08901, USA.,Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine & Science, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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Labetoulle R, Detoc M, Gagnaire J, Berthelot P, Pelissier C, Fontana L, Botelho-Nevers E, Gagneux-Brunon A. COVID-19 in health-care workers: lessons from SARS and MERS epidemics and perspectives for chemoprophylaxis and vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2020; 19:937-947. [PMID: 33107353 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2020.1843432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: The world is now facing the COVID-19 pandemic. Experience with SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, and early reports about SARS-CoV-2 infection suggest that health-care settings and health-care workers (HCWs) are vulnerable in the context of the emergence of a new coronavirus. Areas covered: To highlight the need for prophylactic strategies particularly for HCWs, we identified SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks in health-care settings and the incidence of infections in HCWs by a search on MEDLINE and MEDxRIV (for SARS-Cov-2). To identify prophylactic strategies against, we conducted a search on MEDLINE and clinicaltrials.gov about studies involving SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2. Expert opinion: HCWs account for a great part of SARS, MERS, and SARS-CoV-2 infections, they may also contribute to the spread of the disease, particularly in health-care settings, and contribute to nosocomial outbreaks. Some preventive strategies were evaluated in previous emerging coronavirus epidemics, particularly in MERS-CoV. For COVID-19 prevention, different chemoprophylaxis with drug repositioning and new agents are under evaluation, and different vaccine candidates entered clinical development, with clinical trials. HCWs are a crucial target population for pre-exposure and post-exposure prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Labetoulle
- Department of Microbiology, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne , Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Maëlle Detoc
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne , Saint-Etienne, France.,CIC-1408 Vaccinologie INSERM, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne , Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Julie Gagnaire
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne , Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Philippe Berthelot
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne , Saint-Etienne, France.,Groupe Immunité des Muqueuses et Agents Pathogènes, GIMAP EA 3064 Université Jean Monnet, Université De Lyon , Saint-Etienne, France.,Chaire Prévention, Vaccination et Contrôle de l'Infection, PRESAGE Institute, PREVACCI department, Université De Lyon , Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Carole Pelissier
- Department of Occupational Medicine, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne , France
| | - Luc Fontana
- Department of Occupational Medicine, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne , France
| | - Elisabeth Botelho-Nevers
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne , Saint-Etienne, France.,CIC-1408 Vaccinologie INSERM, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne , Saint-Etienne, France.,Groupe Immunité des Muqueuses et Agents Pathogènes, GIMAP EA 3064 Université Jean Monnet, Université De Lyon , Saint-Etienne, France.,Chaire Prévention, Vaccination et Contrôle de l'Infection, PRESAGE Institute, PREVACCI department, Université De Lyon , Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Amandine Gagneux-Brunon
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne , Saint-Etienne, France.,CIC-1408 Vaccinologie INSERM, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne , Saint-Etienne, France.,Groupe Immunité des Muqueuses et Agents Pathogènes, GIMAP EA 3064 Université Jean Monnet, Université De Lyon , Saint-Etienne, France.,Chaire Prévention, Vaccination et Contrôle de l'Infection, PRESAGE Institute, PREVACCI department, Université De Lyon , Saint-Etienne, France
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Herzberg J, Vollmer T, Fischer B, Becher H, Becker AK, Sahly H, Honarpisheh H, Guraya SY, Strate T, Knabbe C. Prospective Sero-epidemiological Evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 among Health Care Workers in a German Secondary Care Hospital. Int J Infect Dis 2020; 102:136-143. [PMID: 33075538 PMCID: PMC7566663 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes the pulmonary disease coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19, which has challenged health care facilities worldwide. The sustainability of health care systems is largely reliant on the health status of their health care workers (HCW). This study aimed to detect the SARS-CoV-2 virus and specific antibodies among HCWs in a German hospital as a model system for the potential spread of the pandemic. Methods Between March and June 2020, we used a combination of RT-PCR testing to detect SARS-CoV-2 RNA and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect the presence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies among HCWs in a German hospital based on repetitive oropharyngeal swabs (OPSs) and blood samples. Results In total, 871/1081 employees participated in this prospective longitudinal study. During the study period of 9 weeks, 5329 OPSs and 2136 blood samples were analyzed. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in three participants (0.34%). Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies were detected in 38 (4.36%) participants. Conclusion Our study determined a low prevalence of COVID-19 in HCW, which may reflect the effectiveness of hygiene protocols. However, it could also indicate a low prevalence of SARS CoV-2 in hospital employees. Our study protocol may serve as an instructive example for future pandemic containment protocols in hospitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Herzberg
- Department of Surgery, Krankenhaus Reinbek St. Adolf-Stift, Hamburger Strasse 41, 21465 Reinbek, Germany.
| | - Tanja Vollmer
- Institut für Laboratoriums- und Transfusionsmedizin, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Universitätsklinik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Georgstrasse 11, 32545, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Bastian Fischer
- Institut für Laboratoriums- und Transfusionsmedizin, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Universitätsklinik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Georgstrasse 11, 32545, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Heiko Becher
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ann-Kristin Becker
- Kopf- und Neurozentrum, Asklepios Klinik Altona, Paul-Ehrlich-Strasse 1, 22763 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hany Sahly
- Labor Lademannbogen MVZ Hamburg, Lademannbogen 61, 22339 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Human Honarpisheh
- Department of Surgery, Krankenhaus Reinbek St. Adolf-Stift, Hamburger Strasse 41, 21465 Reinbek, Germany
| | - Salman Yousuf Guraya
- Clinical Sciences Department, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, P. O. Box 27272 Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Tim Strate
- Department of Surgery, Krankenhaus Reinbek St. Adolf-Stift, Hamburger Strasse 41, 21465 Reinbek, Germany
| | - Cornelius Knabbe
- Institut für Laboratoriums- und Transfusionsmedizin, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Universitätsklinik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Georgstrasse 11, 32545, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
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Calò F, Russo A, Camaioni C, De Pascalis S, Coppola N. Burden, risk assessment, surveillance and management of SARS-CoV-2 infection in health workers: a scoping review. Infect Dis Poverty 2020; 9:139. [PMID: 33028400 PMCID: PMC7538852 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-020-00756-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Health workers (HWs) are at increased risk for severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and a possible source of nosocomial transmission clusters. Despite the increased risk, the best surveillance strategy and management of exposed HWs are not yet well known. The aim of this review was to summarize and critically analyze the existing evidence related to this topic in order to support public health strategies aimed at protecting HWs in the hospital setting. Main text A comprehensive computerized literature research from 1 January 2020 up to 22 May 2020 was made to identify studies analyzing the burden of infection, risk assessment, surveillance and management of HWs exposed to SARS-CoV-2. Among 1623 citation identified using MEDLINE, Embase, Google Scholar and manual search, we included 43 studies, 14 webpages and 5 ongoing trials. Health workers have a high risk of acquiring infection while caring for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. In particular, some types exposures and their duration, as well as the inadequate or non-use of personal protective equipment (PPE) are associated with increased infection risk. Strict infection prevention and control procedures (IPC), adequate training programs on the appropriate use of PPE and close monitoring of HWs with symptom surveillance and testing are essential to significantly reduce the risk. At the moment there is not enough evidence to provide precise indications regarding pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). Conclusions During the spread of COVID-19 outbreak, numerous published papers investigated the epidemiology, risk assessment and prevention and control of SARS-CoV-2. However, more high-quality studies are needed to provide valid recommendations for better management and for the clinical and microbiological surveillance of healthcare personnel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Calò
- Department of Mental Health and Public Medicine - Infectious Diseases Unit, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, L. Armanni 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Russo
- Department of Mental Health and Public Medicine - Infectious Diseases Unit, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, L. Armanni 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Clarissa Camaioni
- Department of Mental Health and Public Medicine - Infectious Diseases Unit, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, L. Armanni 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Stefania De Pascalis
- Department of Mental Health and Public Medicine - Infectious Diseases Unit, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, L. Armanni 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Nicola Coppola
- Department of Mental Health and Public Medicine - Infectious Diseases Unit, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, L. Armanni 5, 80131, Naples, Italy.
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50
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Çelebi G, Pişkin N, Çelik Bekleviç A, Altunay Y, Salcı Keleş A, Tüz MA, Altınsoy B, Hacıseyitoğlu D. Specific risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 transmission among health care workers in a university hospital. Am J Infect Control 2020; 48:1225-1230. [PMID: 32771498 PMCID: PMC7409872 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2020.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Aim To investigate the specific risk factors for novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) transmission among health care workers (HCWs) in a tertiary care university hospital. Methods Upper respiratory samples of HCWs were tested for SARS-CoV-2 by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. A case-control study was conducted to explore the possible risk factors that lead to SARS-CoV-2 transmission to HCWs. Results Of 703 HCWs screened between March 20 and May 20, 2020, 50 (7.1%) were found to be positive for SARS-CoV-2. The positivity rates for SARS-CoV-2 among physicians, nurses, cleaning personnel, and the other occupations were 6.3%, 8.0%, 9.1%, and 2.6%, respectively. The infection rate was 8.3% among HCWs who worked in COVID-19 units and 3.4% among those who did not work in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) units (RR = 2.449, confidence interval = 1.062-5.649, P= .027). The presence of a SARS-CoV-2 positive person in the household (P = .016), inappropriate use of personnel protective equipment while caring for patients with COVID-19 infection (P = .003), staying in the same personnel break room as an HCW without a medical mask for more than 15 minutes (P = .000), consuming food within 1 m of an HCW (P = .003), and failure to keep a safe social distance from an HCW (P = .003) were statistically significant risk factors for infection. Conclusion HCWs have a high risk for SARS-CoV-2 transmission while providing care to COVID-19 patients. Transmission may also occur in nonmedical areas of the hospital while speaking or eating. Periodic screening of HCWs for SARS-CoV-2 may enable early detection and isolation of infected HCWs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Güven Çelebi
- Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit University, Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology Department, Zonguldak, Turkey; Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit University Educational and Research Hospital, Infection Control Committee, Zonguldak, Turkey.
| | - Nihal Pişkin
- Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit University, Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology Department, Zonguldak, Turkey; Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit University Educational and Research Hospital, Infection Control Committee, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Arzum Çelik Bekleviç
- Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit University Educational and Research Hospital, Infection Control Committee, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Yurdagül Altunay
- Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit University Educational and Research Hospital, Infection Control Committee, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Ayşegül Salcı Keleş
- Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit University Educational and Research Hospital, Infection Control Committee, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Ali Tüz
- Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit University, Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology Department, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Bülent Altınsoy
- Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit University, Medical Faculty, Pulmonary Medicine Department, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Demet Hacıseyitoğlu
- Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit University, Medical Faculty, Medical Microbiology Department, Zonguldak, Turkey
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