1
|
Fruscione S, Barrale M, Zarcone M, Alba D, Ravazzolo B, Belluzzo M, Onida R, Cammilleri G, Costa A, Ferrantelli V, Savatteri A, De Bella DD, Pipitone S, D'Atria A, Pieri A, Tramuto F, Costantino C, Maida CM, Graziano G, Palomba M, Mattiucci S, Brusca I, Mazzucco W. Screening of Anisakis-Related Allergies and Associated Factors in a Mediterranean Community Characterized by High Seafood Consumption. Foods 2024; 13:2821. [PMID: 39272586 PMCID: PMC11395279 DOI: 10.3390/foods13172821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2024] [Revised: 08/30/2024] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Dietary changes expose consumers to risks from Anisakis larvae in seafood, leading to parasitic diseases and allergies. Anisakis is recognized by EFSA as a significant hazard, with potential oncogenic implications. Diagnostic advancements, like the Basophil Activation Test (BAT), enhance sensitivity and accuracy in identifying Anisakis sensitization, complementing traditional IgE tests. We conducted a cross-sectional study on patients with allergic symptoms from April 2021 to April 2023 at two outpatient clinics in western Sicily. Our goal was to assess the prevalence of Anisakis-related allergies and to identify risk profiles using specific Anisakis IgE and the BAT, especially in regions with high raw fish consumption. The study evaluated specific Anisakis IgE as a screening tool for Anisakis sensitization, using questionnaires, blood samples, and immuno-allergology analyses. Anisakis-specific IgE values were compared with the BAT results, with statistical analyses including Fisher's exact test and logistic regression. The results showed an 18.5% seroprevalence of Anisakis IgE, while the BAT as a second-level test showed 4.63%, indicating the BAT's superior specificity and accuracy. The study highlighted the importance of the BAT in diagnosing Anisakis sensitization, especially in cases of cross-reactivity with Ascaris and tropomyosin. The findings confirm the BAT's exceptional specificity in identifying Anisakis sensitization and support using Anisakis-specific IgE for population-based risk profiling. The BAT can effectively serve as a confirmatory test.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Santo Fruscione
- PROMISE Department, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Maria Barrale
- U.O.C. of Clinical Pathology Buccheri La Ferla Hospital FBF, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Maurizio Zarcone
- U.O.C. Epidemiologia Clinica con Registro Tumori, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico di Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Davide Alba
- PROMISE Department, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Barbara Ravazzolo
- U.O.C. Epidemiologia Clinica con Registro Tumori, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico di Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Miriam Belluzzo
- PROMISE Department, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Rosa Onida
- U.O.C. of Clinical Pathology Buccheri La Ferla Hospital FBF, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Antonella Costa
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Sicily, 90129 Palermo, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Salvatore Pipitone
- U.O.C. Epidemiologia Clinica con Registro Tumori, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico di Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Alida D'Atria
- U.O.C. Epidemiologia Clinica con Registro Tumori, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico di Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessia Pieri
- U.O.C. Epidemiologia Clinica con Registro Tumori, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico di Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Fabio Tramuto
- PROMISE Department, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
- U.O.C. Epidemiologia Clinica con Registro Tumori, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico di Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Claudio Costantino
- PROMISE Department, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
- U.O.C. Epidemiologia Clinica con Registro Tumori, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico di Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Carmelo Massimo Maida
- PROMISE Department, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
- U.O.C. Epidemiologia Clinica con Registro Tumori, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico di Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Giorgio Graziano
- U.O.C. Epidemiologia Clinica con Registro Tumori, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico di Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Marialetizia Palomba
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, Tuscia University, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Simonetta Mattiucci
- Section of Parasitology, Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital "Policlinico Umberto I", Sapienza-University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Ignazio Brusca
- U.O.C. of Clinical Pathology Buccheri La Ferla Hospital FBF, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Walter Mazzucco
- PROMISE Department, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
- U.O.C. Epidemiologia Clinica con Registro Tumori, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico di Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Eiras JC. Is it possible to eliminate or eradicate human fish-borne parasitic diseases? A sweet dream or a nightmare? CURRENT RESEARCH IN PARASITOLOGY & VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES 2024; 6:100203. [PMID: 39188548 PMCID: PMC11347071 DOI: 10.1016/j.crpvbd.2024.100203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
Human fish-borne parasitic diseases may be caused by at least 111 taxa of both freshwater and marine fish parasites. It is estimated that they occur in many hundreds of millions of people all over the world, and many more are at risk, sometimes with serious consequences including the death of the host. Therefore, all efforts must be made to minimize and prevent the infection. In this paper we present an overview detailing the several types of parasites infecting humans, the reasons for the occurrence of the disease, the ways of infection, the preventive measures and difficulties encountered when combating such infections. Finally, we discuss the possibility of eliminating or eradicating fish-borne diseases. It is concluded that elimination is difficult to achieve but it is possible in some places under favourable circumstances, and that eradication will probably never be fully achieved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge C. Eiras
- CIIMAR, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Matosinhos, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Morales-Yuste M, López-Valverde J, Sánchez-Fernández N, Veiga J, Garrido M, Adroher FJ, Benítez R. Mullus barbatus L. and Mullus surmuletus L. from western Mediterranean waters (SE Spain) are infected by Hysterothylacium fabri, but not by zoonotic nematodes. Possible impact on fish hosts . JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2024:e13989. [PMID: 38957033 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
In order to know whether there is a risk of anisakiasis (or anisakidosis) by consumption of fish of the genus Mullus from the western Mediterranean Sea, which are appreciated for their quality, an epidemiological survey was carried out to evaluate the occurrence of zoonotic or potentially zoonotic nematodes in M. barbatus and M. surmuletus. Although the presence of the third larval stage (L3) of anisakids (Anisakis and Contracaecum) has been previously described in these fish, the results showed the absence of anisakids and the presence, never in muscle, of L3 and L4 of raphidascaridids of the genus Hysterothylacium, molecularly identified as H. fabri. Phylogenetic analysis groups them into the Mediterranean Sea clade, far from individuals isolated in the Pacific Ocean. Prevalence was slightly higher, but not significant, in M. barbatus versus M. surmuletus (72.3% vs 60.0%), but mean intensity (MI) and mean abundance (MA) parameters were approximately twice as high in M. barbatus as in M. surmuletus (MI 5.8 vs 2.8, p = .001; MA 4.2 vs 1.7, p < .001). The presence of the parasite seems to have different effects on these two sympatric species. In M. barbatus it seems to affect their growth, as it appreciably reduces the value of allometry coefficient in infected fish (2.78 vs. 2.18). On the other hand, in M. surmuletus the infection significantly (p < .04) affects the Fulton's condition factor, an indicator of the health status of the fish. It can be concluded that the ingestion of these fish by the people poses negligible risk of anisakiasis, but the consumer should continue to be urged to follow the rules of prevention against this illness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Morales-Yuste
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Jesús López-Valverde
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Jesús Veiga
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Mario Garrido
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Rocío Benítez
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang X, Xu T, Ding S, Xu Y, Jin X, Guan F. Recombinase polymerase amplification combined with lateral flow dipstick assay for rapid visual detection of A.simplex (s. s.) and A.pegreffii in sea foods. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28943. [PMID: 38623257 PMCID: PMC11016599 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Anisakiasis is a food-borne parasitic disease mainly caused by the third stage of Anisakis simplex (s. s.) and Anisakis pegreffii. Traditional methods for detecting of Anisakis involve morphology identification such as visual inspection, enzyme digestion, and molecular methods based on PCR, but they have certain limitations. In this study, the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS 1) regions of Anisakis were targeted to develop a visual screening method for detecting A. simplex (s. s.) and A. pegreffii in fish meat based on recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) combined with lateral flow dipstick (LFD). Specific primers and probes were designed and optimized for temperature, reaction time, and detection threshold. LFD produced clear visual results that were easily identifiable after a consistent incubation of 10-20 min at 37 °C. The whole process of DNA amplification by RPA and readout by LFD did not exceed 30 min. In addition, the detection limit is up to 9.5 × 10-4 ng/μL, and the detection of the artificially contaminated samples showed that the developed assay can effectively and specifically detect A. simplex (s. s.) and A. pegreffii, which fully meet the market's requirements for fish food safety supervision.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Wang
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
- Zhejiang Museum of Natural History, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Ting Xu
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Siling Ding
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Ye Xu
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Xingsheng Jin
- Zhejiang Museum of Natural History, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Feng Guan
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Koutsoumanis K, Allende A, Alvarez‐Ordóñez A, Bover‐Cid S, Chemaly M, De Cesare A, Herman L, Hilbert F, Lindqvist R, Nauta M, Nonno R, Peixe L, Ru G, Simmons M, Skandamis P, Suffredini E, Buchmann K, Careche M, Levsen A, Mattiucci S, Mladineo I, Santos MJ, Barcia‐Cruz R, Broglia A, Chuzhakina K, Goudjihounde SM, Guerra B, Messens W, Guajardo IM, Bolton D. Re-evaluation of certain aspects of the EFSA Scientific Opinion of April 2010 on risk assessment of parasites in fishery products, based on new scientific data. Part 1: ToRs1-3. EFSA J 2024; 22:e8719. [PMID: 38650612 PMCID: PMC11033839 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Surveillance data published since 2010, although limited, showed that there is no evidence of zoonotic parasite infection in market quality Atlantic salmon, marine rainbow trout, gilthead seabream, turbot, meagre, Atlantic halibut, common carp and European catfish. No studies were found for greater amberjack, brown trout, African catfish, European eel and pikeperch. Anisakis pegreffii, A. simplex (s. s.) and Cryptocotyle lingua were found in European seabass, Atlantic bluefin tuna and/or cod, and Pseudamphistomum truncatum and Paracoenogonimus ovatus in tench, produced in open offshore cages or flow-through ponds or tanks. It is almost certain that fish produced in closed recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) or flow-through facilities with filtered water intake and exclusively fed heat-treated feed are free of zoonotic parasites. Since the last EFSA opinion, the UV-press and artificial digestion methods have been developed into ISO standards to detect parasites in fish, while new UV-scanning, optical, molecular and OMICs technologies and methodologies have been developed for the detection, visualisation, isolation and/or identification of zoonotic parasites in fish. Freezing and heating continue to be the most efficient methods to kill parasites in fishery products. High-pressure processing may be suitable for some specific products. Pulsed electric field is a promising technology although further development is needed. Ultrasound treatments were not effective. Traditional dry salting of anchovies successfully inactivated Anisakis. Studies on other traditional processes - air-drying and double salting (brine salting plus dry salting) - suggest that anisakids are successfully inactivated, but more data covering these and other parasites in more fish species and products is required to determine if these processes are always effective. Marinade combinations with anchovies have not effectively inactivated anisakids. Natural products, essential oils and plant extracts, may kill parasites but safety and organoleptic data are lacking. Advanced processing techniques for intelligent gutting and trimming are being developed to remove parasites from fish.
Collapse
|
6
|
Barquín Yagüez J, Juez LD, Hernández PI, Ballestero A, Martín O, Del Campo R, Vaello V, García-Pérez JC. Intestinal Helminths Infections as Infrequent Cause of Emergency Abdominal Surgery: A Retrospective Study in a University Hospital over 20 Years. Acta Parasitol 2024; 69:1046-1052. [PMID: 38261243 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-023-00789-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION All organs of any organism can be affected by helminths. They can be seen in a broad spectrum, from simple infestations to extensive, life-threatening involvement. Symptomatology is usually of chronic latent course. However, sometimes the presentation is acute and requires urgent surgical intervention. MATERIAL AND METHODS We conducted a retrospective observational prospective recruitment study of patients undergoing emergency surgery for helminth infection from January 2000 to December 2019 at a university hospital. Sociodemographic and analytical variables, variables related to the clinical process, and the diagnostic test were analysed. Variables related to the surgical procedure and postoperative complications were also analysed. RESULTS A total of 36 patients required emergency surgery for their helminth infection, which represented 0.26% of emergency abdominal surgeries. The mean age was 34.91 ± 21.5 years, with a predominance of men (69.4%). Most patients presented with pain in the right iliac fossa (69.4%), followed by symptoms compatible with intestinal obstruction (19.4%). The most frequent surgical interventions were appendectomy (38.9%) followed bowel resection (33.3%) and ileocecal resection (11.1%). Enterobious vermicularis and Anisakis simplex both together accounted for 75% of the sample. Statistically significant differences were identified in age (p < 0.001), diagnostic test performed (p = 0.032), intraoperative clinical diagnosis (p = 0.005) and surgical treatment received (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION The frequency of emergency surgeries for intestinal helminth parasitism is decreasing. However, the majority of these are E. vermicularis and Anisakis simplex, which have distinctly different clinical presentations. Identification and recognition by physicians continue to be necessary for further postoperative management and possible complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José Barquín Yagüez
- General and Digestive Surgery Department, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luz Divina Juez
- General and Digestive Surgery Department, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain.
- Insituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain.
- Universidad de Alcalá de Henares, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
- Servicio de Cirugía General y Aparato digestivo, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Ctra. Colmenar, Km 9,1, 28034, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Patricia I Hernández
- Microbiology Department, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
- Insituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Araceli Ballestero
- General and Digestive Surgery Department, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
- Servicio de Cirugía General y Aparato digestivo, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Ctra. Colmenar, Km 9,1, 28034, Madrid, Spain
| | - Oihane Martín
- Microbiology Department, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
- Insituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa Del Campo
- Microbiology Department, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
- Insituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Victor Vaello
- General and Digestive Surgery Department, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos García-Pérez
- General and Digestive Surgery Department, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
- Insituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
- Universidad de Alcalá de Henares, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
- Servicio de Cirugía General y Aparato digestivo, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Ctra. Colmenar, Km 9,1, 28034, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Dinas S, Diakou A, Vasiliadis K, Chaintoutis SC, Massa E, Konstantinou GN, Totsi A, Xakis A, Papavasiliou C. First Case of Human Anisakiosis in Greece: Acute Invasive Infection Mimicking Peritoneal Malignancy. Pathogens 2024; 13:149. [PMID: 38392887 PMCID: PMC10891913 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13020149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Consumption of raw and mildly processed seafood, in the context of modern Western world eating trends, is recognized as a major driver for human fish-borne infections. However, these zoonoses and their unfamiliar risks remain neglected and underappreciated among European diagnosticians. In contemporary Europe anisakidosis is one of the most important fish-borne zoonoses. It is caused by ingesting the third-stage infective larvae of the nematode parasites that belong to the family Anisakidae. The case described herein, is an intestinal and ectopic form of anisakiosis (Anisakis spp.), causing symptoms of subacute abdomen and masquerading as an intraperitoneal malignancy. It is the first anisakidosis case reported in Greece, affecting a young patient who had been repeatedly exposed to the parasite by consuming homemade raw fish. Right hemicolectomy, omentectomy and excision of a descending colon nodule were uneventfully performed. The pathology report confirmed granulomatous tissue with eosinophilic infiltration and parasites that were morphologically and molecularly identified as Anisakis spp. Although challenging, acquiring an accurate diagnosis of anisakidosis can prevent unnecessary surgery, as the infection typically is self-resolving, and if treatment is deemed necessary, it can be limited to antiparasitic medication. However, in rare cases, extra-gastrointestinal migration of larvae can cause severe damage with practically unknown risks, posing a diagnostic and therapeutic dilemma. In such a clinical case scenario, surgical exploration can decisively contribute to a definitive diagnosis and early identification of intraabdominal complications necessitating surgical intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sotirios Dinas
- Surgical Department, Papageorgiou General Hospital, 56429 Thessaloniki, Greece; (S.D.); (K.V.); (A.T.); (A.X.); (C.P.)
| | - Anastasia Diakou
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Vasiliadis
- Surgical Department, Papageorgiou General Hospital, 56429 Thessaloniki, Greece; (S.D.); (K.V.); (A.T.); (A.X.); (C.P.)
| | - Serafeim C. Chaintoutis
- Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54627 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Eleftheria Massa
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Papageorgiou General Hospital, 56429 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - George N. Konstantinou
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 424 General Military Training Hospital, 56429 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Albion Totsi
- Surgical Department, Papageorgiou General Hospital, 56429 Thessaloniki, Greece; (S.D.); (K.V.); (A.T.); (A.X.); (C.P.)
| | - Athanasios Xakis
- Surgical Department, Papageorgiou General Hospital, 56429 Thessaloniki, Greece; (S.D.); (K.V.); (A.T.); (A.X.); (C.P.)
| | - Christos Papavasiliou
- Surgical Department, Papageorgiou General Hospital, 56429 Thessaloniki, Greece; (S.D.); (K.V.); (A.T.); (A.X.); (C.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Adroher FJ, Morales-Yuste M, Benítez R. Anisakiasis and Anisakidae. Pathogens 2024; 13:148. [PMID: 38392886 PMCID: PMC10892542 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13020148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Parasitism as a lifestyle is much more common in nature than it seems [...].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Manuel Morales-Yuste
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Rocío Benítez
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Menconi V, Lazzaro E, Bertola M, Guardone L, Mazzucato M, Prearo M, Bilska-Zajac E, Cortinovis L, Manfrin A, Arcangeli G, Angeloni G. The Occurrence of Freshwater Fish-Borne Zoonotic Helminths in Italy and Neighbouring Countries: A Systematic Review. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3793. [PMID: 38136832 PMCID: PMC10741178 DOI: 10.3390/ani13243793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the consumption of fish products has surged in European countries, being an essential part of a healthy diet. Despite representing a small part of EU production, freshwater fisheries hold considerable significance for lake-dwelling populations and tourists seeking traditional dishes. This increased fish consumption has brought to light potential health risks associated with fish-borne zoonotic helminths (FBZHs), now acknowledged as global food-borne parasites. Fish-borne zoonotic helminths belong to various taxonomic groups, including nematodes (Anisakidae), trematodes (Opisthorchiidae and Heterophyidae), and cestodes (Diphyllobothriidae). More than 50 species of FBZH are known to cause human infections, derived from eating raw or undercooked aquatic foods containing viable parasites. Despite increased attention, FBZHs remain relatively neglected compared to other food-borne pathogens due to factors like chronic disease progression and under-diagnosis. This systematic review concentrates on the prevalence of six freshwater FBZHs (Clinostomum complanatum, Contracaecum rudolphii, Dibothriocephalus latus, Eustrongylides excisus, Opisthorchis felineus, and Pseudamphistomum truncatum) in Italy and neighbouring countries. The study explores the expansion of these parasites, analysing their biological and epidemiological aspects, and the factors that influence their proliferation, such as the increased cormorant population and the lake eutrophication phenomena. In summary, this research highlights the necessity for further research, the development of spatial databases, and the establishment of a unified European policy to effectively manage these multifaceted health concerns. It strongly advocates adopting a One-Health approach to address the growing incidence of parasitic zoonoses within the context of food safety in EU countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vasco Menconi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell’Università, 10, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (V.M.); (E.L.); (M.M.); (L.C.); (A.M.); (G.A.); (G.A.)
| | - Elena Lazzaro
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell’Università, 10, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (V.M.); (E.L.); (M.M.); (L.C.); (A.M.); (G.A.); (G.A.)
| | - Michela Bertola
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell’Università, 10, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (V.M.); (E.L.); (M.M.); (L.C.); (A.M.); (G.A.); (G.A.)
| | - Lisa Guardone
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte Liguria e Valle D’Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy (M.P.)
| | - Matteo Mazzucato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell’Università, 10, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (V.M.); (E.L.); (M.M.); (L.C.); (A.M.); (G.A.); (G.A.)
| | - Marino Prearo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte Liguria e Valle D’Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy (M.P.)
| | - Ewa Bilska-Zajac
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantow Avenue 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland;
| | - Luana Cortinovis
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell’Università, 10, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (V.M.); (E.L.); (M.M.); (L.C.); (A.M.); (G.A.); (G.A.)
| | - Amedeo Manfrin
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell’Università, 10, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (V.M.); (E.L.); (M.M.); (L.C.); (A.M.); (G.A.); (G.A.)
| | - Giuseppe Arcangeli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell’Università, 10, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (V.M.); (E.L.); (M.M.); (L.C.); (A.M.); (G.A.); (G.A.)
| | - Giorgia Angeloni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell’Università, 10, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (V.M.); (E.L.); (M.M.); (L.C.); (A.M.); (G.A.); (G.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Jouini J, Besbes N, Sadok S, Gargouri L. Does Anisakis spp. infestation affect the proximate composition, fatty acids, and minerals contents of its host Merluccius merlucccius? Parasitol Res 2023; 122:3053-3062. [PMID: 37806979 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-07996-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Fish play an important role in human nutrition. They are not only a great source of protein and healthy fats, but also a unique source of essential nutrients such as omega-3 fatty acids. Moreover, most fish are parasitized, and some of these parasites are able to influence the reallocation of resources in their favor and thus reduce the nutritional quality of the fish. The present study was conducted to investigate the impact of the third stage larvae (L3) of Anisakis spp. on the proximate composition, macro-minerals (potassium, calcium, and sodium), and fatty acids of European hake (Merluccius merluccius Linnaeus, 1758). In parasitized female group, our results revealed a decrease (p< 0.005) in the amount of carbohydrate by 6.5%, of calcium by 17%, and of 2 polyunsaturated fatty acids (arachidonic acid (C20: 4w-6), and eicosapentaenoic acid (C20: 5w-3) with 33% and 15% respectively. Simultaneously, an increase by 25% in the level of a single saturated fatty acid C10:0 was noticed. According to the principal component analysis, the parasitized female was wealthy of saturated fatty acids and monounsaturated fatty acids and contains less of polyunsaturated fatty acids, omega-3 fatty acids, and omega-6 fatty acids than the unparasitized female and male. No significant changes were observed in the biochemical composition of male hake, probably due to the low mean intensity of L3 larvae of Anisakis spp. in this group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jihene Jouini
- Laboratory of Diversity, Management and Conservation of Biological Systems, LR18ES06, University of Tunis El Manar, 2092, Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Nadia Besbes
- Laboratory of Blue Biotechnology and Aquatic Bioproducts (B3Aqua), National Institute of Sea Science and Technology, la Goulette, Tunisia
| | - Saloua Sadok
- Laboratory of Blue Biotechnology and Aquatic Bioproducts (B3Aqua), National Institute of Sea Science and Technology, la Goulette, Tunisia
| | - Lamia Gargouri
- Laboratory of Diversity, Management and Conservation of Biological Systems, LR18ES06, University of Tunis El Manar, 2092, Tunis, Tunisia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Chamorro F, Otero P, Carpena M, Fraga-Corral M, Echave J, Seyyedi-Mansour S, Cassani L, Prieto MA. Health Benefits of Oily Fish: Illustrated with Blue Shark ( Prionace glauca), Shortfin Mako Shark ( Isurus oxyrinchus), and Swordfish ( Xiphias gladius). Nutrients 2023; 15:4919. [PMID: 38068777 PMCID: PMC10708079 DOI: 10.3390/nu15234919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Oily fish is a rich source of energy, proteins, essential amino acids, lipids, vitamins, and minerals. Among the macronutrients with the highest contribution are lipids, mainly long-chain omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 LC-PUFA), especially eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Both EPA and DHA play a beneficial role in promoting health and preventing many diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, such as stroke and acute myocardial infarction. They also contribute to the prevention of neurological, metabolic, and immune-system-related diseases, as well as supporting body-weight control. Oily fish consumption is also important at different stages of human life, from conception to old age. For example, DHA plays an important role in brain and retina development during fetal development and in the first two years of life, as it positively influences neurodevelopment, such as visual acuity, and cognitive functions. In contrast with the possible health benefits of the intake of oily fish, the presence of certain chemical pollutants, for example, heavy metals, can be a risk for the health of consumers, mainly in sensitive population groups such as pregnant women and children under 2 years of age. The presence of these pollutants is influenced to a greater extent by fish species, their role in the trophic chain, and their size. However, various studies state that the benefits outweigh the risk of consuming certain species. This review will be focused on the health benefits of the intake of three oily fish species, namely blue shark (Prionace glauca), shortfin mako shark (Isurus oxyrinchus), and swordfish (Xiphias gladius).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Miguel A. Prieto
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Instituto de Agroecoloxía e Alimentación (IAA)—CITEXVI, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain; (F.C.); (P.O.); (M.C.); (M.F.-C.); (J.E.); (S.S.-M.); (L.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Roca-Geronès X, Sarrà-Alarcón L, Delgado E, Alcover MM, Casadevall M, Fisa R. Anisakid Presence in the European Conger, Conger conger, from Spanish Mediterranean Waters. Pathogens 2023; 12:1326. [PMID: 38003791 PMCID: PMC10674728 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12111326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The European conger, Conger conger, is a benthic marine fish species with a geographical distribution extending through the northeastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean. Despite being extensively distributed and widely appreciated by Spanish consumers, studies regarding parasite presence in this fish are scarce. In the present work, a hundred and eight specimens from the Mediterranean coast of northeastern Spain (Catalan waters) were surveyed for the presence of nematode parasites. Several species were morphologically identified: third-stage larvae of Anisakis type I (sensu Berland, 1961) (n = 131), third-stage larvae of Anisakis type II (sensu Berland, 1961) (n = 18), third- and fourth-stage larvae and adults of Hysterothylacium spp. (n = 48), adults of Cucullanus sp. (n = 391), and adults of Cristitectus congeri (n = 69). Moreover, some fish and decapode species were also observed as part of the host's diet, with the most detected preys being Micromesistius poutassou, Sardina pilchardus, Macropipus sp., and Goneplax rhomboides. This represents the first survey of nematode parasites infecting C. conger from the northeastern Spanish Mediterranean waters. Among the parasite species detected, the presence of Anisakis species should be highlighted as the ingestion of C. conger parasitized with these larvae could potentially lead to anisakiasis in consumers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Roca-Geronès
- Secció de Parasitologia, Departament de Biologia, Sanitat i Medi Ambient, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lídia Sarrà-Alarcón
- Department de Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat de Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Eulàlia Delgado
- Department de Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat de Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Maria Magdalena Alcover
- Secció de Parasitologia, Departament de Biologia, Sanitat i Medi Ambient, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Margarida Casadevall
- Department de Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat de Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Roser Fisa
- Secció de Parasitologia, Departament de Biologia, Sanitat i Medi Ambient, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Asatryan A, Mladineo I, Santos MJ. Assessing Portuguese health risks: Anisakiks parasite in Atlantic chub mackerel ( Scomber colias) sold in Portuguese markets. EFSA J 2023; 21:e211004. [PMID: 38047133 PMCID: PMC10687749 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.e211004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Anisakiosis is a significant zoonotic disease caused by parasitic nematodes of the Anisakis genus. It can be contracted by humans through the consumption of raw or undercooked fish contaminated with the parasite, leading to gastrointestinal and allergic symptoms. While anisakiosis is not frequently documented in Portugal, the presence of allergic reactions to Anisakis in Spain suggests ongoing exposure in the Iberian Peninsula. To address this concern, the Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research in Porto, Portugal, in collaboration with the Biology Centre of Czech Academy of Sciences in Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic, has proposed a project entitled 'Assessing Portuguese Health Risks: Anisakis Parasite in Atlantic Chub Mackerel (Scomber colias) Sold in Portuguese Markets' under the European Food Risk Assessment Fellowship Programme. The primary objective of the project is to gather valuable epidemiological data on the host, Atlantic chub mackerel (S. colias) and the parasitic nematode (Anisakis spp.) with the focus on assessing contamination levels and evaluating potential health risks associated with anisakiosis in the Portuguese population. By conducting this research, the project aims to contribute to the understanding of anisakiosis and its impact on public health in Portugal. Investigation of the presence of the Anisakis parasite in Atlantic chub mackerel sold in Portuguese markets will provide crucial insights into the risks associated with consuming raw or undercooked fish. Ultimately, our findings will aid in the development of preventive measures and guidelines to ensure the well-being of the Portuguese population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Armine Asatryan
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre Czech Academy of SciencesCeske BudejoviceCzechia
- CIIMAR – Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Animal Pathology Laboratory, Port of Leix ~oes Cruise TerminalGeneral Norton de Matos Avenue, s/n4450‐208MatosinhosPortugal
| | - Ivona Mladineo
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre Czech Academy of SciencesCeske BudejoviceCzechia
| | - Maria Joao Santos
- CIIMAR – Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Animal Pathology Laboratory, Port of Leix ~oes Cruise TerminalGeneral Norton de Matos Avenue, s/n4450‐208MatosinhosPortugal
- Animal Pathology Laboratory, Biology DepartmentUniversity of Porto Science FacultyCampo Alegre street s/n, FC44169‐007PortoPortugal
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
D’Amelio S, Bellini I, Chiovoloni C, Magliocco C, Pronio A, Di Rocco A, Pentassuglio I, Rosati M, Russo G, Cavallero S. A Case of Gastroallergic and Intestinal Anisakiasis in Italy: Diagnosis Based on Double Endoscopy and Molecular Identification. Pathogens 2023; 12:1172. [PMID: 37764980 PMCID: PMC10535146 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12091172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Nematodes of the genus Anisakis (Rhabditida, Anisakidae) are zoonotic fish-borne parasites and cause anisakiasis, a disease with mild to severe acute or chronic gastrointestinal and allergic symptoms and signs. Anisakiasis can potentially lead to misdiagnosis or delay in diagnosis, and it has been suggested as a risk factor for gastrointestinal tumors. Here, we describe a case report of a 25-year-old woman who presented with gastrointestinal (abdominal pain, nausea, diarrhea) and allergic (diffuse skin rash) symptoms and reported ingestion of raw fish contaminated by worms. Gastro and colon endoscopy allowed the visualization and removal of nematodes and collection of bioptic tissue from ulcers and polyps. The removed nematodes were molecularly identified as Anisakis pegreffii. The patient was treated with chlorphenamine maleate, betamethasone, omeprazole, paracetamol, albendazole. We conclude that an upper endoscopy matched with a colonoscopy and molecular characterization of the pathogen yields the most reliable diagnosis and treatment for human anisakiasis, enabling the complete removal of the larvae and preventing chronic inflammation and damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano D’Amelio
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (S.D.); (I.B.); (C.C.); (A.D.R.); (G.R.)
| | - Ilaria Bellini
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (S.D.); (I.B.); (C.C.); (A.D.R.); (G.R.)
| | - Claudia Chiovoloni
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (S.D.); (I.B.); (C.C.); (A.D.R.); (G.R.)
| | | | - Annamaria Pronio
- Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Department of General Surgery and Surgical Specialties “Paride Stefanini”, Sapienza University of Rome, Azienda Policlinico Umberto I, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Arianna Di Rocco
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (S.D.); (I.B.); (C.C.); (A.D.R.); (G.R.)
- Sandro Pertini Hospital, 00157 Rome, Italy; (C.M.); (I.P.); (M.R.)
| | | | - Marco Rosati
- Sandro Pertini Hospital, 00157 Rome, Italy; (C.M.); (I.P.); (M.R.)
| | - Gianluca Russo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (S.D.); (I.B.); (C.C.); (A.D.R.); (G.R.)
| | - Serena Cavallero
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (S.D.); (I.B.); (C.C.); (A.D.R.); (G.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ciccarelli C, Semeraro AM, Leinoudi M, Di Trani V, Ciampana A, Ciccarelli E. Sample size planning and the statistical significance of official controls by sampling. Ital J Food Saf 2023; 12:11119. [PMID: 37680317 PMCID: PMC10480933 DOI: 10.4081/ijfs.2023.11119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Acceptance sampling is important for food safety and is a relevant tool at production and official control levels, as it helps decision-making processes and verifies quality and food safety management. Generally, sampling plans are hypothesis tests of products that have been submitted for official appraisal and subsequent acceptance or rejection. The sample size is related to the set level of risk, the acceptable precision, and the tolerable misstatement size; therefore, sample size determination has a crucial role in setting up the accepted level of non-compliance and level of error. Using a simple predictive model based on combinatorics, this study showcases how sample size management can change the probability of rejecting good lots and/or accepting bad lots when the acceptance number is 0 (c=0). We showed that when c=0, a very high level of significance of the test corresponds to the high probability of rejecting a lot with an acceptable prevalence of defective items (type II error). We produced tables about the minimum sample size at different significance levels, which can be useful in the field. A paradigmatic example of the role of sample size in the acceptance-sampling plan is represented by the visual inspection for the detection of Anisakid larvae in fishery products. This study investigated this aspect and mainly referred to studies on the prevalence of larvae in farmed fish. We showed that, for lots ≥1000 items, the sample size is not strictly related to the lot size, but to draw a consistent control plan and reduce the variability in the clinical judgment, control authorities require a standardized approach. Because of this, the results on the prevalence of Anisakid larvae in farmed fish, if only based on sampling control plans, do not support a negligible risk statement, despite the claims reported in the EFSA opinion and several other studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cesare Ciccarelli
- Local Public Health Service - Ascoli Piceno, San Benedetto del Tronto, Italy
| | | | | | - Vittoria Di Trani
- Local Public Health Service - Ascoli Piceno, San Benedetto del Tronto, Italy
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Polak I, Stryiński R, Majewska M, Łopieńska-Biernat E. Metabolomic analysis reveals a differential adaptation process of the larval stages of Anisakis simplex to the host environment. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1233586. [PMID: 37520327 PMCID: PMC10373882 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1233586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Anisakis simplex are parasitic nematodes that cause anisakiasis. The possibility of infection with this parasite is through consumption of raw or undercooked fish products. A. simplex infections are often misdiagnosed, especially in subclinical cases that do not present with typical symptoms such as urticaria, angioedema, and gastrointestinal allergy. The resulting allergic reactions range from rapid-onset and potentially fatal anaphylactic reactions to chronic, debilitating conditions. While there have been numerous published studies on the genomes and proteomes of A. simplex, less attention has been paid to the metabolomes. Metabolomics is concerned with the composition of metabolites in biological systems. Dynamic responses to endogenous and exogenous stimuli are particularly well suited for the study of holistic metabolic responses. In addition, metabolomics can be used to determine metabolic activity at different stages of development or during growth. Materials and methods: In this study, we reveal for the first time the metabolomes of infectious stages (L3 and L4) of A. simplex using untargeted metabolomics by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Results: In the negative ionization mode (ESI-), we identified 172 different compounds, whereas in the positive ionization mode (ESI+), 186 metabolites were found. Statistical analysis showed that 60 metabolites were found in the ESI- mode with different concentration in each group, of which 21 were more enriched in the L3 larvae and 39 in the L4 stage of A. simplex. Comparison of the individual developmental stages in the ESI + mode also revealed a total of 60 differential metabolites, but 32 metabolites were more enriched in the L3 stage larvae, and 28 metabolites were more concentrated in the L4 stage. Discussion: The metabolomics study revealed that the developmental stages of A. simplex differed in a number of metabolic pathways, including nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism. In addition, molecules responsible for successful migration within their host, such as pyridoxine and prostaglandins (E1, E2, F1a) were present in the L4 stage. In contrast, metabolic pathways for amino acids, starch, and sucrose were mainly activated in the L3 stage. Our results provide new insights into the comparative metabolome profiles of two different developmental stages of A. simplex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Polak
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Robert Stryiński
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Marta Majewska
- Department of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Łopieńska-Biernat
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Brusca I, Barrale M, Zarcone M, Fruscione S, Onida R, De Bella DD, Alba D, Belluzzo M, Uasuf CG, Cammilleri G, Costa A, Ferrantelli V, Savatteri A, Cannizzaro E, Calamusa G, Lacca G, Maida CM, Pipitone S, D'Atria A, Palomba M, Costantino C, Mattiucci S, Mazzucco W. Basophil Activation Test in the Diagnosis of Anisakis Allergy: An Observational Study from an Area of High Seafood Consumption in Italy. Pathogens 2023; 12:777. [PMID: 37375467 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12060777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The rising popularity of undercooked or raw seafood containing larvae of the Anisakis parasite has led to issues of public health concern due to allergic manifestations. We conducted an observational study on the use of an innovative Anisakis allergy diagnostic algorithm in a convenience sample of 53 allergic outpatients recruited in Western Sicily, between April 2021 and March 2022. We included individuals with an anamnesis suggestive of IgE sensitization to Anisakis reporting clinical manifestation in the last month due to allergic reactions after eating fresh fish, or in subjects at high exposure risk with sea products while abstaining from fish ingestion, excluding those with documented fish sensitization. Outpatients were tested via Skin Prick Test, IgE-specific dosage and Basophil Activation Test (BAT). Twenty-six outpatients were diagnosed with Anisakis, while 27 with Chronic Urticaria (CU). We found a seven-fold excess risk for Anisakis (p4) positivity in the Anisakis allergic outpatients, as compared to the CU ones. BAT showed the best diagnostic accuracy (92.45%) and specificity (100%), while specific IgE to Ascaris (p1) documented the best sensitivity (92.31%) but a very low specificity (37.04%). In conclusion, our findings may represent a potentially useful contribution to the future development of updated clinical guidelines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ignazio Brusca
- U.O.C of Clinical Pathology Buccheri La Ferla Hospital FBF, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Maria Barrale
- U.O.C of Clinical Pathology Buccheri La Ferla Hospital FBF, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Maurizio Zarcone
- U.O.C. of Clinical Epidemiology with Cancer Registry, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico di Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Santo Fruscione
- PROMISE Department, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Rosa Onida
- U.O.C of Clinical Pathology Buccheri La Ferla Hospital FBF, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Davide Alba
- PROMISE Department, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Miriam Belluzzo
- PROMISE Department, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Carina Gabriela Uasuf
- Allergy Disease Center, Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT), National Research Council (CNR), 90146 Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Antonella Costa
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Sicily, 90129 Palermo, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Guido Lacca
- PROMISE Department, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Salvatore Pipitone
- U.O.C. of Clinical Epidemiology with Cancer Registry, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico di Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Alida D'Atria
- U.O.C. of Clinical Epidemiology with Cancer Registry, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico di Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Marialetizia Palomba
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, Tuscia University, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | | | - Simonetta Mattiucci
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Section of Parasitology, Sapienza-University of Rome, University Hospital "Policlinico Umberto I", 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Walter Mazzucco
- U.O.C. of Clinical Epidemiology with Cancer Registry, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico di Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
- PROMISE Department, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
- College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abad V, Alejandre M, Hernández-Fernández E, Raso J, Cebrián G, Álvarez-Lanzarote I. Evaluation of Pulsed Electric Fields (PEF) Parameters in the Inactivation of Anisakis Larvae in Saline Solution and Hake Meat. Foods 2023; 12:264. [PMID: 36673356 PMCID: PMC9857451 DOI: 10.3390/foods12020264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Larvae of the nematode family Anisakidae are capable of causing parasitic infections in humans associated with the consumption of fishery products, leading to intestinal syndromes and allergic reactions. Anisakidae larvae are widely distributed geographically, with rates of parasitism close to 100% in certain fish species. Methods need to be established for their inactivation and elimination, especially in fishery products that are to be consumed raw, pickled, or salted, or which have been insufficiently treated to kill the parasite. Many strategies are currently available (such as freezing and heat treatment), but further ones, such as pulsed electric fields (PEF), have hardly been investigated until now. This study focuses on the experimental evaluation of the efficacy of PEF in the inactivation of Anisakis spp. larvae in terms of electric field strength, specific energy, and pulse width, as well as on the evaluation of the quality of fish samples after PEF treatment. Results show that viability of Anisakis was highly dependent on field strength and specific energy. Pulse width exerted a considerable influence at the lowest field strengths tested (1 kV/cm). Central composite design helped to define a PEF treatment of 3 kV/cm and 50 kJ/kg as the one capable of inactivating almost 100% of Anisakis present in pieces of hake, while affecting the investigated quality parameters (moisture, water holding capacity, and cooking loss) to a lesser extent than freezing and thawing. These results show that PEF could serve as an alternative to traditional freezing processes for the inactivation of Anisakis in fish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ignacio Álvarez-Lanzarote
- Departamento de Producción Animal y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Bellini I, Scribano D, Sarshar M, Ambrosi C, Pizzarelli A, Palamara AT, D’Amelio S, Cavallero S. Inflammatory Response in Caco-2 Cells Stimulated with Anisakis Messengers of Pathogenicity. Pathogens 2022; 11:1214. [PMID: 36297271 PMCID: PMC9611079 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11101214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 09/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Anisakis spp. third-stage larvae (L3) are the causative agents of human zoonosis called anisakiasis. The accidental ingestion of L3 can cause acute and chronic inflammation at the gastric, intestinal, or ectopic levels. Despite its relevance in public health, studies on pathogenetic mechanisms and parasite-human interplay are scarce. The aim of this study was to investigate the human inflammatory response to different Anisakis vehicles of pathogenicity. Methods: Human colorectal adenocarcinoma (Caco-2) cells were exposed to Anisakis L3 (the initial contact with the host), extracellular vesicles (EVs, Anisakis-host communication), and crude extract (CE, the larval dying). The protein quantity and gene expression of two pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and IL-8) were investigated using an ELISA test (6 h and 24 h) and a qReal-Time PCR (1 h, 6 h, and 24 h), respectively. Results: The L3 and EVs induced a downregulation in both the Il-6 and Il-8 gene expression and protein quantity. On the contrary, the CE stimulated IL-6 gene expression and its protein release, not affecting IL-8. Conclusions: The Caco-2 cells seemed to not react to the exposure to the L3 and EVs, suggesting a parasite's immunomodulating action to remain alive in an inhospitable niche. Conversely, the dying larva (CE) could induce strong activation of the immune strategy of the host that, in vivo, would lead to parasite expulsion, eosinophilia, and/or granuloma formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Bellini
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Scribano
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Meysam Sarshar
- Research Laboratories, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Cecilia Ambrosi
- Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Open University, IRCCS, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Pizzarelli
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Teresa Palamara
- Laboratory Affiliated to Institute Pasteur Italia—Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano D’Amelio
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Serena Cavallero
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Golden O, Caldeira AJR, Rangel LF, Santos MJ. Seafood safety and food-borne zoonoses from fish: Examining the risk of Anisakis in the Portuguese Population and Consumer Risk Perceptions of Fish Consumption. EFSA J 2022; 20:e200409. [PMID: 35634563 PMCID: PMC9131577 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.e200409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic nematodes of the genus Anisakis are the causative agent of anisakiosis, an important fish‐borne zoonosis. Humans are infected through consumption of raw or undercooked fish, contaminated with the parasite. Infection can result in both gastrointestinal and allergic symptoms. There are few reports of anisakiosis in Portugal, but evidence of Anisakis allergy exists, indicating that exposure is occurring in the population. The European Food Risk Assessment Fellowship Programme (EU‐FORA) work programme, entitled: ‘Food safety of fish and zoonoses: fish consumption and microbiological risk assessment and perception, from fisherman to final consumers in Portugal’ was hosted by the Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), in Porto, Portugal. It aimed to gather information on risk perception and attitudes in the Portuguese population to contamination of fish with Anisakis spp. and on their knowledge of methods to prevent infection. In addition, it aimed to examine the risk of anisakiosis in the Portuguese population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O Golden
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR) Portugal
| | | | - L F Rangel
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR) Portugal
| | - M J Santos
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR) Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Stryiński R, Mateos J, Carrera M, Jastrzębski JP, Bogacka I, Łopieńska-Biernat E. Tandem Mass Tagging (TMT) Reveals Tissue-Specific Proteome of L4 Larvae of Anisakis simplex s. s.: Enzymes of Energy and/or Carbohydrate Metabolism as Potential Drug Targets in Anisakiasis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084336. [PMID: 35457153 PMCID: PMC9027741 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Anisakis simplex s. s. is a parasitic nematode of marine mammals and causative agent of anisakiasis in humans. The cuticle and intestine of the larvae are the tissues most responsible for direct and indirect contact, respectively, of the parasite with the host. At the L4 larval stage, tissues, such as the cuticle and intestine, are fully developed and functional, in contrast to the L3 stage. As such, this work provides for the first time the tissue-specific proteome of A. simplex s. s. larvae in the L4 stage. Statistical analysis (FC ≥ 2; p-value ≤ 0.01) showed that 107 proteins were differentially regulated (DRPs) between the cuticle and the rest of the larval body. In the comparison between the intestine and the rest of the larval body at the L4 stage, 123 proteins were identified as DRPs. Comparison of the individual tissues examined revealed a total of 272 DRPs, with 133 proteins more abundant in the cuticle and 139 proteins more abundant in the intestine. Detailed functional analysis of the identified proteins was performed using bioinformatics tools. Glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle were the most enriched metabolic pathways by cuticular and intestinal proteins, respectively, in the L4 stage of A. simplex s. s. The presence of two proteins, folliculin (FLCN) and oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (OGDH), was confirmed by Western blot, and their tertiary structure was predicted and compared with other species. In addition, host–pathogen interactions were identified, and potential new allergens were predicted. The result of this manuscript shows the largest number of protein identifications to our knowledge using proteomics tools for different tissues of L4 larvae of A. simplex s. s. The identified tissue-specific proteins could serve as targets for new drugs against anisakiasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Stryiński
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
- Correspondence: (R.S.); (M.C.); (E.Ł.-B.)
| | - Jesús Mateos
- Clinical Pharmacology Group, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, 15-706 A Coruña, Spain;
| | - Mónica Carrera
- Department of Food Technology, Marine Research Institute (IIM), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 36-208 Vigo, Spain
- Correspondence: (R.S.); (M.C.); (E.Ł.-B.)
| | - Jan Paweł Jastrzębski
- Department of Plant Physiology, Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Iwona Bogacka
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Elżbieta Łopieńska-Biernat
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
- Correspondence: (R.S.); (M.C.); (E.Ł.-B.)
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Anisakicidal Effects of R (+) Limonene: An Alternative to Freezing Treatment in the Industrial Anchovy Marinating Process. Foods 2022; 11:foods11081121. [PMID: 35454708 PMCID: PMC9028723 DOI: 10.3390/foods11081121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Anisakiasis is a fish-borne zoonotic disease caused by the ingestion of raw/undercooked fishes or cephalopods parasitized by members of the genus Anisakis. Freezing ensures the inactivation of viable Anisakis larvae; however, since it affects the organoleptic properties of food, essential oils and their compounds were proposed as an alternative. In this study, fresh anchovy fillets were experimentally parasitized with L3 Anisakis larvae to test the anisakicidal efficacy of R (+) limonene (LMN) in marinated fishery products. The anisakicidal effectiveness and organoleptic influence of several LMN concentrations (0.5%, 1%, and 5%) were tested during the marinating process (MS) and storage in sunflower seed oil (SO) of marinated anchovy fillets. Double treatment (DT) with 1% LMN was also performed both during marination and subsequent storage in oil. MS treatment resulted only in a reduction in larvae viability after 48 h, while a complete inactivation was observed in SO after 8, 10, and 20 days of treatment with 5%, 1%, and 0.5% LMN, respectively. DT was the most effective with complete larval inactivation after 7 days. Only 5% LMN influenced the sensory characteristics of the fillets, resulting, however, in a pleasant lemon-like odor and taste. Considering the results obtained, LMN might be a suitable natural alternative to manage Anisakis risk in the fishery industry.
Collapse
|
23
|
Anisakis, Something Is Moving inside the Fish. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11030326. [PMID: 35335650 PMCID: PMC8950136 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11030326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The first case of human infection by a species of the Anisakidae family was reported more than 60 years ago. Over the last 20 years, Anisakis has become a highly studied parasite, not only for its parasitism, but also for its role as an inducer of allergic reactions. Several studies have indicated that the pathological changes occurring within the gastrointestinal tract during infection with Anisakis simplex are the combined result of the direct action of the larvae invading the tissue and the complex interaction between the host’s immune system and the parasite. Although the most commonly described pathologies are digestive, urticaria/angioedema and anaphylaxis, occupational asthma and arthritis have been seldom described. This paper is a narrative of the immune-mediated reaction induced by this parasite over the course of the last two decades.
Collapse
|
24
|
Santos MJ, Matos M, Guardone L, Golden O, Armani A, Caldeira AJR, Vieira-Pinto M. Preliminary Data on the Occurrence of Anisakis spp. in European Hake ( Merluccius merluccius) Caught Off the Portuguese Coast and on Reports of Human Anisakiosis in Portugal. Microorganisms 2022; 10:331. [PMID: 35208786 PMCID: PMC8876791 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10020331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasitic nematodes of the genus Anisakis are among the most important biological hazards associated with seafood. A survey of Anisakis spp. in European hake (Merluccius merluccius) was undertaken as this species is a staple of the Portuguese diet. Moreover, a literature review of cases of anisakiosis reported from Portugal, a country with one of the highest levels of fish consumption in the world, was also carried out. Seventy-five European hake caught in the Atlantic Ocean off the northern coast of Portugal were analyzed to determine the infection levels and site distribution of Anisakis spp. Isolated nematode larvae were identified to species level by molecular analysis. Two sets of samples were collected. Firstly, a total of 46 Anisakis spp. L3 larvae were collected with a prevalence of 76.7% (95% CI 61.5-91.8%) and intensity (mean ± SD, range) of 2.0 ± 1.2 (1-5). Most larvae were found on the liver (45.7%) and on the gonads (32.6%), but none in the muscle. The molecular analysis showed the presence of both A. simplex s.s. (70%) and A. pegreffii (30%). For the second sample, analyzed using the UV-Press method, a total of 473 Anisakis spp. were found, with a prevalence of 95.6% (95% CI 89.5-100.0%), intensity (mean ± SD, range) of 11.3 ± 9.7 (1-41), density of 0.05 ± 0.04 (0-0.16) worms/muscle weight in g, and density of 0.54 ± 0.50 (0-2.53) worms/viscera weight in g. Surprisingly, only three very recent cases of human anisakiosis in Portugal have been reported in the literature. Data from this study contribute towards an updating of the existing epidemiological picture in an area characterized by very high seafood consumption and changing eating habits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria J. Santos
- Laboratório de Patologia Animal, Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, FC4, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- Laboratório de Patologia Animal, CIIMAR—Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (M.M.); (O.G.); (A.J.R.C.)
| | - Matilde Matos
- Laboratório de Patologia Animal, CIIMAR—Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (M.M.); (O.G.); (A.J.R.C.)
- Departamento de Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
| | - Lisa Guardone
- FishLab, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (L.G.); (A.A.)
| | - Olwen Golden
- Laboratório de Patologia Animal, CIIMAR—Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (M.M.); (O.G.); (A.J.R.C.)
| | - Andrea Armani
- FishLab, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (L.G.); (A.A.)
| | - Andreia J. R. Caldeira
- Laboratório de Patologia Animal, CIIMAR—Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (M.M.); (O.G.); (A.J.R.C.)
- Academic Institute of Health and Biological Sciences, Goias State University, Campus Central–Sede Anapolis (CET), BR 153, CEP 75132-903 Goias, Brazil
| | - Madalena Vieira-Pinto
- Departamento de Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- CECAV, Centro de Ciência Animal e Veterinária, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
De Benedetto G, Giannetto A, Riolo K, Iaria C, Brianti E, Gaglio G. Anisakis pegreffii Larvae in Sphyraena viridensis and Description of Granulomatous Lesions. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11123449. [PMID: 34944226 PMCID: PMC8697904 DOI: 10.3390/ani11123449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Fish-borne zoonoses are caused by bacteria and parasites, while no viral fish-borne zoonoses have been reported, to date. Regarding zoonoses caused by parasites, Anisakiasis is one of the most important, with Anisakis simplex and Anisakis pegreffii agents in the central Mediterranean Sea. Humans can be infected by accidental ingestion of third-stage larvae in raw, undercooked or improperly processed fish or cephalopods. After ingestion, the larvae migrate from the gastrointestinal tract to gastrointestinal tissue, causing pain and, subsequently, inflammatory reaction leading to eosinophilic granuloma. This kind of reaction has not been described to date, in fish, and the aim of this study is to describe gastric wall lesions caused by A. pegreffii in Sphyraena viridensis and to compare them to those reported in humans, which appear macroscopically identical, albeit showing significant microscopic differences. Abstract The aim of the present study was to describe gastric granuloma caused by Anisakis pegreffii in Sphyraena viridensis caught in the central Mediterranean Sea. Sixty-eight S. viridensis specimens were collected from different fish markets on the east coast of Sicily. Coelomic organs were observed both macroscopically and with the aid of stereomicroscope. Parasite specimens and lesioned tissues were collected for identification, histological and molecular analyses. Twelve specimens (p = 17.6%) were positive for the presence of nematode larvae, morphologically identified as larvae of Anisakis sp., with values of mean abundance and mean intensity of 0.9 and 4.8, respectively. One large female specimen showed massive parasite infection associated with nodular lesions of the gastric wall. By histology, several nematode larvae encysted through the gastric wall were found. The parasite bodies were surrounded by a granulomatous reaction made up of macrophages, epithelioid cells, some lymphocytes and an external connective sheet. Molecular analysis of 18S rRNA and cox2 genes from Anisakis sp. collected larvae, identified them as A. pegreffii. The lesions here described, though macroscopically superimposable on human eosinophilic granuloma, microscopically showed significant differences in the inflammatory cells involved and in the type of immune reaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni De Benedetto
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (E.B.); (G.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-090-3503-717
| | - Alessia Giannetto
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (A.G.); (K.R.); (C.I.)
| | - Kristian Riolo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (A.G.); (K.R.); (C.I.)
| | - Carmelo Iaria
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (A.G.); (K.R.); (C.I.)
| | - Emanuele Brianti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (E.B.); (G.G.)
| | - Gabriella Gaglio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (E.B.); (G.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Shamsi S. The occurrence of Anisakis spp. in Australian waters: past, present, and future trends. Parasitol Res 2021; 120:3007-3033. [PMID: 34341859 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-021-07243-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
As one of the world's megadiverse countries, Australian biodiversity is vital for global biodiversity. Nematodes belonging to the genus Anisakis (family Anisakidae) are an important part of this biodiversity due to their ability to be repeatedly transmitted among their intermediate hosts before reaching the top of the food pyramid. Therefore, they have a significant impact on the community structures of various ecosystems. In addition, globally, they are known to be of medical and veterinary significance. The aim of this article is to provide an update on the current knowledge about these important parasites in Australia. Since 1916, a total of 234 records of Anisakis spp. from various hosts and localities have been found in Australia. It is estimated that the occurrence of Anisakis spp. and their health impacts in at least 84, 98.5, and 95% of Australian marine mammals, fish, and water birds, respectively, have not been documented yet. The results of this study suggest Australia is perhaps home to the most diverse Anisakis fauna. Available information is dominated by reports of these parasites in fish hosts, many of them among edible fish. Given the popularity of seafood in Australia and the occurrence of infectious stages of Anisakis spp. in edible fish, all stakeholders should be made aware of the occurrence, prevalence, and survival of Anisakis spp. in seafood. Also, as more pet owners feed their pets with a variety of fish and seafood products, it is important for veterinarians to be aware of seafood transmitted Anisakis spp. in pet animals. This study also highlights several important knowledge gaps: (i) The detailed life cycle of Anisakis spp. in Australia is not known. Detecting their first intermediate hosts is important for better management of crustacean zooplankton populations in our waters. (ii) Research on Anisakis spp. in Australia has been restricted to limited taxonomical studies and should extend to other aspects of these important parasites. (iii) The capacity to identify parasite taxa to species is especially important for resolving biological diversity around Australia; however, opportunities to formally train in parasite taxonomy are rare and diminishing. There is a need to train researchers with taxonomy skills. (iv) Given the vast range of biodiversity in Australia and the broad host-specificity of Anisakis spp., particularly in the larval stages, the full range of their intermediate hosts remains unknown. (v) The health impacts of the infection of the intermediate/definitive hosts with Anisakis spp. are not fully understood. Thus, one of the important areas for future studies is investigating the pathogenicity of Anisakis spp. in affected animals. This is a crucial yet unknown factor for the conservation of some endangered species in Australia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shokoofeh Shamsi
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences and Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Estella, New South Wales, 2678, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Mo TA, Fossøy F, Poppe TT. Increasing intensities of Anisakis simplex (Rudolphi, 1809 det. Krabbe, 1878) larvae with weight and sea age in returning adult Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., of coastal waters of Norway. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2021; 44:1075-1089. [PMID: 33831273 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ninety wild Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., (1.5-10.3 kg) were caught in the Namsen Fjord near the mouth of River Namsen, mid-Norway, and examined for the presence and distribution of Anisakis simplex (Rudolphi, 1809 det. Krabbe, 1878) larvae by digestion of the viscera and muscles in a pepsin/HCl solution. All salmon were migrating spawners after 1-4 years of feeding in the Atlantic Ocean. All 90 Atlantic salmon had A. simplex larvae in the viscera, and all, except two, had A. simplex larvae in the musculature. The number of A. simplex larvae in each fish varied between 3 and 181, and the total mean number of nematode larvae was 44.5. The intensity of A. simplex larvae was positively correlated with increasing weight and sea age of the host. However, the proportion of larvae in the muscle fillets decreased with increasing host weight and sea age. Atlantic salmon females had more A. simplex larvae than males. In all the fish examined, 70.2% of the A. simplex larvae were found in the viscera and 29.8% in the musculature. The majority (93%) of the larvae in the musculature occurred in the hypaxial sections anterior to the anus. As A. simplex larvae commonly occur in the musculature of wild Atlantic salmon, consumption of unfrozen, raw or semi-raw musculature represents a risk for humans developing anisakiasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tor Atle Mo
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Oslo, Norway
| | - Frode Fossøy
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Trondheim, Norway
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Sánchez-Alonso I, Carballeda-Sangiao N, Rodríguez S, Tejada M, Navas A, Arcos SC, González-Muñoz M, Careche M. Anisakis simplex (s.l.) resistance to the action of gastric enzymes depends upon previous treatments applied to infected fish mince and affects antigen release. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2021; 101:3908-3916. [PMID: 33348457 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Freezing is considered the most suitable technological treatment to avoid Anisakis infection from eating raw or undercooked fish but modifications of their cuticles upon freezing may reduce their resistance to gastric fluids, provoking a greater release of allergens. This work aimed to study the relationship between freezing-induced modifications of Anisakis simplex s.l., antigen recognition, and resistance to oral and gastric digestion in spiked fish mince. RESULTS (i) Differences between non-treated larvae and larvae that survived freezing / thawing were studied in terms of respiratory capacity, survival in simulated gastric fluid (SGF), recognition of antigens and allergens. (ii) Untreated (i.e. chilled) mince containing live larvae, mince frozen at two freezing rates, with a negative (uninfected) mince and a positive mince (infected with broken larvae) as controls, were subjected to the oral and gastric phases of a simulated digestion process. Anisakis able to survive freezing showed lower resistance to gastric fluid (i.e. faster mortality as compared to controls). Untreated larvae released significantly more antigens than freeze-surviving larvae but only after 96 h in SGF. In treatments rendering complete larvae mortality, the highest loss of larvae integrity was found upon fast freezing. There was a positive correlation between antigen release and the number of ruptures of larvae after the oral digestion phase, whereas a more complex trend was observed after oral plus gastric digestion phases. CONCLUSION These results suggest a new factor to consider for sensitized patients and suggest that the numbers of L3 should be reduced before industrial freezing to minimize risk. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Sánchez-Alonso
- Department of Products, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition, Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ICTAN-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Noelia Carballeda-Sangiao
- Department of Products, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition, Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ICTAN-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago Rodríguez
- Department of Products, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition, Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ICTAN-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Margarita Tejada
- Department of Products, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition, Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ICTAN-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfonso Navas
- Department of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana C Arcos
- Department of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Mercedes Careche
- Department of Products, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition, Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ICTAN-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Thermal patterns of heat treated Anisakis L3-infected fishery products allow separation into low, intermediate and high risk groups of potential use in risk management. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
30
|
Cavaleiro B, Serrao J, Nogueira S, Ribeiro L, Hermida M, Cruz C, Lisnerova M, Fiala I, Saraiva A. Survey of Kudoa spp. (Myxozoa, Cnidaria) in fishes from the Madeira Archipelago and the Portuguese mainland coast: detection of Kudoa thyrsites in new hosts Scomber colias and Micromesistius poutassou. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2021; 68. [PMID: 33576748 DOI: 10.14411/fp.2021.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Myxozoan parasites of the genus Kudoa Meglitsch, 1947 are associated with post-mortem tissue degradation that causes great financial losses to commercial fisheries. Kudoa thyrsites (Gilchrist, 1924) is a species with a very wide host range including commercial tunas, mackerels, salmonids and flatfishes. A sample of 190 fishes of 18 species from the Madeira Archipelago and 30 Atlantic chub mackerel, Scomber colias Gmelin, and 30 blue whiting, Micromesistius poutassou (Risso), from the Portuguese mainland coast were examined for the presence of species of Kudoa. The prevalence of Kudoa spp. was 80% in M. poutassou and 60% in S. colias. No spore was detected in S. colias from Madeira, which was confirmed by specific PCR screening of the muscle from all individuals of S. colias. SSU rDNA analysis revealed that M. poutassou and S. colias from the Portuguese mainland coast were infected with K. thyrsites, an economically important myxozoan parasite. Both sequences were identical with sequences of the eastern Atlantic K. thyrsites genotype, including that from the type host of this parasite. This is the first report of K. thyrsites from M. poutassou and S. colias. The fact that spores of species of Kudoa were not detected in fishes screened in the Madeira Archipelago may be explained by various ecological factors, such as the absence of a continental shelf, a short insular shelf, and oceanic waters with low productivity, all resulting in reduced abundance of benthic organisms. Consequently, it is possible that as yet unknown annelid definitive hosts of Kudoa spp. are absent or very rare near Madeiran coasts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Cavaleiro
- MARE, Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Agencia Regional para o Desenvolvimento da Investigacao Tecnologia e Inovacao, Funchal, Madeira, Portugal.,Oceanic Observatory of Madeira, Agencia Regional para o Desenvolvimento da Investigacao Tecnologia e Inovacao, Funchal, Madeira, Portugal
| | - Joana Serrao
- CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sara Nogueira
- University of Porto, Faculty of Sciences, Biology Department, Porto, Portugal
| | - Liliana Ribeiro
- University of Porto, Faculty of Sciences, Biology Department, Porto, Portugal
| | - Margarida Hermida
- MARE, Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Agencia Regional para o Desenvolvimento da Investigacao Tecnologia e Inovacao, Funchal, Madeira, Portugal.,Oceanic Observatory of Madeira, Agencia Regional para o Desenvolvimento da Investigacao Tecnologia e Inovacao, Funchal, Madeira, Portugal.,University of Bristol, Department of Philosophy, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Cristina Cruz
- CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Porto, Portugal.,University of Porto, Faculty of Sciences, Biology Department, Porto, Portugal
| | - Martina Lisnerova
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Fiala
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Aurelia Saraiva
- CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Porto, Portugal.,University of Porto, Faculty of Sciences, Biology Department, Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Pardo González MÁ, Cavazza G, Gustinelli A, Caffara M, Fioravanti M. Absence of anisakis nematodes in smoked farmed Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar) products on sale in European countries. Ital J Food Saf 2021; 9:8615. [PMID: 33532370 PMCID: PMC7844585 DOI: 10.4081/ijfs.2020.8615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The increase of global demand of aquaculture products as compensation for the lowering of fishery sustainability has shown a parallel awareness by the consumers on the importance of the safety and quality of fish products. Among these, salmon industry has reached a leading position demonstrating the negligible risk of presence of zoonotic helminths such as anisakis nematodes in farmed salmon. Despite the massive production of data in literature on parasitological surveys carried out on fresh salmon, no data are published on processed farmed salmon such as smoked products. In 2016, 270 slices of smoked farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and 13 smoked slices from wild sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) have been analyzed by visual inspection and UV-press method searching for the presence of anisakid nematodes. No parasites were detected in samples from farmed Atlantic salmon, while 10 out of 13 from wild salmon were positive for Anisakis simplex s.s. larvae. This first survey on the possible presence of anisakid nematodes in processed smoked salmon confirms that this risk in farmed Atlantic salmon products has to be considered negligible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Giulia Cavazza
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Andrea Gustinelli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Monica Caffara
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Marialetizia Fioravanti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia (BO), Italy
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Chiesa LM, Pavlovic R, Nobile M, Di Cesare F, Malandra R, Pessina D, Panseri S. Discrimination between Fresh and Frozen-Thawed Fish Involved in Food Safety and Fraud Protection. Foods 2020; 9:foods9121896. [PMID: 33353233 PMCID: PMC7766691 DOI: 10.3390/foods9121896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aims to discriminate fresh fish from frozen/thawed by identification of the key metabolites that are altered during the freezing/thawing processing. Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and bullet tuna (Auxis rochei) were selected as they are representative of broad consumption, and susceptible to pathogen contamination. Atlantic salmon samples were subjected to the following regimes: −20 °C (24h) and −35 °C (15 h) freezing, then thawed respectively in the blast chiller and in the cold room and analyzed immediately or after 10 days; (2) bullet tuna samples were frozen at −18 °C and thawed after 15, 30 and 90 days. High resolution mass spectrometry based on untargeted metabolomic analyses and statistical data treatment confirmed significant variations in the quantity of certain metabolites: the amount of l-phenylalanine in salmon increased immediately after thawing while that of anserine decreased. The concentration of l-arginine and its metabolites was altered at the 10th day after thawing rendering them promising markers of salmon freezing/thawing. As regards bullet tuna, compounds resulting from lipid degradation (l-α-Glyceryl-phosphoryl-choline and N-methyl-ethanolamine phosphate) increased notably during the storage period. This approach could be used to reveal common fraudulent incidents such as deliberate replacement of fresh fish with frozen/thawed, with food safety risks as the primary implication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Maria Chiesa
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy; (L.M.C.); (M.N.); (F.D.C.); (S.P.)
| | - Radmila Pavlovic
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy; (L.M.C.); (M.N.); (F.D.C.); (S.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Maria Nobile
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy; (L.M.C.); (M.N.); (F.D.C.); (S.P.)
| | - Federica Di Cesare
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy; (L.M.C.); (M.N.); (F.D.C.); (S.P.)
| | - Renato Malandra
- ATS Milano-Città Metropolitana, Director of Veterinary Unit, 20122 Milano, Italy;
| | - Davide Pessina
- Quality Department, Italian Retail Il Gigante SpA, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Sara Panseri
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy; (L.M.C.); (M.N.); (F.D.C.); (S.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Cipriani P, Palomba M, Giulietti L, Bao M, Mattiucci S, Levsen A. Anisakis simplex (s.s.) larvae (Nematoda: Anisakidae) hidden in the mantle of European flying squid Todarodes sagittatus (Cephalopoda: Ommastrephidae) in NE Atlantic Ocean: Food safety implications. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 339:109021. [PMID: 33340941 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.109021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Few reports exist upon the occurrence and localization of zoonotic anisakid nematodes in T. sagittatus, especially in the mantle of the squid. The occurrence and site of infection of larval anisakids in 98 T. sagittatus caught West off St. Kilda, NE Atlantic Ocean, were investigated. Squids were examined for anisakids using the UV-Press method. In total, 689 nematodes were detected in the viscera and mantle. According to morphology, all the larvae (L3) were assigned to genus Anisakis. Diagnostic allozymes and mtDNA cox2 sequence analysis permitted to genetically identify all larvae as Anisakis simplex (s.s.) (N = 100). Overall prevalence (P = 81%) and mean intensity (mI = 8.6) of infection with A. simplex are provided. Most of the larvae present in the mantle cavity were embedded in the stomach wall or attached in the outer layer of the stomach and caecum (49%). Over a third of squids (37%) hosted A. simplex (s.s.) larvae in the mantle. A novel schematized representation of larvae distribution in the mantle is provided, showing where they were mostly located. According to the results obtained, the risk of anisakiasis associated with consumption of raw or undercooked T. sagittatus should be considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Cipriani
- Department of Contaminants and Biohazards, Institute of Marine Research (IMR), Nordnes, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Marialetizia Palomba
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Section of Parasitology, Sapienza - University of Rome, Italy
| | - Lucilla Giulietti
- Department of Contaminants and Biohazards, Institute of Marine Research (IMR), Nordnes, Bergen, Norway
| | - Miguel Bao
- Department of Contaminants and Biohazards, Institute of Marine Research (IMR), Nordnes, Bergen, Norway
| | - Simonetta Mattiucci
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Section of Parasitology, Sapienza - University of Rome, Italy
| | - Arne Levsen
- Department of Contaminants and Biohazards, Institute of Marine Research (IMR), Nordnes, Bergen, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Freezing kinetic parameters influence allergenic and infective potential of Anisakis simplex L3 present in fish muscle. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
35
|
Ascaridoid nematode larvae in wild gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) and European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) caught in the Tyrrhenian Sea (Western Mediterranean Sea): a contribute towards the parasitological risk assessment on two commercially important fish species. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
36
|
Smaldone G, Ambrosio RL, Marrone R, Ceruso M, Anastasio A. Anisakis spp. Larvae in Deboned, in-Oil Fillets Made of Anchovies ( Engraulis encrasicolus) and Sardines ( Sardina pilchardus) Sold in EU Retailers. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E1807. [PMID: 33027930 PMCID: PMC7600533 DOI: 10.3390/ani10101807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sardina pilchardus and Engraulis encrasicolus are considered the principal target species for commercial fishing in Europe and are widely consumed as semipreserved products. Although they are considered shelf-stable products, if treatment is not correctly applied, their consumption may represent a public health risk in regard to anisakiasis and allergic reactions. Little is known about the prevalence of Anisakis spp. in ripened products. This study aimed to evaluate the presence of Anisakis spp. larvae in deboned, in-oil anchovy and sardine fillets marketed in the EU to assess the influence of processing techniques on the prevalence of larvae. Ninety semipreserved anchovy and sardine products deriving from the Mediterranean Sea or Atlantic Ocean were collected from different EU retailers and examined using chloropeptic digestion to evaluate the presence of larvae and identify them. Thirty nonviable Anisakid larvae-A. pegreffii (30%) and A. simplex (70%)-were found. The frequency of larvae was higher in anchovies (28.8%). The low frequency of parasites found proved that processing technologies can influence the presence of larvae in final products, but it is important that visual inspection is performed only by trained people. The sources of raw materials should be considered in the production flow chart.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Smaldone
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples, Federico II, via Università 100, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy;
- Centro di Riferimento Regionale per la Sicurezza Sanitaria del Pescato CRiSSaP, Campania Region, Centro Direzionale is. C3–80143 Napoli (NA), Italy;
| | - Rosa Luisa Ambrosio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, Unit of Food Hygiene, University of Naples Federico II, via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli (NA), Italy; (R.L.A.); (M.C.)
| | - Raffaele Marrone
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, Unit of Food Hygiene, University of Naples Federico II, via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli (NA), Italy; (R.L.A.); (M.C.)
| | - Marina Ceruso
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, Unit of Food Hygiene, University of Naples Federico II, via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli (NA), Italy; (R.L.A.); (M.C.)
| | - Aniello Anastasio
- Centro di Riferimento Regionale per la Sicurezza Sanitaria del Pescato CRiSSaP, Campania Region, Centro Direzionale is. C3–80143 Napoli (NA), Italy;
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, Unit of Food Hygiene, University of Naples Federico II, via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli (NA), Italy; (R.L.A.); (M.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
|
38
|
Menconi V, Pastorino P, Burioli EAV, Righetti M, Scanzio T, Favaro L, Bona MC, Pavoletti E, Dondo A, Prearo M. Occurrence of ascaridoid nematodes in Illex coindetii, a commercially relevant cephalopod species from the Ligurian Sea (Northwest Mediterranean Sea). Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
39
|
Sukirman AN, Khalex HB, Mustafa S, Sarbini SR, Hassan S, S-Hussain SS, Ahmad I, Hassan Z, Altwaim SA, Kamaludeen J. Umai Dish Preparation Practices and Food Safety Behaviors in Bintulu Locals on Borneo Island, Malaysia. J Food Prot 2020; 83:1764-1774. [PMID: 32463874 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-19-543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Umai is a popular, traditional, native dish of the Melanau ethnic group in Sarawak. It is prepared using thin slices of raw marine fish marinated with calamansi juice and seasoned with other ingredients. The local people believe that the acidity of the citrus juice, along with the use of salt and spice, can slightly cook the fish and remove the fishy smell. The aim of this study was to investigate (i) the different umai handling and preparation practices and (ii) the personal experience of umai consumption among respondents. A purposive sample of 100 umai makers, divided into two equal groups, professionals and nonprofessionals, participated in the study. We found that Spanish mackerel and hairfin anchovy were ranked first and second in the list of species chosen for making umai, with the former mostly preferred by the professional group, as opposed to the latter, which was preferred by the nonprofessional group. Black pomfret was ranked third, where it is equally preferred by both groups. About 20% of respondents would freeze the raw fish chunks prior to preparing umai, as opposed to 26% who would sun dry their fish. Other techniques, such as salting and marinating (using calamansi juice), were also used during the preparation of umai. Most of the respondents indicated that they would consider the umai ready to eat soon after marinating (with all ingredients) the raw fish. One-third of both respondent groups indicated that they would chill the umai dish at 4°C for 30 min before serving. The respondents could not provide any rationale behind these food preparation practices. Overall, this study provides evidence of the different preparation methods for umai. These practices can thus be considered important targets for public health education campaigns seeking to improve food safety surrounding this food group. HIGHLIGHTS
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aini N Sukirman
- Department of Animal Science and Fishery, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia Bintulu Sarawak Campus, Bintulu 97008, Sarawak, Malaysia (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3384-1397 [S.M.]; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1945-307X [J.K.])
| | - Harizt B Khalex
- Department of Animal Science and Fishery, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia Bintulu Sarawak Campus, Bintulu 97008, Sarawak, Malaysia (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3384-1397 [S.M.]; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1945-307X [J.K.])
| | - Suhaili Mustafa
- Department of Animal Science and Fishery, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia Bintulu Sarawak Campus, Bintulu 97008, Sarawak, Malaysia (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3384-1397 [S.M.]; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1945-307X [J.K.])
| | - Shahrul R Sarbini
- Department of Crop Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia Bintulu Sarawak Campus, Bintulu 97008, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Suziana Hassan
- Department of Forestry, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia Bintulu Sarawak Campus, Bintulu 97008, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Sharifah S S-Hussain
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Indah Ahmad
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Zafri Hassan
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sarah A Altwaim
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Juriah Kamaludeen
- Department of Animal Science and Fishery, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia Bintulu Sarawak Campus, Bintulu 97008, Sarawak, Malaysia (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3384-1397 [S.M.]; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1945-307X [J.K.])
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Nasal localization of a Pseudoterranova decipiens larva in a Danish patient with suspected allergic rhinitis. J Helminthol 2020; 94:e187. [PMID: 32921327 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x20000681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Pseudoterranoviasis is a zoonotic disease caused by nematode larvae of species within the genus Pseudoterranova (seal worm, cod worm). Most infections are gastrointestinal, oesophageal or pharyngeal, but here we report a nasal infection. A 33-year-old patient suffering from rhinitis for 1.5 years recovered a worm larva from the nose. Diagnosis was performed by morphological and molecular characterization, showing the causative agent to be a third-stage larva of Pseudoterranova decipiens (sensu stricto). Various infection routes are discussed.
Collapse
|
41
|
Carrera M, Pazos M, Gasset M. Proteomics-Based Methodologies for the Detection and Quantification of Seafood Allergens. Foods 2020; 9:E1134. [PMID: 32824679 PMCID: PMC7465946 DOI: 10.3390/foods9081134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Seafood is considered one of the main food allergen sources by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). It comprises several distinct groups of edible aquatic animals, including fish and shellfish, such as crustacean and mollusks. Recently, the EFSA recognized the high risk of food allergy over the world and established the necessity of developing new methodologies for its control. Consequently, accurate, sensitive, and fast detection methods for seafood allergy control and detection in food products are highly recommended. In this work, we present a comprehensive review of the applications of the proteomics methodologies for the detection and quantification of seafood allergens. For this purpose, two consecutive proteomics strategies (discovery and targeted proteomics) that are applied to the study and control of seafood allergies are reviewed in detail. In addition, future directions and new perspectives are also provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Carrera
- Institute of Marine Research (IIM), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 36208 Vigo, Spain; (M.C.); (M.P.)
| | - Manuel Pazos
- Institute of Marine Research (IIM), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 36208 Vigo, Spain; (M.C.); (M.P.)
| | - María Gasset
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano (IQFR), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 28006 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Simsek E, Pekmezci GZ, Yildirim A, Duzlu O, Onder Z, Ciloglu A, Sursal N, Yilmaz E, Gonulalan Z, Inci A. Investigation of Anisakis larvae in different products of ready-to-eat fish meat and imported frozen fish in Turkey. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 333:108829. [PMID: 32836093 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Globalization opens new market areas and affects food consumption habits, resulting in rapid and remarkable cultural change. Food habits such as consumption of raw fish meat have become popular, resulting in increased risk of emerging infectious diseases. Anisakis simplex sensu stricto (s.s) and A. pegreffii are the most common and important fish-borne zoonotic nematodes responsible for human anisakiasis, which occurs through the consumption of raw or undercooked fish as well as cooked fish due to their heat-stable allergens. Here, we investigated the prevalence, intensity, and abundance of Anisakis larvae in imported fish and ready-to-eat local fish products in Turkey. A total of 205 ready-to-eat fish products, 100 imported frozen Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fillets, and 100 imported frozen whole Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus) were sampled from supermarkets, sushi restaurants, and fish markets. All samples were individually examined using a pepsin digestion technique. In total, 602 Anisakis type I larvae were recovered from 98/100 mackerel. No larvae were found in ready-to-eat products or frozen Atlantic salmon fillets. Overall, 8.8% of the larvae were found in the muscle tissue. The overall mean intensity and abundance of infection in mackerel were 6.14 and 6.02, respectively. The larvae were molecularly identified and their phylogenetic relationships with the relevant Anisakis sequences in GenBank were investigated. For this purpose, a subsample of randomly selected 100 Anisakis larvae were analyzed with PCR-RFLP of the ITS region. The larvae were identified as A. simplex (s.s.) (n = 87) and hybrids (n = 13). ITS and cox2 gene regions of all hybrids and randomly selected 50 A. simplex (s.s.) larvae were sequenced for species confirmation and phylogenetic analyses. No intraspecific nucleotide variation was found among the ITS sequences of either species. Seven and three haplotypes, respectively, were identified for A. simplex (s.s.) and hybrid species according to DNA polymorphism of the cox2 gene. Hybrids in our study clustered within the common A. simplex (s.s.) clade in the cox2 phylogenetic tree indicating the dominance of A. simplex (s.s) in the catching area of Atlantic mackerel. Consequently, our study indicates high occurrence of A. simplex (s.s.) larvae with an overall 98.0% prevalence in imported Atlantic mackerel, and highlights the importance of these fish as potential reservoirs for human allergic anisakiasis in Turkey and possibly in other countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emrah Simsek
- Erciyes University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Gokmen Zafer Pekmezci
- Ondokuz Mayis University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Alparslan Yildirim
- Erciyes University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Parasitology, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Onder Duzlu
- Erciyes University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Parasitology, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Zuhal Onder
- Erciyes University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Parasitology, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Arif Ciloglu
- Erciyes University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Parasitology, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Neslihan Sursal
- Aksaray University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Parasitology, Aksaray, Turkey
| | - Erdal Yilmaz
- Erciyes University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Zafer Gonulalan
- Erciyes University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Abdullah Inci
- Erciyes University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Parasitology, Kayseri, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Guardone L, Bilska-Zając E, Giusti A, Malandra R, Cencek T, Armani A. Larval ascaridoid nematodes in horned and musky octopus (Eledone cirrhosa and E. moschata) and longfin inshore squid (Doryteuthis pealeii): Safety and quality implications for cephalopod products sold as fresh on the Italian market. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 333:108812. [PMID: 32805575 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence, infection level and distribution of ascaridoid larvae in cephalopod products sold in Italy. Data on the species most commonly commercialized as whole and fresh on the Italian market were collected. After comparing commercial and literature data, Eledone spp., comprising E. cirrhosa and E. moschata (horned octopus and musky octopus, respectively) and Doryteuthis pealeii (longfin inshore squid) were selected, as they had been rarely investigated. Overall, 75 Eledone spp. caught in the Mediterranean Sea (FAO area 37) and 70 D. pealeii from the Northwest Atlantic Ocean (FAO area 21) were examined by visual inspection and artificial digestion (viscera and mantle separately). Parasites were submitted to morphological and molecular analysis. Prevalence (P), mean intensity (MI) and mean abundance (MA) were calculated. In D. pealeii, 2 nematode larvae molecularly identified as Anisakis simplex s.s. were found in the viscera and in the mantle of two specimens (P: 2.9% 95% CI: 0-6.8%; MI: 1; MA: 0.028). In Eledone spp. 9 nematode larvae molecularly attributed to Hysterothylacium spp. were found in the mantle of 5 specimens (P: 6.7% 95% CI: 1-12.3%; MI: 1.8; MA: 0.12). This is the first report of A. simplex s.s. in D. pealeii. Considering the zoonotic and allergenic potential of these larvae and their localization also in the edible part (mantle), a potential public health issue exists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Guardone
- FishLab, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - E Bilska-Zając
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57 Avenue, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
| | - A Giusti
- FishLab, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - R Malandra
- Wholesale fish market of Milan, ASL of Milan, Viale Molise, 20, 20137 Milan, Italy
| | - T Cencek
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57 Avenue, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
| | - A Armani
- FishLab, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Kochanowski M, Różycki M, Dąbrowska J, Bełcik A, Karamon J, Sroka J, Cencek T. Proteomic and Bioinformatic Investigations of Heat-Treated Anisakis simplex Third-Stage Larvae. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1066. [PMID: 32708775 PMCID: PMC7407331 DOI: 10.3390/biom10071066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Anisakis simplex third-stage larvae are the main source of hidden allergens in marine fish products. Some Anisakis allergens are thermostable and, even highly processed, could cause hypersensitivity reactions. However, Anisakis proteome has not been studied under autoclaving conditions of 121 °C for 60 min, which is an important process in the food industry. The aim of the study was the identification and characterization of allergens, potential allergens, and other proteins of heat-treated A. simplex larvae. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to identify 470 proteins, including allergens-Ani s 1, Ani s 2, Ani s 3, Ani s 4, Ani s 5-and 13 potential allergens that were mainly homologs of Anisakis spp., Ascaris spp., and Acari allergens. Ani s 2, Ani s 3, Ani s 5, and three possible allergens were found among the top 25 most abundant proteins. The computational analysis allowed us to detect allergen epitopes, assign protein families, and domains as well as to annotate the localization of proteins. The predicted 3D models of proteins revealed similarities between potential allergens and homologous allergens. Despite the partial degradation of heated A. simplex antigens, their immunoreactivity with anti-A. simplex IgG antibodies was confirmed using a Western blot. In conclusion, identified epitopes of allergenic peptides highlighted that the occurrence of Anisakis proteins in thermally processed fish products could be a potential allergic hazard. Further studies are necessary to confirm the IgE immunoreactivity and thermostability of identified proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Kochanowski
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów Avenue 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (M.R.); (J.D.); (A.B.); (J.K.); (J.S.); (T.C.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Tomasz Cencek
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów Avenue 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (M.R.); (J.D.); (A.B.); (J.K.); (J.S.); (T.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
D’Amelio S, Lombardo F, Pizzarelli A, Bellini I, Cavallero S. Advances in Omic Studies Drive Discoveries in the Biology of Anisakid Nematodes. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E801. [PMID: 32679891 PMCID: PMC7397233 DOI: 10.3390/genes11070801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Advancements in technologies employed in high-throughput next-generation sequencing (NGS) methods are supporting the spread of studies that, combined with advances in computational biology and bioinformatics, have greatly accelerated discoveries within basic and biomedical research for many parasitic diseases. Here, we review the most updated "omic" studies performed on anisakid nematodes, a family of marine parasites that are causative agents of the fish-borne zoonosis known as anisakiasis or anisakidosis. Few deposited data on Anisakis genomes are so far available, and this still hinders the deep and highly accurate characterization of biological aspects of interest, even as several transcriptomic and proteomic studies are becoming available. These have been aimed at discovering and characterizing molecules specific to peculiar developmental parasitic stages or tissues, as well as transcripts with pathogenic potential as toxins and allergens, with a broad relevance for a better understanding of host-pathogen relationships and for the development of reliable diagnostic tools.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Serena Cavallero
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (S.D.); (F.L.); (A.P.); (I.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Carballeda-Sangiao N, Sánchez-Alonso I, Navas A, Arcos SC, de Palencia PF, Careche M, González-Muñoz M. Anisakis simplex products impair intestinal epithelial barrier function and occludin and zonula occludens-1 localisation in differentiated Caco-2 cells. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008462. [PMID: 32628665 PMCID: PMC7365482 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anisakis spp. are nematode parasites found in a wide range of marine organisms. Human beings may accidentally become infected, showing the symptoms of anisakiasis and allergic responses. There has been evidence of increased intestinal permeability in A. simplex-sensitized subjects and that specific IgE titres increase in some allergic patients when fishery products are re-introduced into their diet. The aims of this work were to study the effect of A. simplex crude extract on the intestinal integrity and permeability by using Caco-2 cell monolayer. To analyse the capacity of Ani s 4 allergen to cross the epithelial barrier. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Cellular bioenergetics, transepithelial electrical resistance, viability, permeability, reactive oxygen species generation and immunofluorescent staining of tight junction proteins were analysed. A. simplex crude extract compromises the Caco-2 cell monolayer integrity in a dose-dependent manner. This effect is detected at 1 hour of culture and integrity is recovered after 24 hours of culture. The epithelial barrier disruption is accompanied by an increase in paracellular permeability and reactive oxygen species production and by a delocalization of occludin and zonula occludens-1. Finally, Ani s 4, a thermostable and resistant to digestion allergen with cystatin activity, is able to cross the epithelial barrier in Caco-2 monolayer and reach a cumulative mean percentage of 22.7% of total concentration in the basolateral side after 24 hours of culture. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our results demonstrate that A. simplex induces an early and reversible alteration of integrity and permeability of Caco-2 cell monolayer and that an underlying mechanism of this effect would involve the oxidative stress and disruption of epithelial tight junctions. Additionally, it has been shown that Ani s 4 allergen is able to cross the epithelial barrier. These findings could explain the increased intestinal permeability observed in Anisakis-sensitized patients, the changes over time in IgE sensitization to A. simplex allergens, and the specific IgE persistence in Anisakis allergy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Carballeda-Sangiao
- Unit of Immunology, University Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPaz), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Products, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN), Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Sánchez-Alonso
- Department of Products, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN), Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfonso Navas
- Department of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN), CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana C Arcos
- Department of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN), CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Fernández de Palencia
- Department of Products, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN), Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Careche
- Department of Products, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN), Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel González-Muñoz
- Unit of Immunology, University Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPaz), Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Rodríguez AC, Pérez-Mateos M, Careche M, Sánchez-Alonso I, Escribano MI, Sanz PD, Otero L. Evaluation of the effects of weak oscillating magnetic fields applied during freezing on systems of different complexity. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD ENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/ijfe-2019-0178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe effects of weak oscillating magnetic fields (OMFs ≤7 mT at 50 Hz) on freezing were studied in three systems of different complexity. To do so, ferric chloride solutions, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and minced hake muscle experimentally infected with Anisakis L3 were frozen with and without OMF application. OMFs did not affect freezing kinetics of either ferric chloride solutions or minced hake muscle. LDH activity, Anisakis mortality, and water-holding capacity of the hake muscle after thawing were not affected by OMF either. Further studies are needed to evaluate the effectiveness of stronger OMFs in a wider frequency range.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Carlos Rodríguez
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición (ICTAN-CSIC), c/ José Antonio Novais, 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miriam Pérez-Mateos
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición (ICTAN-CSIC), c/ José Antonio Novais, 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Careche
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición (ICTAN-CSIC), c/ José Antonio Novais, 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Sánchez-Alonso
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición (ICTAN-CSIC), c/ José Antonio Novais, 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Isabel Escribano
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición (ICTAN-CSIC), c/ José Antonio Novais, 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Dimas Sanz
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición (ICTAN-CSIC), c/ José Antonio Novais, 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Otero
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición (ICTAN-CSIC), c/ José Antonio Novais, 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Łopieńska-Biernat E, Stryiński R, Polak I, Pawlikowski B, Pawlak J, Podolska M. Effect of freezing on the metabolic status of L3 larvae of Anisakis simplex s. s. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 82:104312. [PMID: 32247867 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The fish-borne parasite, Anisakis simplex s. s., triggers a disease called anisakiasis, that is associated with a gastrointestinal infection. The Anisakis is also associated with allergic response which may lead to anaphylactic shock. The A. simplex s. s. L3 larvae may be freeze tolerant despite when the nematodes will be cooled rapidly to -20 °C according to the sanitary authorities of the USA and the EU. The aim of this work was to study the metabolic status of A. simplex s. s. L3 larvae when frozen in terms of viability, expression of genes involved in the nematodes' survival of freezing, as well content of carbohydrates which play a cryoprotective role in thermal stress and are the main source of energy. The levels of trehalose were significantly higher after slow freezing treatment (p < .0001), than the fast freezing (p < .002). The lower temperatures induce changes, especially in trehalose synthesis gene expression, genes responsible for oxidative metabolism, and chaperone proteins, but we cannot state clearly whether these changes occur during freezing, or because they are already prevalent during cold acclimation. The induction of mentioned genes seems to be a common trait of both cold- and dehydration tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Łopieńska-Biernat
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Robert Stryiński
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Iwona Polak
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Bogusław Pawlikowski
- Department of Fisheries Resources, National Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kołłątaja 1, 81-332 Gdynia, Poland
| | - Joanna Pawlak
- Department of Fisheries Resources, National Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kołłątaja 1, 81-332 Gdynia, Poland
| | - Magdalena Podolska
- Department of Fisheries Resources, National Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kołłątaja 1, 81-332 Gdynia, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Koutsoumanis K, Allende A, Alvarez‐Ordóñez A, Bolton D, Chemaly M, Davies R, De Cesare A, Herman L, Hilbert F, Lindqvist R, Nauta M, Peixe L, Ru G, Simmons M, Skandamis P, Suffredini E, Arason S, Bekaert K, García MR, Georgiadis M, Messens W, Mosbach‐Schulz O, Bover‐Cid S. The use of the so-called 'tubs' for transporting and storing fresh fishery products. EFSA J 2020; 18:e06091. [PMID: 32874299 PMCID: PMC7448070 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
On-land transport/storage of fresh fishery products (FFP) for up to 3 days in 'tubs' of three-layered poly-ethylene filled with freshwater and ice was compared to the currently authorised practice (fish boxes of high-density poly-ethylene filled with ice). The impact on the survival and growth of biological hazards in fish and the histamine production in fish species associated with a high amount of histidine was assessed. In different modelling scenarios, the FFP are stored on-board in freshwater or seawater/ice (in tubs) and once on-land they are 'handled' (i.e. sorted or gutted and/or filleted) and transferred to either tubs or boxes. The temperature of the FFP was assumed to be the most influential factor affecting relevant hazards. Under reasonably foreseeable 'abusive' scenarios and using a conservative modelling approach, the growth of the relevant hazards (i.e. Listeria monocytogenes, Aeromonas spp. and non-proteolytic Clostridium botulinum), is expected to be < 0.2 log10 units higher in tubs than in boxes after 3 days when the initial temperature of the fish is 0°C ('keeping' process). Starting at 7°C ('cooling-keeping' process), the expected difference in the growth potential is higher (< 1 log10 for A. hydrophila and < 0.5 log10 for the other two hazards) due to the poorer cooling capacity of water and ice (tub) compared with ice (box). The survival of relevant hazards is not or is negligibly impacted. Histamine formation due to growth of Morganella psychrotolerans under the 'keeping' or 'cooling-keeping' process can be up to 0.4 ppm and 1.5 ppm higher, respectively, in tubs as compared to boxes after 3 days, without reaching the legal limit of 100 ppm. The water uptake associated with the storage of the FFP in tubs (which may be up to 6%) does not make a relevant contribution to the differences in microbial growth potential compared to boxes.
Collapse
|
50
|
Cavallero S, Lombardo F, Salvemini M, Pizzarelli A, Cantacessi C, D’Amelio S. Comparative Transcriptomics Reveals Clues for Differences in Pathogenicity between Hysterothylacium aduncum, Anisakis simplex sensu stricto and Anisakis pegreffii. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11030321. [PMID: 32197414 PMCID: PMC7140869 DOI: 10.3390/genes11030321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Ascaridoid nematodes are widespread in marine fishes. Despite their major socioeconomic importance, mechanisms associated to the fish-borne zoonotic disease anisakiasis are still obscure. RNA-Seq and de-novo assembly were herein applied to RNA extracted from larvae and dissected pharynx of Hysterothylacium aduncum (HA), a non-pathogenic nematode. Assembled transcripts in HA were annotated and compared to the transcriptomes of the zoonotic species Anisakis simplex sensu stricto (AS) and Anisakis pegreffii (AP). Approximately 60,000,000 single-end reads were generated for HA, AS and AP. Transcripts in HA encoded for 30,254 putative peptides while AS and AP encoded for 20,574 and 20,840 putative peptides, respectively. Differential gene expression analyses yielded 471, 612 and 526 transcripts up regulated in the pharynx of HA, AS and AP. The transcriptomes of larvae and pharynx of HA were enriched in transcripts encoding collagen, peptidases, ribosomal proteins and in heat-shock motifs. Transcripts encoding proteolytic enzymes, anesthetics, inhibitors of primary hemostasis and virulence factors, anticoagulants and immunomodulatory peptides were up-regulated in AS and AP pharynx. This study represents the first transcriptomic characterization of a marine parasitic nematode commonly recovered in fish and probably of negligible concern for public health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Serena Cavallero
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (S.C.); (F.L.); (A.P.)
| | - Fabrizio Lombardo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (S.C.); (F.L.); (A.P.)
| | - Marco Salvemini
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Corso Umberto I, 40, 80138 Naples, Italy;
| | - Antonella Pizzarelli
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (S.C.); (F.L.); (A.P.)
| | - Cinzia Cantacessi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK;
| | - Stefano D’Amelio
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (S.C.); (F.L.); (A.P.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|