1
|
Mao Y, Wickström SA. Mechanical state transitions in the regulation of tissue form and function. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2024:10.1038/s41580-024-00719-x. [PMID: 38600372 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-024-00719-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
From embryonic development, postnatal growth and adult homeostasis to reparative and disease states, cells and tissues undergo constant changes in genome activity, cell fate, proliferation, movement, metabolism and growth. Importantly, these biological state transitions are coupled to changes in the mechanical and material properties of cells and tissues, termed mechanical state transitions. These mechanical states share features with physical states of matter, liquids and solids. Tissues can switch between mechanical states by changing behavioural dynamics or connectivity between cells. Conversely, these changes in tissue mechanical properties are known to control cell and tissue function, most importantly the ability of cells to move or tissues to deform. Thus, tissue mechanical state transitions are implicated in transmitting information across biological length and time scales, especially during processes of early development, wound healing and diseases such as cancer. This Review will focus on the biological basis of tissue-scale mechanical state transitions, how they emerge from molecular and cellular interactions, and their roles in organismal development, homeostasis, regeneration and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanlan Mao
- Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK.
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Sara A Wickström
- Department of Cell and Tissue Dynamics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany.
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bertillot F, Andrique L, Ureña Martin C, Zajac O, de Plater L, Norton MM, Richard A, Alessandri K, Gurchenkov BG, Fage F, Asnacios A, Lamaze C, Das M, Maître JL, Nassoy P, Matic Vignjevic D. Compressive stress triggers fibroblasts spreading over cancer cells to generate carcinoma in situ organization. Commun Biol 2024; 7:184. [PMID: 38360973 PMCID: PMC10869726 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-05883-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
At the early stage of tumor progression, fibroblasts are located at the outer edges of the tumor, forming an encasing layer around it. In this work, we have developed a 3D in vitro model where fibroblasts' layout resembles the structure seen in carcinoma in situ. We use a microfluidic encapsulation technology to co-culture fibroblasts and cancer cells within hollow, permeable, and elastic alginate shells. We find that in the absence of spatial constraint, fibroblasts and cancer cells do not mix but segregate into distinct aggregates composed of individual cell types. However, upon confinement, fibroblasts enwrap cancer cell spheroid. Using a combination of biophysical methods and live imaging, we find that buildup of compressive stress is required to induce fibroblasts spreading over the aggregates of tumor cells. We propose that compressive stress generated by the tumor growth might be a mechanism that prompts fibroblasts to form a capsule around the tumor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Bertillot
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 144, F-75005, Paris, France
- Department of Cell and Tissue Dynamics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Laetitia Andrique
- LP2N, Laboratoire Photonique Numérique et Nanosciences, Univ. Bordeaux, F-33400, Talence, France
- Institut d'Optique Graduate School & CNRS UMR 5298, F-33400, Talence, France
- VoxCell, TBM-Core, CNRS UMS 3427 & INSERM US 005, Univ. Bordeaux, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Carlos Ureña Martin
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR3666-INSERM U1143, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Zajac
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 144, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Ludmilla de Plater
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, U934/UMR3215, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Michael M Norton
- VoxCell, TBM-Core, CNRS UMS 3427 & INSERM US 005, Univ. Bordeaux, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Aurélien Richard
- LP2N, Laboratoire Photonique Numérique et Nanosciences, Univ. Bordeaux, F-33400, Talence, France
- Institut d'Optique Graduate School & CNRS UMR 5298, F-33400, Talence, France
- VoxCell, TBM-Core, CNRS UMS 3427 & INSERM US 005, Univ. Bordeaux, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Kevin Alessandri
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 144, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Basile G Gurchenkov
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 144, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Florian Fage
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR7057, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Atef Asnacios
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR7057, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Lamaze
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR3666-INSERM U1143, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Moumita Das
- Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Jean- Léon Maître
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, U934/UMR3215, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Nassoy
- LP2N, Laboratoire Photonique Numérique et Nanosciences, Univ. Bordeaux, F-33400, Talence, France.
- Institut d'Optique Graduate School & CNRS UMR 5298, F-33400, Talence, France.
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Méhes E, Mones E, Varga M, Zsigmond Á, Biri-Kovács B, Nyitray L, Barone V, Krens G, Heisenberg CP, Vicsek T. 3D cell segregation geometry and dynamics are governed by tissue surface tension regulation. Commun Biol 2023; 6:817. [PMID: 37542157 PMCID: PMC10403547 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05181-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue morphogenesis and patterning during development involve the segregation of cell types. Segregation is driven by differential tissue surface tensions generated by cell types through controlling cell-cell contact formation by regulating adhesion and actomyosin contractility-based cellular cortical tensions. We use vertebrate tissue cell types and zebrafish germ layer progenitors as in vitro models of 3-dimensional heterotypic segregation and developed a quantitative analysis of their dynamics based on 3D time-lapse microscopy. We show that general inhibition of actomyosin contractility by the Rho kinase inhibitor Y27632 delays segregation. Cell type-specific inhibition of non-muscle myosin2 activity by overexpression of myosin assembly inhibitor S100A4 reduces tissue surface tension, manifested in decreased compaction during aggregation and inverted geometry observed during segregation. The same is observed when we express a constitutively active Rho kinase isoform to ubiquitously keep actomyosin contractility high at cell-cell and cell-medium interfaces and thus overriding the interface-specific regulation of cortical tensions. Tissue surface tension regulation can become an effective tool in tissue engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elod Méhes
- Department of Biological Physics, ELTE Eötvös University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Enys Mones
- Department of Biological Physics, ELTE Eötvös University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Máté Varga
- Department of Genetics, ELTE Eötvös University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Áron Zsigmond
- Department of Genetics, ELTE Eötvös University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Beáta Biri-Kovács
- Department of Biochemistry, ELTE Eötvös University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Nyitray
- Department of Biochemistry, ELTE Eötvös University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Vanessa Barone
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Gabriel Krens
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | | | - Tamás Vicsek
- Department of Biological Physics, ELTE Eötvös University, Budapest, Hungary.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Koyama H, Okumura H, Ito AM, Nakamura K, Otani T, Kato K, Fujimori T. Effective mechanical potential of cell-cell interaction explains three-dimensional morphologies during early embryogenesis. PLoS Comput Biol 2023; 19:e1011306. [PMID: 37549166 PMCID: PMC10434874 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanical forces are critical for the emergence of diverse three-dimensional morphologies of multicellular systems. However, it remains unclear what kind of mechanical parameters at cellular level substantially contribute to tissue morphologies. This is largely due to technical limitations of live measurements of cellular forces. Here we developed a framework for inferring and modeling mechanical forces of cell-cell interactions. First, by analogy to coarse-grained models in molecular and colloidal sciences, we approximated cells as particles, where mean forces (i.e. effective forces) of pairwise cell-cell interactions are considered. Then, the forces were statistically inferred by fitting the mathematical model to cell tracking data. This method was validated by using synthetic cell tracking data resembling various in vivo situations. Application of our method to the cells in the early embryos of mice and the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans revealed that cell-cell interaction forces can be written as a pairwise potential energy in a manner dependent on cell-cell distances. Importantly, the profiles of the pairwise potentials were quantitatively different among species and embryonic stages, and the quantitative differences correctly described the differences of their morphological features such as spherical vs. distorted cell aggregates, and tightly vs. non-tightly assembled aggregates. We conclude that the effective pairwise potential of cell-cell interactions is a live measurable parameter whose quantitative differences can be a parameter describing three-dimensional tissue morphologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Koyama
- Division of Embryology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Hayama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hisashi Okumura
- SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Hayama, Kanagawa, Japan
- Biomolecular Dynamics Simulation Group, Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Institute for Molecular Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Atsushi M. Ito
- SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Hayama, Kanagawa, Japan
- National Institute for Fusion Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Toki, Gifu, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Nakamura
- School of Interdisciplinary Mathematical Sciences, Meiji University, Nakano-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- JST, PRESTO, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Tetsuhisa Otani
- SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Hayama, Kanagawa, Japan
- Division of Cell Structure, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kagayaki Kato
- SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Hayama, Kanagawa, Japan
- Bioimage Informatics Group, Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Laboratory of Biological Diversity, National Institute for Basic Biology, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Fujimori
- Division of Embryology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Hayama, Kanagawa, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Skamrahl M, Schünemann J, Mukenhirn M, Pang H, Gottwald J, Jipp M, Ferle M, Rübeling A, Oswald T, Honigmann A, Janshoff A. Cellular segregation in cocultures is driven by differential adhesion and contractility on distinct timescales. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2213186120. [PMID: 37011207 PMCID: PMC10104523 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2213186120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular sorting and pattern formation are crucial for many biological processes such as development, tissue regeneration, and cancer progression. Prominent physical driving forces for cellular sorting are differential adhesion and contractility. Here, we studied the segregation of epithelial cocultures containing highly contractile, ZO1/2-depleted MDCKII cells (dKD) and their wild-type (WT) counterparts using multiple quantitative, high-throughput methods to monitor their dynamical and mechanical properties. We observe a time-dependent segregation process governed mainly by differential contractility on short (<5 h) and differential adhesion on long (>5 h) timescales. The overly contractile dKD cells exert strong lateral forces on their WT neighbors, thereby apically depleting their surface area. Concomitantly, the tight junction-depleted, contractile cells exhibit weaker cell-cell adhesion and lower traction force. Drug-induced contractility reduction and partial calcium depletion delay the initial segregation but cease to change the final demixed state, rendering differential adhesion the dominant segregation force at longer timescales. This well-controlled model system shows how cell sorting is accomplished through a complex interplay between differential adhesion and contractility and can be explained largely by generic physical driving forces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Skamrahl
- University of Göttingen, Institute of Physical Chemistry,37077Göttingen, Germany
| | - Justus Schünemann
- University of Göttingen, Institute of Physical Chemistry,37077Göttingen, Germany
| | - Markus Mukenhirn
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics,01307Dresden, Germany
| | - Hongtao Pang
- University of Göttingen, Institute of Physical Chemistry,37077Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jannis Gottwald
- University of Göttingen, Institute of Physical Chemistry,37077Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marcel Jipp
- University of Göttingen, Institute of Physical Chemistry,37077Göttingen, Germany
| | - Maximilian Ferle
- University of Göttingen, Institute of Physical Chemistry,37077Göttingen, Germany
| | - Angela Rübeling
- University of Göttingen, Institute of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Göttingen37077, Germany
| | - Tabea A. Oswald
- University of Göttingen, Institute of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Göttingen37077, Germany
| | - Alf Honigmann
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics,01307Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Janshoff
- University of Göttingen, Institute of Physical Chemistry,37077Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Boot RC, Roscani A, van Buren L, Maity S, Koenderink GH, Boukany PE. High-throughput mechanophenotyping of multicellular spheroids using a microfluidic micropipette aspiration chip. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:1768-1778. [PMID: 36809459 PMCID: PMC10045894 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc01060g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Cell spheroids are in vitro multicellular model systems that mimic the crowded micro-environment of biological tissues. Their mechanical characterization can provide valuable insights in how single-cell mechanics and cell-cell interactions control tissue mechanics and self-organization. However, most measurement techniques are limited to probing one spheroid at a time, require specialized equipment and are difficult to handle. Here, we developed a microfluidic chip that follows the concept of glass capillary micropipette aspiration in order to quantify the viscoelastic behavior of spheroids in an easy-to-handle, more high-throughput manner. Spheroids are loaded in parallel pockets via a gentle flow, after which spheroid tongues are aspirated into adjacent aspiration channels using hydrostatic pressure. After each experiment, the spheroids are easily removed from the chip by reversing the pressure and new spheroids can be injected. The presence of multiple pockets with a uniform aspiration pressure, combined with the ease to conduct successive experiments, allows for a high throughput of tens of spheroids per day. We demonstrate that the chip provides accurate deformation data when working at different aspiration pressures. Lastly, we measure the viscoelastic properties of spheroids made of different cell lines and show how these are consistent with previous studies using established experimental techniques. In summary, our chip provides a high-throughput way to measure the viscoelastic deformation behavior of cell spheroids, in order to mechanophenotype different tissue types and examine the link between cell-intrinsic properties and overall tissue behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruben C Boot
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Alessio Roscani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Lennard van Buren
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Samadarshi Maity
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Gijsje H Koenderink
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Pouyan E Boukany
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
Since the proposal of the differential adhesion hypothesis, scientists have been fascinated by how cell adhesion mediates cellular self-organization to form spatial patterns during development. The search for molecular tool kits with homophilic binding specificity resulted in a diverse repertoire of adhesion molecules. Recent understanding of the dominant role of cortical tension over adhesion binding redirects the focus of differential adhesion studies to the signaling function of adhesion proteins to regulate actomyosin contractility. The broader framework of differential interfacial tension encompasses both adhesion and nonadhesion molecules, sharing the common function of modulating interfacial tension during cell sorting to generate diverse tissue patterns. Robust adhesion-based patterning requires close coordination between morphogen signaling, cell fate decisions, and changes in adhesion. Current advances in bridging theoretical and experimental approaches present exciting opportunities to understand molecular, cellular, and tissue dynamics during adhesion-based tissue patterning across multiple time and length scales.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tony Y-C Tsai
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA;
| | - Rikki M Garner
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA;
| | - Sean G Megason
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Franke F, Aland S, Böhme HJ, Voss-Böhme A, Lange S. Is cell segregation like oil and water: Asymptotic versus transitory regime. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1010460. [PMID: 36121837 PMCID: PMC9484667 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the segregation of cells is crucial to answer questions about tissue formation in embryos or tumor progression. Steinberg proposed that separation of cells can be compared to the separation of two liquids. Such a separation is well described by the Cahn-Hilliard (CH) equations and the segregation indices exhibit an algebraic decay with exponent 1/3 with respect to time. Similar exponents are also observed in cell-based models. However, the scaling behavior in these numerical models is usually only examined in the asymptotic regime and these models have not been directly applied to actual cell segregation data. In contrast, experimental data also reveals other scaling exponents and even slow logarithmic scaling laws. These discrepancies are commonly attributed to the effects of collective motion or velocity-dependent interactions. By calibrating a 2D cellular automaton (CA) model which efficiently implements a dynamic variant of the differential adhesion hypothesis to 2D experimental data from Méhes et al., we reproduce the biological cell segregation experiments with just adhesive forces. The segregation in the cellular automaton model follows a logarithmic scaling initially, which is in contrast to the proposed algebraic scaling with exponent 1/3. However, within the less than two orders of magnitudes in time which are observable in the experiments, a logarithmic scaling may appear as a pseudo-algebraic scaling. In particular, we demonstrate that the cellular automaton model can exhibit a range of exponents ≤1/3 for such a pseudo-algebraic scaling. Moreover, the time span of the experiment falls into the transitory regime of the cellular automaton rather than the asymptotic one. We additionally develop a method for the calibration of the 2D Cahn-Hilliard model and find a match with experimental data within the transitory regime of the Cahn-Hilliard model with exponent 1/4. On the one hand this demonstrates that the transitory behavior is relevant for the experiment rather than the asymptotic one. On the other hand this corroborates the ambiguity of the scaling behavior, when segregation processes can be only observed on short time spans. Segregation of different cell types is a crucial process for the pattern formation in tissues, in particular during embryogenesis. Since the involved cell interactions are complex and difficult to measure individually in experiments, mathematical modelling plays an increasingly important role to unravel the mechanisms governing segregation. The analysis of these theoretical models focuses mainly on the asymptotic behavior at large times, in a steady regime and for large numbers of cells. Most famously, cell-segregation models based on the minimization of the total surface energy, a mechanism also driving the demixing of immiscible fluids, are known to exhibit asymptotically a particular algebraic scaling behavior. However, it is not clear, whether the asymptotic regime of the numerical models is relevant at the spatio-temporal scales of actual biological processes and in-vitro experiments. By developing a mapping between 2D cell-based models and experimental settings, we are able to directly compare previous experimental data to numerical simulations of cell segregation quantitatively. We demonstrate that the experiments are reproduced by the transitory regime of the models rather than the asymptotic one. Our work puts a new perspective on previous model-driven conclusions on cell segregation mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Franke
- DataMedAssist, HTW Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Faculty of Informatics/Mathematics, HTW Dresden - University of Applied Sciences, Dresden, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Sebastian Aland
- Faculty of Informatics/Mathematics, HTW Dresden - University of Applied Sciences, Dresden, Germany
- Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, TU Freiberg, Freiberg, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Böhme
- DataMedAssist, HTW Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Faculty of Informatics/Mathematics, HTW Dresden - University of Applied Sciences, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anja Voss-Böhme
- DataMedAssist, HTW Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Faculty of Informatics/Mathematics, HTW Dresden - University of Applied Sciences, Dresden, Germany
| | - Steffen Lange
- DataMedAssist, HTW Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Faculty of Informatics/Mathematics, HTW Dresden - University of Applied Sciences, Dresden, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Oriola D, Marin-Riera M, Anlaş K, Gritti N, Sanaki-Matsumiya M, Aalderink G, Ebisuya M, Sharpe J, Trivedi V. Arrested coalescence of multicellular aggregates. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:3771-3780. [PMID: 35511111 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00063f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Multicellular aggregates are known to exhibit liquid-like properties. The fusion process of two cell aggregates is commonly studied as the coalescence of two viscous drops. However, tissues are complex materials and can exhibit viscoelastic behaviour. It is known that elastic effects can prevent the complete fusion of two drops, a phenomenon known as arrested coalescence. Here we study this phenomenon in stem cell aggregates and provide a theoretical framework which agrees with the experiments. In addition, agent-based simulations show that active cell fluctuations can control a solid-to-fluid phase transition, revealing that arrested coalescence can be found in the vicinity of an unjamming transition. By analysing the dynamics of the fusion process and combining it with nanoindentation measurements, we obtain the effective viscosity, shear modulus and surface tension of the aggregates. More generally, our work provides a simple, fast and inexpensive method to characterize the mechanical properties of viscoelastic materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Oriola
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, EMBL Barcelona, Dr. Aiguader 88, PRBB Building, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Miquel Marin-Riera
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, EMBL Barcelona, Dr. Aiguader 88, PRBB Building, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Kerim Anlaş
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, EMBL Barcelona, Dr. Aiguader 88, PRBB Building, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Nicola Gritti
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, EMBL Barcelona, Dr. Aiguader 88, PRBB Building, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Marina Sanaki-Matsumiya
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, EMBL Barcelona, Dr. Aiguader 88, PRBB Building, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Germaine Aalderink
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, EMBL Barcelona, Dr. Aiguader 88, PRBB Building, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Miki Ebisuya
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, EMBL Barcelona, Dr. Aiguader 88, PRBB Building, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - James Sharpe
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, EMBL Barcelona, Dr. Aiguader 88, PRBB Building, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vikas Trivedi
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, EMBL Barcelona, Dr. Aiguader 88, PRBB Building, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Developmental Biology Unit, Meyerhofstraße 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Beaune G, Sinkkonen L, Gonzalez-Rodriguez D, Timonen JVI, Brochard-Wyart F. Fusion Dynamics of Hybrid Cell-Microparticle Aggregates: A Jelly Pearl Model. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:5296-5306. [PMID: 35109658 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c02949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We study the fusion of homogeneous cell aggregates and of hybrid aggregates combining cells and microparticles. In all cases, we find that the contact area does not vary linearly over time, as observed for liquid drops, but rather it follows a power law in t2/3. This result is interpreted by generalizing the fusion model of soft viscoelastic solid balls to viscoelastic liquid balls, akin to jelly pearls. We also explore the asymmetric fusion between a homogeneous aggregate and a hybrid aggregate. This latter experiment allows the determination of the self-diffusion coefficient of the cells in a tissue by following the spatial distribution of internalized particles in the cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grégory Beaune
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University School of Science, Puumiehenkuja 2, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Laura Sinkkonen
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University School of Science, Puumiehenkuja 2, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | | | - Jaakko V I Timonen
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University School of Science, Puumiehenkuja 2, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Françoise Brochard-Wyart
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR168, Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Gsell S, Merkel M. Phase separation dynamics in deformable droplets. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:2672-2683. [PMID: 35311835 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm01647d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Phase separation can drive spatial organization of multicomponent mixtures. For instance in developing animal embryos, effective phase separation descriptions have been used to account for the spatial organization of different tissue types. Similarly, separation of different tissue types is also observed in stem cell aggregates, where the emergence of a polar organization can mimic early embryonic axis formation. Here, we describe such aggregates as deformable two-phase fluid droplets, which are suspended in a fluid environment (third phase). Using hybrid finite-volume Lattice-Boltzmann simulations, we numerically explore the out-of-equilibrium routes that can lead to the polar equilibrium state of such a droplet. We focus on the interplay between spinodal decomposition and advection with hydrodynamic flows driven by interface tensions, which we characterize by a Peclet number Pe. Consistent with previous work, for large Pe the coarsening process is generally accelerated. However, for intermediate Pe we observe long-lived, strongly elongated droplets, where both phases form an alternating stripe pattern. We show that these "croissant" states are close to mechanical equilibrium and coarsen only slowly through diffusive fluxes in an Ostwald-ripening-like process. Finally, we show that a surface tension asymmetry between both droplet phases leads to transient, rotationally symmetric states whose resolution leads to flows reminiscent of Marangoni flows. Our work highlights the importance of advection for the phase separation process in finite, deformable systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Gsell
- Aix Marseille Univ, Université de Toulon, CNRS, CPT (UMR 7332), Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France.
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM (UMR 7288), Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Matthias Merkel
- Aix Marseille Univ, Université de Toulon, CNRS, CPT (UMR 7332), Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
Biological systems display a rich phenomenology of states that resemble the physical states of matter - solid, liquid and gas. These phases result from the interactions between the microscopic constituent components - the cells - that manifest in macroscopic properties such as fluidity, rigidity and resistance to changes in shape and volume. Looked at from such a perspective, phase transitions from a rigid to a flowing state or vice versa define much of what happens in many biological processes especially during early development and diseases such as cancer. Additionally, collectively moving confluent cells can also lead to kinematic phase transitions in biological systems similar to multi-particle systems where the particles can interact and show sub-populations characterised by specific velocities. In this Perspective we discuss the similarities and limitations of the analogy between biological and inert physical systems both from theoretical perspective as well as experimental evidence in biological systems. In understanding such transitions, it is crucial to acknowledge that the macroscopic properties of biological materials and their modifications result from the complex interplay between the microscopic properties of cells including growth or death, neighbour interactions and secretion of matrix, phenomena unique to biological systems. Detecting phase transitions in vivo is technically difficult. We present emerging approaches that address this challenge and may guide our understanding of the organization and macroscopic behaviour of biological tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-François Lenne
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, UMR 7288, IBDM, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France.
| | - Vikas Trivedi
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Barcelona, 08003, Spain.
- EMBL Heidelberg, Developmental Biology Unit, Heidelberg, 69117, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Paoluzzi M, Angelani L, Gosti G, Marchetti MC, Pagonabarraga I, Ruocco G. Alignment interactions drive structural transitions in biological tissues. Phys Rev E 2021; 104:044606. [PMID: 34781522 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.104.044606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Experimental evidence shows that there is a feedback between cell shape and cell motion. How this feedback impacts the collective behavior of dense cell monolayers remains an open question. We investigate the effect of a feedback that tends to align the cell crawling direction with cell elongation in a biological tissue model. We find that the alignment interaction promotes nematic patterns in the fluid phase that eventually undergo a nonequilibrium phase transition into a quasihexagonal solid. Meanwhile, highly asymmetric cells do not undergo the liquid-to-solid transition for any value of the alignment coupling. In this regime, the dynamics of cell centers and shape fluctuation show features typical of glassy systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Paoluzzi
- Departament de Física de la Matèria Condensada, Universitat de Barcelona, C. Martí Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luca Angelani
- ISC-CNR, Institute for Complex Systems, Piazzale A. Moro 2, I-00185 Rome, Italy.,Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma Piazzale A. Moro 2, I-00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgio Gosti
- Center for Life Nano Science, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Regina Elena 291, I-00161 Rome, Italy
| | - M Cristina Marchetti
- Department of Physics, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Ignacio Pagonabarraga
- Departament de Física de la Matèria Condensada, Universitat de Barcelona, C. Martí Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.,CECAM Centre Européen de Calcul Atomique et Moléculaire, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Batochime, Avenue Forel 2, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.,UBICS University of Barcelona Institute of Complex Systems, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Giancarlo Ruocco
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma Piazzale A. Moro 2, I-00185 Rome, Italy.,Center for Life Nano Science, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Regina Elena 291, I-00161 Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Sengupta T, Koonce NL, Vázquez-Martínez N, Moyle MW, Duncan LH, Emerson SE, Han X, Shao L, Wu Y, Santella A, Fan L, Bao Z, Mohler W, Shroff H, Colón-Ramos DA. Differential adhesion regulates neurite placement via a retrograde zippering mechanism. eLife 2021; 10:71171. [PMID: 34783657 PMCID: PMC8843091 DOI: 10.7554/elife.71171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During development, neurites and synapses segregate into specific neighborhoods or layers within nerve bundles. The developmental programs guiding placement of neurites in specific layers, and hence their incorporation into specific circuits, are not well understood. We implement novel imaging methods and quantitative models to document the embryonic development of the C. elegans brain neuropil, and discover that differential adhesion mechanisms control precise placement of single neurites onto specific layers. Differential adhesion is orchestrated via developmentally-regulated expression of the IgCAM SYG-1, and its partner ligand SYG-2. Changes in SYG-1 expression across neuropil layers result in changes in adhesive forces, which sort SYG-2-expressing neurons. Sorting to layers occurs, not via outgrowth from the neurite tip, but via an alternate mechanism of retrograde zippering, involving interactions between neurite shafts. Our study indicates that biophysical principles from differential adhesion govern neurite placement and synaptic specificity in vivo in developing neuropil bundles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Titas Sengupta
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States
| | - Noelle L Koonce
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States
| | | | - Mark W Moyle
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States
| | | | - Sarah E Emerson
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States
| | - Xiaofei Han
- National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Lin Shao
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States
| | - Yicong Wu
- National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Anthony Santella
- Developmental Biology Program, Molecular Cytology Core, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, United States
| | - Li Fan
- Helen and Robert Appel Alzheimer's Disease Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States
| | - Zhirong Bao
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, United States
| | - William Mohler
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, United States
| | - Hari Shroff
- National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Golovkova I, Montel L, Pan F, Wandersman E, Prevost AM, Bertrand T, Pontani LL. Adhesion as a trigger of droplet polarization in flowing emulsions. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:3820-3828. [PMID: 33725054 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm00097g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Tissues are subjected to large external forces and undergo global deformations during morphogenesis. We use synthetic analogues of tissues to study the impact of cell-cell adhesion on the response of cohesive cellular assemblies under such stresses. In particular, we use biomimetic emulsions in which the droplets are functionalized in order to exhibit specific droplet-droplet adhesion. We flow these emulsions in microfluidic constrictions and study their response to this forced deformation via confocal microscopy. We find that the distributions of avalanche sizes are conserved between repulsive and adhesive droplets. However, adhesion locally impairs the rupture of droplet-droplet contacts, which in turn pulls on the rearranging droplets. As a result, adhesive droplets are a lot more deformed along the axis of elongation in the constriction. This finding could shed light on the origin of polarization processes during morphogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iaroslava Golovkova
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), Laboratoire Jean Perrin (LJP), F-75005, Paris, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Boot RC, Koenderink GH, Boukany PE. Spheroid mechanics and implications for cell invasion. ADVANCES IN PHYSICS: X 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/23746149.2021.1978316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ruben C. Boot
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Gijsje H. Koenderink
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Pouyan E. Boukany
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Minn KT, Fu YC, He S, Dietmann S, George SC, Anastasio MA, Morris SA, Solnica-Krezel L. High-resolution transcriptional and morphogenetic profiling of cells from micropatterned human ESC gastruloid cultures. eLife 2020. [PMID: 33206048 DOI: 10.1101/2020.1101.1122.915777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
During mammalian gastrulation, germ layers arise and are shaped into the body plan while extraembryonic layers sustain the embryo. Human embryonic stem cells, cultured with BMP4 on extracellular matrix micro-discs, reproducibly differentiate into gastruloids, expressing markers of germ layers and extraembryonic cells in radial arrangement. Using single-cell RNA sequencing and cross-species comparisons with mouse, cynomolgus monkey gastrulae, and post-implantation human embryos, we reveal that gastruloids contain cells transcriptionally similar to epiblast, ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm, primordial germ cells, trophectoderm, and amnion. Upon gastruloid dissociation, single cells reseeded onto micro-discs were motile and aggregated with the same but segregated from distinct cell types. Ectodermal cells segregated from endodermal and extraembryonic but mixed with mesodermal cells. Our work demonstrates that the gastruloid system models primate-specific features of embryogenesis, and that gastruloid cells exhibit evolutionarily conserved sorting behaviors. This work generates a resource for transcriptomes of human extraembryonic and embryonic germ layers differentiated in a stereotyped arrangement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyaw Thu Minn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, United States
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Yuheng C Fu
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Shenghua He
- Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, United States
| | - Sabine Dietmann
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
- Division of Nephrology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
- Institute for Informatics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Steven C George
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, United States
| | - Mark A Anastasio
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, United States
| | - Samantha A Morris
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Lilianna Solnica-Krezel
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Minn KT, Fu YC, He S, Dietmann S, George SC, Anastasio MA, Morris SA, Solnica-Krezel L. High-resolution transcriptional and morphogenetic profiling of cells from micropatterned human ESC gastruloid cultures. eLife 2020; 9:e59445. [PMID: 33206048 PMCID: PMC7728446 DOI: 10.7554/elife.59445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
During mammalian gastrulation, germ layers arise and are shaped into the body plan while extraembryonic layers sustain the embryo. Human embryonic stem cells, cultured with BMP4 on extracellular matrix micro-discs, reproducibly differentiate into gastruloids, expressing markers of germ layers and extraembryonic cells in radial arrangement. Using single-cell RNA sequencing and cross-species comparisons with mouse, cynomolgus monkey gastrulae, and post-implantation human embryos, we reveal that gastruloids contain cells transcriptionally similar to epiblast, ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm, primordial germ cells, trophectoderm, and amnion. Upon gastruloid dissociation, single cells reseeded onto micro-discs were motile and aggregated with the same but segregated from distinct cell types. Ectodermal cells segregated from endodermal and extraembryonic but mixed with mesodermal cells. Our work demonstrates that the gastruloid system models primate-specific features of embryogenesis, and that gastruloid cells exhibit evolutionarily conserved sorting behaviors. This work generates a resource for transcriptomes of human extraembryonic and embryonic germ layers differentiated in a stereotyped arrangement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyaw Thu Minn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington UniversitySt. LouisUnited States
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
| | - Yuheng C Fu
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
| | - Shenghua He
- Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Washington UniversitySt. LouisUnited States
| | - Sabine Dietmann
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
- Division of Nephrology, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
- Institute for Informatics, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
| | - Steven C George
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, DavisDavisUnited States
| | - Mark A Anastasio
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington UniversitySt. LouisUnited States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of IllinoisUrbana-ChampaignUnited States
| | - Samantha A Morris
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
| | - Lilianna Solnica-Krezel
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Fagotto F. Tissue segregation in the early vertebrate embryo. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 107:130-146. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
20
|
Shaker MR, Lee JH, Park SH, Kim JY, Son GH, Son JW, Park BH, Rhyu IJ, Kim H, Sun W. Anteroposterior Wnt-RA Gradient Defines Adhesion and Migration Properties of Neural Progenitors in Developing Spinal Cord. Stem Cell Reports 2020; 15:898-911. [PMID: 32976767 PMCID: PMC7562945 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2020.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian embryos exhibit a transition from head morphogenesis to trunk elongation to meet the demand of axial elongation. The caudal neural tube (NT) is formed with neural progenitors (NPCs) derived from neuromesodermal progenitors localized at the tail tip. However, the molecular and cellular basis of elongating NT morphogenesis is yet elusive. Here, we provide evidence that caudal NPCs exhibit strong adhesion affinity that is gradually decreased along the anteroposterior (AP) axis in mouse embryonic spinal cord and human cellular models. Strong cell-cell adhesion causes collective migration, allowing AP alignment of NPCs depending on their birthdate. We further validated that this axial adhesion gradient is associated with the extracellular matrix and is under the control of graded Wnt signaling emanating from tail buds and antagonistic retinoic acid (RA) signaling. These results suggest that progressive reduction of NPC adhesion along the AP axis is under the control of Wnt-RA molecular networks, which is essential for a proper elongation of the spinal cord.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed R Shaker
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Korea 21 Plus Program, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, 02841, Korea; Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Ju-Hyun Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Korea 21 Plus Program, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| | - Si-Hyung Park
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Korea 21 Plus Program, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| | - Joo Yeon Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Korea 21 Plus Program, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| | - Gi Hoon Son
- Department of Legal Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Jong Wan Son
- Division of Quantum Phases and Devices, Department of Physics, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Bae Ho Park
- Division of Quantum Phases and Devices, Department of Physics, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Im Joo Rhyu
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Korea 21 Plus Program, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| | - Hyun Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Korea 21 Plus Program, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| | - Woong Sun
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Korea 21 Plus Program, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, 02841, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Dickinson DJ. Tissue Morphogenesis: A Cellular View of Adhesion-Dependent Cell Sorting. Curr Biol 2020; 30:R1071-R1073. [PMID: 33022235 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.07.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cells from different germ layers - endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm - can spontaneously segregate within a cell aggregate, and differential cell-cell adhesion has been proposed to explain this behavior. New observations at subcellular resolution suggest a more nuanced view.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Dickinson
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, 2415 Speedway, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Skokan TD, Vale RD, McKinley KL. Cell Sorting in Hydra vulgaris Arises from Differing Capacities for Epithelialization between Cell Types. Curr Biol 2020; 30:3713-3723.e3. [PMID: 32795440 PMCID: PMC7541579 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Hydra vulgaris exhibits a remarkable capacity to reassemble its body plan from a disordered aggregate of cells. Reassembly begins by sorting two epithelial cell types, endoderm and ectoderm, into inner and outer layers, respectively. The cellular features and behaviors that distinguish ectodermal and endodermal lineages to drive sorting have not been fully elucidated. To dissect this process, we use micromanipulation to position single cells of diverse lineages on the surface of defined multicellular aggregates and monitor sorting outcomes by live imaging. Although sorting has previously been attributed to intrinsic differences between the epithelial lineages, we find that single cells of all lineages sort to the interior of ectodermal aggregates, including single ectodermal cells. This reveals that cells of the same lineage can adopt opposing positions when sorting as individuals or a collective. Ectodermal cell collectives adopt their position at the aggregate exterior by rapidly reforming an epithelium that engulfs cells adhered to its surface through a collective spreading behavior. In contrast, aggregated endodermal cells persistently lose epithelial features. These non-epithelialized aggregates, like isolated cells of all lineages, are adherent passengers for engulfment by the ectodermal epithelium. We find that collective spreading of the ectoderm and persistent de-epithelialization in the endoderm also arise during local wounding in Hydra, suggesting that Hydra's wound-healing and self-organization capabilities may employ similar mechanisms. Together, our data suggest that differing propensities for epithelialization can sort cell types into distinct compartments to build and restore complex tissue architecture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taylor D Skokan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ronald D Vale
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA.
| | - Kara L McKinley
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Tlili S, Durande M, Gay C, Ladoux B, Graner F, Delanoë-Ayari H. Migrating Epithelial Monolayer Flows Like a Maxwell Viscoelastic Liquid. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:088102. [PMID: 32909763 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.088102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We perform a bidimensional Stokes experiment in an active cellular material: an autonomously migrating monolayer of Madin-Darby canine kidney epithelial cells flows around a circular obstacle within a long and narrow channel, involving an interplay between cell shape changes and neighbor rearrangements. Based on image analysis of tissue flow and coarse-grained cell anisotropy, we determine the tissue strain rate, cell deformation, and rearrangement rate fields, which are spatially heterogeneous. We find that the cell deformation and rearrangement rate fields correlate strongly, which is compatible with a Maxwell viscoelastic liquid behavior (and not with a Kelvin-Voigt viscoelastic solid behavior). The value of the associated relaxation time is measured as τ=70±15 min, is observed to be independent of obstacle size and division rate, and is increased by inhibiting myosin activity. In this experiment, the monolayer behaves as a flowing material with a Weissenberg number close to one which shows that both elastic and viscous effects can have comparable contributions in the process of collective cell migration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Tlili
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, Université de Paris-Diderot, CNRS UMR 7057, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, F-75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
- Mechanobiology Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive, 1, 117411 Singapore
| | - M Durande
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, Université de Paris-Diderot, CNRS UMR 7057, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, F-75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - C Gay
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, Université de Paris-Diderot, CNRS UMR 7057, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, F-75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - B Ladoux
- Mechanobiology Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive, 1, 117411 Singapore
- Institut Jacques Monod, Université de Paris-Diderot, CNRS UMR 7592, 15 rue Hélène Brion, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - F Graner
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, Université de Paris-Diderot, CNRS UMR 7057, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, F-75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - H Delanoë-Ayari
- Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5306, Institut Lumière Matière, Campus LyonTech-La Doua, Kastler building, 10 rue Ada Byron, F-69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Kosheleva NV, Efremov YM, Shavkuta BS, Zurina IM, Zhang D, Zhang Y, Minaev NV, Gorkun AA, Wei S, Shpichka AI, Saburina IN, Timashev PS. Cell spheroid fusion: beyond liquid drops model. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12614. [PMID: 32724115 PMCID: PMC7387529 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69540-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Biological self-assembly is crucial in the processes of development, tissue regeneration, and maturation of bioprinted tissue-engineered constructions. The cell aggregates-spheroids-have become widely used model objects in the study of this phenomenon. Existing approaches describe the fusion of cell aggregates by analogy with the coalescence of liquid droplets and ignore the complex structural properties of spheroids. Here, we analyzed the fusion process in connection with structure and mechanical properties of the spheroids from human somatic cells of different phenotypes: mesenchymal stem cells from the limbal eye stroma and epithelial cells from retinal pigment epithelium. A nanoindentation protocol was applied for the mechanical measurements. We found a discrepancy with the liquid drop fusion model: the fusion was faster for spheroids from epithelial cells with lower apparent surface tension than for mesenchymal spheroids with higher surface tension. This discrepancy might be caused by biophysical processes such as extracellular matrix remodeling in the case of mesenchymal spheroids and different modes of cell migration. The obtained results will contribute to the development of more realistic models for spheroid fusion that would further provide a helpful tool for constructing cell aggregates with required properties both for fundamental studies and tissue reparation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nastasia V Kosheleva
- FSBSI "Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology", 8, Baltiyskaya st., Moscow, 125315, Russia.
- FSBEI FPE "Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education" of the Ministry of Healthcare of Russia, 2/1, Barrikadnaya St., Moscow, 125993, Russia.
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 12-1, Leninskie Gory, Moscow, 119234, Russia.
| | - Yuri M Efremov
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 8-2, Trubetskaya St., Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Boris S Shavkuta
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 8-2, Trubetskaya St., Moscow, 119991, Russia
- Institute of Photonic Technologies, Research Center "Crystallography and Photonics" RAS, 2, Pionerskaya st., Troitsk, Moscow, 142190, Russia
| | - Irina M Zurina
- FSBSI "Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology", 8, Baltiyskaya st., Moscow, 125315, Russia
- FSBEI FPE "Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education" of the Ministry of Healthcare of Russia, 2/1, Barrikadnaya St., Moscow, 125993, Russia
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 8-2, Trubetskaya St., Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Deying Zhang
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Wake Forest University Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Nikita V Minaev
- Institute of Photonic Technologies, Research Center "Crystallography and Photonics" RAS, 2, Pionerskaya st., Troitsk, Moscow, 142190, Russia
| | - Anastasiya A Gorkun
- FSBSI "Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology", 8, Baltiyskaya st., Moscow, 125315, Russia
- FSBEI FPE "Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education" of the Ministry of Healthcare of Russia, 2/1, Barrikadnaya St., Moscow, 125993, Russia
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 8-2, Trubetskaya St., Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Shicheng Wei
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Central Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, China
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Anastasia I Shpichka
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 8-2, Trubetskaya St., Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Irina N Saburina
- FSBSI "Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology", 8, Baltiyskaya st., Moscow, 125315, Russia
- FSBEI FPE "Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education" of the Ministry of Healthcare of Russia, 2/1, Barrikadnaya St., Moscow, 125993, Russia
| | - Peter S Timashev
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 8-2, Trubetskaya St., Moscow, 119991, Russia
- Institute of Photonic Technologies, Research Center "Crystallography and Photonics" RAS, 2, Pionerskaya st., Troitsk, Moscow, 142190, Russia
- Department of Polymers and Composites, N.N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, 4, Kosygin st., Moscow, 119991, Russia
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1‑3, Leninskiye Gory, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Herrera-Perez RM, Kasza KE. Manipulating the Patterns of Mechanical Forces That Shape Multicellular Tissues. Physiology (Bethesda) 2020; 34:381-391. [PMID: 31577169 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00018.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
During embryonic development, spatial and temporal patterns of mechanical forces help to transform unstructured groups of cells into complex, functional tissue architectures. Here, we review emerging approaches to manipulate these patterns of forces to investigate the mechanical mechanisms that shape multicellular tissues, with a focus on recent experimental studies of epithelial tissue sheets in the embryo of the model organism Drosophila melanogaster.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Karen E Kasza
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Banote RK, Chebli J, Şatır TM, Varshney GK, Camacho R, Ledin J, Burgess SM, Abramsson A, Zetterberg H. Amyloid precursor protein-b facilitates cell adhesion during early development in zebrafish. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10127. [PMID: 32576936 PMCID: PMC7311384 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66584-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the biological function of amyloid beta (Aβ) precursor protein (APP) beyond its role in Alzheimer's disease is emerging. Yet, its function during embryonic development is poorly understood. The zebrafish APP orthologue, Appb, is strongly expressed during early development but thus far has only been studied via morpholino-mediated knockdown. Zebrafish enables analysis of cellular processes in an ontogenic context, which is limited in many other vertebrates. We characterized zebrafish carrying a homozygous mutation that introduces a premature stop in exon 2 of the appb gene. We report that appb mutants are significantly smaller until 2 dpf and display perturbed enveloping layer (EVL) integrity and cell protrusions at the blastula stage. Moreover, appb mutants surviving beyond 48 hpf exhibited no behavioral defects at 6 dpf and developed into healthy and fertile adults. The expression of the app family member, appa, was also found to be altered in appb mutants. Taken together, we show that appb is involved in the initial development of zebrafish by supporting the integrity of the EVL, likely by mediating cell adhesion properties. The loss of Appb might then be compensated for by other app family members to maintain normal development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Kumar Banote
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, S-41345, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Cellectricon AB, Neongatan 4B, SE-431 53, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Jasmine Chebli
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, S-41345, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tuğçe Munise Şatır
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, S-41345, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Gaurav K Varshney
- Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA.,Genes & Human Disease Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Rafael Camacho
- Centre for Cellular Imaging, Core Facilities, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Johan Ledin
- Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA.,Department of Organismal Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Shawn M Burgess
- Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Alexandra Abramsson
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, S-41345, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, S-41345, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.,Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N3BG, United Kingdom.,UK Dementia Research Institute, London, WC1N3BG, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Multi-scale imaging and analysis identify pan-embryo cell dynamics of germlayer formation in zebrafish. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5753. [PMID: 31848345 PMCID: PMC6917746 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13625-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The coordination of cell movements across spatio-temporal scales ensures precise positioning of organs during vertebrate gastrulation. Mechanisms governing such morphogenetic movements have been studied only within a local region, a single germlayer or in whole embryos without cell identity. Scale-bridging imaging and automated analysis of cell dynamics are needed for a deeper understanding of tissue formation during gastrulation. Here, we report pan-embryo analyses of formation and dynamics of all three germlayers simultaneously within a developing zebrafish embryo. We show that a distinct distribution of cells in each germlayer is established during early gastrulation via cell movement characteristics that are predominantly determined by their position in the embryo. The differences in initial germlayer distributions are subsequently amplified by a global movement, which organizes the organ precursors along the embryonic body axis, giving rise to the blueprint of organ formation. The tools and data are available as a resource for the community. The precise cell dynamics of early development have not yet been visualized. Here, the authors use custom 4-lens light sheet microscopy to image and analyze the dynamics of all three fluorescently labeled germlayers, yielding a comprehensive, pan-embryo description of early zebrafish gastrulation.
Collapse
|
28
|
Mongera A, Michaut A, Guillot C, Xiong F, Pourquié O. Mechanics of Anteroposterior Axis Formation in Vertebrates. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2019; 35:259-283. [PMID: 31412208 PMCID: PMC7394480 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100818-125436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The vertebrate anteroposterior axis forms through elongation of multiple tissues during embryogenesis. This process is based on tissue-autonomous mechanisms of force generation and intertissue mechanical coupling whose failure leads to severe developmental anomalies such as body truncation and spina bifida. Similar to other morphogenetic modules, anteroposterior body extension requires both the rearrangement of existing materials-such as cells and extracellular matrix-and the local addition of new materials, i.e., anisotropic growth, through cell proliferation, cell growth, and matrix deposition. Numerous signaling pathways coordinate body axis formation via regulation of cell behavior during tissue rearrangements and/or volumetric growth. From a physical perspective, morphogenesis depends on both cell-generated forces and tissue material properties. As the spatiotemporal variation of these mechanical parameters has recently been explored in the context of vertebrate body elongation, the study of this process is likely to shed light on the cross talk between signaling and mechanics during morphogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Mongera
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, and Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA;
| | - Arthur Michaut
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, and Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA;
| | - Charlène Guillot
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, and Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA;
| | - Fengzhu Xiong
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, and Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA;
| | - Olivier Pourquié
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, and Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA;
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Plaster M, Singh S, Tavana H. Fibroblasts Promote Proliferation and Matrix Invasion of Breast Cancer Cells in Co‐Culture Models. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.201900121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Madison Plaster
- Department of Biomedical Engineering The University of Akron Akron OH 44325 USA
| | - Sunil Singh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering The University of Akron Akron OH 44325 USA
| | - Hossein Tavana
- Department of Biomedical Engineering The University of Akron Akron OH 44325 USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Winklbauer R. Dynamic cell–cell adhesion mediated by pericellular matrix interaction – a hypothesis. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:132/16/jcs231597. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.231597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Cell–cell adhesion strength, measured as tissue surface tension, spans an enormous 1000-fold range when different cell types are compared. However, the examination of basic mechanical principles of cell adhesion indicates that cadherin-based and related mechanisms are not able to promote the high-strength adhesion experimentally observed in many late embryonic or malignant tissues. Therefore, the hypothesis is explored that the interaction of the pericellular matrices of cells generates strong adhesion by a mechanism akin to the self-adhesion/self-healing of dynamically cross-linked hydrogels. Quantitative data from biofilm matrices support this model. The mechanism links tissue surface tension to pericellular matrix stiffness. Moreover, it explains the wide, matrix-filled spaces around cells in liquid-like, yet highly cohesive, tissues, and it rehabilitates aspects of the original interpretation of classical cell sorting experiments, as expressed in Steinberg's differential adhesion hypothesis: that quantitative differences in adhesion energies between cells are sufficient to drive sorting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf Winklbauer
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G5, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Dispersible hydrogel force sensors reveal patterns of solid mechanical stress in multicellular spheroid cultures. Nat Commun 2019; 10:144. [PMID: 30635553 PMCID: PMC6329783 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07967-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how forces orchestrate tissue formation requires technologies to map internal tissue stress at cellular length scales. Here, we develop ultrasoft mechanosensors that visibly deform under less than 10 Pascals of cell-generated stress. By incorporating these mechanosensors into multicellular spheroids, we capture the patterns of internal stress that arise during spheroid formation. We experimentally demonstrate the spontaneous generation of a tensional 'skin', only a few cell layers thick, at the spheroid surface, which correlates with activation of mechanobiological signalling pathways, and balances a compressive stress profile within the tissue. These stresses develop through cell-driven mechanical compaction at the tissue periphery, and suggest that the tissue formation process plays a critically important role in specifying mechanobiological function. The broad applicability of this technique should ultimately provide a quantitative basis to design tissues that leverage the mechanical activity of constituent cells to evolve towards a desired form and function.
Collapse
|
32
|
Mendieta-Serrano MA, Mendez-Cruz FJ, Antúnez-Mojica M, Schnabel D, Alvarez L, Cárdenas L, Lomelí H, Ruiz-Santiesteban JA, Salas-Vidal E. NADPH-Oxidase-derived reactive oxygen species are required for cytoskeletal organization, proper localization of E-cadherin and cell motility during zebrafish epiboly. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 130:82-98. [PMID: 30342187 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.10.416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cell movements are essential for morphogenesis during animal development. Epiboly is the first morphogenetic process in zebrafish in which cells move en masse to thin and spread the deep and enveloping cell layers of the blastoderm over the yolk cell. While epiboly has been shown to be controlled by complex molecular networks, the contribution of reactive oxygen species (ROS) to this process has not previously been studied. Here, we show that ROS are required for epiboly in zebrafish. Visualization of ROS in whole embryos revealed dynamic patterns during epiboly progression. Significantly, inhibition of NADPH oxidase activity leads to a decrease in ROS formation, delays epiboly, alters E-cadherin and cytoskeleton patterns and, by 24 h post-fertilization, decreases embryo survival, effects that are rescued by hydrogen peroxide treatment. Our findings suggest that a delicate ROS balance is required during early development and that disruption of that balance interferes with cell adhesion, leading to defective cell motility and epiboly progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mayra Antúnez-Mojica
- Centro de Investigaciones Químicas-IICBA, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Avenida Universidad #2001, Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos C.P. 62209, Mexico
| | - Denhi Schnabel
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Mexico
| | - Laura Alvarez
- Centro de Investigaciones Químicas-IICBA, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Avenida Universidad #2001, Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos C.P. 62209, Mexico
| | - Luis Cárdenas
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad #2001, Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos C.P. 62210, Mexico
| | - Hilda Lomelí
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Mexico
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Czajkowski M, Bi D, Manning ML, Marchetti MC. Hydrodynamics of shape-driven rigidity transitions in motile tissues. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:5628-5642. [PMID: 29938290 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm00446c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In biological tissues, it is now well-understood that mechanical cues are a powerful mechanism for pattern regulation. While much work has focused on interactions between cells and external substrates, recent experiments suggest that cell polarization and motility might be governed by the internal shear stiffness of nearby tissue, deemed "plithotaxis". Meanwhile, other work has demonstrated that there is a direct relationship between cell shapes and tissue shear modulus in confluent tissues. Joining these two ideas, we develop a hydrodynamic model that couples cell shape, and therefore tissue stiffness, to cell motility and polarization. Using linear stability analysis and numerical simulations, we find that tissue behavior can be tuned between largely homogeneous states and patterned states such as asters, controlled by a composite "morphotaxis" parameter that encapsulates the nature of the coupling between shape and polarization. The control parameter is in principle experimentally accessible, and depends both on whether a cell tends to move in the direction of lower or higher shear modulus, and whether sinks or sources of polarization tend to fluidize the system.
Collapse
|
34
|
Abbasi F, Ghanian MH, Baharvand H, Vahidi B, Eslaminejad MB. Engineering mesenchymal stem cell spheroids by incorporation of mechanoregulator microparticles. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2018; 84:74-87. [PMID: 29751274 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical forces throughout human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC) spheroids (mesenspheres) play a predominant role in determining cellular functions of cell growth, proliferation, and differentiation through mechanotransductional mechanisms. Here, we introduce microparticle (MP) incorporation as a mechanical intervention method to alter tensional homeostasis of the mesensphere and explore MSC differentiation in response to MP stiffness. The microparticulate mechanoregulators with different elastic modulus (34 kPa, 0.6 MPa, and 2.2 MPa) were prepared by controlled crosslinking cell-sized microdroplets of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). Preparation of MP-MSC composite spheroids enabled us to study the possible effects of MPs through experimental and computational assays. Our results showed that MP incorporation selectively primed MSCs toward osteogenesis, yet hindered adipogenesis. Interestingly, this behavior depended on MP mechanics, as the spheroids that contained MPs with intermediate stiffness behaved similar to control MP-free mesenspheres with more tendencies toward chondrogenesis. However, by using the soft or stiff MPs, the MP-mesenspheres significantly showed signs of osteogenesis. This could be explained by the complex of forces which acted in the cell spheroid and, totally, provided a homeostasis situation. Incorporation of cell-sized polymer MPs as mechanoregulators of cell spheroids could be utilized as a new engineering toolkit for multicellular organoids in disease modeling and tissue engineering applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Abbasi
- Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran; Department of Cell Engineering, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Ghanian
- Department of Cell Engineering, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Baharvand
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Sciences Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran; Department of Developmental Biology, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahman Vahidi
- Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohamadreza Baghaban Eslaminejad
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Sciences Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Chen Z, Zou Y. A multiscale model for heterogeneous tumor spheroid in vitro. MATHEMATICAL BIOSCIENCES AND ENGINEERING : MBE 2018; 15:361-392. [PMID: 29161840 DOI: 10.3934/mbe.2018016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a novel multiscale method is proposed for the study of heterogeneous tumor spheroid growth in vitro. The entire tumor spheroid is described by an ellipsoid-based model while nutrient and other environmental factors are treated as continua. The ellipsoid-based discrete component is capable of incorporating mechanical effects and deformability, while keeping a minimum set of free variables to describe complex shape variations. Moreover, our purely cell-based description of tumor avoids the complex mutual conversion between a cell-based model and continuum model within a tumor, such as force and mass transformation. This advantage makes it highly suitable for the study of tumor spheroids in vitro whose size are normally less than 800 μm in diameter. In addition, our numerical scheme provides two computational options depending on tumor size. For a small or medium tumor spheroid, a three-dimensional (3D) numerical model can be directly applied. For a large spheroid, we suggest the use of a 3D-adapted 2D cross section configuration, which has not yet been explored in the literature, as an alternative for the theoretical investigation to bridge the gap between the 2D and 3D models. Our model and its implementations have been validated and applied to various studies given in the paper. The simulation results fit corresponding in vitro experimental observations very well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhan Chen
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, 30460, United States
| | - Yuting Zou
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, 30460, United States
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Physical Mechanisms Driving Cell Sorting in Hydra. Biophys J 2018; 113:2827-2841. [PMID: 29262375 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2017.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell sorting, whereby a heterogeneous cell mixture organizes into distinct tissues, is a fundamental patterning process in development. Hydra is a powerful model system for carrying out studies of cell sorting in three dimensions, because of its unique ability to regenerate after complete dissociation into individual cells. The physicists Alfred Gierer and Hans Meinhardt recognized Hydra's self-organizing properties more than 40 years ago. However, what drives cell sorting during regeneration of Hydra from cell aggregates is still debated. Differential motility and differential adhesion have been proposed as driving mechanisms, but the available experimental data are insufficient to distinguish between these two. Here, we answer this longstanding question by using transgenic Hydra expressing fluorescent proteins and a multiscale experimental and numerical approach. By quantifying the kinematics of single cell and whole aggregate behaviors, we show that no differences in cell motility exist among cell types and that sorting dynamics follow a power law with an exponent of ∼0.5. Additionally, we measure the physical properties of separated tissues and quantify their viscosities and surface tensions. Based on our experimental results and numerical simulations, we conclude that tissue interfacial tensions are sufficient to explain cell sorting in aggregates of Hydra cells. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the aggregate's geometry during sorting is key to understanding the sorting dynamics and explains the exponent of the power law behavior. Our results answer the long standing question of the physical mechanisms driving cell sorting in Hydra cell aggregates. In addition, they demonstrate how powerful this organism is for biophysical studies of self-organization and pattern formation.
Collapse
|
37
|
Javaherian S, D'Arcangelo E, Slater B, Londono C, Xu B, McGuigan AP. Modulation of cellular polarization and migration by ephrin/Eph signal-mediated boundary formation. Integr Biol (Camb) 2017; 9:934-946. [PMID: 29120470 DOI: 10.1039/c7ib00176b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Compartment boundaries are essential for ensuring proper cell organization during embryo development and in adult tissues, yet the mechanisms underlying boundary establishment are not completely understood. A number of mechanisms, including (i) differential adhesion, (ii) differential tension, and (iii) cell signaling-mediated cell repulsion, are known to contribute and likely a context-dependent balance of each of these dictates boundary implementation. The ephrin/Eph signaling pathway is known to impact boundary formation in higher animals. In different contexts, ephrin/Eph signaling is known to modulate adhesive properties and migratory behavior of cells. Furthermore it has been proposed that ephrin/Eph signaling may modulate cellular tensile properties, leading to boundary implementation. It remains unclear however, whether, in different contexts, ephrin/Eph act through distinct dominant action modes (e.g. differential adhesion vs. cell repulsion), or whether ephrin/Eph signaling elicits multiple cellular changes simultaneously. Here, using micropatterning of cells over-expressing either EphB3 or ephrinB1, we assess the contribution of each these factors in one model. We show that in this system ephrinB1/EphB3-mediated boundaries are accompanied by modulation of tissue-level architecture and polarization of cell migration. These changes are associated with changes in cell shape and cytoskeletal organization also suggestive of altered cellular tension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Javaherian
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College St., Toronto, ON M5S 3E5, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Nesbitt D, Pruessner G, Lee CF. Edge instability in incompressible planar active fluids. Phys Rev E 2017; 96:062615. [PMID: 29347377 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.96.062615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Interfacial instability is highly relevant to many important biological processes. A key example arises in wound healing experiments, which observe that an epithelial layer with an initially straight edge does not heal uniformly. We consider the phenomenon in the context of active fluids. Improving upon the approximation used by Zimmermann, Basan, and Levine [Eur. Phys. J.: Spec. Top. 223, 1259 (2014)1951-635510.1140/epjst/e2014-02189-7], we perform a linear stability analysis on a two-dimensional incompressible hydrodynamic model of an active fluid with an open interface. We categorize the stability of the model and find that for experimentally relevant parameters, fingering instability is always absent in this minimal model. Our results point to the crucial role of density variation in the fingering instability in tissue regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Nesbitt
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Gunnar Pruessner
- Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Chiu Fan Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Chiou K, Collins EMS. Why we need mechanics to understand animal regeneration. Dev Biol 2017; 433:155-165. [PMID: 29179947 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical forces are an important contributor to cell fate specification and cell migration during embryonic development in animals. Similarities between embryogenesis and regeneration, particularly with regards to pattern formation and large-scale tissue movements, suggest similarly important roles for physical forces during regeneration. While the influence of the mechanical environment on stem cell differentiation in vitro is being actively exploited in the fields of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, comparatively little is known about the role of stresses and strains acting during animal regeneration. In this review, we summarize published work on the role of physical principles and mechanical forces in animal regeneration. Novel experimental techniques aimed at addressing the role of mechanics in embryogenesis have greatly enhanced our understanding at scales from the subcellular to the macroscopic - we believe the time is ripe for the field of regeneration to similarly leverage the tools of the mechanobiological research community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Chiou
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Eva-Maria S Collins
- Physics Department, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Section of Cell&Developmental Biology, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Oswald L, Grosser S, Smith DM, Käs JA. Jamming transitions in cancer. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS D: APPLIED PHYSICS 2017; 50:483001. [PMID: 29628530 PMCID: PMC5884432 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6463/aa8e83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The traditional picture of tissues, where they are treated as liquids defined by properties such as surface tension or viscosity has been redefined during the last few decades by the more fundamental question: under which conditions do tissues display liquid-like or solid-like behaviour? As a result, basic concepts arising from the treatment of tissues as solid matter, such as cellular jamming and glassy tissues, have shifted into the current focus of biophysical research. Here, we review recent works examining the phase states of tissue with an emphasis on jamming transitions in cancer. When metastasis occurs, cells gain the ability to leave the primary tumour and infiltrate other parts of the body. Recent studies have shown that a linkage between an unjamming transition and tumour progression indeed exists, which could be of importance when designing surgery and treatment approaches for cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linda Oswald
- University of Leipzig, Faculty of Physics and Earth Sciences, Debye
Institute, Linnéstr. 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Steffen Grosser
- University of Leipzig, Faculty of Physics and Earth Sciences, Debye
Institute, Linnéstr. 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - David M Smith
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Perlickstr. 1,
04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Josef A Käs
- University of Leipzig, Faculty of Physics and Earth Sciences, Debye
Institute, Linnéstr. 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Author to whom any correspondence should be addressed.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Krens SFG, Veldhuis JH, Barone V, Čapek D, Maître JL, Brodland GW, Heisenberg CP. Interstitial fluid osmolarity modulates the action of differential tissue surface tension in progenitor cell segregation during gastrulation. Development 2017; 144:1798-1806. [PMID: 28512197 PMCID: PMC5450835 DOI: 10.1242/dev.144964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The segregation of different cell types into distinct tissues is a fundamental process in metazoan development. Differences in cell adhesion and cortex tension are commonly thought to drive cell sorting by regulating tissue surface tension (TST). However, the role that differential TST plays in cell segregation within the developing embryo is as yet unclear. Here, we have analyzed the role of differential TST for germ layer progenitor cell segregation during zebrafish gastrulation. Contrary to previous observations that differential TST drives germ layer progenitor cell segregation in vitro, we show that germ layers display indistinguishable TST within the gastrulating embryo, arguing against differential TST driving germ layer progenitor cell segregation in vivo. We further show that the osmolarity of the interstitial fluid (IF) is an important factor that influences germ layer TST in vivo, and that lower osmolarity of the IF compared with standard cell culture medium can explain why germ layers display differential TST in culture but not in vivo. Finally, we show that directed migration of mesendoderm progenitors is required for germ layer progenitor cell segregation and germ layer formation. Highlighted Article: Segregation of the germ layer progenitors in the zebrafish gastrula is driven by directed cell migration, rather than differential tissue surface tension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S F Gabriel Krens
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Jim H Veldhuis
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Vanessa Barone
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Daniel Čapek
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Jean-Léon Maître
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - G Wayne Brodland
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo N2L 3G1, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Wang L, Liu Z, Lin H, Ma D, Tao Q, Liu F. Epigenetic regulation of left-right asymmetry by DNA methylation. EMBO J 2017; 36:2987-2997. [PMID: 28882847 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201796580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation is a major epigenetic modification; however, the precise role of DNA methylation in vertebrate development is still not fully understood. Here, we show that DNA methylation is essential for the establishment of the left-right (LR) asymmetric body plan during vertebrate embryogenesis. Perturbation of DNA methylation by depletion of DNA methyltransferase 1 (dnmt1) or dnmt3bb.1 in zebrafish embryos leads to defects in dorsal forerunner cell (DFC) specification or collective migration, laterality organ malformation, and disruption of LR patterning. Knockdown of dnmt1 in Xenopus embryos also causes similar defects. Mechanistically, loss of dnmt1 function induces hypomethylation of the lefty2 gene enhancer and promotes lefty2 expression, which consequently represses Nodal signaling in zebrafish embryos. We also show that Dnmt3bb.1 regulates collective DFC migration through cadherin 1 (Cdh1). Taken together, our data uncover dynamic DNA methylation as an epigenetic mechanism to control LR determination during early embryogenesis in vertebrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - Zhibin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Lin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Tsinghua University School of Life Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dongyuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - Qinghua Tao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Tsinghua University School of Life Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China .,University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Merkel M, Manning ML. Using cell deformation and motion to predict forces and collective behavior in morphogenesis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 67:161-169. [PMID: 27496334 PMCID: PMC5290285 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In multi-cellular organisms, morphogenesis translates processes at the cellular scale into tissue deformation at the scale of organs and organisms. To understand how biochemical signaling regulates tissue form and function, we must understand the mechanical forces that shape cells and tissues. Recent progress in developing mechanical models for tissues has led to quantitative predictions for how cell shape changes and polarized cell motility generate forces and collective behavior on the tissue scale. In particular, much insight has been gained by thinking about biological tissues as physical materials composed of cells. Here we review these advances and discuss how they might help shape future experiments in developmental biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Merkel
- Department of Physics, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, United States
| | - M Lisa Manning
- Department of Physics, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Gross P, Kumar KV, Grill SW. How Active Mechanics and Regulatory Biochemistry Combine to Form Patterns in Development. Annu Rev Biophys 2017; 46:337-356. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biophys-070816-033602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Gross
- BIOTEC, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - K. Vijay Kumar
- International Centre for Theoretical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bengaluru 560089, India
| | - Stephan W. Grill
- BIOTEC, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Heisenberg CP. D'Arcy Thompson's 'on Growth and form': From soap bubbles to tissue self-organization. Mech Dev 2017; 145:32-37. [PMID: 28442367 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Tissues are thought to behave like fluids with a given surface tension. Differences in tissue surface tension (TST) have been proposed to trigger cell sorting and tissue envelopment. D'Arcy Thompson in his seminal book 'On Growth and Form' has introduced this concept of differential TST as a key physical mechanism dictating tissue formation and organization within the developing organism. Over the past century, many studies have picked up the concept of differential TST and analyzed the role and cell biological basis of TST in development, underlining the importance and influence of this concept in developmental biology.
Collapse
|
46
|
Simunovic M, Brivanlou AH. Embryoids, organoids and gastruloids: new approaches to understanding embryogenesis. Development 2017; 144:976-985. [PMID: 28292844 PMCID: PMC5358114 DOI: 10.1242/dev.143529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cells have an intrinsic ability to self-assemble and self-organize into complex and functional tissues and organs. By taking advantage of this ability, embryoids, organoids and gastruloids have recently been generated in vitro, providing a unique opportunity to explore complex embryological events in a detailed and highly quantitative manner. Here, we examine how such approaches are being used to answer fundamental questions in embryology, such as how cells self-organize and assemble, how the embryo breaks symmetry, and what controls timing and size in development. We also highlight how further improvements to these exciting technologies, based on the development of quantitative platforms to precisely follow and measure subcellular and molecular events, are paving the way for a more complete understanding of the complex events that help build the human embryo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mijo Simunovic
- Center for Studies in Physics and Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Molecular Embryology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ali H Brivanlou
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Molecular Embryology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Morita H, Grigolon S, Bock M, Krens SFG, Salbreux G, Heisenberg CP. The Physical Basis of Coordinated Tissue Spreading in Zebrafish Gastrulation. Dev Cell 2017; 40:354-366.e4. [PMID: 28216382 PMCID: PMC5364273 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2017.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 12/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Embryo morphogenesis relies on highly coordinated movements of different tissues. However, remarkably little is known about how tissues coordinate their movements to shape the embryo. In zebrafish embryogenesis, coordinated tissue movements first become apparent during "doming," when the blastoderm begins to spread over the yolk sac, a process involving coordinated epithelial surface cell layer expansion and mesenchymal deep cell intercalations. Here, we find that active surface cell expansion represents the key process coordinating tissue movements during doming. By using a combination of theory and experiments, we show that epithelial surface cells not only trigger blastoderm expansion by reducing tissue surface tension, but also drive blastoderm thinning by inducing tissue contraction through radial deep cell intercalations. Thus, coordinated tissue expansion and thinning during doming relies on surface cells simultaneously controlling tissue surface tension and radial tissue contraction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Morita
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Silvia Grigolon
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Martin Bock
- Max-Planck-Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Straße 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - S F Gabriel Krens
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Guillaume Salbreux
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK; Max-Planck-Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Straße 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Carter JA, Hyland C, Steele RE, Collins EMS. Dynamics of Mouth Opening in Hydra. Biophys J 2016; 110:1191-201. [PMID: 26958895 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2016.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydra, a simple freshwater animal famous for its regenerative capabilities, must tear a hole through its epithelial tissue each time it opens its mouth. The feeding response of Hydra has been well-characterized physiologically and is regarded as a classical model system for environmental chemical biology. However, due to a lack of in vivo labeling and imaging tools, the biomechanics of mouth opening have remained completely unexplored. We take advantage of the availability of transgenic Hydra lines to perform the first dynamical analysis, to our knowledge, of Hydra mouth opening and test existing hypotheses regarding the underlying cellular mechanisms. Through cell position and shape tracking, we show that mouth opening is accompanied by changes in cell shape, but not cellular rearrangements as previously suggested. Treatment with a muscle relaxant impairs mouth opening, supporting the hypothesis that mouth opening is an active process driven by radial contractile processes (myonemes) in the ectoderm. Furthermore, we find that all events exhibit the same relative rate of opening. Because one individual can open consecutively to different amounts, this suggests that the degree of mouth opening is controlled through neuronal signaling. Finally, from the opening dynamics and independent measurements of the elastic properties of the tissues, we estimate the forces exerted by the myonemes to be on the order of a few nanoNewtons. Our study provides the first dynamical framework, to our knowledge, for understanding the remarkable plasticity of the Hydra mouth and illustrates that Hydra is a powerful system for quantitative biomechanical studies of cell and tissue behaviors in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason A Carter
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Callen Hyland
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Robert E Steele
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Developmental Biology Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Eva-Maria S Collins
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Hernández-Vega A, Marsal M, Pouille PA, Tosi S, Colombelli J, Luque T, Navajas D, Pagonabarraga I, Martín-Blanco E. Polarized cortical tension drives zebrafish epiboly movements. EMBO J 2016; 36:25-41. [PMID: 27834222 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201694264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The principles underlying the biomechanics of morphogenesis are largely unknown. Epiboly is an essential embryonic event in which three tissues coordinate to direct the expansion of the blastoderm. How and where forces are generated during epiboly, and how these are globally coupled remains elusive. Here we developed a method, hydrodynamic regression (HR), to infer 3D pressure fields, mechanical power, and cortical surface tension profiles. HR is based on velocity measurements retrieved from 2D+T microscopy and their hydrodynamic modeling. We applied HR to identify biomechanically active structures and changes in cortex local tension during epiboly in zebrafish. Based on our results, we propose a novel physical description for epiboly, where tissue movements are directed by a polarized gradient of cortical tension. We found that this gradient relies on local contractile forces at the cortex, differences in elastic properties between cortex components and the passive transmission of forces within the yolk cell. All in all, our work identifies a novel way to physically regulate concerted cellular movements that might be instrumental for the mechanical control of many morphogenetic processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amayra Hernández-Vega
- Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Marsal
- Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Philippe-Alexandre Pouille
- Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sébastien Tosi
- Advanced Digital Microscopy Core Facility (ADMCF), Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona) The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julien Colombelli
- Advanced Digital Microscopy Core Facility (ADMCF), Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona) The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tomás Luque
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain.,Facultad de Medicina i Ciencies de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Navajas
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain.,Facultad de Medicina i Ciencies de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ignacio Pagonabarraga
- Departament de Física de la Matèria Condensada, Facultat de Física, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enrique Martín-Blanco
- Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Winklbauer R. Cell adhesion strength from cortical tension - an integration of concepts. J Cell Sci 2016; 128:3687-93. [PMID: 26471994 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.174623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphogenetic mechanisms such as cell movement or tissue separation depend on cell attachment and detachment processes, which involve adhesion receptors as well as the cortical cytoskeleton. The interplay between the two components is of stunning complexity. Most strikingly, the binding energy of adhesion molecules is usually too small for substantial cell-cell attachment, pointing to a main deficit in our present understanding of adhesion. In this Opinion article, I integrate recent findings and conceptual advances in the field into a coherent framework for cell adhesion. I argue that active cortical tension is best viewed as an integral part of adhesion, and propose on this basis a non-arbitrary measure of adhesion strength - the tissue surface tension of cell aggregates. This concept of adhesion integrates heterogeneous molecular inputs into a single mechanical property and simplifies the analysis of attachment-detachment processes. It draws attention to the enormous variation of adhesion strengths among tissues, whose origin and function is little understood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf Winklbauer
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G5, Canada
| |
Collapse
|