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Drutman SB, Mansouri D, Mahdaviani SA, Neehus AL, Hum D, Bryk R, Hernandez N, Belkaya S, Rapaport F, Bigio B, Fisch R, Rahman M, Khan T, Al Ali F, Marjani M, Mansouri N, Lorenzo-Diaz L, Emile JF, Marr N, Jouanguy E, Bustamante J, Abel L, Boisson-Dupuis S, Béziat V, Nathan C, Casanova JL. Fatal Cytomegalovirus Infection in an Adult with Inherited NOS2 Deficiency. N Engl J Med 2020; 382:437-445. [PMID: 31995689 PMCID: PMC7063989 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1910640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytomegalovirus (CMV) can cause severe disease in children and adults with a variety of inherited or acquired T-cell immunodeficiencies, who are prone to multiple infections. It can also rarely cause disease in otherwise healthy persons. The pathogenesis of idiopathic CMV disease is unknown. Inbred mice that lack the gene encoding nitric oxide synthase 2 (Nos2) are susceptible to the related murine CMV infection. METHODS We studied a previously healthy 51-year-old man from Iran who after acute CMV infection had an onset of progressive CMV disease that led to his death 29 months later. We hypothesized that the patient may have had a novel type of inborn error of immunity. Thus, we performed whole-exome sequencing and tested candidate mutant alleles experimentally. RESULTS We found a homozygous frameshift mutation in NOS2 encoding a truncated NOS2 protein that did not produce nitric oxide, which determined that the patient had autosomal recessive NOS2 deficiency. Moreover, all NOS2 variants that we found in homozygosity in public databases encoded functional proteins, as did all other variants with an allele frequency greater than 0.001. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that inherited NOS2 deficiency was clinically silent in this patient until lethal infection with CMV. Moreover, NOS2 appeared to be redundant for control of other pathogens in this patient. (Funded by the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences and others.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott B Drutman
- From St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University (S.B.D., D.H., N.H., S.B., F.R., B.B., R.F., E.J., J.B., L.A., S.B.-D., J.-L.C.), the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine (R.B., C.N.), and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (J.-L.C.) - all in New York; the Pediatric Respiratory Diseases Research Center (D.M., S.A.M.), the Department of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases (D.M., N. Mansouri), and the Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center (D.M., M.M.), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; the Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM Unité 1163 (A.-L.N., L.L.-D., E.J., J.B., L.A., S.B.-D., V.B., J.-L.C.), Paris University, Imagine Institute (A.-L.N., L.L.-D., E.J., J.B., L.A., S.B.-D., V.B., J.-L.C.), and the Study Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (J.B.), and the Pediatric Immunology-Hematology Unit (J.-L.C.), Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, and the Department of Pathology, Ambroise Paré Hospital, AP-HP, Boulogne-Billancourt (J.-F.E.) - all in France; the Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (A.-L.N.); the Research Branch, Sidra Medicine (M.R., T.K., F.A.A., N. Marr), and the College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University (N. Marr), Doha, Qatar; and the Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland (N. Mansouri)
| | - Davood Mansouri
- From St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University (S.B.D., D.H., N.H., S.B., F.R., B.B., R.F., E.J., J.B., L.A., S.B.-D., J.-L.C.), the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine (R.B., C.N.), and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (J.-L.C.) - all in New York; the Pediatric Respiratory Diseases Research Center (D.M., S.A.M.), the Department of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases (D.M., N. Mansouri), and the Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center (D.M., M.M.), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; the Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM Unité 1163 (A.-L.N., L.L.-D., E.J., J.B., L.A., S.B.-D., V.B., J.-L.C.), Paris University, Imagine Institute (A.-L.N., L.L.-D., E.J., J.B., L.A., S.B.-D., V.B., J.-L.C.), and the Study Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (J.B.), and the Pediatric Immunology-Hematology Unit (J.-L.C.), Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, and the Department of Pathology, Ambroise Paré Hospital, AP-HP, Boulogne-Billancourt (J.-F.E.) - all in France; the Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (A.-L.N.); the Research Branch, Sidra Medicine (M.R., T.K., F.A.A., N. Marr), and the College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University (N. Marr), Doha, Qatar; and the Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland (N. Mansouri)
| | - Seyed Alireza Mahdaviani
- From St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University (S.B.D., D.H., N.H., S.B., F.R., B.B., R.F., E.J., J.B., L.A., S.B.-D., J.-L.C.), the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine (R.B., C.N.), and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (J.-L.C.) - all in New York; the Pediatric Respiratory Diseases Research Center (D.M., S.A.M.), the Department of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases (D.M., N. Mansouri), and the Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center (D.M., M.M.), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; the Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM Unité 1163 (A.-L.N., L.L.-D., E.J., J.B., L.A., S.B.-D., V.B., J.-L.C.), Paris University, Imagine Institute (A.-L.N., L.L.-D., E.J., J.B., L.A., S.B.-D., V.B., J.-L.C.), and the Study Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (J.B.), and the Pediatric Immunology-Hematology Unit (J.-L.C.), Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, and the Department of Pathology, Ambroise Paré Hospital, AP-HP, Boulogne-Billancourt (J.-F.E.) - all in France; the Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (A.-L.N.); the Research Branch, Sidra Medicine (M.R., T.K., F.A.A., N. Marr), and the College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University (N. Marr), Doha, Qatar; and the Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland (N. Mansouri)
| | - Anna-Lena Neehus
- From St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University (S.B.D., D.H., N.H., S.B., F.R., B.B., R.F., E.J., J.B., L.A., S.B.-D., J.-L.C.), the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine (R.B., C.N.), and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (J.-L.C.) - all in New York; the Pediatric Respiratory Diseases Research Center (D.M., S.A.M.), the Department of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases (D.M., N. Mansouri), and the Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center (D.M., M.M.), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; the Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM Unité 1163 (A.-L.N., L.L.-D., E.J., J.B., L.A., S.B.-D., V.B., J.-L.C.), Paris University, Imagine Institute (A.-L.N., L.L.-D., E.J., J.B., L.A., S.B.-D., V.B., J.-L.C.), and the Study Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (J.B.), and the Pediatric Immunology-Hematology Unit (J.-L.C.), Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, and the Department of Pathology, Ambroise Paré Hospital, AP-HP, Boulogne-Billancourt (J.-F.E.) - all in France; the Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (A.-L.N.); the Research Branch, Sidra Medicine (M.R., T.K., F.A.A., N. Marr), and the College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University (N. Marr), Doha, Qatar; and the Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland (N. Mansouri)
| | - David Hum
- From St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University (S.B.D., D.H., N.H., S.B., F.R., B.B., R.F., E.J., J.B., L.A., S.B.-D., J.-L.C.), the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine (R.B., C.N.), and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (J.-L.C.) - all in New York; the Pediatric Respiratory Diseases Research Center (D.M., S.A.M.), the Department of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases (D.M., N. Mansouri), and the Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center (D.M., M.M.), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; the Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM Unité 1163 (A.-L.N., L.L.-D., E.J., J.B., L.A., S.B.-D., V.B., J.-L.C.), Paris University, Imagine Institute (A.-L.N., L.L.-D., E.J., J.B., L.A., S.B.-D., V.B., J.-L.C.), and the Study Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (J.B.), and the Pediatric Immunology-Hematology Unit (J.-L.C.), Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, and the Department of Pathology, Ambroise Paré Hospital, AP-HP, Boulogne-Billancourt (J.-F.E.) - all in France; the Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (A.-L.N.); the Research Branch, Sidra Medicine (M.R., T.K., F.A.A., N. Marr), and the College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University (N. Marr), Doha, Qatar; and the Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland (N. Mansouri)
| | - Ruslana Bryk
- From St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University (S.B.D., D.H., N.H., S.B., F.R., B.B., R.F., E.J., J.B., L.A., S.B.-D., J.-L.C.), the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine (R.B., C.N.), and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (J.-L.C.) - all in New York; the Pediatric Respiratory Diseases Research Center (D.M., S.A.M.), the Department of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases (D.M., N. Mansouri), and the Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center (D.M., M.M.), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; the Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM Unité 1163 (A.-L.N., L.L.-D., E.J., J.B., L.A., S.B.-D., V.B., J.-L.C.), Paris University, Imagine Institute (A.-L.N., L.L.-D., E.J., J.B., L.A., S.B.-D., V.B., J.-L.C.), and the Study Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (J.B.), and the Pediatric Immunology-Hematology Unit (J.-L.C.), Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, and the Department of Pathology, Ambroise Paré Hospital, AP-HP, Boulogne-Billancourt (J.-F.E.) - all in France; the Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (A.-L.N.); the Research Branch, Sidra Medicine (M.R., T.K., F.A.A., N. Marr), and the College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University (N. Marr), Doha, Qatar; and the Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland (N. Mansouri)
| | - Nicholas Hernandez
- From St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University (S.B.D., D.H., N.H., S.B., F.R., B.B., R.F., E.J., J.B., L.A., S.B.-D., J.-L.C.), the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine (R.B., C.N.), and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (J.-L.C.) - all in New York; the Pediatric Respiratory Diseases Research Center (D.M., S.A.M.), the Department of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases (D.M., N. Mansouri), and the Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center (D.M., M.M.), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; the Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM Unité 1163 (A.-L.N., L.L.-D., E.J., J.B., L.A., S.B.-D., V.B., J.-L.C.), Paris University, Imagine Institute (A.-L.N., L.L.-D., E.J., J.B., L.A., S.B.-D., V.B., J.-L.C.), and the Study Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (J.B.), and the Pediatric Immunology-Hematology Unit (J.-L.C.), Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, and the Department of Pathology, Ambroise Paré Hospital, AP-HP, Boulogne-Billancourt (J.-F.E.) - all in France; the Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (A.-L.N.); the Research Branch, Sidra Medicine (M.R., T.K., F.A.A., N. Marr), and the College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University (N. Marr), Doha, Qatar; and the Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland (N. Mansouri)
| | - Serkan Belkaya
- From St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University (S.B.D., D.H., N.H., S.B., F.R., B.B., R.F., E.J., J.B., L.A., S.B.-D., J.-L.C.), the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine (R.B., C.N.), and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (J.-L.C.) - all in New York; the Pediatric Respiratory Diseases Research Center (D.M., S.A.M.), the Department of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases (D.M., N. Mansouri), and the Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center (D.M., M.M.), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; the Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM Unité 1163 (A.-L.N., L.L.-D., E.J., J.B., L.A., S.B.-D., V.B., J.-L.C.), Paris University, Imagine Institute (A.-L.N., L.L.-D., E.J., J.B., L.A., S.B.-D., V.B., J.-L.C.), and the Study Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (J.B.), and the Pediatric Immunology-Hematology Unit (J.-L.C.), Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, and the Department of Pathology, Ambroise Paré Hospital, AP-HP, Boulogne-Billancourt (J.-F.E.) - all in France; the Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (A.-L.N.); the Research Branch, Sidra Medicine (M.R., T.K., F.A.A., N. Marr), and the College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University (N. Marr), Doha, Qatar; and the Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland (N. Mansouri)
| | - Franck Rapaport
- From St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University (S.B.D., D.H., N.H., S.B., F.R., B.B., R.F., E.J., J.B., L.A., S.B.-D., J.-L.C.), the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine (R.B., C.N.), and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (J.-L.C.) - all in New York; the Pediatric Respiratory Diseases Research Center (D.M., S.A.M.), the Department of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases (D.M., N. Mansouri), and the Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center (D.M., M.M.), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; the Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM Unité 1163 (A.-L.N., L.L.-D., E.J., J.B., L.A., S.B.-D., V.B., J.-L.C.), Paris University, Imagine Institute (A.-L.N., L.L.-D., E.J., J.B., L.A., S.B.-D., V.B., J.-L.C.), and the Study Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (J.B.), and the Pediatric Immunology-Hematology Unit (J.-L.C.), Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, and the Department of Pathology, Ambroise Paré Hospital, AP-HP, Boulogne-Billancourt (J.-F.E.) - all in France; the Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (A.-L.N.); the Research Branch, Sidra Medicine (M.R., T.K., F.A.A., N. Marr), and the College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University (N. Marr), Doha, Qatar; and the Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland (N. Mansouri)
| | - Benedetta Bigio
- From St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University (S.B.D., D.H., N.H., S.B., F.R., B.B., R.F., E.J., J.B., L.A., S.B.-D., J.-L.C.), the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine (R.B., C.N.), and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (J.-L.C.) - all in New York; the Pediatric Respiratory Diseases Research Center (D.M., S.A.M.), the Department of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases (D.M., N. Mansouri), and the Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center (D.M., M.M.), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; the Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM Unité 1163 (A.-L.N., L.L.-D., E.J., J.B., L.A., S.B.-D., V.B., J.-L.C.), Paris University, Imagine Institute (A.-L.N., L.L.-D., E.J., J.B., L.A., S.B.-D., V.B., J.-L.C.), and the Study Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (J.B.), and the Pediatric Immunology-Hematology Unit (J.-L.C.), Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, and the Department of Pathology, Ambroise Paré Hospital, AP-HP, Boulogne-Billancourt (J.-F.E.) - all in France; the Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (A.-L.N.); the Research Branch, Sidra Medicine (M.R., T.K., F.A.A., N. Marr), and the College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University (N. Marr), Doha, Qatar; and the Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland (N. Mansouri)
| | - Robert Fisch
- From St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University (S.B.D., D.H., N.H., S.B., F.R., B.B., R.F., E.J., J.B., L.A., S.B.-D., J.-L.C.), the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine (R.B., C.N.), and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (J.-L.C.) - all in New York; the Pediatric Respiratory Diseases Research Center (D.M., S.A.M.), the Department of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases (D.M., N. Mansouri), and the Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center (D.M., M.M.), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; the Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM Unité 1163 (A.-L.N., L.L.-D., E.J., J.B., L.A., S.B.-D., V.B., J.-L.C.), Paris University, Imagine Institute (A.-L.N., L.L.-D., E.J., J.B., L.A., S.B.-D., V.B., J.-L.C.), and the Study Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (J.B.), and the Pediatric Immunology-Hematology Unit (J.-L.C.), Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, and the Department of Pathology, Ambroise Paré Hospital, AP-HP, Boulogne-Billancourt (J.-F.E.) - all in France; the Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (A.-L.N.); the Research Branch, Sidra Medicine (M.R., T.K., F.A.A., N. Marr), and the College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University (N. Marr), Doha, Qatar; and the Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland (N. Mansouri)
| | - Mahbuba Rahman
- From St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University (S.B.D., D.H., N.H., S.B., F.R., B.B., R.F., E.J., J.B., L.A., S.B.-D., J.-L.C.), the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine (R.B., C.N.), and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (J.-L.C.) - all in New York; the Pediatric Respiratory Diseases Research Center (D.M., S.A.M.), the Department of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases (D.M., N. Mansouri), and the Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center (D.M., M.M.), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; the Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM Unité 1163 (A.-L.N., L.L.-D., E.J., J.B., L.A., S.B.-D., V.B., J.-L.C.), Paris University, Imagine Institute (A.-L.N., L.L.-D., E.J., J.B., L.A., S.B.-D., V.B., J.-L.C.), and the Study Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (J.B.), and the Pediatric Immunology-Hematology Unit (J.-L.C.), Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, and the Department of Pathology, Ambroise Paré Hospital, AP-HP, Boulogne-Billancourt (J.-F.E.) - all in France; the Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (A.-L.N.); the Research Branch, Sidra Medicine (M.R., T.K., F.A.A., N. Marr), and the College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University (N. Marr), Doha, Qatar; and the Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland (N. Mansouri)
| | - Taushif Khan
- From St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University (S.B.D., D.H., N.H., S.B., F.R., B.B., R.F., E.J., J.B., L.A., S.B.-D., J.-L.C.), the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine (R.B., C.N.), and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (J.-L.C.) - all in New York; the Pediatric Respiratory Diseases Research Center (D.M., S.A.M.), the Department of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases (D.M., N. Mansouri), and the Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center (D.M., M.M.), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; the Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM Unité 1163 (A.-L.N., L.L.-D., E.J., J.B., L.A., S.B.-D., V.B., J.-L.C.), Paris University, Imagine Institute (A.-L.N., L.L.-D., E.J., J.B., L.A., S.B.-D., V.B., J.-L.C.), and the Study Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (J.B.), and the Pediatric Immunology-Hematology Unit (J.-L.C.), Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, and the Department of Pathology, Ambroise Paré Hospital, AP-HP, Boulogne-Billancourt (J.-F.E.) - all in France; the Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (A.-L.N.); the Research Branch, Sidra Medicine (M.R., T.K., F.A.A., N. Marr), and the College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University (N. Marr), Doha, Qatar; and the Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland (N. Mansouri)
| | - Fatima Al Ali
- From St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University (S.B.D., D.H., N.H., S.B., F.R., B.B., R.F., E.J., J.B., L.A., S.B.-D., J.-L.C.), the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine (R.B., C.N.), and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (J.-L.C.) - all in New York; the Pediatric Respiratory Diseases Research Center (D.M., S.A.M.), the Department of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases (D.M., N. Mansouri), and the Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center (D.M., M.M.), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; the Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM Unité 1163 (A.-L.N., L.L.-D., E.J., J.B., L.A., S.B.-D., V.B., J.-L.C.), Paris University, Imagine Institute (A.-L.N., L.L.-D., E.J., J.B., L.A., S.B.-D., V.B., J.-L.C.), and the Study Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (J.B.), and the Pediatric Immunology-Hematology Unit (J.-L.C.), Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, and the Department of Pathology, Ambroise Paré Hospital, AP-HP, Boulogne-Billancourt (J.-F.E.) - all in France; the Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (A.-L.N.); the Research Branch, Sidra Medicine (M.R., T.K., F.A.A., N. Marr), and the College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University (N. Marr), Doha, Qatar; and the Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland (N. Mansouri)
| | - Majid Marjani
- From St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University (S.B.D., D.H., N.H., S.B., F.R., B.B., R.F., E.J., J.B., L.A., S.B.-D., J.-L.C.), the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine (R.B., C.N.), and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (J.-L.C.) - all in New York; the Pediatric Respiratory Diseases Research Center (D.M., S.A.M.), the Department of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases (D.M., N. Mansouri), and the Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center (D.M., M.M.), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; the Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM Unité 1163 (A.-L.N., L.L.-D., E.J., J.B., L.A., S.B.-D., V.B., J.-L.C.), Paris University, Imagine Institute (A.-L.N., L.L.-D., E.J., J.B., L.A., S.B.-D., V.B., J.-L.C.), and the Study Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (J.B.), and the Pediatric Immunology-Hematology Unit (J.-L.C.), Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, and the Department of Pathology, Ambroise Paré Hospital, AP-HP, Boulogne-Billancourt (J.-F.E.) - all in France; the Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (A.-L.N.); the Research Branch, Sidra Medicine (M.R., T.K., F.A.A., N. Marr), and the College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University (N. Marr), Doha, Qatar; and the Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland (N. Mansouri)
| | - Nahal Mansouri
- From St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University (S.B.D., D.H., N.H., S.B., F.R., B.B., R.F., E.J., J.B., L.A., S.B.-D., J.-L.C.), the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine (R.B., C.N.), and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (J.-L.C.) - all in New York; the Pediatric Respiratory Diseases Research Center (D.M., S.A.M.), the Department of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases (D.M., N. Mansouri), and the Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center (D.M., M.M.), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; the Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM Unité 1163 (A.-L.N., L.L.-D., E.J., J.B., L.A., S.B.-D., V.B., J.-L.C.), Paris University, Imagine Institute (A.-L.N., L.L.-D., E.J., J.B., L.A., S.B.-D., V.B., J.-L.C.), and the Study Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (J.B.), and the Pediatric Immunology-Hematology Unit (J.-L.C.), Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, and the Department of Pathology, Ambroise Paré Hospital, AP-HP, Boulogne-Billancourt (J.-F.E.) - all in France; the Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (A.-L.N.); the Research Branch, Sidra Medicine (M.R., T.K., F.A.A., N. Marr), and the College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University (N. Marr), Doha, Qatar; and the Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland (N. Mansouri)
| | - Lazaro Lorenzo-Diaz
- From St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University (S.B.D., D.H., N.H., S.B., F.R., B.B., R.F., E.J., J.B., L.A., S.B.-D., J.-L.C.), the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine (R.B., C.N.), and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (J.-L.C.) - all in New York; the Pediatric Respiratory Diseases Research Center (D.M., S.A.M.), the Department of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases (D.M., N. Mansouri), and the Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center (D.M., M.M.), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; the Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM Unité 1163 (A.-L.N., L.L.-D., E.J., J.B., L.A., S.B.-D., V.B., J.-L.C.), Paris University, Imagine Institute (A.-L.N., L.L.-D., E.J., J.B., L.A., S.B.-D., V.B., J.-L.C.), and the Study Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (J.B.), and the Pediatric Immunology-Hematology Unit (J.-L.C.), Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, and the Department of Pathology, Ambroise Paré Hospital, AP-HP, Boulogne-Billancourt (J.-F.E.) - all in France; the Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (A.-L.N.); the Research Branch, Sidra Medicine (M.R., T.K., F.A.A., N. Marr), and the College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University (N. Marr), Doha, Qatar; and the Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland (N. Mansouri)
| | - Jean-François Emile
- From St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University (S.B.D., D.H., N.H., S.B., F.R., B.B., R.F., E.J., J.B., L.A., S.B.-D., J.-L.C.), the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine (R.B., C.N.), and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (J.-L.C.) - all in New York; the Pediatric Respiratory Diseases Research Center (D.M., S.A.M.), the Department of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases (D.M., N. Mansouri), and the Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center (D.M., M.M.), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; the Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM Unité 1163 (A.-L.N., L.L.-D., E.J., J.B., L.A., S.B.-D., V.B., J.-L.C.), Paris University, Imagine Institute (A.-L.N., L.L.-D., E.J., J.B., L.A., S.B.-D., V.B., J.-L.C.), and the Study Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (J.B.), and the Pediatric Immunology-Hematology Unit (J.-L.C.), Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, and the Department of Pathology, Ambroise Paré Hospital, AP-HP, Boulogne-Billancourt (J.-F.E.) - all in France; the Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (A.-L.N.); the Research Branch, Sidra Medicine (M.R., T.K., F.A.A., N. Marr), and the College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University (N. Marr), Doha, Qatar; and the Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland (N. Mansouri)
| | - Nico Marr
- From St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University (S.B.D., D.H., N.H., S.B., F.R., B.B., R.F., E.J., J.B., L.A., S.B.-D., J.-L.C.), the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine (R.B., C.N.), and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (J.-L.C.) - all in New York; the Pediatric Respiratory Diseases Research Center (D.M., S.A.M.), the Department of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases (D.M., N. Mansouri), and the Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center (D.M., M.M.), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; the Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM Unité 1163 (A.-L.N., L.L.-D., E.J., J.B., L.A., S.B.-D., V.B., J.-L.C.), Paris University, Imagine Institute (A.-L.N., L.L.-D., E.J., J.B., L.A., S.B.-D., V.B., J.-L.C.), and the Study Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (J.B.), and the Pediatric Immunology-Hematology Unit (J.-L.C.), Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, and the Department of Pathology, Ambroise Paré Hospital, AP-HP, Boulogne-Billancourt (J.-F.E.) - all in France; the Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (A.-L.N.); the Research Branch, Sidra Medicine (M.R., T.K., F.A.A., N. Marr), and the College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University (N. Marr), Doha, Qatar; and the Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland (N. Mansouri)
| | - Emmanuelle Jouanguy
- From St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University (S.B.D., D.H., N.H., S.B., F.R., B.B., R.F., E.J., J.B., L.A., S.B.-D., J.-L.C.), the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine (R.B., C.N.), and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (J.-L.C.) - all in New York; the Pediatric Respiratory Diseases Research Center (D.M., S.A.M.), the Department of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases (D.M., N. Mansouri), and the Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center (D.M., M.M.), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; the Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM Unité 1163 (A.-L.N., L.L.-D., E.J., J.B., L.A., S.B.-D., V.B., J.-L.C.), Paris University, Imagine Institute (A.-L.N., L.L.-D., E.J., J.B., L.A., S.B.-D., V.B., J.-L.C.), and the Study Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (J.B.), and the Pediatric Immunology-Hematology Unit (J.-L.C.), Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, and the Department of Pathology, Ambroise Paré Hospital, AP-HP, Boulogne-Billancourt (J.-F.E.) - all in France; the Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (A.-L.N.); the Research Branch, Sidra Medicine (M.R., T.K., F.A.A., N. Marr), and the College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University (N. Marr), Doha, Qatar; and the Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland (N. Mansouri)
| | - Jacinta Bustamante
- From St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University (S.B.D., D.H., N.H., S.B., F.R., B.B., R.F., E.J., J.B., L.A., S.B.-D., J.-L.C.), the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine (R.B., C.N.), and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (J.-L.C.) - all in New York; the Pediatric Respiratory Diseases Research Center (D.M., S.A.M.), the Department of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases (D.M., N. Mansouri), and the Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center (D.M., M.M.), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; the Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM Unité 1163 (A.-L.N., L.L.-D., E.J., J.B., L.A., S.B.-D., V.B., J.-L.C.), Paris University, Imagine Institute (A.-L.N., L.L.-D., E.J., J.B., L.A., S.B.-D., V.B., J.-L.C.), and the Study Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (J.B.), and the Pediatric Immunology-Hematology Unit (J.-L.C.), Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, and the Department of Pathology, Ambroise Paré Hospital, AP-HP, Boulogne-Billancourt (J.-F.E.) - all in France; the Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (A.-L.N.); the Research Branch, Sidra Medicine (M.R., T.K., F.A.A., N. Marr), and the College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University (N. Marr), Doha, Qatar; and the Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland (N. Mansouri)
| | - Laurent Abel
- From St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University (S.B.D., D.H., N.H., S.B., F.R., B.B., R.F., E.J., J.B., L.A., S.B.-D., J.-L.C.), the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine (R.B., C.N.), and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (J.-L.C.) - all in New York; the Pediatric Respiratory Diseases Research Center (D.M., S.A.M.), the Department of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases (D.M., N. Mansouri), and the Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center (D.M., M.M.), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; the Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM Unité 1163 (A.-L.N., L.L.-D., E.J., J.B., L.A., S.B.-D., V.B., J.-L.C.), Paris University, Imagine Institute (A.-L.N., L.L.-D., E.J., J.B., L.A., S.B.-D., V.B., J.-L.C.), and the Study Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (J.B.), and the Pediatric Immunology-Hematology Unit (J.-L.C.), Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, and the Department of Pathology, Ambroise Paré Hospital, AP-HP, Boulogne-Billancourt (J.-F.E.) - all in France; the Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (A.-L.N.); the Research Branch, Sidra Medicine (M.R., T.K., F.A.A., N. Marr), and the College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University (N. Marr), Doha, Qatar; and the Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland (N. Mansouri)
| | - Stéphanie Boisson-Dupuis
- From St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University (S.B.D., D.H., N.H., S.B., F.R., B.B., R.F., E.J., J.B., L.A., S.B.-D., J.-L.C.), the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine (R.B., C.N.), and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (J.-L.C.) - all in New York; the Pediatric Respiratory Diseases Research Center (D.M., S.A.M.), the Department of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases (D.M., N. Mansouri), and the Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center (D.M., M.M.), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; the Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM Unité 1163 (A.-L.N., L.L.-D., E.J., J.B., L.A., S.B.-D., V.B., J.-L.C.), Paris University, Imagine Institute (A.-L.N., L.L.-D., E.J., J.B., L.A., S.B.-D., V.B., J.-L.C.), and the Study Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (J.B.), and the Pediatric Immunology-Hematology Unit (J.-L.C.), Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, and the Department of Pathology, Ambroise Paré Hospital, AP-HP, Boulogne-Billancourt (J.-F.E.) - all in France; the Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (A.-L.N.); the Research Branch, Sidra Medicine (M.R., T.K., F.A.A., N. Marr), and the College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University (N. Marr), Doha, Qatar; and the Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland (N. Mansouri)
| | - Vivien Béziat
- From St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University (S.B.D., D.H., N.H., S.B., F.R., B.B., R.F., E.J., J.B., L.A., S.B.-D., J.-L.C.), the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine (R.B., C.N.), and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (J.-L.C.) - all in New York; the Pediatric Respiratory Diseases Research Center (D.M., S.A.M.), the Department of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases (D.M., N. Mansouri), and the Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center (D.M., M.M.), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; the Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM Unité 1163 (A.-L.N., L.L.-D., E.J., J.B., L.A., S.B.-D., V.B., J.-L.C.), Paris University, Imagine Institute (A.-L.N., L.L.-D., E.J., J.B., L.A., S.B.-D., V.B., J.-L.C.), and the Study Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (J.B.), and the Pediatric Immunology-Hematology Unit (J.-L.C.), Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, and the Department of Pathology, Ambroise Paré Hospital, AP-HP, Boulogne-Billancourt (J.-F.E.) - all in France; the Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (A.-L.N.); the Research Branch, Sidra Medicine (M.R., T.K., F.A.A., N. Marr), and the College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University (N. Marr), Doha, Qatar; and the Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland (N. Mansouri)
| | - Carl Nathan
- From St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University (S.B.D., D.H., N.H., S.B., F.R., B.B., R.F., E.J., J.B., L.A., S.B.-D., J.-L.C.), the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine (R.B., C.N.), and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (J.-L.C.) - all in New York; the Pediatric Respiratory Diseases Research Center (D.M., S.A.M.), the Department of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases (D.M., N. Mansouri), and the Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center (D.M., M.M.), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; the Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM Unité 1163 (A.-L.N., L.L.-D., E.J., J.B., L.A., S.B.-D., V.B., J.-L.C.), Paris University, Imagine Institute (A.-L.N., L.L.-D., E.J., J.B., L.A., S.B.-D., V.B., J.-L.C.), and the Study Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (J.B.), and the Pediatric Immunology-Hematology Unit (J.-L.C.), Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, and the Department of Pathology, Ambroise Paré Hospital, AP-HP, Boulogne-Billancourt (J.-F.E.) - all in France; the Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (A.-L.N.); the Research Branch, Sidra Medicine (M.R., T.K., F.A.A., N. Marr), and the College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University (N. Marr), Doha, Qatar; and the Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland (N. Mansouri)
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- From St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University (S.B.D., D.H., N.H., S.B., F.R., B.B., R.F., E.J., J.B., L.A., S.B.-D., J.-L.C.), the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine (R.B., C.N.), and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (J.-L.C.) - all in New York; the Pediatric Respiratory Diseases Research Center (D.M., S.A.M.), the Department of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases (D.M., N. Mansouri), and the Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center (D.M., M.M.), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; the Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM Unité 1163 (A.-L.N., L.L.-D., E.J., J.B., L.A., S.B.-D., V.B., J.-L.C.), Paris University, Imagine Institute (A.-L.N., L.L.-D., E.J., J.B., L.A., S.B.-D., V.B., J.-L.C.), and the Study Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (J.B.), and the Pediatric Immunology-Hematology Unit (J.-L.C.), Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, and the Department of Pathology, Ambroise Paré Hospital, AP-HP, Boulogne-Billancourt (J.-F.E.) - all in France; the Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (A.-L.N.); the Research Branch, Sidra Medicine (M.R., T.K., F.A.A., N. Marr), and the College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University (N. Marr), Doha, Qatar; and the Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland (N. Mansouri)
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