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Stefanutti D, Tonin G, Morelli G, Zampieri RM, La Rocca N, Ricci R. Oral Palatability and Owners' Perception of the Effect of Increasing Amounts of Spirulina ( Arthrospira platensis) in the Diet of a Cohort of Healthy Dogs and Cats. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1275. [PMID: 37106838 PMCID: PMC10135035 DOI: 10.3390/ani13081275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The nutraceutical supplementation of Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) in dogs and cats has not yet been investigated. The aim of this study was to evaluate if the dietary supplementation of increasing amounts of Spirulina for 6 weeks is palatable to pets and to assess the owner's perception of such supplementation. The owners of the 60 dogs and 30 cats that participated in this study were instructed to daily provide Spirulina tablets starting with a daily amount of 0.4 g, 0.8 g, and 1.2 g for cats as well as small dogs, medium dogs, and large dogs, respectively, and allowing a dose escalation of 2× and 3× every 2 weeks. The daily amount (g/kg BW) of Spirulina ranged from 0.08 to 0.25 for cats, from 0.06 to 0.19 for small-sized dogs, from 0.05 to 0.15 for medium-sized dogs, and from 0.04 to 0.12 for large-sized dogs. Each owner completed a questionnaire at the time of recruitment and the end of each 2-week period. No significant effect on the fecal score, defecation frequency, vomiting, scratching, lacrimation, general health status, and behavioral attitudes was detected by the owners' reported evaluations. Most animals accepted Spirulina tablets either administrated alone or mixed with food in the bowl. Daily supplementation of Spirulina for 6 weeks in the amounts provided in this study is therefore palatable and well tolerated by dogs and cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Stefanutti
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Gloria Tonin
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Giada Morelli
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | | | - Nicoletta La Rocca
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/b, 35151 Padova, PD, Italy
| | - Rebecca Ricci
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
- Vetekipp S.r.l., via del Cristo 326, 35127 Padova, PD, Italy
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Kolluri G, Marappan G, Yadav AS, Kumar A, Mariappan AK, Tyagi JS, Rokade JJ, Govinthasamy P. Effects of Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) as a drinking water supplement during cyclical chronic heat stress on broiler chickens: Assessing algal composition, production, stress, health and immune-biochemical indices. J Therm Biol 2022; 103:103100. [PMID: 35027195 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.103100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Spirulina, the blue green algae is considered to exhibit multifaceted benefits on both human health and animal production. Three hundred sixty day old unsexed broiler chicks of CARIBROVISHAL strain were assigned to five treatment groups each comprising nine replicates of 8 chicks. The experiment was carried out during the hot humid summer season (Mid-April to May) under deep litter rearing system with uniform managemental conditions. Birds were administered orally with Spirulina through drinking water in the morning (06:00-12:00 PM) on daily basis throughout the experimental period at 5, 10, 15 and 20 gL-1 concentration. Spirulina supplementation neither improved nor compromised production performance of broilers reared during hot climatic condition. Results based on one way analysis of variance indicated a significant effect on haemoglobin and total red blood cell count. Serum lipid content and transaminases were reduced, while serum protein concentration was higher (P < 0.01) in the groups administered with 15 and 20 gL-1 of Spirulina. The extent of imparting shank pigmentation was improved in all the supplemented groups. Cell mediated and humoral immunity against Phytoheamagglutunin-P and Newcastle disease vaccination respectively were maximized (P < 0.05) at 20 gL-1. These findings provide direct evidence of dose-related modulation of production, physiological and immunological attributes by Spirulina engendering its further investigation as a potential source of drinking water supplement for stress alleviation in broilers. From the results, it may concluded that Spirulina can be incorporated at 15 or 20 gL-1 for achieving optimal improvement of health and welfare attributes in broilers reared during hot summer without compromising production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautham Kolluri
- Avian Medicine Section, ICAR-Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122, U.P, India; Division of Avian Physiology and Reproduction, ICAR-Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122, U.P, India.
| | - Gopi Marappan
- Division of Avian Physiology and Reproduction, ICAR-Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122, U.P, India
| | - Ajit Singh Yadav
- Avian Medicine Section, ICAR-Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122, U.P, India
| | - Akhilesh Kumar
- Division of Medicine, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122, U.P, India
| | - Asok Kumar Mariappan
- Avian Disease Section, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122, U.P, India
| | - Jagbir Singh Tyagi
- Division of Avian Physiology and Reproduction, ICAR-Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122, U.P, India
| | - Jaydip Jaywant Rokade
- Experimental Broiler Farm, ICAR-Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122, U.P, India
| | - Prabakar Govinthasamy
- Division of Avian Physiology and Reproduction, ICAR-Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122, U.P, India
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Matveev O, Torshkov A, Vishnevskaya T, Bilzhanova G, Galkieva Z. Influence of Spirulina platensis biomass in compound feed composition on the dynamics of morphological parameters of broiler chickens’ blood. BIO WEB OF CONFERENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1051/bioconf/20225106005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The article presents data on the dynamics of morphological parameters of broiler chickens’ blood when spirulina biomass is introduced into the diet in the amount of 5 g/kg of compound feed. The use of spirulina biomass as part of the compound feed led to an increase in the number of erythrocytes, hematocrit, leukocytes, hemoglobin concentration in the birds’ blood of the experimental group during the experiment. The number and % content of agranulocytes, granulocytes, platelets, the average volume of erythrocytes and the average concentration of corpuscular hemoglobin in birds’ erythrocytes of the experimental group is characterized by uneven changes. Hematological studies revealed that in the birds’ blood of the experimental group by 42 days age, there was an increase in the number of neutrophils, basophils, platelets and an increase in the proportion of % of the content of neutrophils and basophils, and the number of lymphocytes, eosinophils and the proportion of their % content decreased.
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Satyaraj E, Reynolds A, Engler R, Labuda J, Sun P. Supplementation of Diets With Spirulina Influences Immune and Gut Function in Dogs. Front Nutr 2021; 8:667072. [PMID: 34124121 PMCID: PMC8192834 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.667072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Spirulina refers to two species of blue green algae (Arthrospira platensis, and A. maxima) consumed by humans as food for centuries. While, Spirulina has been shown to have immune enhancing properties in several animal and human studies, there are no systematic studies in dogs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the immunomodulatory effect of dietary supplementation with Spirulina in dogs. The study was conducted in two phases: Pre-test (8 wks.) and Test (42 wks.). Thirty adult dogs (mean 2.9 yrs.) were randomized into two groups and fed a nutritionally complete diet in the “Pre-test” phase. At the end of “Pre-test” phase all dogs received a rabies vaccine, and dogs in “test group” were switched to diet supplemented with dried Arthrospira platensis (Spirulina). Response to rabies vaccine was evaluated by Rapid Fluorescent Focus Inhibition Test (RFFIT). Gut immune response was assessed by measuring fecal IgA. Gut microbiota was evaluated by Temporal Temperature Gel Electrophoresis (TTGE) methodology. Repeated measures ANOVA was used to test for differences between groups and statistical significance considered to be p < 0.05. Dogs fed diets supplemented with Spirulina demonstrated enhanced immune status by showing significantly higher vaccine response and higher levels of fecal IgA as compared to the control group. Supplementing diets with Spirulina also resulted in significantly increased gut microbiota stability in the test group. In conclusion, diets supplemented with Spirulina significantly enhanced immune response and gut health in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebenezer Satyaraj
- Nestlé Purina Research, One Checkerboard Square, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Arleigh Reynolds
- Nestlé Purina Research, One Checkerboard Square, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Robyn Engler
- Nestlé Purina Research, One Checkerboard Square, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Jeff Labuda
- Nestlé Purina Research, One Checkerboard Square, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Peichuan Sun
- Nestlé Purina Research, One Checkerboard Square, St. Louis, MO, United States
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Keller M, Manzocchi E, Rentsch D, Lugarà R, Giller K. Antioxidant and Inflammatory Gene Expression Profiles of Bovine Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells in Response to Arthrospira platensis before and after LPS Challenge. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10050814. [PMID: 34065248 PMCID: PMC8161185 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10050814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress and inflammatory diseases are closely related processes that need to be controlled to ensure the desirable high performance of livestock. The microalga spirulina has shown antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties in monogastric species. To investigate potential beneficial effects in ruminants, we replaced soybean meal (SOY) in the diets of dairy cows and fattening bulls by spirulina (SPI) and analyzed plasma concentrations of antioxidants (β-carotene, α-tocopherol, polyphenols) and serum total antioxidant capacity. Following in vitro stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated for expression analysis of inflammation- and antioxidant-defense-related genes. Plasma β-carotene concentration was higher in SPI, compared to SOY cows, but did not differ in bulls. Plasma total phenol concentration was significantly higher in SPI, compared to SOY bulls, but not in cows. Stimulation of bovine PBMCs with LPS increased the expression of most cytokines and some antioxidant enzymes. Gene expression of PBMCs derived from SPI animals, compared to SOY animals, hardly differed. Our results indicate that in ruminants, spirulina might not have potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Future studies should evaluate the microbial degradation of spirulina and its bioactive compounds in the rumen to provide further data on potential beneficial health effects in ruminants.
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Ratha SK, Renuka N, Rawat I, Bux F. Prospective options of algae-derived nutraceuticals as supplements to combat COVID-19 and human coronavirus diseases. Nutrition 2020; 83:111089. [PMID: 33412367 PMCID: PMC7680017 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2020.111089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak of the coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 that has created huge trepidation worldwide, has a mortality rate of 0.5% to 1% and is growing incessantly. There are currently no therapies and/or vaccines that may help abate this viral disease, but the use of masks and social distancing can limit the spread. Boosting immunity has been a simple way to resist viral infection and limit fatalities. In this context, the use of nutraceuticals appears to be a potential panacea. The ability of algae-based nutraceuticals, mainly Spirulina, to boost immunity against viral diseases has already been reported clinically. Spirulina-based nutraceuticals boost the adaptive and innate immunity, and bioactive compounds, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor peptides, phycobiliproteins, sulfated polysaccharides, and calcium-Spirulan, can serve as antiviral agents. The presence of these molecules indicates its potential role in resisting infection and COVID-19 disease progression. This review focuses on the potential role of algal nutraceuticals as immune boosters to combat the human coronavirus and other viral diseases. The potential use of Spirulina-based nutraceuticals for combating COVID-19, its mechanism, and future directions have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachitra K Ratha
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
| | - Nirmal Renuka
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
| | - Ismail Rawat
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
| | - Faizal Bux
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa.
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Immunostimulatory Effects of Polysaccharides from Spirulina platensis In Vivo and Vitro and Their Activation Mechanism on RAW246.7 Macrophages. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18110538. [PMID: 33126624 PMCID: PMC7692637 DOI: 10.3390/md18110538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, Spirulina platensis (S.p.) polysaccharide (PSP) was obtained by ultrasonic-microwave-assisted extraction (UMAE) and purified by an aqueous two-phase system (ATPS). Two different methods were applied to purified Spirulina platensis (S.p.) polysaccharide (PSP), respectively, due to PSP as a complex multi-component system. Three polysaccharide fractions (PSP-1, PSP-2, and PSP-3) with different acidic groups were obtained after PSP was fractionated by the diethyl aminoethyl (DEAE)-52 cellulose chromatography, and two polysaccharide fractions (PSP-L and PSP-H) with different molecular weight were obtained by ultrafiltration centrifugation. The chemoprotective effects of PSP in cyclophosphamide (Cy) treated mice were investigated. The results showed that PSP could significantly increase spleen and thymus index, peripheral white blood cells (PWBC), and peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL). The in vivo immunostimulatory assays demonstrated that PSP could in dose-dependent increase of TNF-α, IL-10, and IFN-γ production in sera. The in vitro immunostimulatory assays showed that PSP and its fractions (PSPs) could evidently enhance the proliferation of splenocytes and RAW 264.7 cells and increase the productions of nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin 6 (IL-6). PSPs could also enhance phagocytic activity of RAW 264.7 cells. The acidic polysaccharide fractions of PSP-2, PSP-3, and PSP-L with small molecular weight had the higher immunostimulatory activity. Signaling pathway research results indicated that PSP-L activated RAW264.7 cells through MAPKs, NF-κB signaling pathways via TLR4 receptor.
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Liang Y, Bao Y, Gao X, Deng K, An S, Wang Z, Huang X, Liu D, Liu Z, Wang F, Fan Y. Effects of spirulina supplementation on lipid metabolism disorder, oxidative stress caused by high-energy dietary in Hu sheep. Meat Sci 2020; 164:108094. [PMID: 32146297 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2020.108094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of spirulina supplementation in a high-energy (HE) diet on lipid metabolism, oxidative status and immunity in Hu lambs. The lambs were assigned to two groups receiving either a standard diet (ST) or a HE diet. Each group was divided into three subgroups: no spirulina supplementation (control), 1% spirulina supplementation, or 3% spirulina supplementation. The body fat, serum cholesterol, triacylglycerol and oxidative stress increased in lambs fed the HE diet. However, 3% spirulina supplementation in the HE diet reduced above parameters and enhanced antioxidant capacity, including increased SOD activity and T-AOC content in serum and Longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LTL). Additionally, lambs receiving 3% spirulina supplementation showed an improvement in immunity-related parameters, including increased IgG concentration in serum and red and white blood cell counts. In conclusion, 3% spirulina supplementation in HE diet ameliorated lipid metabolic disorder and oxidative stress caused by a HE diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxu Liang
- Institute of Goats and Sheep Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - Yongjin Bao
- Institute of Goats and Sheep Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - Xiaoxiao Gao
- Institute of Goats and Sheep Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - Kaiping Deng
- Institute of Goats and Sheep Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - Shiyu An
- Institute of Goats and Sheep Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - Zhibo Wang
- Institute of Goats and Sheep Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - Xinai Huang
- Jiangsu Agri-animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou 225300, PR China
| | - Dong Liu
- Inner Mongolia Caolv Agricultural Science and Technology Development Co., Ltd, Ordos, Inner Mongolia 016100, PR China
| | - Zhinan Liu
- Inner Mongolia Caolv Agricultural Science and Technology Development Co., Ltd, Ordos, Inner Mongolia 016100, PR China
| | - Feng Wang
- Institute of Goats and Sheep Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China.
| | - Yixuan Fan
- Institute of Goats and Sheep Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China.
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Khafaga AF, El-Sayed YS. Spirulina ameliorates methotrexate hepatotoxicity via antioxidant, immune stimulation, and proinflammatory cytokines and apoptotic proteins modulation. Life Sci 2018; 196:9-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Al-Qahtani WH, Binobead MA. Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antihepatotoxic effects of Spirulina platensis against d-galactosamine induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Saudi J Biol Sci 2018; 26:647-652. [PMID: 31048987 PMCID: PMC6486513 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Spirulina platensis has been advocated as safe food for human use by several investigators. In this study its beneficial dietary effect against liver injuries caused by d-galactosamine (d-GalN) was studied ensuring safety to human health using animal model. Acute hepatotoxicity was induced in Wister rats with d-GalN followed by treatment with butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and with Spirulina aqueous extract at various concentrations. The effect of Spirulina at different concentrations were tried and compared with BHT treatment. The animals treated with d-GalN on subsequent treatment by supplementation with Spirulina (6, 9%) in the diets, led to significant reversal in the levels of the antioxidant enzymes through hepatocytes by suppression of negative effect. Spirulina aqueous extract at 9% resulted in a significant decrease in the levels of alkaline phosphatase and infalmatory markers TNFα, IL6 and IL1β and also decreased TBARS, while it showed an increase in oxidative stress marker such as GR, GSH, GST, SOD, GPX and CAT and total protein when compared to the levels recorded with that group treated with d-GalN. Results also indicated that Spirulina aqueous extract at 9% concentration was equally effective in protecting liver damage as it was observed with BHT. Histological studies on liver treated with d-GalN, BHT and Spirulina aqueous extract showed that S. platensis is effective as diet in providing beneficial protective effect. The results obtained in the present study very clearly indicated the positive beneficial protective effect of Spirulina, when used as diet, on the safety and protection of liver from injuries caused by toxicants.
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Mahmoud MMA, El-Lamie MMM, Kilany OE, Dessouki AA. Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) supplementation improves growth performance, feed utilization, immune response, and relieves oxidative stress in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) challenged with Pseudomonas fluorescens. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 72:291-300. [PMID: 29117593 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
One hundred and eighty Nile tilapia fish were used in eighty-three-day growth trial. Fish were divided into three treatment groups. The first group T0 was given the basal diet without any supplementation and served as the control group. The second group T1 was given the basal diet supplemented by 1% Spirulina. The third group T2 was given the basal diet supplemented by 2% Spirulina. At the end of the growth performance trial, a challenge trial was conducted using virulent strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens. Clinical signs, mortalities, postmortem lesions and histopathological alterations were recorded. Hematological, biochemical, oxidative stress and immunological parameters were measured after challenge with Pseudomonas fluorescens. Growth performance was non significantly improved in tilapia fed the diet with 1% Spirulina supplementation (T1). There were neither signs nor mortalities among fishes belonging to 1% Spirulina challenged group. The results showed that Spirulina has a positive effect on hematological, biochemical parameters, MDA, SOD and CAT at T1 (1% spirulia) rather than T2 (2%spirulia). Moreover, the results indicate that Spirulina 1% enhanced bactericidal, phagocytic and lysozyme activities conferring protection against infection. Our results demonstrated a significant up-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokine (IL-1β and TNF-α) and a down-regulation of anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10). We concluded that 1% Spirulina supplementation significantly improved immunity of Nile tilapia against Pseudomonas fluorescence than 2% Spirulina supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manal M A Mahmoud
- Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Maather M M El-Lamie
- Fish Diseases and Management Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Omnia E Kilany
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt.
| | - Amina A Dessouki
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
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Taufiqurrahmi N, Religia P, Mulyani G, Suryana D, Ichsan, Tanjung FA, Arifin Y. Phycocyanin extraction in Spirulina produced using agricultural waste. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1088/1757-899x/206/1/012097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Pham TX, Park YK, Bae M, Lee JY. The Potential Role of an Endotoxin Tolerance-Like Mechanism for the Anti-Inflammatory Effect ofSpirulina platensisOrganic Extract in Macrophages. J Med Food 2017; 20:201-210. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2016.0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tho X. Pham
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Young-Ki Park
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Minkyung Bae
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Ji-Young Lee
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
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14
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The antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory activities of Spirulina: an overview. Arch Toxicol 2016; 90:1817-40. [PMID: 27259333 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1744-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Spirulina is a species of filamentous cyanobacteria that has long been used as a food supplement. In particular, Spirulina platensis and Spirulina maxima are the most important. Thanks to a high protein and vitamin content, Spirulina is used as a nutraceutical food supplement, although its other potential health benefits have attracted much attention. Oxidative stress and dysfunctional immunity cause many diseases in humans, including atherosclerosis, cardiac hypertrophy, heart failure, and hypertension. Thus, the antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory activities of these microalgae may play an important role in human health. Here, we discuss the antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory activities of Spirulina in both animals and humans, along with the underlying mechanisms. In addition, its commercial and regulatory status in different countries is discussed as well. Spirulina activates cellular antioxidant enzymes, inhibits lipid peroxidation and DNA damage, scavenges free radicals, and increases the activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase. Notably, there appears to be a threshold level above which Spirulina will taper off the antioxidant activity. Clinical trials show that Spirulina prevents skeletal muscle damage under conditions of exercise-induced oxidative stress and can stimulate the production of antibodies and up- or downregulate the expression of cytokine-encoding genes to induce immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory responses. The molecular mechanism(s) by which Spirulina induces these activities is unclear, but phycocyanin and β-carotene are important molecules. Moreover, Spirulina effectively regulates the ERK1/2, JNK, p38, and IκB pathways. This review provides new insight into the potential therapeutic applications of Spirulina and may provide new ideas for future studies.
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Farag MR, Alagawany M, Abd El-Hac ME, Dhama K. Nutritional and Healthical Aspects of Spirulina (Arthrospira) for Poultry, Animals and Human. INT J PHARMACOL 2015. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2016.36.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Consequences of AphanizomenonFlos-aquae(AFA) extract (Stemtech (TM) ) on metabolic profile of patients with type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2015; 14:50. [PMID: 26131436 PMCID: PMC4485343 DOI: 10.1186/s40200-015-0177-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blue- green algae is one of the most nutrient dense foods which is rich in substances that have useful effects on human health. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a water- soluble extract of the cyanophyta Aphanizomenon Flos-aquae (Stemtech (TM) ) as a functional supplement on CD markers, lipid profile, glucose levels as well as its side effects in Iranian patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS During this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial 49 type 2 diabetic patients, aged between 20 and 60 years with a HbA1C ≥ 7.5 %, were allocated. Patients were divided into two groups of placebo and treated with an equal ratio 1:1. The subjects in StemtechTM group received one capsule of StemFlo (508 mg) before breakfast and two capsules of StemEnhance (500 mg) after each meal for a period of 12 weeks, and placebo group was instructed to take placebo with the same pattern. During the intervention period, subjects were asked to keep usual diet and prohibited to take any functional foods or dietary supplements. Metabolic panel has been measured as the primary outcome of study at the beginning and end of the intervention period via blood sampling. RESULTS Stemtech (TM) supplementation for 12 weeks decreased fasting blood glucose (FBG) and Glycatedhemoglobin (HbA1c). Mean serum chemistry parameters (Triglyceride, Total Cholesterol, LDL, HDL, CRP, AST, ALT, BUN and Creatinine) as well as CD 34(+), IL-6, TNF-α in treated and control groups before and after the study showed no considerable dissimilarities. CONCLUSION StemtechTM intervention brought in positive consequence on blood glucose levels in Iranian patients with type 2 diabetes, consequently suggests the Stemtech (TM) as a functional food for the management of diabetes.
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Treatment potential of a synergistic botanical pesticide combination for rotifer extermination during outdoor mass cultivation of Spirulina platensis. ALGAL RES 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Sarumathi A, Sethupathy S, Saravanan N. The protective efficacy of spirulina against bacterial endotoxin potentiated alcoholic liver disease. J Funct Foods 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2014.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Steffens D, Leonardi D, Soster PRDL, Lersch M, Rosa A, Crestani T, Scher C, de Morais MG, Costa JAV, Pranke P. Development of a new nanofiber scaffold for use with stem cells in a third degree burn animal model. Burns 2014; 40:1650-60. [PMID: 24794225 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2014.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2013] [Revised: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The combination of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and nanotechnology to promote tissue engineering presents a strategy for the creation of new substitutes for tissues. Aiming at the utilization of the scaffolds of poly-d,l-lactic acid (PDLLA) associated or not with Spirulina biomass (PDLLA/Sp) in skin wounds, MSCs were seeded onto nanofibers produced by electrospinning. These matrices were evaluated for morphology and fiber diameter by scanning electron microscopy and their interaction with the MSCs by confocal microscopy analysis. The biomaterials were implanted in mice with burn imitating skin defects for up to 7 days and five groups were studied for healing characteristics. The scaffolds demonstrated fibrous and porous structures and, when implanted in the animals, they tolerated mechanical stress for up to two weeks. Seven days after the induction of lesions, a similar presence of ulceration, inflammation and fibrosis among all the treatments was observed. No group showed signs of re-epithelization, keratinization or presence of hair follicles on the lesion site. In conclusion, although there was no microscopical difference among all the groups, it is possible that more prolonged analysis would show different results. Moreover, the macroscopic analysis of the groups with the scaffolds showed better cicatrization in comparison with the control group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Steffens
- Hematology and Stem Cell Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Post Graduate Program in Physiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Dilmar Leonardi
- Hematology and Stem Cell Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Michelle Lersch
- Hematology and Stem Cell Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Annelise Rosa
- Hematology and Stem Cell Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Post Graduate Program in Physiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Thayane Crestani
- Hematology and Stem Cell Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Scher
- Hematology and Stem Cell Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Michele Greque de Morais
- Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Food Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Jorge Alberto Vieira Costa
- Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Food Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Patricia Pranke
- Hematology and Stem Cell Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Post Graduate Program in Physiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Stem Cell Research Institute, Brazil
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Soltani M, Khosravi AR, Asadi F, Shokri H. Evaluation of protective efficacy of Spirulina platensis in Balb/C mice with candidiasis. J Mycol Med 2012; 22:329-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2012] [Revised: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Gad AS, Khadrawy YA, El-Nekeety AA, Mohamed SR, Hassan NS, Abdel-Wahhab MA. Antioxidant activity and hepatoprotective effects of whey protein and Spirulina in rats. Nutrition 2011; 27:582-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2010.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2009] [Revised: 03/06/2010] [Accepted: 04/05/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Singh RK, Tiwari SP, Rai AK, Mohapatra TM. Cyanobacteria: an emerging source for drug discovery. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2011; 64:401-12. [PMID: 21468079 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2011.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The c group of Gram-negative gliding bacteria, has a long history of cosmopolitan occurrence. It has great biodiversity despite the absence of sexual reproduction. This wide biodiversity may be reflected in the wide spectrum of its secondary metabolites. These cyanobacterial secondary metabolites are biosynthesized by a variety of routes, notably by non-ribosomal peptide synthetase or polyketide synthetase systems, and show a wide range of biological activities including anticancer, antibacterial, antiviral and protease inhibition activities. This high degree of chemical diversity in cyanobacterial secondary metabolites may thus constitute a prolific source of new entities leading to the development of new pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Kunwar Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Bachstetter AD, Jernberg J, Schlunk A, Vila JL, Hudson C, Cole MJ, Shytle RD, Tan J, Sanberg PR, Sanberg CD, Borlongan C, Kaneko Y, Tajiri N, Gemma C, Bickford PC. Spirulina promotes stem cell genesis and protects against LPS induced declines in neural stem cell proliferation. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10496. [PMID: 20463965 PMCID: PMC2864748 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2009] [Accepted: 04/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult stem cells are present in many tissues including, skin, muscle, adipose, bone marrow, and in the brain. Neuroinflammation has been shown to be a potent negative regulator of stem cell and progenitor cell proliferation in the neurogenic regions of the brain. Recently we demonstrated that decreasing a key neuroinflammatory cytokine IL-1beta in the hippocampus of aged rats reversed the age-related cognitive decline and increased neurogenesis in the age rats. We also have found that nutraceuticals have the potential to reduce neuroinflammation, and decrease oxidative stress. The objectives of this study were to determine if spirulina could protect the proliferative potential of hippocampal neural progenitor cells from an acute systemic inflammatory insult of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). To this end, young rats were fed for 30 days a control diet or a diet supplemented with 0.1% spirulina. On day 28 the rats were given a single i.p. injection of LPS (1 mg/kg). The following day the rats were injected with BrdU (50 mg/kg b.i.d. i.p.) and were sacrificed 24 hours after the first injection of BrdU. Quantification of the BrdU positive cells in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus demonstrated a decrease in proliferation of the stem/progenitor cells in the hippocampus as a result of the LPS insult. Furthermore, the diet supplemented with spirulina was able to negate the LPS induced decrease in stem/progenitor cell proliferation. In a second set of studies we examined the effects of spirulina either alone or in combination with a proprietary formulation (NT-020) of blueberry, green tea, vitamin D3 and carnosine on the function of bone marrow and CD34+ cells in vitro. Spirulina had small effects on its own and more than additive effects in combination with NT-020 to promote mitochondrial respiration and/or proliferation of these cells in culture. When examined on neural stem cells in culture spirulina increased proliferation at baseline and protected against the negative influence of TNFalpha to reduce neural stem cell proliferation. These results support the hypothesis that a diet enriched with spirulina and other nutraceuticals may help protect the stem/progenitor cells from insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam D. Bachstetter
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Jernberg
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Andrea Schlunk
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L. Vila
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Charles Hudson
- James A. Haley Veterans Administration Hospital, Research Service, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Cole
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - R. Douglas Shytle
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jun Tan
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Paul R. Sanberg
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Cyndy D. Sanberg
- NaturaTherapeutics, Incorporated, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Cesario Borlongan
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
- James A. Haley Veterans Administration Hospital, Research Service, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Yuji Kaneko
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Naoki Tajiri
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Carmelina Gemma
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
- James A. Haley Veterans Administration Hospital, Research Service, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Paula C. Bickford
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
- James A. Haley Veterans Administration Hospital, Research Service, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
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Viswanadha VP, Sivan S, Rajendra Shenoi R. Protective effect of Spirulina against 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide induced toxicity. Mol Biol Rep 2010; 38:309-17. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-010-0109-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2009] [Accepted: 03/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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El-Sheekh MM, Mahmoud YAG, Abo-Shady AM, Hamza W. Efficacy of Rhodotorula glutinis and Spirulina platensis carotenoids in immunopotentiation of mice infected with Candida albicans SC5314 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa 35. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2010; 55:61-7. [PMID: 20336506 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-010-0010-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2009] [Revised: 05/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Enhancement of the immune response leading to protection against bacterial and fungal infections was shown using different schedules of immunization with microbial pigments and a polysaccharide. The group of mice given carotenoids of Rhodotorula glutinis (preparation I) and polysaccharide of Spitulina platensis (IV) survived for 2 weeks after Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. The groups of mice given carotenoids (I), polysaccharide (IV), I+IV and with the crude phycocyanin of S. platensis (III)+IV survived for 2 weeks after Candida albicans infection. All other groups recorded a maximum level of mortality reaching 2 mice per group either after immunization or post-infection. Adding the carotenoids, phycocyanin and polysaccharides to food as additives might therefore enhance the human immune response against microbial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M El-Sheekh
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt.
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26
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Ismail MF, Ali DA, Fernando A, Abdraboh ME, Gaur RL, Ibrahim WM, Raj MHG, Ouhtit A. Chemoprevention of rat liver toxicity and carcinogenesis by Spirulina. Int J Biol Sci 2009; 5:377-87. [PMID: 19521547 PMCID: PMC2695150 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.5.377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2009] [Accepted: 05/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Spirulina platensis (SP) is a filamentous cyanobacterium microalgae with potent dietary phyto-antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancerous properties. The present study aimed to investigate the chemopreventive effect of SP against rat liver toxicity and carcinogenesis induced by dibutyl nitrosamine (DBN) precursors, and further characterized its underlying mechanisms of action in HepG2 cell line. Investigation by light and electron microscopy showed that DBN treatment induced severe liver injury and histopathological abnormalities, which were prevented by SP supplementation. The incidence of liver tumors was significantly reduced from 80 to 20% by SP. Immunohistochemical results indicated that both PCNA and p53 were highly expressed in the liver of DBN-treated rats, but were significantly reduced by SP supplementation. Molecular analysis indicated that SP treatment inhibited cell proliferation, which was accompanied by increased p21 and decreased Rb expression levels at 48hrs post-treatment. In addition, SP increased Bax and decreased Bcl-2 expression, indicating induction of apoptosis by 48hrs. This is the first report of the in vivo chemopreventive effect of SP against DBN-induced rat liver cytotoxicity and carcinogenesis, suggesting its potential use in chemoprevention of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed F Ismail
- 3. Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Doaa A Ali
- 3. Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Augusta Fernando
- 1. Department of Pathology and Department of Genetics, Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Mohamed E Abdraboh
- 1. Department of Pathology and Department of Genetics, Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Rajiv L Gaur
- 1. Department of Pathology and Department of Genetics, Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Wael M Ibrahim
- 3. Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Madhwa HG Raj
- 2. Department of Ob Gyn and Biochemistry, Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Allal Ouhtit
- 1. Department of Pathology and Department of Genetics, Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
- 3. Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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27
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Iron-chelating ability and antioxidant properties of phycocyanin isolated from a protean extract of Spirulinaplatensis. Food Chem 2008; 110:436-45. [PMID: 26049237 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2007] [Revised: 11/07/2007] [Accepted: 02/11/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The invitro scavenger activities of different reactive oxygen species (superoxide radical, hydroxyl radical, hydrogen peroxide, hypochlorous acid and peroxyl radical), the effects on lipid peroxidation and the iron-chelating ability of a Spirulinaplatensis protean extract and the biliprotein, phycocyanin, isolated from this microalga were studied. S. platensis protean extract inhibited the generation of hydroxyl radical (IC50=537μg/ml for the system with EDTA and 1500μg/ml without EDTA), the production of peroxyl radical (IC50=230μg/ml), and the lipid peroxidation process (IC50=2320μg/ml for the enzymatic system and 2180μg/ml for the non-enzymatic system). Besides, phycocyanin inhibited hydroxyl and peroxyl radicals and the lipid peroxidation process. The iron ions decreased the maximum fluorescence emission spectra of S. platensis protean extract and phycocyanin and it was an indicator of the metal-chelating activity. The antioxidant properties of S. platensis and phycocyanin may arise from both radical-scavenging and metal chelation. Our results suggest that S. platensis could be used as a dietary supplement to prevent some diseases where free radicals are involved.
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Balachandran P, Pugh ND, Ma G, Pasco DS. Toll-like receptor 2-dependent activation of monocytes by Spirulina polysaccharide and its immune enhancing action in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2006; 6:1808-14. [PMID: 17052671 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2006.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2006] [Revised: 07/20/2006] [Accepted: 08/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We reported previously that a high molecular weight polysaccharide fraction (Immulina) from Spirulina was a potent activator of NF-kappa B and induced both IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha mRNAs in THP-1 human monocytes. In the present study, we show that NF-kappa B activation by Immulina is suppressed by antibodies to CD14 and TLR2 but not by antibodies to TLR4. Similarly, NF-kappa B directed luciferase expression was enhanced by Immulina treatment when cells were co-transfected with vectors expressing proteins supporting TLR2- (CD14 and TLR2) but not TLR4-(CD14, TLR4, and MD-2) dependent activation. Mice that consumed a chemically defined chow mixed with an extract containing Immulina exhibited changes in several immune parameters. The ex vivo production of IgA and IL-6 from Peyer's patch cells was enhanced 2-fold and interferon-gamma production from spleen cells was increased 4-fold in Immulina-treated mice. The enhanced production of these factors was most notable with mice that had consumed this extract for 4 or 5 days. These studies shed light on how Immulina activates cells of the innate immune system and suggests that oral consumption of this polysaccharide can enhance components within both the mucosal and systemic immune systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Premalatha Balachandran
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
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Torres-Durán PV, Paredes-Carbajal MC, Mascher D, Zamora-González J, Díaz-Zagoya JC, Juárez-Oropeza MA. Protective Effect of Arthrospira maxima on Fatty Acid Composition in Fatty Liver. Arch Med Res 2006; 37:479-83. [PMID: 16624646 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2005.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2004] [Accepted: 08/16/2005] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arthrospira maxima has been widely used for nutritional purposes. Additionally, A. maxima has shown immunomodulator, antiviral, antioxidant, vasomotor and hypolipidemic effects in laboratory and animal studies. A. maxima prevents fatty liver induced by either carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) or fructose-rich diet; however, the liver lipid composition in these models is not clearly known yet. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of A. maxima on the liver lipid profile in CCl4-induced steatohepatitis. METHODS A single sublethal, intraperitoneal dose of CCl4 was administered to male Wistar rats fed a diet with or without 5% A. maxima. Liver lipids: total lipids, triacylglycerols, total cholesterol, free fatty acids, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances were assessed 24 and 48 h after injury with CCl4. Additionally, triacylglycerols, total cholesterol and aspartate aminotransferase were evaluated in blood. RESULTS Forty eight hours after CCl4 treatment, rats fed a diet without A. maxima had serum aspartate aminotransferase and liver triacylglycerols values that were, respectively, 2.2 and 1.4 times higher than those of animals receiving 5% A. maxima in their diet. The same pattern was observed for liver free fatty acids and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances. The groups fed a diet with A. maxima and treated with CCl4 showed a higher saturated fatty acid liver content than the groups without A. maxima in their diet. The percentage of unsaturated fatty acids increased 48 h after CCl4 treatment, but its value was 0.5 times lower in the group receiving A. maxima than in the group fed without A. maxima. In the liver, all animals receiving A. maxima showed a trend towards a lower percentage of unsaturated fatty acids, despite the mentioned increase 48 h after CCl4 treatment. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that, in the fatty liver induced by CCl4, the hepatoprotective effect of A. maxima involves (a) an antioxidant mechanism and (b) a lower unsaturation of the liver fatty acids. The preventive effect of A. maxima on the liver lipid changes induced by CCl4 could be partially explained by its antioxidant action and the ability to increase the synthesis/release of nitric oxide, but not by its soluble dietary fiber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia V Torres-Durán
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City
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Karaca T, Simşek N. Effects of spirulina on the number of ovary mast cells in lead-induced toxicity in rats. Phytother Res 2006; 21:44-6. [PMID: 17078112 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the protective effect of Spirulina against the lead-induced increase in mast cells in the ovary during the oestrous cycle of rats. In the ovary cortex and medulla of lead-exposed animals, there was a significant increase in the number of mast cells; however, when also treated with Spirulina, a decrease was observed. The number of mast cells when Spirulina (300 mg/kg) was used alone was not significantly different from that of the control group. These results indicate that Spirulina decreases the number of mast cells induced by lead in the cortex and medulla of rat ovary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Turan Karaca
- University of Yüzüncü Yil, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Kampüs, 65080, Van, Turkey.
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Mao TK, Van de Water J, Gershwin ME. Effects of a Spirulina-based dietary supplement on cytokine production from allergic rhinitis patients. J Med Food 2005; 8:27-30. [PMID: 15857205 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2005.8.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Spirulina represents a blue-green alga that is widely produced and commercialized as a dietary supplement for modulating immune functions, as well as ameliorating a variety of diseases. We have previously shown that the in vitro culture of Spirulina with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) modulated the production of cytokines. In the present study, we evaluated the impact of a Spirulina-based dietary supplement (Earthrise Nutritionals, Inc., Irvine, CA) on patients with allergic rhinitis by assessing the production of cytokines [interleukin (IL)-4, interferon (IFN)-gamma, and IL-2] critical in regulating immunoglobulin E-mediated allergy. In a randomized double-blinded crossover study versus placebo, allergic individuals were fed daily with either placebo or Spirulina, at 1,000 mg or 2,000 mg, for 12 weeks. PBMCs isolated before and after the Spirulina feeding were stimulated with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) prior to determining the levels of cytokine from cell culture supernatants. Although Spirulina seemed to be ineffective at modulating the secretion of Th1 cytokines (IFN-gamma and IL-2), we discovered that Spirulina, administered at 2,000 mg/day, significantly reduced IL-4 levels by 32% from PHA-stimulated cells. These results indicate that Spirulina can modulate the Th profile in patients with allergic rhinitis by suppressing the differentiation of Th2 cells mediated, in part, by inhibiting the production of IL-4. To our knowledge, this is the first human feeding study that demonstrates the protective effects of Spirulina towards allergic rhinitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T K Mao
- Division of Rheumatology/Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Davis, California, USA
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Amar EC, Kiron V, Satoh S, Watanabe T. Enhancement of innate immunity in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum) associated with dietary intake of carotenoids from natural products. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 16:527-537. [PMID: 15123294 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2003.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2002] [Revised: 08/20/2003] [Accepted: 09/02/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The effects of orally administered carotenoids from natural sources on the non-specific defense mechanisms of rainbow trout were evaluated in a nine-week feeding trial. Fish were fed four diets containing either beta-carotene or astaxanthin at 100 and 200 mg kg-1 from the marine algae Dunaliella salina and red yeast Phaffia rhodozyma, respectively, and a control diet containing no supplemented carotenoids. Specific growth rate and feed:gain ratio were not affected by dietary carotenoid supplementation. Among the humoral factors, serum alternative complement activity increased significantly in all carotenoid supplemented groups when compared to the control. On the other hand, serum lysozyme activity increased in the Dunaliella group but not in the Phaffia group, whereas plasma total immunoglobulin levels were not altered by the feeding treatments. As for the cellular responses, the superoxide anion production from the head kidney remained unchanged while the phagocytic rate and index in all supplemented groups were significantly higher than those of the control. These findings demonstrate that dietary carotenoids from both D. salina and P. rhodozyma can modulate some of the innate defense mechanisms in rainbow trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Amar
- Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Minato, Japan
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Hayek MG, Massimino SP, Ceddia MA. Modulation of immune response through nutraceutical interventions: implications for canine and feline health. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2004; 34:229-47. [PMID: 15032130 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2003.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mounting research demonstrates that certain nutraceutical compounds interact with the immune system. These interactions may be positive or negative depending on the compound or dose administered to the individual. Understanding the mechanisms by which these compounds work should provide opportunities to design nutritional interventions to bolster the health of dogs and cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Hayek
- Iams Company Research and Development, PO Box 189, Lewisburg, OH 45338, USA.
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Hirahashi T, Matsumoto M, Hazeki K, Saeki Y, Ui M, Seya T. Activation of the human innate immune system by Spirulina: augmentation of interferon production and NK cytotoxicity by oral administration of hot water extract of Spirulina platensis. Int Immunopharmacol 2002; 2:423-34. [PMID: 11962722 DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5769(01)00166-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Spirulina platensis is a cyanobacterial species that is surmised to potentiate the immune system leading to suppression of cancer development and viral infection. Here, we identified the molecular mechanism of the human immune potentiating capacity of Spirulina by analyzing blood cells of volunteers with pre and post oral administration of hot water extract of Spirulina. NK functions represented by IFN gamma production and cytolysis were enhanced after administration of Spirulina in >50% subjects. IFN gamma was produced in an IL-12/IL-18-dependent fashion. In vitro stimulation of blood cells with BCG cell wall skeleton (CWS) allowed more potent IL-12 p40 production in cells from volunteers given Spirulina than in cells without pre-exposure to Spirulina. As BCG-CWS serves as a ligand for Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and 4 to raise the maturation stage of monocytes/macrophages, Spirulina may be involved in the signaling responses through Toll in blood cells even when orally administered. These observations indicated that in humans Spirulina acts directly on myeloid lineages and either directly or indirectly on NK cells. The presence of co-operative IL-12 and IL-18 is critically important for NK-mediated IFN gamma production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Hirahashi
- Department of Immunology, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, Japan
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MAO T, VAN DE WATER J, GERSHWIN M. Effect of Spirulina on the Secretion of Cytokines from Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. J Med Food 2000; 3:135-40. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2000.3.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Kim HM, Lee EH, Cho HH, Moon YH. Inhibitory effect of mast cell-mediated immediate-type allergic reactions in rats by spirulina. Biochem Pharmacol 1998; 55:1071-6. [PMID: 9605430 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(97)00678-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of spirulina on mast cell-mediated immediate-type allergic reactions. Spirulina dose-dependently inhibited the systemic allergic reaction induced by compound 48/80 in rats. Spirulina inhibited compound 48/80-induced allergic reaction 100% with doses of 100-1000 microg/g body weight, i.p. Spirulina (10-1000 microg/g body weight, i.p.) also significantly inhibited local allergic reaction activated by anti-dinitrophenyl (DNP) IgE. When rats were pretreated with spirulina at a concentration ranging from 0.01 to 1000 microg/g body weight, i.p., the serum histamine levels were reduced in a dose-dependent manner. Spirulina (0.001 to 10 microg/mL) dose-dependently inhibited histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells (RPMC) activated by compound 48/80 or anti-DNP IgE. The level of cyclic AMP in RPMC, when spirulina (10 microg/mL) was added, transiently and significantly increased about 70-fold at 10 sec compared with that of control cells. Moreover, spirulina (10 microg/mL) had a significant inhibitory effect on anti-DNP IgE-induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha production. These results indicate that spirulina inhibits mast cell-mediated immediate-type allergic reactions in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Kim
- Department of Oriental Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Chonbuk, South Korea.
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