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González-Peña MA, Ortega-Regules AE, Anaya de Parrodi C, Lozada-Ramírez JD. Chemistry, Occurrence, Properties, Applications, and Encapsulation of Carotenoids-A Review. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12020313. [PMID: 36679026 PMCID: PMC9865331 DOI: 10.3390/plants12020313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are natural lipophilic pigments and antioxidants that are present in many fruits and vegetables. The consumption of carotenoids is correlated with positive health effects and a decreased risk of several chronic diseases. Provitamin A carotenoids (β-carotene, α-carotene, γ-carotene, and β-cryptoxanthin) are essential for the development and maintenance of sight. β-carotene, α-carotene, zeaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin, lutein, and lycopene have high antioxidant activity and promote free radical scavenging, which helps protect against chronic diseases. However, carotenoids are chemically unstable and prone to oxidation in the presence of light, heat, oxygen, acids, and metal ions. The use of carotenoids in the food industry is limited due to their poor solubility in water, bioavailability and quick release. Encapsulation techniques, such as microencapsulation, nanoencapsulation and supercritical encapsulation, are used to overcome these problems. The objective of this paper is to describe the characteristics and potential health benefits of carotenoids and advances in encapsulation techniques for protecting and enhancing their solubility or bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Antonio González-Peña
- Departmennt of Chemical, Food and Environmental Engineerig, Universidad de las Américas Puebla, Cholula, Puebla 72810, Mexico
| | - Ana Eugenia Ortega-Regules
- Department of Health Sciences, Universidad de las Américas Puebla, Cholula, Puebla 72810, Mexico
- Correspondence: (A.E.O.-R.); (C.A.d.P.); (J.D.L.-R.)
| | - Cecilia Anaya de Parrodi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Universidad de las Américas Puebla, Cholula, Puebla 72810, Mexico
- Correspondence: (A.E.O.-R.); (C.A.d.P.); (J.D.L.-R.)
| | - José Daniel Lozada-Ramírez
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Universidad de las Américas Puebla, Cholula, Puebla 72810, Mexico
- Correspondence: (A.E.O.-R.); (C.A.d.P.); (J.D.L.-R.)
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Inhibitory Effects of Parachlorella Beijerinckii Extracts on the Formation of Advanced Glycation End Products and Glycative Stress-Induced Inflammation in an In Vitro Skin Dermis-Like Model. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:8789903. [PMID: 36387367 PMCID: PMC9643057 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8789903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are formed via a nonenzymatic glycosylation reaction called glycation. The formation and accumulation of AGEs increases in skin with age, contributing to the appearance of facial wrinkles and loss of skin elasticity. Therefore, inhibition of AGEs may delay skin aging. The microalgae Parachlorella beijerinckii has been used as a health food supplement for many years and contains carotenoids and vitamins that have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. The aim of this study was to investigate whether Chlorella extract also has antiglycation activity. Antiglycation activity was measured using fluorescent AGEs, Nε-(carboxymethyl) lysine (CML), and Nε-(carboxymethyl) arginine (CMA) from glycated bovine serum albumin and type I collagen in vitro. A gel with a dermis-like structure consisting of collagen and a live fibroblast cell line was glycated with glyoxal. The content of fluorescent AGE, CML, and CMA, and the gel contraction activity were measured. In addition, to investigate the level of inflammation induced by the glycation of the collagen gel, the expression level of the receptor for AGEs and interleukin-8 were examined. Fat-solubleChlorella extract suppressed the formation of fluorescent AGEs, CML, and CMA in both models. These results indicated that Chlorella extract directly inhibited AGE formation. The collagen gel contracted over time during culturing, whereas contraction was inhibited in the glyoxal-treated collagen gel. Chlorella extract remarkably attenuated the glyoxal-induced gel contraction. Moreover, Chlorella extract substantially decreased the fluorescent AGEs, CML, and CMA in the collagen gels with glyoxal. Glyoxal exposure increased the expression levels of interleukin-8 and receptor for AGE proteins in collagen gels, while Chlorella extract inhibited this increase. This study showed that fat-solubleChlorella extract has a direct inhibitory effect on AGEs and decreases receptor expression for AGE-mediated inflammation by reducing AGEs. Chlorella may delay skin aging by inhibiting the formation and accumulation of AGEs.
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Carotenoids and Vitamin A in Breastmilk of Hong Kong Lactating Mothers and Their Relationships with Maternal Diet. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14102031. [PMID: 35631170 PMCID: PMC9148123 DOI: 10.3390/nu14102031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids and vitamin A are nutrients crucial to infants’ development. To date, there is limited data on their availability in breastmilk and the associated dietary factors, especially in Hong Kong, where people follow a westernized Chinese diet. This study determined the selected breastmilk’s carotenoid and vitamin A (retinol) contents by ultraperformance liquid chromatography with photodiode detection (UPLC-PDA) and the dietary intakes by three-day food records in 87 Hong Kong lactating mothers, who were grouped into tertiles based on their daily carotenoid intake. Low vitamin A intake (530.2 ± 34.2 µg RAE/day) and breastmilk retinol level (1013.4 ± 36.8 nmol/L) were reported in our participants, suggesting a poor vitamin A status of the lactating participants having relatively higher socioeconomic status in Hong Kong. Mothers in the highest tertile (T3) had higher breastmilk carotenoid levels than those in the lowest (T1) (p < 0.05). There were significant associations between maternal carotenoid intakes and breastmilk lutein levels in the linear regression models (p < 0.05) regardless of dietary supplement intake. Furthermore, maternal dark green vegetable intakes were associated with breastmilk retinol, lutein, and β-carotene levels. These findings can serve as dietary references for lactating mothers to enhance breastmilk carotenoid and vitamin A contents for the benefits of child growth and development.
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OUP accepted manuscript. Nutr Rev 2022; 80:2029-2050. [DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuac018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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Ríos J, Valero-Jara V, Thomas-Valdés S. Phytochemicals in breast milk and their benefits for infants. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:6821-6836. [PMID: 33792429 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1906627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Exclusive breastfeeding is widely recommended at least during the first 6 months of life and breast milk (BM) composition depends on maternal diet. Phytochemicals, including polyphenols and carotenoids, are recognized by their powerful antioxidant activities being present in BM. This review provides an overview of BM composition with respect to polyphenols and carotenoids evaluating its possible benefits for the infant. Polyphenols do not have any body deposit and their content in BM depends on regular dietary intake from mothers and bioavailability of them, while carotenoids content in BM changed depending on factors including stages of breastfeeding, maternal diet and maternal health status. Preeclampsia, overweight or obesity are conditions able to reduce polyphenols and carotenoids in BM by using them as antioxidants. For both polyphenols and carotenoids, the supplementation slightly enhances their BM content. Few studies have shown the presence of phytochemicals in infant plasma and still remains unclear the benefits that polyphenols and carotenoids provide for development of infants. Further studies using long-term, randomized and controlled designs are necessary to determine the relation between carotenoids, polyphenols and its potential benefits for early childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimena Ríos
- Escuela de Nutrición y Dietética, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Viviana Valero-Jara
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias e Ingeniería para la Salud, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Samanta Thomas-Valdés
- Escuela de Nutrición y Dietética, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
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Keikha M, Shayan-Moghadam R, Bahreynian M, Kelishadi R. Nutritional supplements and mother's milk composition: a systematic review of interventional studies. Int Breastfeed J 2021; 16:1. [PMID: 33397426 PMCID: PMC7780633 DOI: 10.1186/s13006-020-00354-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study aims to systematically review the effects of maternal vitamin and/or mineral supplementation on the content of breast milk. Methods We systematically searched electronic databases including Medline via PubMed, Scopus and ISI Web of Science till May 24, 2018. The following terms were used systematically in all mentioned databases: (“human milk” OR “breast milk” OR “breast milk composition” OR “human breast milk composition” OR “composition breast milk” OR “mother milk” OR “human breast milk” OR “maternal milk”) AND (“vitamin a” OR “retinol” OR “retinal” OR “retinoic acid” OR “beta-carotene” OR “beta carotene” OR “ascorbic acid” OR “l-ascorbic acid” OR “l ascorbic acid” OR “vitamin c” OR “vitamin d” OR “cholecalciferol” OR “ergocalciferol” OR “calciferol” OR “vitamin e” OR “tocopherol” OR “tocotrienol” OR “alpha-tocopherol” OR “alpha tocopherol” OR “α-tocopherol” OR “α tocopherol” OR “vitamin k” OR “vitamin b” OR “vitamin b complex” OR “zinc” OR “iron” OR “copper” Or “selenium” OR “manganese” OR “magnesium”) and we searched Medline via Medical subject Headings (MeSH) terms. We searched Google Scholar for to increase the sensitivity of our search. The search was conducted on human studies, but it was not limited to the title and abstract. Methodological quality and risk of bias of included studies were evaluated by Jadad scale and Cochrane risk of bias tools, respectively. Results This review included papers on three minerals (zinc, iron, selenium) and 6 vitamins (vitamin A, B, D, C, E and K) in addition to multi-vitamin supplements. Although studies had different designs, e.g. not using random allocation and/or blinding, our findings suggest that maternal use of some dietary supplements, including vitamin A, D, vitamin B1, B2 and vitamin C might be reflected in human milk. Vitamin supplements had agreater effect on breast milk composition compared to minerals. Higher doses of supplements showed higher effects and they were reflected more in colostrum than in the mature milk. Conclusion Maternal dietary vitamin and/or mineral supplementation, particularly fat- soluble vitamins, vitamin B1, B2 and C might be reflected in the breast milk composition. No difference was found between mega dose and single dose administration of minerals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Keikha
- Department of Public Health, Sirjan School of Medical Sciences, Sirjan, Iran
| | - Ramin Shayan-Moghadam
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Maryam Bahreynian
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. .,Department of Nutrition, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Roya Kelishadi
- Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
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Henao E, Murphy PJ, Falfushynska H, Horyn O, Evans DM, Klimaszyk P, Rzymski P. Polymethoxy-1-Alkenes Screening of Chlorella and Spirulina Food Supplements Coupled with In Vivo Toxicity Studies. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E111. [PMID: 32050689 PMCID: PMC7077266 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12020111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Selected species of cyanobacteria and green algae have been reported to produce lipophilic polymethoxy-1-alkenes (PMAs) which were shown to exhibit in vivo teratogenicity. Considering that information on PMAs in Arthospira sp. (known commercially as Spirulina) and Chlorella sp. cultivated for food supplement production was essentially lacking, the present study screened Chlorella (n = 10) and Spirulina (n = 13) food supplements registered in the European Union. Mass spectrometry analysis of column fractionated extracts was performed. None of the four variants previously reported in some cyanobacteria and green algae, nor any potentially related structures were detected in the studied samples. Since the isolated lipophilic fractions contained various compounds, they were further screened for in vivo teratogenicity in Danio rerio embryo, and for the potential to induce oxidative stress and genotoxicity in the liver and neurotoxicity in the brain of adult zebrafish. None of the tested food supplements had detectable levels of PMAs or any potentially related structures. No teratogenicity was revealed except for spinal curvature induced by fractions obtained from two Chlorella products. Selected fractions revealed cytotoxicity as indicated by an increased level of reactive oxygen species, catalase activity, lipid peroxidation and increased frequency of DNA strand breaks in hepatic tissue. The majority (60%) of Chlorella fractions induced an increase in cholinesterase activity in zebrafish brain homogenate while exposure to 61.5% of Spirulina fractions was associated with its decrease. The present study confirms that Chlorella and Spirulina food supplements are free of teratogenic PMAs, although the observed in vivo toxicities raise questions regarding the quality of selected products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Henao
- Department of Biology, Universidad del Valle, 100-00 Cali, Colombia;
| | - Patrick J. Murphy
- School of Natural Sciences, Alun Roberts Building (Chemistry), Bangor University, LL57 2UW Bangor, Wales;
| | - Halina Falfushynska
- Department of Orthopedagogy and Physical Therapy, Ternopil V. Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University, 46027 Ternopil, Ukraine;
| | - Oksana Horyn
- Department of Orthopedagogy and Physical Therapy, Ternopil V. Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University, 46027 Ternopil, Ukraine;
| | - Daniel M. Evans
- School of Natural Sciences, Alun Roberts Building (Chemistry), Bangor University, LL57 2UW Bangor, Wales;
| | - Piotr Klimaszyk
- Department of Water Protection, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-614 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Piotr Rzymski
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-806 Poznan, Poland
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Beluska-Turkan K, Korczak R, Hartell B, Moskal K, Maukonen J, Alexander DE, Salem N, Harkness L, Ayad W, Szaro J, Zhang K, Siriwardhana N. Nutritional Gaps and Supplementation in the First 1000 Days. Nutrients 2019; 11:E2891. [PMID: 31783636 PMCID: PMC6949907 DOI: 10.3390/nu11122891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Optimized nutrition during the first 1000 days (from conception through the 2nd birthday) is critical for healthy development and a healthy life for the newborn. Pregnancy and the postpartum period are accompanied by physiological changes, increased energy needs, and changing requirements in the nutrients critical for optimal growth and development. Infants and toddlers also experience physiological changes and have specific nutritional needs. Food and nutrition experts can provide women of childbearing age with adequate dietary advice to optimize nutrition, as well as guidance on selecting appropriate dietary supplements. Considering the approaching 2020-2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA) will be making specific recommendations for children, it is important to provide accurate scientific information to support health influencers in the field of nutrition. The purpose of this review is to summarize the nutrition and supplementation literature for the first 1000 days; to highlight nutritional and knowledge gaps; and to educate nutrition influencers to provide thoughtful guidance to mothers and families. Optimal nutrition during pregnancy through early childhood is critical for supporting a healthy life. Nutrition influencers, such as dietitians, obstetricians/gynecologists, and other relevant health professionals, should continue guiding supplement and food intake and work closely with expectant families and nutrition gatekeepers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina Beluska-Turkan
- Church & Dwight, Co., Inc., Product Development Nutritional Sciences, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA; (K.B.-T.); (K.M.); (L.H.); (W.A.); (J.S.); (K.Z.)
| | - Renee Korczak
- Premier Nutrition, LLC, Bernardsville, NJ 07924, USA;
| | - Beth Hartell
- PearTree Nutrition, LLC, Seattle, WA 98115, USA;
| | - Kristin Moskal
- Church & Dwight, Co., Inc., Product Development Nutritional Sciences, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA; (K.B.-T.); (K.M.); (L.H.); (W.A.); (J.S.); (K.Z.)
| | | | | | - Norman Salem
- DSM Nutritional Products, Columbia, MD 21045, USA;
| | - Laura Harkness
- Church & Dwight, Co., Inc., Product Development Nutritional Sciences, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA; (K.B.-T.); (K.M.); (L.H.); (W.A.); (J.S.); (K.Z.)
| | - Wafaa Ayad
- Church & Dwight, Co., Inc., Product Development Nutritional Sciences, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA; (K.B.-T.); (K.M.); (L.H.); (W.A.); (J.S.); (K.Z.)
| | - Jacalyn Szaro
- Church & Dwight, Co., Inc., Product Development Nutritional Sciences, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA; (K.B.-T.); (K.M.); (L.H.); (W.A.); (J.S.); (K.Z.)
| | - Kelly Zhang
- Church & Dwight, Co., Inc., Product Development Nutritional Sciences, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA; (K.B.-T.); (K.M.); (L.H.); (W.A.); (J.S.); (K.Z.)
| | - Nalin Siriwardhana
- Church & Dwight, Co., Inc., Product Development Nutritional Sciences, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA; (K.B.-T.); (K.M.); (L.H.); (W.A.); (J.S.); (K.Z.)
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Protective Effect of Breastfeeding on the Adverse Health Effects Induced by Air Pollution: Current Evidence and Possible Mechanisms. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16214181. [PMID: 31671856 PMCID: PMC6862650 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16214181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution is a major social, economic, and health problem around the world. Children are particularly susceptible to the negative effects of air pollution due to their immaturity and excessive growth and development. The aims of this narrative review were to: (1) summarize evidence about the protective effects of breastfeeding on the adverse health effects of air pollution exposure, (2) define and describe the potential mechanisms underlying the protective effects of breastfeeding, and (3) examine the potential effects of air pollution on breastmilk composition and lactation. A literature search was conducted using electronic databases. Existing evidence suggests that breastfeeding has a protective effect on adverse outcomes of indoor and outdoor air pollution exposure in respiratory (infections, lung function, asthma symptoms) and immune (allergic, nervous and cardiovascular) systems, as well as under-five mortality in both developing and developed countries. However, some studies reported no protective effect of breastfeeding or even negative effects of breastfeeding for under-five mortality. Several possible mechanisms of the breastfeeding protective effect were proposed, including the beneficial influence of breastfeeding on immune, respiratory, and nervous systems, which are related to the immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and neuroprotective properties of breastmilk. Breastmilk components responsible for its protective effect against air pollutants exposure may be long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC PUFA), antioxidant vitamins, carotenoids, flavonoids, immunoglobins, and cytokines, some of which have concentrations that are diet-dependent. However, maternal exposure to air pollution is related to increased breastmilk concentrations of pollutants (e.g., Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) or heavy metals in particulate matter (PM)). Nonetheless, environmental studies have confirmed that breastmilk’s protective effects outweigh its potential health risk to the infant. Mothers should be encouraged and supported to breastfeed their infants due to its unique health benefits, as well as its limited ecological footprint, which is associated with decreased waste production and the emission of pollutants.
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Zielinska MA, Hamulka J, Grabowicz-Chądrzyńska I, Bryś J, Wesolowska A. Association between Breastmilk LC PUFA, Carotenoids and Psychomotor Development of Exclusively Breastfed Infants. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16071144. [PMID: 30935000 PMCID: PMC6479893 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16071144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The first months of infant life are crucial for proper neurodevelopment, which may be influenced by several factors, including nutrition and nutrients (e.g., long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC PUFA) and carotenoids) of which the concentration in breastmilk is diet-dependent. This study analysed the relationship between the average concentrations of selected LC PUFA and carotenoids in breastmilk samples from the first and third months of lactation and the psychomotor development of exclusively breastfed infants at the sixth month of life. Infant psychomotor development was assessed using the Children Development Scale (DSR). The average age of infants during the assessment was 6.6 ± 0.2 months and 30.9 ± 3.8 years for mothers (n = 39 mother⁻infant pairs). The average concentration of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was 0.50% of fatty acids. The average concentration of carotenoids was 33.3 nmol/L for β-carotene, 121 nmol/L for lycopene and 33.3 nmol/L for lutein + zeaxanthin. The total results of the Performance scale and Motor subscale were 39 centiles and 4.1 points, respectively. Adjusted multivariate regression models revealed associations between breastmilk DHA and motor development (β = 0.275; p ≤ 0.05), α-linolenic acid (ALA; β = 0.432; p ≤ 0.05), n-3 LC PUFA (β = 0.423; p ≤ 0.05) and β-carotene (β = 0.359; p ≤ 0.05). In addition, an association between the Perception subscale and DHA was observed (β = 0.316; p ≤ 0.05; model 2). There were no significant associations between the overall Performance scale scores. Due to the positive association between concentrations of n-3 LC PUFA (ALA and DHA) and β-carotene in breastmilk and infant motor development, it is important to provide these nutrients with breastmilk. According to the diet-dependent concentration of these compounds in breastmilk, breastfeeding mothers should have a diet abundant in dietary sources of these nutrients, e.g., fish, nuts, seeds, vegetable oils, vegetables and fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika A Zielinska
- Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 159 Nowoursynowska St., 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Jadwiga Hamulka
- Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 159 Nowoursynowska St., 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | | | - Joanna Bryś
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska St. 166, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Aleksandra Wesolowska
- Laboratory of Human Milk and Lactation Research at Regional Human Milk Bank in Holy Family Hospital, Department of Neonatology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, 63A Zwirki i Wigury St., 02-091 Warsaw, Poland.
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Zielinska MA, Hamulka J, Wesolowska A. Carotenoid Content in Breastmilk in the 3rd and 6th Month of Lactation and Its Associations with Maternal Dietary Intake and Anthropometric Characteristics. Nutrients 2019; 11:E193. [PMID: 30669320 PMCID: PMC6356523 DOI: 10.3390/nu11010193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids are diet-dependent milk components that are important for the visual and cognitive development of an infant. This study determined β-carotene, lycopene and lutein + zeaxanthin in breastmilk and its associations with dietary intake from healthy Polish mothers in the first six months of lactation. Concentrations of carotenoids in breastmilk were measured by HPLC (high-performance liquid chromatography) (first, third, sixth month of lactation) and dietary intake was assessed based on a three-day dietary record (third and sixth month of lactation). The average age of participants (n = 53) was 31.4 ± 3.8 years. The breastmilk concentrations of carotenoids were not changed over the progress of lactation. Lycopene was a carotenoid with the highest content in breastmilk (first month 112.2 (95% CI 106.1⁻118.3)-sixth month 110.1 (103.9⁻116.3) nmol/L) and maternal diet (third month 7897.3 (5465.2⁻10329.5) and sixth month 7255.8 (5037.5⁻9474.1) µg/day). There was a positive correlation between carotenoids in breastmilk and dietary intake (lycopene r = 0.374, r = 0.338; lutein + zeaxanthin r = 0.711, r = 0.726, 3rd and 6th month, respectively) and an inverse correlation with maternal BMI in the third month of lactation (β-carotene: r = -0.248, lycopene: r = -0.286, lutein + zeaxanthin: r = -0.355). Adjusted multivariate regression models confirmed an association between lutein + zeaxanthin intake and its concentration in breastmilk (third month: β = 0.730 (0.516⁻0.943); 6th: β = 0.644 (0.448⁻0.840)). Due to the positive associations between dietary intake and breastmilk concentrations, breastfeeding mothers should have a diet that is abundant in carotenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika A Zielinska
- Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 159 Nowoursynowska St., 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Jadwiga Hamulka
- Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 159 Nowoursynowska St., 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Aleksandra Wesolowska
- Laboratory of Human Milk and Lactation Research at Regional Human Milk Bank in Holy Family Hospital, Department of Neonatology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, 63A Zwirki i Wigury St., 02-091 Warsaw, Poland.
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Neumann U, Derwenskus F, Gille A, Louis S, Schmid-Staiger U, Briviba K, Bischoff SC. Bioavailability and Safety of Nutrients from the Microalgae Chlorella vulgaris, Nannochloropsis oceanica and Phaeodactylum tricornutum in C57BL/6 Mice. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10080965. [PMID: 30049974 PMCID: PMC6116023 DOI: 10.3390/nu10080965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Microalgae are rich in macronutrients and therefore, they have been proposed as a potential future food source preserving natural resources. Here, we studied safety and bioavailability of algae nutrients in mice. Three microalgae species, Chlorella vulgaris, Nannochloropsis oceanica and Phaeodactylum tricornutum, were studied after ball mill disruption at different doses (5%, 15% and 25% dry weight) for 14 days. In response to all three algae diets, we observed a weight gain similar or superior to that in response to the control diet. No substantial differences in organ weights nor gut length occurred. Protein bioavailability from the algae diets did not differ from the control diet ranging from 58% to 77% apparent biological value. Fat absorption was lower for microalgae compared to soy oil in control diets, albeit still substantial. High liver eicosapentaenoic acid levels were measured following feeding with N. oceanica, the algae richest in omega-3 fatty acids. Neither histological nor serum analyses revealed any heart, kidney or liver toxicity induced by any of the algae diets. Algae-rich diets were thus well accepted, well tolerated and suitable for the maintenance of body weight and normal organ function. No toxicological effects were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Neumann
- Institute of Clinical Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstr. 12, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Felix Derwenskus
- Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Andrea Gille
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Nutrition, Max Rubner-Institut, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Sandrine Louis
- Institute of Clinical Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstr. 12, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany.
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Nutrition, Max Rubner-Institut, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Ulrike Schmid-Staiger
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Karlis Briviba
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Nutrition, Max Rubner-Institut, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Stephan C Bischoff
- Institute of Clinical Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstr. 12, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany.
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13
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Giordano E, Quadro L. Lutein, zeaxanthin and mammalian development: Metabolism, functions and implications for health. Arch Biochem Biophys 2018; 647:33-40. [PMID: 29654731 PMCID: PMC5949277 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
It is now widely accepted that nutrition during critical periods in early development, both pre- and postnatal, may have lifetime consequences in determining health or onset of major diseases in the adult life. Dietary carotenoids have shown beneficial health effects throughout the life cycle due to their potential antioxidant properties, their ability to serves as precursors of vitamin A and to the emerging signaling functions of their metabolites. The non-provitamin A carotenoids lutein and zeaxanthin are emerging as important modulators of infant and child visual and cognitive development, as well as critical effectors in the prevention and treatment of morbidity associated with premature births. This review provides a general overview of lutein and zeaxanthin metabolism in mammalian tissues and highlights the major advancements and remaining gaps in knowledge in regards to their metabolism and health effects during pre- and early post-natal development. Furthering our knowledge in this area of research will impact dietary recommendation and supplementation strategies aimed at sustaining proper fetal and infant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Giordano
- Department of Food Science; Rutgers Center for Lipid Research; New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, United States
| | - Loredana Quadro
- Department of Food Science; Rutgers Center for Lipid Research; New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, United States.
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14
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Phytochemicals in Human Milk and Their Potential Antioxidative Protection. Antioxidants (Basel) 2018; 7:antiox7020032. [PMID: 29470421 PMCID: PMC5836022 DOI: 10.3390/antiox7020032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Diets contain secondary plant metabolites commonly referred to as phytochemicals. Many of them are believed to impact human health through various mechanisms, including protection against oxidative stress and inflammation, and decreased risks of developing chronic diseases. For mothers and other people, phytochemical intake occurs through the consumption of foods such as fruits, vegetables, and grains. Research has shown that some these phytochemicals are present in the mother’s milk and can contribute to its oxidative stability. For infants, human milk (HM) represents the primary and preferred source of nutrition because it is a complete food. Studies have reported that the benefit provided by HM goes beyond basic nutrition. It can, for example, reduce oxidative stress in infants, thereby reducing the risk of lung and intestinal diseases in infants. This paper summarizes the phytochemicals present in HM and their potential contribution to infant health.
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Xue Y, Campos-Giménez E, Redeuil KM, Lévèques A, Actis-Goretta L, Vinyes-Pares G, Zhang Y, Wang P, Thakkar SK. Concentrations of Carotenoids and Tocopherols in Breast Milk from Urban Chinese Mothers and Their Associations with Maternal Characteristics: A Cross-Sectional Study. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9111229. [PMID: 29120377 PMCID: PMC5707701 DOI: 10.3390/nu9111229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Milk composition remains the best estimate of infant requirements. The aims of this study were to quantify carotenoids and tocopherols in human milk from healthy Chinese mothers, and to explore their associations with lactation stage, region, socio-economic and obstetric characteristics, and dietary intake. Human milk was obtained from 509 healthy mothers, and concentrations of carotenoids and tocopherols were analyzed by Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography. The mothers’ socio-economic and obstetric characteristics and dietary intake through a single 24-h dietary recall were evaluated. The median concentrations (μg/100 mL) of each component of 0–4 days, 5–11 days, 12–30 days, 31–60 days, 61–120 days, and 121–240 days postpartum were respectively as follows: β-carotene 8.0, 2.8, 2.1, 1.7, 1.9, 1.8; β-cryptoxanthin 6.2, 3.4, 2.4, 1.7, 1.8, 2.1; lutein 5.7, 7.0, 2.2, 2.9, 2.8, 3.7; lycopene 6.3, 2.5, 1.8, 1.4, 1.4, 1.5; zeaxanthin 1.0, 1.4, 0.8, 0.8, 1.0, 1.1; α-tocopherol 645, 382, 239, 206, 212, 211; γ-tocopherol 68, 63, 70, 73, 68, 88. The levels of those components varied significantly among different lactation stages and presented regional differences. Associations of carotenoid contents with maternal education, delivery mode, and present body mass index were found in multivariate analyses. These results suggested that lactation stage, region, and socio-economic and obstetric factors were associated with human milk concentrations of carotenoids and tocopherols in healthy Chinese mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Xue
- Department of Nutrition & Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, No. 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Esther Campos-Giménez
- Nestlé Research Center, Nestec, Vers-chez-les-blanc, CH-1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland.
| | | | - Antoine Lévèques
- Nestlé Research Center, Nestec, Vers-chez-les-blanc, CH-1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland.
| | - Lucas Actis-Goretta
- Nestlé Research Center, Nestec, Vers-chez-les-blanc, CH-1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland.
| | - Gerard Vinyes-Pares
- Nestlé Research Center Beijing, Building E-F, No. 5 Dijin Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100095, China.
| | - Yumei Zhang
- Department of Nutrition & Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, No. 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Peiyu Wang
- Department of Nutrition & Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, No. 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Sagar K Thakkar
- Nestlé Research Center, Nestec, Vers-chez-les-blanc, CH-1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland.
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Keikha M, Bahreynian M, Saleki M, Kelishadi R. Macro- and Micronutrients of Human Milk Composition: Are They Related to Maternal Diet? A Comprehensive Systematic Review. Breastfeed Med 2017; 12:517-527. [PMID: 28880568 DOI: 10.1089/bfm.2017.0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aims at systematically reviewing the observational and interventional studies on the association of maternal macro- and micronutrient intake with breast milk content. METHODS We systematically searched the Medline via PubMed, Scopus, and ISI Web of Knowledge till October 2016 with the following search strategy: ("human milk" OR "breast milk" OR "breast milk composition" OR "human breast milk composition" OR "composition breast milk" OR "mother milk" OR "human breast milk") AND ("maternal diet" OR "maternal nutrition"). We also searched Google scholar for increasing the sensitivity of our search. The search was not limited to title and abstract due to the possibility that the desired outcome might have been considered a secondary aim. We excluded conference papers, editorials, letters, commentary, short survey, and notes. The search was refined to English language, and we did not consider any time limitation. To increase the sensitivity and to select more studies, the reference list of the published studies was checked as well. RESULTS This review included 59 observational and 43 interventional studies on maternal diet related to breast milk composition. Different studies determined the associations and effects of some maternal dietary intake of micro and macronutrients and its reflection in human milk. CONCLUSION Maternal dietary intake, particularly fatty acids, and some micronutrients, including fat soluble vitamins, vitamin B1, and vitamin C, was related to their content in breast milk composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Keikha
- 1 Center for Health Related Social and Behavioral Sciences Research, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences , Shahroud, Iran
| | - Maryam Bahreynian
- 2 Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences , Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Saleki
- 3 Students' Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences , Isfahan, Iran
| | - Roya Kelishadi
- 2 Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences , Isfahan, Iran
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17
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Health Effects of Carotenoids during Pregnancy and Lactation. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9080838. [PMID: 28777356 PMCID: PMC5579631 DOI: 10.3390/nu9080838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Adequate nutrition is particularly important during pregnancy since it is needed not only for maintaining the health of the mother, but also determines the course of pregnancy and its outcome, fetus development as well as the child’s health after birth and during the later period of life. Data coming from epidemiological and interventions studies support the observation that carotenoids intake provide positive health effects in adults and the elderly population. These health effects are the result of their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Recent studies have also demonstrated the significant role of carotenoids during pregnancy and infancy. Some studies indicate a correlation between carotenoid status and lower risk of pregnancy pathologies induced by intensified oxidative stress, but results of these investigations are equivocal. Carotenoids have been well studied in relation to their beneficial role in the prevention of preeclampsia. It is currently hypothesized that carotenoids can play an important role in the prevention of preterm birth and intrauterine growth restriction. Carotenoid status in the newborn depends on the nutritional status of the mother, but little is known about the transfer of carotenoids from the mother to the fetus. Carotenoids are among the few nutrients found in breast milk, in which the levels are determined by the mother’s diet. Nutritional status of the newborn directly depends on its diet. Both mix feeding and artificial feeding may cause depletion of carotenoids since infant formulas contain only trace amounts of these compounds. Carotenoids, particularly lutein and zeaxanthin play a significant role in the development of vision and nervous system (among others, they are important for the development of retina as well as energy metabolism and brain electrical activity). Furthermore, more scientific evidence is emerging on the role of carotenoids in the prevention of disorders affecting preterm infants, who are susceptible to oxidative stress, particularly retinopathy of prematurity.
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Wells ML, Potin P, Craigie JS, Raven JA, Merchant SS, Helliwell KE, Smith AG, Camire ME, Brawley SH. Algae as nutritional and functional food sources: revisiting our understanding. JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYCOLOGY 2016; 29:949-982. [PMID: 28458464 PMCID: PMC5387034 DOI: 10.1007/s10811-016-0974-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 534] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 09/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Global demand for macroalgal and microalgal foods is growing, and algae are increasingly being consumed for functional benefits beyond the traditional considerations of nutrition and health. There is substantial evidence for the health benefits of algal-derived food products, but there remain considerable challenges in quantifying these benefits, as well as possible adverse effects. First, there is a limited understanding of nutritional composition across algal species, geographical regions, and seasons, all of which can substantially affect their dietary value. The second issue is quantifying which fractions of algal foods are bioavailable to humans, and which factors influence how food constituents are released, ranging from food preparation through genetic differentiation in the gut microbiome. Third is understanding how algal nutritional and functional constituents interact in human metabolism. Superimposed considerations are the effects of harvesting, storage, and food processing techniques that can dramatically influence the potential nutritive value of algal-derived foods. We highlight this rapidly advancing area of algal science with a particular focus on the key research required to assess better the health benefits of an alga or algal product. There are rich opportunities for phycologists in this emerging field, requiring exciting new experimental and collaborative approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark L. Wells
- School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469 USA
| | - Philippe Potin
- Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique Roscoff, CNRS-Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Place Georges Teissier, 29680 Roscoff, France
| | - James S. Craigie
- National Research Council of Canada, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1 Canada
| | - John A. Raven
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee (James Hutton Inst), Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA Scotland UK
- Plant Functional Biology and Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007 Australia
| | - Sabeeha S. Merchant
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California-Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Dr., East, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569 USA
| | - Katherine E. Helliwell
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing St., Cambridge, CB2 3EA UK
- Marine Biological Association of the UK, Citadel Hill, Plymouth, PL1 2PB UK
| | - Alison G. Smith
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing St., Cambridge, CB2 3EA UK
| | - Mary Ellen Camire
- School of Food and Agriculture, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469 USA
| | - Susan H. Brawley
- School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469 USA
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19
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Jeon JY, Park KK, Lee KW, Jang SW, Moon BH, An BK. Dietary effects of lutein-fortified chlorella on milk components of Holstein cows. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:908. [PMID: 27386352 PMCID: PMC4923021 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-2622-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the dietary effect of conventional or lutein-fortified chlorella on milk production and lutein incorporation in milk. Fifteen Holstein cows in mid-lactation were used in a 3 × 3 Latin square design each with a 21-day period. Cows were top-dressed daily with 30 g of conventional or lutein-fortified chlorella for 3 weeks. Cows without chlorella served as the control. The feed intake and milk yield were not affected by dietary treatments. The concentrations of milk protein and solids non-fat in groups fed diets containing both conventional and lutein-fortified chlorella were significantly higher than those of the control group (P < 0.001). There was no significant difference in content of milk fat among groups. The levels of plasma glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, glutamic pyruvic transaminase, interferon-gamma and interleukin-2 were not influenced by the dietary treatments. Lutein content in milk was significantly increased in groups fed lutein-fortified chlorella as compared with those of conventional chlorella and control, respectively (P < 0.01). These results imply that conventional and lutein-fortified chlorella has positive effects on milk components and the use of lutein-fortified chlorella in a dairy diet is effective in the production of milk enriched with lutein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Young Jeon
- Department of Health Food Research and Development of Daesang Corp, Icheon, 17384 Republic of Korea
| | - Keun-Kyu Park
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029 Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Woo Lee
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029 Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Wan Jang
- Department of Health Food Research and Development of Daesang Corp, Icheon, 17384 Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Hern Moon
- Celltech, Co., Ltd., Eumseong-gun, Chungbuk 27622 Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung-Ki An
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029 Republic of Korea
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20
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Himuro S, Ueno S, Noguchi N, Uchikawa T, Watanabe K. Safety evaluation of mutagenecity, acute and subacute toxicity study of Chlorella vulgaris CK-22 in rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.2131/fts.1.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sayaka Himuro
- Department of Research & Development, Chlorella Industry Co., Ltd
| | - Sugi Ueno
- Department of Research & Development, Chlorella Industry Co., Ltd
| | - Naoto Noguchi
- Department of Research & Development, Chlorella Industry Co., Ltd
| | - Takuya Uchikawa
- Department of Research & Development, Chlorella Industry Co., Ltd
| | - Koji Watanabe
- Department of Research & Development, Chlorella Industry Co., Ltd
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