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Mons C, Salameh M, Botzanowski T, Clémancey M, Dorlet P, Vallières C, Erb S, Vernis L, Guittet O, Lepoivre M, Huang ME, Cianferani S, Latour JM, Blondin G, Golinelli-Cohen MP. Regulations of mitoNEET by the key redox homeostasis molecule glutathione. J Inorg Biochem 2024; 255:112535. [PMID: 38527404 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2024.112535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Human mitoNEET (mNT) and CISD2 are two NEET proteins characterized by an atypical [2Fe-2S] cluster coordination involving three cysteines and one histidine. They act as redox switches with an active state linked to the oxidation of their cluster. In the present study, we show that reduced glutathione but also free thiol-containing molecules such as β-mercaptoethanol can induce a loss of the mNT cluster under aerobic conditions, while CISD2 cluster appears more resistant. This disassembly occurs through a radical-based mechanism as previously observed with the bacterial SoxR. Interestingly, adding cysteine prevents glutathione-induced cluster loss. At low pH, glutathione can bind mNT in the vicinity of the cluster. These results suggest a potential new regulation mechanism of mNT activity by glutathione, an essential actor of the intracellular redox state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Mons
- Université Paris-Saclay, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex 91198, France
| | - Myriam Salameh
- Université Paris-Saclay, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex 91198, France
| | - Thomas Botzanowski
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, Strasbourg 67000, France; Infrastructure Nationale de Protéomique ProFI - FR2048, Strasbourg 67000, France
| | - Martin Clémancey
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux (LCBM), Grenoble 38000, France
| | - Pierre Dorlet
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette cedex 91198, France; CNRS, Aix Marseille Université, BIP, IMM, Marseille cedex 09 13402, France
| | - Cindy Vallières
- Université Paris-Saclay, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex 91198, France
| | - Stéphane Erb
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, Strasbourg 67000, France; Infrastructure Nationale de Protéomique ProFI - FR2048, Strasbourg 67000, France
| | - Laurence Vernis
- Université Paris-Saclay, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex 91198, France
| | - Olivier Guittet
- Université Paris-Saclay, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex 91198, France
| | - Michel Lepoivre
- Université Paris-Saclay, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex 91198, France
| | - Meng-Er Huang
- Université Paris-Saclay, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex 91198, France
| | - Sarah Cianferani
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, Strasbourg 67000, France; Infrastructure Nationale de Protéomique ProFI - FR2048, Strasbourg 67000, France
| | - Jean-Marc Latour
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux (LCBM), Grenoble 38000, France
| | - Geneviève Blondin
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux (LCBM), Grenoble 38000, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Golinelli-Cohen
- Université Paris-Saclay, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex 91198, France.
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Mildner-Szkudlarz S, Barbara Różańska M, Siger A, Zembrzuska J, Szwengiel A. Formation of Maillard reaction products in a model bread system of different gluten-free flours. Food Chem 2023; 429:136994. [PMID: 37517228 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we determined the levels of Maillard-type products (furosine, free fluorescent advanced glycation end products, 3-deoxyglucosone, methylglyoxal, and N-ε-carboxymethyllysine) in a model gluten-free bread made of wholegrain white, brown, wild, red, and black rice flour, as well as of yellow and purple corn flour. The total protein, lysine, arginine, and cysteine contents were found to relate directly to the formation of Maillard-type products. The malvidin, ferulic, syringic, sinapic, and p-coumaric acids present in gluten-free breads were effective against the formation of furosine, fluorescent compounds, and dicarbonyls, but were ineffective in mitigating CML. Although the bread formulated with purple corn flour had the lowest levels of furosine and fluorescent compounds, this formulation led to an increase in N-ε-carboxymethyllysine and adversely affected the bread's aroma, on account of the presence of polyphenols responsible for a bitter aroma, which were at their highest concentration (1942.34 µg/g) in this bread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Mildner-Szkudlarz
- Department of Food Technology of Plant Origin, Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 28, 60-637 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Maria Barbara Różańska
- Department of Food Technology of Plant Origin, Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 28, 60-637 Poznań, Poland
| | - Aleksander Siger
- Department of Biochemistry and Food Analysis, Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 28, 60-637 Poznań, Poland
| | - Joanna Zembrzuska
- Institute of Chemistry and Technical Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
| | - Artur Szwengiel
- Department of Food Technology of Plant Origin, Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 28, 60-637 Poznań, Poland
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3
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Gao Q, Grzyb K, Gamon LF, Ogilby PR, Pędziński T, Davies MJ. The structure of model and peptide disulfides markedly affects their reactivity and products formed with singlet oxygen. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 207:320-329. [PMID: 37633403 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
Disulfide bonds are critical structural elements in proteins and stabilize folded structures. Modification of these linkages is associated with a loss of structure and function. Previous studies have reported large variations in the rate of disulfide oxidation by hypohalous acids, due to stabilization of reaction intermediates. In this study we hypothesized that considerable variation (and hence selective oxidation) would occur with singlet oxygen (1O2), a key intermediate in photo-oxidation reactions. The kinetics of disulfide-mediated 1O2 removal were monitored using the time-resolved 1270 nm phosphorescence of 1O2. Stern-Volmer plots of these data showed a large variation (∼103) in the quenching rate constants kq (from 2 × 107 for α-lipoic acid to 3.6 × 104 M-1s-1 for cystamine). The time course of disulfide loss and product formation (determined by LC-MS) support a role for 1O2, with mono- and di-oxygenated products detected. Elevated levels of these latter species were generated in D2O- compared to H2O buffers, which is consistent with solvent effects on the 1O2 lifetime. These data are interpreted in terms of the intermediacy of a zwitterion [-S+(OO-)-S-], which either isomerizes to a thiosulfonate [-S(O)2-S-] or reacts with another parent molecule to give two thiosulfinates [-S(O)-S-]. The variation in quenching rates and product formation are ascribed to zwitterion stabilization by neighboring, or remote, lone pairs of electrons. These data suggest that some disulfides, including some present within or attached to proteins (e.g., α-lipoic acid), may be selectively modified, and undergo subsequent cleavage, with adverse effects on protein structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Gao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark
| | - Katarzyna Grzyb
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 8, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Luke F Gamon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark
| | - Peter R Ogilby
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, DK-8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Tomasz Pędziński
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 8, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Michael J Davies
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark.
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Abstract
Endogenous photosensitizers play a critical role in both beneficial and harmful light-induced transformations in biological systems. Understanding their mode of action is essential for advancing fields such as photomedicine, photoredox catalysis, environmental science, and the development of sun care products. This review offers a comprehensive analysis of endogenous photosensitizers in human skin, investigating the connections between their electronic excitation and the subsequent activation or damage of organic biomolecules. We gather the physicochemical and photochemical properties of key endogenous photosensitizers and examine the relationships between their chemical reactivity, location within the skin, and the primary biochemical events following solar radiation exposure, along with their influence on skin physiology and pathology. An important take-home message of this review is that photosensitization allows visible light and UV-A radiation to have large effects on skin. The analysis presented here unveils potential causes for the continuous increase in global skin cancer cases and emphasizes the limitations of current sun protection approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick L Bastos
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Frank H Quina
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnic School, University of São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maurício S Baptista
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Zhu Q, Costentin C, Stubbe J, Nocera DG. Disulfide radical anion as a super-reductant in biology and photoredox chemistry. Chem Sci 2023; 14:6876-6881. [PMID: 37389245 PMCID: PMC10306091 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01867a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Disulfides are involved in a broad range of radical-based synthetic organic and biochemical transformations. In particular, the reduction of a disulfide to the corresponding radical anion, followed by S-S bond cleavage to yield a thiyl radical and a thiolate anion plays critical roles in radical-based photoredox transformations and the disulfide radical anion in conjunction with a proton donor, mediates the enzymatic synthesis of deoxynucleotides from nucleotides within the active site of the enzyme, ribonucleotide reductase (RNR). To gain fundamental thermodynamic insight into these reactions, we have performed experimental measurements to furnish the transfer coefficient from which the standard E0(RSSR/RSSR˙-) reduction potential has been determined for a homologous series of disulfides. The electrochemical potentials are found to be strongly dependent on the structures and electronic properties of the substituents of the disulfides. In the case of cysteine, a standard potential of E0(RSSR/RSSR˙-) = -1.38 V vs. NHE is determined, making the disulfide radical anion of cysteine one of the most reducing cofactors in biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qilei Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University 12 Oxford Street Cambridge Massachusetts 02138 USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah Salt Lake City Utah 84112 USA
| | | | - JoAnne Stubbe
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University 12 Oxford Street Cambridge Massachusetts 02138 USA
- Departments of Chemistry and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge Massachusetts 02139 USA
| | - Daniel G Nocera
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University 12 Oxford Street Cambridge Massachusetts 02138 USA
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6
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A Review on Forced Degradation Strategies to Establish the Stability of Therapeutic Peptide Formulations. Int J Pept Res Ther 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-023-10492-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
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7
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Storage Drives Alterations of Proteomic and Protein Structural Properties in Rice (Oryza sativa L.). Foods 2022; 11:foods11213541. [PMID: 36360154 PMCID: PMC9658062 DOI: 10.3390/foods11213541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Rice quality changes during storage. However, few studies have reported the difference in protein structure between the indica and japonica varieties of rice during storage. The current research characterized the structural properties of the rice protein, and further investigated the proteomic profiles of Jianzhen 2 (indica rice) and Nanjing 9108 (japonica rice) during storage using the TMT labeling method. A significant reduction in free sulfhydryl content and an increase in disulfide bonds content and surface hydrophobicity were observed in both varieties after storage. The results of FTIR indicated that the changes in the protein’s secondary structure of Nanjing 9108 (japonica rice) were more significant than in Jianzhen 2 (indica rice). A total of 4039 proteins in Nanjing 9108 and 4301 proteins in Jianzhen 2 were identified by TMT-labeled proteomics analysis in this study. Significantly, changes were detected in 831 proteins in Nanjing 9108, while only in 60 proteins in Jianzhen 2. Protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, starch, and sucrose metabolism were both accelerated in both varieties, while oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria, glycolysis, fatty acid metabolism, and glutathione metabolism were enhanced in Nanjing 9108 (japonica rice). This study provides insight into the proteomic changes and protein structure in rice induced by storage.
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Serdaroğlu M, Öztürk‐Kerimoğlu B, Zungur‐Bastıoğlu A, Kavuşan HS, Ötleş S, Özyurt VH. Lipid–Protein Oxidation and In Vitro Digestibility of Fermented Turkey Sausages as Affected by Lipid Formulation. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.202100243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meltem Serdaroğlu
- Food Engineering Department Engineering Faculty Ege University Bornova Izmir 35100 Turkey
| | - Burcu Öztürk‐Kerimoğlu
- Food Engineering Department Engineering Faculty Ege University Bornova Izmir 35100 Turkey
| | - Aslı Zungur‐Bastıoğlu
- Food Engineering Department Engineering Faculty Adnan Menderes University Aydın 09010 Turkey
| | - Hülya Serpil Kavuşan
- Food Engineering Department Engineering Faculty Ege University Bornova Izmir 35100 Turkey
| | - Semih Ötleş
- Food Engineering Department Engineering Faculty Ege University Bornova Izmir 35100 Turkey
| | - Vasfiye Hazal Özyurt
- Gastronomy and Culinary Art Faculty of Tourism Mugla Sıtkı Kocman University Akyaka Mugla 48650 Turkey
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Probing the Role of Cysteine Thiyl Radicals in Biology: Eminently Dangerous, Difficult to Scavenge. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11050885. [PMID: 35624747 PMCID: PMC9137623 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11050885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Thiyl radicals are exceptionally interesting reactive sulfur species (RSS), but rather rarely considered in a biological or medical context. We here review the reactivity of protein thiyl radicals in aqueous and lipid phases and provide an overview of their most relevant reaction partners in biological systems. We deduce that polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are their preferred reaction substrates in lipid phases, whereas protein side chains arguably prevail in aqueous phases. In both cellular compartments, a single, dominating thiyl radical-specific antioxidant does not seem to exist. This conclusion is rationalized by the high reaction rate constants of thiyl radicals with several highly concentrated substrates in the cell, precluding effective interception by antioxidants, especially in lipid bilayers. The intractable reactivity of thiyl radicals may account for a series of long-standing, but still startling biochemical observations surrounding the amino acid cysteine: (i) its global underrepresentation on protein surfaces, (ii) its selective avoidance in aerobic lipid bilayers, especially the inner mitochondrial membrane, (iii) the inverse correlation between cysteine usage and longevity in animals, (iv) the mitochondrial synthesis and translational incorporation of cysteine persulfide, and potentially (v) the ex post introduction of selenocysteine into the genetic code.
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Miret-Casals L, Van De Putte S, Aerssens D, Diharce J, Bonnet P, Madder A. Equipping Coiled-Coil Peptide Dimers With Furan Warheads Reveals Novel Cross-Link Partners. Front Chem 2022; 9:799706. [PMID: 35252125 PMCID: PMC8888431 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.799706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Using a coiled-coil peptide dimer as a model system to explore furan reactivity, we describe novel cross-link partners of furan warheads for site-specific cross-linking. We demonstrate that replacement of weak interhelical ionic contacts with a furan moiety and its potential cross-link partner affords covalently connected coiled-coil motifs upon furan activation. We describe for the first time the reaction of the activated furan warhead with cysteine and tyrosine, besides the previously reported lysine, thus enhancing the versatility of the furan cross-link methodology by the possibility to target different amino acids. The present in vitro validation of “furan-armed” α-helices provides further grounds for exploiting furan technology in the development of furan-modified ligands/proteins to target proteins in a covalent way through various amino acid side chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Miret-Casals
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Organic and Biomimetic Chemistry Research Group, Faculty of Science, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Laia Miret-Casals, ; Annemieke Madder,
| | - Sander Van De Putte
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Organic and Biomimetic Chemistry Research Group, Faculty of Science, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dorien Aerssens
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Organic and Biomimetic Chemistry Research Group, Faculty of Science, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Julien Diharce
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique, Université d’Orléans, UMR CNRS 7311, Orléans, France
| | - Pascal Bonnet
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique, Université d’Orléans, UMR CNRS 7311, Orléans, France
| | - Annemieke Madder
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Organic and Biomimetic Chemistry Research Group, Faculty of Science, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Laia Miret-Casals, ; Annemieke Madder,
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Wang Z, Zhou H, Zhou K, Tu J, Xu B. An underlying softening mechanism in pale, soft and exudative - Like rabbit meat: The role of reactive oxygen species - Generating systems. Food Res Int 2022; 151:110853. [PMID: 34980389 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This work investigated the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) - generating systems on the softening of the pale, soft and exudative-like (PSE-like) rabbit meat during aging. PSE-like meat was induced by incubation of post-mortem rabbit Longissimus thoracis et lumborum at 37 °C for 3 h. During aging, PSE-like meat samples had higher values in peroxides value, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, metmyoglobin percentage, ferrylmyoglobin content, non-heme iron content, hydroxyl radical content and ROS concentration compared with the normal ones, suggesting that PSE-like incubation could activate lipid-oxidizing system, myoglobin-mediated oxidation system, together with metal-catalyzed oxidation system. Additionally, higher protein carbonyl content was observed in PSE-like meat, along with a significant loss in sulfhydryl group. The results of SDS-PAGE suggested that more serious protein degradation occurred in PSE-like meat. It is plausible that the activated ROS-generating system played an underlying role in the softening texture during the aging period of PSE-like meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoming Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-process, Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China; School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Hui Zhou
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-process, Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China; School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Kai Zhou
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-process, Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China; School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Juncai Tu
- Department of Wine, Food and Molecular Biosciences, Lincoln University, P O Box 84, Lincoln 7647, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Baocai Xu
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-process, Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China; School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China; State Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, Nanjing, 211806, China.
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12
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Skotnicki K, Janik I, Sadowska K, Leszczynska G, Bobrowski K. Radiation-Induced Oxidation Reactions of 2-Selenouracil in Aqueous Solutions: Comparison with Sulfur Analog of Uracil. Molecules 2021; 27:molecules27010133. [PMID: 35011366 PMCID: PMC8746332 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
One-electron oxidation of 2-selenouracil (2-SeU) by hydroxyl (●OH) and azide (●N3) radicals leads to various primary reactive intermediates. Their optical absorption spectra and kinetic characteristics were studied by pulse radiolysis with UV-vis spectrophotometric and conductivity detection and by the density functional theory (DFT) method. The transient absorption spectra recorded in the reactions of ●OH with 2-SeU are dominated by an absorption band with an λmax = 440 nm, the intensity of which depends on the concentration of 2-SeU and pH. Based on the combination of conductometric and DFT studies, the transient absorption band observed both at low and high concentrations of 2-SeU was assigned to the dimeric 2c-3e Se-Se-bonded radical in neutral form (2●). The dimeric radical (2●) is formed in the reaction of a selenyl-type radical (6●) with 2-SeU, and both radicals are in equilibrium with Keq = 1.3 × 104 M−1 at pH 4 (below the pKa of 2-SeU). Similar equilibrium with Keq = 4.4 × 103 M−1 was determined for pH 10 (above the pKa of 2-SeU), which admittedly involves the same radical (6●) but with a dimeric 2c-3e Se-Se bonded radical in anionic form (2●−). In turn, at the lowest concentration of 2-SeU (0.05 mM) and pH 10, the transient absorption spectrum is dominated by an absorption band with an λmax = 390 nm, which was assigned to the ●OH adduct to the double bond at C5 carbon atom (3●) based on DFT calculations. Similar spectral and kinetic features were also observed during the ●N3-induced oxidation of 2-SeU. In principle, our results mostly revealed similarities in one-electron oxidation pathways of 2-SeU and 2-thiouracil (2-TU). The major difference concerns the stability of dimeric radicals with a 2c-3e chalcogen-chalcogen bond in favor of 2-SeU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Skotnicki
- Centre of Radiation Research and Technology, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, 03-195 Warsaw, Poland;
- Correspondence: (K.S.); (I.J.); Tel.: +48-22-504-1292 (K.S.)
| | - Ireneusz Janik
- Notre Dame Radiation Laboratory, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
- Correspondence: (K.S.); (I.J.); Tel.: +48-22-504-1292 (K.S.)
| | - Klaudia Sadowska
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (K.S.); (G.L.)
| | - Grazyna Leszczynska
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (K.S.); (G.L.)
| | - Krzysztof Bobrowski
- Centre of Radiation Research and Technology, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, 03-195 Warsaw, Poland;
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13
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Liu Z, Dai X, Xu Q, Sun X, Liu Y. Fluorescence Sensing of Glutathione Thiyl Radical by
BODIPY‐Modified β‐Cyclodextrin. CHINESE J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202100662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhixue Liu
- College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Elemento‐Organic Chemistry, Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Xianyin Dai
- College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Elemento‐Organic Chemistry, Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Qiaoyan Xu
- College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Elemento‐Organic Chemistry, Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Xiaohan Sun
- College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Elemento‐Organic Chemistry, Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Yu Liu
- College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Elemento‐Organic Chemistry, Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
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14
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Fuentes-Lemus E, Hägglund P, López-Alarcón C, Davies MJ. Oxidative Crosslinking of Peptides and Proteins: Mechanisms of Formation, Detection, Characterization and Quantification. Molecules 2021; 27:15. [PMID: 35011250 PMCID: PMC8746199 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Covalent crosslinks within or between proteins play a key role in determining the structure and function of proteins. Some of these are formed intentionally by either enzymatic or molecular reactions and are critical to normal physiological function. Others are generated as a consequence of exposure to oxidants (radicals, excited states or two-electron species) and other endogenous or external stimuli, or as a result of the actions of a number of enzymes (e.g., oxidases and peroxidases). Increasing evidence indicates that the accumulation of unwanted crosslinks, as is seen in ageing and multiple pathologies, has adverse effects on biological function. In this article, we review the spectrum of crosslinks, both reducible and non-reducible, currently known to be formed on proteins; the mechanisms of their formation; and experimental approaches to the detection, identification and characterization of these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Fuentes-Lemus
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (E.F.-L.); (P.H.)
| | - Per Hägglund
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (E.F.-L.); (P.H.)
| | - Camilo López-Alarcón
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile;
| | - Michael J. Davies
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (E.F.-L.); (P.H.)
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15
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Oxidative distress in aging and age-related diseases: Spatiotemporal dysregulation of protein oxidation and degradation. Biochimie 2021; 195:114-134. [PMID: 34890732 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2021.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The concept of oxidative distress had arisen from the assessment of cellular response to high concentrations of reactive species that result from an imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants and cause biomolecular damage. The intracellular distribution and flux of reactive species dramatically change in time and space contributing to the remodeling of the redox landscape and sensitivity of protein residues to oxidants. Here, we hypothesize that compromised spatiotemporal control of generation, conversions, and removal of reactive species underlies protein damage and dysfunction of protein degradation machineries. This leads to the accumulation of oxidatively damaged proteins resulted in an age-dependent decline in the organismal adaptability to oxidative stress. We highlight recent data obtained with the use of various cell cultures, animal models, and patients on irreversible and non-repairable oxidation of key redox-sensitive residues. Multiple reaction products include peptidyl hydroperoxides, alcohols, carbonyls, and carbamoyl moieties as well as Tyr-Tyr, Trp-Tyr, Trp-Trp, Tyr-Cys, His-Lys, His-Arg, and Tyr-Lys cross-links. These lead to protein fragmentation, misfolding, covalent cross-linking, oligomerization, aggregation, and ultimately, causing impaired protein function and turnover. 20S proteasome and autophagy-lysosome pathways are two major types of machinery for the degradation and elimination of oxidatively damaged proteins. Spatiotemporal dysregulation of these pathways under oxidative distress conditions is implicated in aging and age-related disorders such as neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. Future investigations in this field allow the discovery of new drugs to target components of dysregulated cell signaling and protein degradation machinery to combat aging and age-related chronic diseases.
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16
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Euceda N, Jahnke J, Espinal A, Louis MF, Bashkin E, Roccanova P, Espaillat A, Fuentes GV, Nieto F, Gao R. Thioguanine restoration through type I photosensitization-superoxide oxidation-glutathione reduction cycles. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:5069-5073. [PMID: 33655288 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp00101a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
UVA-induced deleterious effect of thiopurine prodrugs including azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine and 6-thioguanine (6-TG) increases the risk of cancer development due to the incorporation of 6-TG in patients' DNA. The catalytic mechanism by which thiobases act as a sustained oxidant producer has yet to be explored, especially through the Type I electron transfer pathway that produces superoxide radicals (O2˙-). Under Fenton-like conditions O2˙- radicals convert to extremely reactive hydroxyl radicals (˙OH), thus carrying even higher risk of biological damage than that induced by the well-studied type II reaction. By monitoring 6-TG/UVA-induced photochemistry in mass spectra and superoxide radicals (O2˙-) via nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction, this work provides two new findings: (1) in the presence of reduced glutathione (GSH), the production of O2˙-via the type I reaction is enhanced 10-fold. 6-TG thiyl radicals are identified as the primary intermediate formed in the reaction of 6-TG with O2˙-. The restoration of 6-TG and concurrent generation of O2˙- occur via a 3-step-cycle: 6-TG type I photosensitization, O2˙- oxidation and GSH reduction. (2) In the absence of GSH, 6-TG thiyl radicals undergo oxygen addition and sulfur dioxide removal to form carbon radicals (C6) which further convert to thioether by reacting with 6-TG molecules. These findings help explain not only thiol-regulation in a biological system but chemoprevention of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson Euceda
- Chemistry and Physics Department, SUNY College at Old Westbury, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA.
| | - Joyce Jahnke
- Chemistry and Physics Department, SUNY College at Old Westbury, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA.
| | - Aileen Espinal
- Chemistry and Physics Department, SUNY College at Old Westbury, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA.
| | - Monique F Louis
- Chemistry and Physics Department, SUNY College at Old Westbury, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA.
| | - Edan Bashkin
- Chemistry and Physics Department, SUNY College at Old Westbury, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA.
| | - Patricia Roccanova
- Biological Sciences Department, SUNY College at Old Westbury, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA
| | - Abraham Espaillat
- Chemistry and Physics Department, SUNY College at Old Westbury, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA.
| | - German V Fuentes
- Chemistry and Physics Department, SUNY College at Old Westbury, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA.
| | - Fernando Nieto
- Biological Sciences Department, SUNY College at Old Westbury, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA
| | - Ruomei Gao
- Chemistry and Physics Department, SUNY College at Old Westbury, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA.
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17
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Jiang S, Carroll L, Mariotti M, Hägglund P, Davies MJ. Formation of protein cross-links by singlet oxygen-mediated disulfide oxidation. Redox Biol 2021; 41:101874. [PMID: 33601275 PMCID: PMC7900768 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.101874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cross-links formed within and between proteins are a major cause of protein dysfunction, and are postulated to drive the accumulation of protein aggregates in some human pathologies. Cross-links can be formed from multiple residues and can be reversible (usually sulfur-sulfur bonds) or irreversible (typically carbon-carbon or carbon-heteroatom bonds). Disulfides formed from oxidation of two Cys residues are widespread, with these formed both deliberately, via enzymatic reactions, or as a result of unintended oxidation reactions. We have recently demonstrated that new protein-glutathione mixed disulfides can be formed through oxidation of a protein disulfide to a thiosulfinate, and subsequent reaction of this species with glutathione. Here we investigate whether similar reactions occur between an oxidized protein disulfide, and a Cys residues on a second protein, to give novel protein cross-links. Singlet oxygen (1O2)-mediated oxidation of multiple proteins (α-lactalbumin, lysozyme, beta-2-microglobulin, C-reactive protein), and subsequent incubation with the Cys-containing protein glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), generates inter-protein cross-links as detected by SDS-PAGE, immunoblotting and mass spectrometry (MS). The cross-link yield is dependent on the 1O2 concentration, the presence of the original protein disulfide bond, and the free Cys on GAPDH. MS with 18O-labeling has allowed identification of the residues involved in some cases (e.g. Cys25 from the Cys25-Cys80 disulfide in beta-2-microglobulin, with Cys149 or Cys244 of GAPDH). The formation of these cross-links results in a loss of GAPDH enzymatic activity. These data provide 'proof-of-concept' for a novel mechanism of protein cross-link formation which may help rationalize the accumulation of cross-linked proteins in multiple human pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuwen Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Luke Carroll
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michele Mariotti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Per Hägglund
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael J Davies
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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18
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Mechanisms and consequences of protein cysteine oxidation: the role of the initial short-lived intermediates. Essays Biochem 2020; 64:55-66. [PMID: 31919496 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20190053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Thiol groups in protein cysteine (Cys) residues can undergo one- and two-electron oxidation reactions leading to the formation of thiyl radicals or sulfenic acids, respectively. In this mini-review we summarize the mechanisms and kinetics of the formation of these species by biologically relevant oxidants. Most of the latter react with the deprotonated form of the thiol. Since the pKa of the thiols in protein cysteines are usually close to physiological pH, the thermodynamics and the kinetics of their oxidation in vivo are affected by the acidity of the thiol. Moreover, the protein microenvironment has pronounced effects on cysteine residue reactivity, which in the case of the oxidation mediated by hydroperoxides, is known to confer specificity to particular protein cysteines. Despite their elusive nature, both thiyl radicals and sulfenic acids are involved in the catalytic mechanism of several enzymes and in the redox regulation of protein function and/or signaling pathways. They are usually short-lived species that undergo further reactions that converge in the formation of different stable products, resulting in several post-translational modifications of the protein. Some of these can be reversed through the action of specific cellular reduction systems. Others damage the proteins irreversibly, and can make them more prone to aggregation or degradation.
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Hellwig M. Analysis of Protein Oxidation in Food and Feed Products. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:12870-12885. [PMID: 32237708 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c00711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Food and feed proteins are subject to oxidation reactions during production, processing, and storage. Several individual oxidized amino acids have been described in model systems and food; however, protein oxidation in food is still mostly assessed by the analysis of protein carbonylation. In the present review, the chemistry of protein oxidation and its implications for protein functionality, food flavor, and nutritional physiology are briefly summarized. Limitations of generic methods targeting redox-relevant functional groups and properties of typical reaction products, such as the determination of protein carbonyls and fluorescence spectroscopy, are presented. Methods for the quantitation of individual oxidation products of susceptible amino acids, such as cysteine, methionine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan, are reported. Special regard is paid to limitations resulting from the required hydrolysis procedures and unintended formation of the analytes during sample pretreatment. If available, results from food analysis obtained by different methods are compared. Suggestions and requirements for future works on protein oxidation in food and nutrition are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hellwig
- Chair of Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01062 Dresden, Germany
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20
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Musaogullari A, Chai YC. Redox Regulation by Protein S-Glutathionylation: From Molecular Mechanisms to Implications in Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218113. [PMID: 33143095 PMCID: PMC7663550 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
S-glutathionylation, the post-translational modification forming mixed disulfides between protein reactive thiols and glutathione, regulates redox-based signaling events in the cell and serves as a protective mechanism against oxidative damage. S-glutathionylation alters protein function, interactions, and localization across physiological processes, and its aberrant function is implicated in various human diseases. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms of S-glutathionylation and describe the changing levels of expression of S-glutathionylation in the context of aging, cancer, cardiovascular, and liver diseases.
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21
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Kunath S, Schindeldecker M, De Giacomo A, Meyer T, Sohre S, Hajieva P, von Schacky C, Urban J, Moosmann B. Prooxidative chain transfer activity by thiol groups in biological systems. Redox Biol 2020; 36:101628. [PMID: 32863215 PMCID: PMC7365990 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cysteine is arguably the best-studied biological amino acid, whose thiol group frequently participates in catalysis or ligand binding by proteins. Still, cysteine's unusual biological distribution has remained mysterious, being strikingly underrepresented in transmembrane domains and on accessible protein surfaces, particularly in aerobic life forms (“cysteine anomaly”). Noting that lipophilic thiols have been used for decades as radical chain transfer agents in polymer chemistry, we speculated that the rapid formation of thiyl radicals in hydrophobic phases might provide a rationale for the cysteine anomaly. Hence, we have investigated the effects of dodecylthiol and related compounds in isolated biomembranes, cultivated human cells and whole animals (C. elegans). We have found that lipophilic thiols at micromolar concentrations were efficient accelerators, but not inducers of lipid peroxidation, catalyzed fatty acid isomerization to trans-fatty acids, and evoked a massive cellular stress response related to protein and DNA damage. These effects were specific for lipophilic thiols and were absent with thioethers, alcohols or hydrophilic compounds. Catalytic chain transfer activity by thiyl radicals appears to have deeply influenced the structural biology of life as reflected in the cysteine anomaly. Chain transfer agents represent a novel class of biological cytotoxins that selectively accelerate oxidative damage in vivo. Intramembrane thiol groups are prooxidants that promote lipid peroxidation in vivo. Intramembrane thiols also cause protein oxidation, DNA damage and cytotoxicity. Thiol groups in hydrophobic biological environments act as chain transfer catalysts. Thiol groups do not induce radical formation, but accelerate radical propagation. Thiyl radicals are the carriers of biological chain transfer catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Kunath
- Evolutionary Biochemistry and Redox Medicine, Institute for Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Mario Schindeldecker
- Evolutionary Biochemistry and Redox Medicine, Institute for Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Antonio De Giacomo
- Cellular Adaptation Group, Institute for Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Theresa Meyer
- Evolutionary Biochemistry and Redox Medicine, Institute for Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Selina Sohre
- Evolutionary Biochemistry and Redox Medicine, Institute for Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Parvana Hajieva
- Cellular Adaptation Group, Institute for Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Clemens von Schacky
- Preventive Cardiology, University of Munich, Germany, and Omegametrix GmbH, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Joachim Urban
- Institute for Developmental Biology and Neurobiology, University of Mainz, Germany
| | - Bernd Moosmann
- Evolutionary Biochemistry and Redox Medicine, Institute for Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
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22
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Corpas FJ, González-Gordo S, Palma JM. Plant Peroxisomes: A Factory of Reactive Species. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:853. [PMID: 32719691 PMCID: PMC7348659 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plant peroxisomes are organelles enclosed by a single membrane whose biochemical composition has the capacity to adapt depending on the plant tissue, developmental stage, as well as internal and external cellular stimuli. Apart from the peroxisomal metabolism of reactive oxygen species (ROS), discovered several decades ago, new molecules with signaling potential, including nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S), have been detected in these organelles in recent years. These molecules generate a family of derived molecules, called reactive nitrogen species (RNS) and reactive sulfur species (RSS), whose peroxisomal metabolism is autoregulated through posttranslational modifications (PTMs) such as S-nitrosation, nitration and persulfidation. The peroxisomal metabolism of these reactive species, which can be weaponized against pathogens, is susceptible to modification in response to external stimuli. This review aims to provide up-to-date information on crosstalk between these reactive species families and peroxisomes, as well as on their cellular environment in light of the well-recognized signaling properties of H2O2, NO and H2S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J. Corpas
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada, Spain
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23
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Karimi M, Crossett B, Cordwell SJ, Pattison DI, Davies MJ. Characterization of disulfide (cystine) oxidation by HOCl in a model peptide: Evidence for oxygen addition, disulfide bond cleavage and adduct formation with thiols. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 154:62-74. [PMID: 32370994 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Disulfide bonds play a key role in stabilizing proteins by cross-linking secondary structures. Whilst many disulfides are effectively unreactive, it is increasingly clear that some disulfides are redox active, participate in enzymatic reactions and/or regulate protein function by allosteric mechanisms. Previously (Karimi et al., Sci. Rep. 2016, 6, 38752) we have shown that some disulfides react rapidly with biological oxidants due to favourable interactions with available lone-pairs of electrons. Here we present data from kinetic, mechanistic and product studies for HOCl-mediated oxidation of a protected nine-amino acid model peptide containing a N- to C-terminal disulfide bond. This peptide reacts with HOCl with k2 1.8 × 106 M-1 s-1, similar to other highly-reactive disulfide-containing compounds. With low oxidant excesses, oxidation yields multiple oxidation products from the disulfide, with reaction predominating at the N-terminal Cys to give sulfenic, sulfinic and sulfonic acids, and disulfide bond cleavage. Limited oxidation occurs, with higher oxidant excesses, at Trp and His residues to give mono- and di- (for Trp) oxygenated products. Site-specific backbone cleavage also occurs between Arg and Trp, probably via initial side-chain modification. Treatment of the previously-oxidised peptide with thiols (GSH, N-Ac-Cys), results in adduction of the thiol to the oxidised peptide, with this occurring at the original disulfide bond. This gives an open-chain peptide, and a new mixed disulfide containing GSH or N-Ac-Cys as determined by mass spectrometry. Disulfide bond oxidation may therefore markedly alter the structure, activity and function of disulfide-containing proteins, and provides a potential mechanism for protein glutathionylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Karimi
- The Heart Research Institute, 7 Eliza St, Newtown, NSW, 2042, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Ben Crossett
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Sydney Mass Spectrometry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Stuart J Cordwell
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia; Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Sydney Mass Spectrometry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - David I Pattison
- The Heart Research Institute, 7 Eliza St, Newtown, NSW, 2042, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Michael J Davies
- The Heart Research Institute, 7 Eliza St, Newtown, NSW, 2042, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia; Department of Biomedical Science, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark.
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24
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Effects of oxidative modification by 13-hydroperoxyoctadecadienoic acid on the structure and functional properties of rice protein. Food Res Int 2020; 132:109096. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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25
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Oxidation-reduction mechanisms in psychiatric disorders: A novel target for pharmacological intervention. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 210:107520. [PMID: 32165136 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
While neurotransmitter dysfunction represents a key component in mental illnesses, there is now a wide agreement for a central pathophysiological hub that includes hormones, neuroinflammation, redox mechanisms as well as oxidative stress. With respect to oxidation-reduction (redox) mechanisms, preclinical and clinical evidence suggests that an imbalance in the pro/anti-oxidative homeostasis toward the increased production of substances with oxidizing potential may contribute to the etiology and manifestation of different psychiatric disorders. The substantial and continous demand for energy renders the brain highly susceptible to disturbances in its energy supply, especially following exposure to stressful events, which may lead to overproduction of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species under conditions of perturbed antioxidant defenses. This will eventually induce different molecular alterations, including extensive protein and lipid peroxidation, increased blood-brain barrier permeability and neuroinflammation, which may contribute to the changes in brain function and morphology observed in mental illnesses. This view may also reconcile different key concepts for psychiatric disorders, such as the neurodevelopmental origin of these diseases, as well as the vulnerability of selective cellular populations that are critical for specific functional abnormalities. The possibility to pharmacologically modulate the redox system is receiving increasing interest as a novel therapeutic strategy to counteract the detrimental effects of the unbalance in brain oxidative mechanisms. This review will describe the main mechanisms and mediators of the redox system and will examine the alterations of oxidative stress found in animal models of psychiatric disorders as well as in patients suffering from mental illnesses, such as schizophrenia and major depressive disorder. In addition, it will discuss studies that examined the effects of psychotropic drugs, including antipsychotics and antidepressants, on the oxidative balance as well as studies that investigated the effectiveness of a direct modulation of oxidative mechanisms in counteracting the behavioral and functional alterations associated with psychiatric disorders, which supports the promising role of the redox system as a novel therapeutic target for the improved treatment of brain disorders.
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26
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Radical rearrangement and transfer reactions in proteins. Essays Biochem 2020; 64:87-96. [PMID: 31922197 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20190046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Radical rearrangement and transfer reactions play an important role in the chemical modifications of proteins in vivo and in vitro. These reactions depend on protein sequence, as well as structure and dynamics. Frequently, these reactions have well-defined precedents in the organic chemistry literature, but their occurrence in proteins provides a stage for a number of novel and, perhaps, unexpected reaction products. This essay will provide an overview over a few representative examples of radical rearrangement and transfer reactions.
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27
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Hawkins CL, Davies MJ. Detection, identification, and quantification of oxidative protein modifications. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:19683-19708. [PMID: 31672919 PMCID: PMC6926449 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev119.006217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure of biological molecules to oxidants is inevitable and therefore commonplace. Oxidative stress in cells arises from both external agents and endogenous processes that generate reactive species, either purposely (e.g. during pathogen killing or enzymatic reactions) or accidentally (e.g. exposure to radiation, pollutants, drugs, or chemicals). As proteins are highly abundant and react rapidly with many oxidants, they are highly susceptible to, and major targets of, oxidative damage. This can result in changes to protein structure, function, and turnover and to loss or (occasional) gain of activity. Accumulation of oxidatively-modified proteins, due to either increased generation or decreased removal, has been associated with both aging and multiple diseases. Different oxidants generate a broad, and sometimes characteristic, spectrum of post-translational modifications. The kinetics (rates) of damage formation also vary dramatically. There is a pressing need for reliable and robust methods that can detect, identify, and quantify the products formed on amino acids, peptides, and proteins, especially in complex systems. This review summarizes several advances in our understanding of this complex chemistry and highlights methods that are available to detect oxidative modifications-at the amino acid, peptide, or protein level-and their nature, quantity, and position within a peptide sequence. Although considerable progress has been made in the development and application of new techniques, it is clear that further development is required to fully assess the relative importance of protein oxidation and to determine whether an oxidation is a cause, or merely a consequence, of injurious processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare L Hawkins
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Michael J Davies
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hellwig
- Professur für LebensmittechemieTechnische Universität Dresden D-01062 Dresden Deutschland
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29
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Susceptibility of protein therapeutics to spontaneous chemical modifications by oxidation, cyclization, and elimination reactions. Amino Acids 2019; 51:1409-1431. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-019-02787-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AbstractPeptides and proteins are preponderantly emerging in the drug market, as shown by the increasing number of biopharmaceutics already approved or under development. Biomolecules like recombinant monoclonal antibodies have high therapeutic efficacy and offer a valuable alternative to small-molecule drugs. However, due to their complex three-dimensional structure and the presence of many functional groups, the occurrence of spontaneous conformational and chemical changes is much higher for peptides and proteins than for small molecules. The characterization of biotherapeutics with modern and sophisticated analytical methods has revealed the presence of contaminants that mainly arise from oxidation- and elimination-prone amino-acid side chains. This review focuses on protein chemical modifications that may take place during storage due to (1) oxidation (methionine, cysteine, histidine, tyrosine, tryptophan, and phenylalanine), (2) intra- and inter-residue cyclization (aspartic and glutamic acid, asparagine, glutamine, N-terminal dipeptidyl motifs), and (3) β-elimination (serine, threonine, cysteine, cystine) reactions. It also includes some examples of the impact of such modifications on protein structure and function.
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Fujii J, Homma T, Kobayashi S. Ferroptosis caused by cysteine insufficiency and oxidative insult. Free Radic Res 2019; 54:969-980. [PMID: 31505959 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2019.1666983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Free iron has long been assumed to be a deteriorating factor in an oxidative insult and was recently found to be directly associated with ferroptosis, a specific type of cell death. The free iron-involved production of lipid peroxides activates the fatal pathway, resulting in nonapoptotic, programed cell death. Lipid peroxides appear to destroy membrane integrity, leading to cell rupture. Glutathione (GSH) is a major redox molecule that functions to protect against ferroptosis by its ability to donate an electron to glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), the sole enzyme that reduces phospholipid hydroperoxides. The availability of free cysteine (Cys) determines the levels of GSH synthesis, and, hence, its deprivation causes ferroptosis. Free iron is provided via ferritinophagy, the chaperone-mediated autophagic degradation of ferritin, but GPX4 also undergoes degradation via chaperone-mediated autophagy. Activated Nrf2 and ATF4 induce the expression of the cystine transporter xCT to cope with ferroptosis. To the contrary, the excessive activation of p53 induces ferroptosis by suppressing the expression of xCT in genetic and nongenetic manners. It therefore appears that xCT functions as the gatekeeper for determining cellular survival by regulating the availability of Cys in the cell. The issue of the extent of involvement of ferroptosis in an in vivo situation largely remains ambiguous. Establishing tools for specifying ferroptotic cells in situ would facilitate our understanding of its roles in pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Fujii
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata City, Japan
| | - Takujiro Homma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata City, Japan
| | - Sho Kobayashi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata City, Japan
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31
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Abstract
Oxidation is one of the deterioration reactions of proteins in food, the importance of which is comparable to others such as Maillard, lipation, or protein-phenol reactions. While research on protein oxidation has led to a precise understanding of the processes and consequences in physiological systems, knowledge about the specific effects of protein oxidation in food or the role of "oxidized" dietary protein for the human body is comparatively scarce. Food protein oxidation can occur during the whole processing axis, from primary production to intestinal digestion. The present review summarizes the current knowledge and mechanisms of food protein oxidation from a chemical, technological, and nutritional-physiological viewpoint and gives a comprehensive classification of the individual reactions. Different analytical approaches are compared, and the relationship between oxidation of food proteins and oxidative stress in vivo is critically evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hellwig
- Chair of Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01062, Dresden, Germany
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32
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Mardyukov A, Keul F, Schreiner PR. Generation and Spectroscopic Identification of the Thiuram Radical (CH3)2NCS2. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:4937-4941. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b03307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Artur Mardyukov
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Felix Keul
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Peter R. Schreiner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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33
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Frank P, Sarangi R, Hedman B, Hodgson KO. Synchrotron X-radiolysis of l-cysteine at the sulfur K-edge: Sulfurous products, experimental surprises, and dioxygen as an oxidoreductant. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:105101. [PMID: 30876351 PMCID: PMC7791807 DOI: 10.1063/1.5079419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In situ inventory of sulfurous products from the sulfur K-edge synchrotron X-radiolysis of l-cysteine in solid-phase and anaerobic (pH 5) and air-saturated (pH 5, 7, and 9) solutions without and with 40% glycerol is reported. Sequential K-edge X-ray Absorption Spectroscopic (XAS) spectra were acquired. l-cysteine degraded systematically in the X-ray beam. Radiolytic products were inventoried by fits using the XAS spectra of sulfur model compounds. Solid l-cysteine declined to 92% fraction after a single K-edge XAS scan. After six scans, 60% remained, accompanied by 14% cystine, 16% thioether, 5.4% elemental sulfur, and smaller fractions of more highly oxidized products. In air-saturated pH 5 solution, 73% of l-cysteine remained after ten scans, with 2% cystine and 19% elemental sulfur. Oxidation increased with 40% glycerol, yielding 67%, 5%, and 23% fractions, respectively, after ten scans. Higher pH solutions exhibited less radiolytic chemistry. All the reactivity followed first-order kinetics. The anaerobic experiment displayed two reaction phases, with sharp changes in kinetics and radiolytic chemistry. Unexpectedly, the radiolytic oxidation of l-cysteine was increased in anaerobic solution. After ten scans, only 60% of the l-cysteine remained, along with 17% cystine, 22% elemental sulfur, and traces of more highly oxidized products. A new aerobic reaction cycle is hypothesized, wherein dissolved dioxygen captures radiolytic H• or eaq -, enters HO2 •/O2 •-, reductively quenches cysteine thiyl radicals, and cycles back to O2. This cycle is suggested to suppress the radiolytic production of cystine in aerobic solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Frank
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed: . Tel.: 650-723-2479
| | - Ritimukta Sarangi
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC, Stanford University, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Britt Hedman
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC, Stanford University, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
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34
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Identification of D-Amino Acids in Light Exposed mAb Formulations. Pharm Res 2018; 35:238. [PMID: 30334107 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-018-2520-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We previously demonstrated that D-amino acids can form as a result of photo-irradiation of a monoclonal antibody (mAb) at both λ = 254 nm and λ > 295 nm (λmax = 305 nm), likely via reversible hydrogen transfer reactions of intermediary thiyl radicals. Here, we investigate the role of various excipients (sucrose, glucose, L-Arg, L-Met and L-Leu) on D-amino acid formation, and specifically the distribution of D-amino acids in mAb monomers and aggregates present after light exposure. METHODS The mAb-containing formulations were photo-irradiated at λ = 254 nm and λmax = 305 nm, followed by fractionation of aggregate and monomer fractions using size exclusion chromatography. These aggregate and monomer fractions were subjected to hydrolysis and subsequent amino acid analysis. RESULTS Both aggregate and monomer fractions collected from all formulations showed the formation of D-Glu and D-Val, whereas the formation of D-Ala was limited to the aggregate fraction collected from an L-Arg-containing formulation. Interestingly, quantitative analysis revealed higher yields of D-amino acids in the L-Arg-containing formulation. CONCLUSIONS Generally, D-amino acids accumulated to similar extents in monomers and aggregates.
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35
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Hägglund P, Mariotti M, Davies MJ. Identification and characterization of protein cross-links induced by oxidative reactions. Expert Rev Proteomics 2018; 15:665-681. [DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2018.1509710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Per Hägglund
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michele Mariotti
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Michael J. Davies
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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36
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Nehzati S, Dolgova NV, Sokaras D, Kroll T, Cotelesage JJH, Pickering IJ, George GN. A Photochemically Generated Selenyl Free Radical Observed by High Energy Resolution Fluorescence Detected X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:10867-10872. [PMID: 30133265 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b01522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Selenium-based selenyl free radicals are chemical entities that may be involved in a range of biochemical processes. We report the first X-ray spectroscopic observation of a selenyl radical species generated photochemically by X-ray irradiation of low-temperature solutions of l-selenocysteine. We have employed high energy resolution fluorescence detected X-ray absorption spectroscopy (HERFD-XAS) and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, coupled with density functional theory calculations, to characterize and understand the species. The HERFD-XAS spectrum of the selenyl radical is distinguished by a uniquely low-energy transition with a peak energy at 12 659.0 eV, which corresponds to a 1s → 4p transition to the singly occupied molecular orbital of the free radical. The EPR spectrum shows the broad features and highly anisotropic g-values that are expected for a selenium free radical species. The availability of spectroscopic probes for selenyl radicals may assist in understanding why life chooses selenium over sulfur in selected biochemical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Nehzati
- Molecular and Environmental Sciences Group, Department of Geological Sciences , University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon , Saskatchewan S7N 5E2 , Canada
| | - Natalia V Dolgova
- Molecular and Environmental Sciences Group, Department of Geological Sciences , University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon , Saskatchewan S7N 5E2 , Canada
| | - Dimosthenis Sokaras
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource , SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University , Menlo Park , California 94025 , United States
| | - Thomas Kroll
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource , SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University , Menlo Park , California 94025 , United States
| | - Julien J H Cotelesage
- Molecular and Environmental Sciences Group, Department of Geological Sciences , University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon , Saskatchewan S7N 5E2 , Canada
| | - Ingrid J Pickering
- Molecular and Environmental Sciences Group, Department of Geological Sciences , University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon , Saskatchewan S7N 5E2 , Canada.,Department of Chemistry , University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon , Saskatchewan S7N 5C9 , Canada
| | - Graham N George
- Molecular and Environmental Sciences Group, Department of Geological Sciences , University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon , Saskatchewan S7N 5E2 , Canada.,Department of Chemistry , University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon , Saskatchewan S7N 5C9 , Canada
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37
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Modiri Gharehveran M, Shah AD. Indirect Photochemical Formation of Carbonyl Sulfide and Carbon Disulfide in Natural Waters: Role of Organic Sulfur Precursors, Water Quality Constituents, and Temperature. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:9108-9117. [PMID: 30044083 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b01618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Carbonyl sulfide (COS) and carbon disulfide (CS2) are volatile sulfur compounds that are critical precursors to sulfate aerosols, which enable climate cooling. COS and CS2 stem from the indirect photolysis of organic sulfur precursors in natural waters, but currently the chemistry behind how this occurs remains unclear. This study evaluated how different organic sulfur precursors, water quality constituents, which can form important reactive intermediates (RIs), and temperature affected COS and CS2 formation. Nine natural waters ranging in salinity were spiked with cysteine, cystine, dimethylsulfide (DMS), or methionine and exposed to simulated sunlight over varying times and water quality conditions. Results indicated that COS and CS2 formation increased up to 11× and 4×, respectively, after 12 h of sunlight, while diurnal cycling exhibited varied effects. COS and CS2 formation was also strongly affected by the DOC concentration, organic sulfur precursor type, O2 concentration, and temperature, while salinity differences and CO addition did not play a significant role. Overall, important factors in forming COS and CS2 were identified, which may ultimately impact their atmospheric concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Modiri Gharehveran
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Amisha D Shah
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
- Division of Environmental and Ecological Engineering , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
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38
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Improving catalytic activity of the Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase-based Escherichia coli biocatalysts for the overproduction of (Z)-11-(heptanoyloxy)undec-9-enoic acid from ricinoleic acid. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10280. [PMID: 29980730 PMCID: PMC6035261 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28575-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Baeyer–Villiger monooxygenases (BVMOs) can be used for the biosynthesis of lactones and esters from ketones. However, the BVMO-based biocatalysts are not so stable under process conditions. Thereby, this study focused on enhancing stability of the BVMO-based biocatalysts. The biotransformation of ricinoleic acid into (Z)-11-(heptanoyloxy)undec-9-enoic acid by the recombinant Escherichia coli expressing the BVMO from Pseudomonas putida and an alcohol dehydrogenase from Micrococcus luteus was used as a model system. After thorough investigation of the key factors to influence stability of the BVMO, Cys302 was identified as an engineering target. The substitution of Cys302 to Leu enabled the engineered enzyme (i.e., E6BVMOC302L) to become more stable toward oxidative and thermal stresses. The catalytic activity of E6BVMOC302L-based E. coli biocatalysts was also greater than the E6BVMO-based biocatalysts. Another factor to influence biocatalytic performance of the BVMO-based whole-cell biocatalysts was availability of carbon and energy source during biotransformations. Glucose feeding into the reaction medium led to a marked increase of final product concentrations. Overall, the bioprocess engineering to improve metabolic stability of host cells in addition to the BVMO engineering allowed us to produce (Z)-11-(heptanoyloxy)undec-9-enoic acid to a concentration of 132 mM (41 g/L) from 150 mM ricinoleic acid within 8 h.
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39
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Niki E. Oxidant-specific biomarkers of oxidative stress. Association with atherosclerosis and implication for antioxidant effects. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 120:425-440. [PMID: 29625172 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The unregulated oxidative modification of lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids induced by multiple oxidants has been implicated in the pathogenesis of many diseases. Antioxidants with diverse functions exert their roles either directly or indirectly in the physiological defense network to inhibit such deleterious oxidative modification of biological molecules and resulting damage. The efficacy of antioxidants depends on the nature of oxidants. Therefore, it is important to identify the oxidants which are responsible for modification of biological molecules. Some oxidation products produced selectively by specific oxidant enable to identify the responsible oxidants, while other products are produced by several oxidants similarly. In this review article, several oxidant-specific products produced selectively by peroxyl radicals, peroxynitrite, hypochlorous acid, lipoxygenase, and singlet oxygen were summarized and their potential role as biomarker is discussed. It is shown that the levels of specific oxidation products including hydroxylinoleate isomers, nitrated and chlorinated products, and oxysterols produced by the above-mentioned oxidants are elevated in the human atherosclerotic lesions, suggesting that all these oxidants may contribute to the development of atherosclerosis. Further, it was shown that the reactivities of physiological antioxidants toward the above-mentioned oxidants vary extensively, suggesting that multiple antioxidants effective against these different oxidants are required, since no single antioxidant alone can cope with these multiple oxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etsuo Niki
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology, Takamatsu 761-0395, Japan.
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40
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Sulfur Radicals and Their Application. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2018; 376:22. [DOI: 10.1007/s41061-018-0197-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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41
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Xing YX, Li MH, Tao L, Ruan LY, Hong W, Chen C, Zhao WL, Xu H, Chen JF, Wang JS. Anti-Cancer Effects of Emodin on HepG2 Cells as Revealed by 1H NMR Based Metabolic Profiling. J Proteome Res 2018; 17:1943-1952. [PMID: 29676152 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic carcinoma is one of the most common cancers in the world, with a high incidence. Emodin is an anthraquinone derived from Polygonum multiflorum Thunb, possessing anti-cancer activity. The purpose of this study is to investigate the anti-cancer effect of different dosages of emodin on HepG2 cells using a 1H NMR based metabolic approach complemented with qRT-PCR and flow cytometry to identify potential markers and discover the targets to explore the underlying mechanism. Emodin can dose-dependently inhibit the growth of HepG2 cells, perturb cell cycle progression, down-regulate the expression of genes and proteins related to glycolysis, and trigger intracellular ROS generation. Orthogonal signal correction partial least-squares discriminant analysis (OSC-PLS-DA) and correlation network analysis of the 1H NMR data showed significant changes in many endogenous metabolites after emodin exposure concerning oxidative stress and disturbances in amino acid and energy metabolism. These findings are helpful to understand the anti-cancer mechanism of emodin and provide a theoretical basis for its future application and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Xiao Xing
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering , Nanjing University of Science and Technology , 200 Xiao Ling Wei Street , Nanjing 210094 , People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Hui Li
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering , Nanjing University of Science and Technology , 200 Xiao Ling Wei Street , Nanjing 210094 , People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Tao
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering , Nanjing University of Science and Technology , 200 Xiao Ling Wei Street , Nanjing 210094 , People's Republic of China
| | - Ling-Yu Ruan
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering , Nanjing University of Science and Technology , 200 Xiao Ling Wei Street , Nanjing 210094 , People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Hong
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering , Nanjing University of Science and Technology , 200 Xiao Ling Wei Street , Nanjing 210094 , People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering , Nanjing University of Science and Technology , 200 Xiao Ling Wei Street , Nanjing 210094 , People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Long Zhao
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering , Nanjing University of Science and Technology , 200 Xiao Ling Wei Street , Nanjing 210094 , People's Republic of China
| | - Han Xu
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering , Nanjing University of Science and Technology , 200 Xiao Ling Wei Street , Nanjing 210094 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Feng Chen
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering , Nanjing University of Science and Technology , 200 Xiao Ling Wei Street , Nanjing 210094 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Song Wang
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering , Nanjing University of Science and Technology , 200 Xiao Ling Wei Street , Nanjing 210094 , People's Republic of China
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Carroll L, Pattison DI, Davies JB, Anderson RF, Lopez-Alarcon C, Davies MJ. Superoxide radicals react with peptide-derived tryptophan radicals with very high rate constants to give hydroperoxides as major products. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 118:126-136. [PMID: 29496618 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative damage is a common process in many biological systems and proteins are major targets for damage due to their high abundance and very high rate constants for reaction with many oxidants (both radicals and two-electron species). Tryptophan (Trp) residues on peptides and proteins are a major sink for a large range of biological oxidants as these side-chains have low radical reduction potentials. The resulting Trp-derived indolyl radicals (Trp•) have long lifetimes in some circumstances due to their delocalized structures, and undergo only slow reaction with molecular oxygen, unlike most other biological radicals. In contrast, we have shown previously that Trp• undergo rapid dimerization. In the current study, we show that Trp• also undergo very fast reaction with superoxide radicals, O2•-, with k 1-2 × 109 M-1 s-1. These values do not alter dramatically with peptide structure, but the values of k correlate with overall peptide positive charge, consistent with positive electrostatic interactions. These reactions compete favourably with Trp• dimerization and O2 addition, indicating that this may be a major fate in some circumstances. The Trp• + O2•- reactions occur primarily by addition, rather than electron transfer, with this resulting in high yields of Trp-derived hydroperoxides. Subsequent degradation of these species, both stimulated and native decay, gives rise to N-formylkynurenine, kynurenine, alcohols and diols. These data indicate that reaction of O2•- with Trp• should be considered as a major pathway to Trp degradation on peptides and proteins subjected to oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Carroll
- The Heart Research Institute, Sydney, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David I Pattison
- The Heart Research Institute, Sydney, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Justin B Davies
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights, Australia
| | - Robert F Anderson
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Camilo Lopez-Alarcon
- Departmento de Quimica Fisica, Facultad de Quimica, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Chile
| | - Michael J Davies
- The Heart Research Institute, Sydney, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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43
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Sneeden EY, Hackett MJ, Cotelesage JJH, Prince RC, Barney M, Goto K, Block E, Pickering IJ, George GN. Photochemically Generated Thiyl Free Radicals Observed by X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:11519-11526. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b05116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eileen Y. Sneeden
- Stanford
Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Mark J. Hackett
- Molecular
and Environmental Sciences Group, Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2, Canada
- Department
of Chemistry, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia 6845, Australia
| | - Julien J. H. Cotelesage
- Molecular
and Environmental Sciences Group, Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - Roger C. Prince
- Stonybrook Apiary, Pittstown, New Jersey 08867, United States
| | - Monica Barney
- Chevron Energy Technology Company, Richmond, California 94802, United States
| | - Kei Goto
- Tokyo Institute of Technology, Department of Chemistry, 2-12-1 O̅okayama, Meguro̅ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
| | - Eric Block
- Department
of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York 12222, United States
| | - Ingrid J. Pickering
- Molecular
and Environmental Sciences Group, Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2, Canada
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada
| | - Graham N. George
- Molecular
and Environmental Sciences Group, Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2, Canada
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada
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44
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Gatasheh MK, Subbaram K, Kannan H, Naseem I. Generation of Oxygen Free Radicals by Proflavine: Implication in Protein Degradation. HAYATI JOURNAL OF BIOSCIENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hjb.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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45
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Lutze J, Bañares MA, Pita M, Haase A, Luch A, Taubert A. α-((4-Cyanobenzoyl)oxy)-ω-methyl poly(ethylene glycol): a new stabilizer for silver nanoparticles. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 8:627-635. [PMID: 28462064 PMCID: PMC5372763 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.8.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The article describes the synthesis and properties of α-((4-cyanobenzoyl)oxy)-ω-methyl poly(ethylene glycol), the first poly(ethylene glycol) stabilizer for metal nanoparticles that is based on a cyano rather than a thiol or thiolate anchor group. The silver particles used to evaluate the effectiveness of the new stabilizer typically have a bimodal size distribution with hydrodynamic diameters of ca. 13 and ca. 79 nm. Polymer stability was evaluated as a function of the pH value both for the free stabilizer and for the polymers bound to the surface of the silver nanoparticles using 1H NMR spectroscopy and zeta potential measurements. The polymer shows a high stability between pH 3 and 9. At pH 12 and higher the polymer coating is degraded over time suggesting that α-((4-cyanobenzoyl)oxy)-ω-methyl poly(ethylene glycol) is a good stabilizer for metal nanoparticles in aqueous media unless very high pH conditions are present in the system. The study thus demonstrates that cyano groups can be viable alternatives to the more conventional thiol/thiolate anchors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Lutze
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, D-10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Miguel A Bañares
- Instituto de Catálisis y Petroleoquímica, ICP-CSIC, C/ Marie Curie 2, E-29049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marcos Pita
- Instituto de Catálisis y Petroleoquímica, ICP-CSIC, C/ Marie Curie 2, E-29049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrea Haase
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, D-10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Luch
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, D-10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Taubert
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, D-14476 Golm, Germany
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46
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Schöneich C. Sulfur Radical-Induced Redox Modifications in Proteins: Analysis and Mechanistic Aspects. Antioxid Redox Signal 2017; 26:388-405. [PMID: 27288212 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2016.6779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The sulfur-containing amino acids cysteine (Cys) and methionine (Met) are prominent protein targets of redox modification during conditions of oxidative stress. Here, two-electron pathways have received widespread attention, in part due to their role in signaling processes. However, Cys and Met are equally prone to one-electron pathways, generating intermediary radicals and/or radial ions. These radicals/radical ions can generate various reaction products that are not commonly monitored in redox proteomic studies, but they may be relevant for the fate of proteins during oxidative stress. Recent Advances: Time-resolved kinetic studies and product analysis have expanded our mechanistic understanding of radical reaction pathways of sulfur-containing amino acids. These reactions are now studied in some detail for Met and Cys in proteins, and homocysteine (Hcy) chemically linked to proteins, and the role of protein radical reactions in physiological processes is evolving. CRITICAL ISSUES Radical-derived products from Cys, Hcy, and Met can react with additional amino acids in proteins, leading to secondary protein modifications, which are potentially remote from initial points of radical attack. These products may contain intra- and intermolecular cross-links, which may lead to protein aggregation. Protein sequence and conformation will have a significant impact on the formation of such products, and a thorough understanding of reaction mechanisms and specifically how protein structure influences reaction pathways will be critical for identification and characterization of novel reaction products. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Future studies must evaluate the biological significance of novel reaction products that are derived from radical reactions of sulfur-containing amino acids. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 26, 388-405.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schöneich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas , Lawrence, Kansas
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47
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Naskar S, Das I. Elusive Thiyl Radical Migration in a Visible Light Induced Chemoselective Rearrangement of γ-Keto Acrylate Thioesters: Synthesis of Substituted Butenolides. Adv Synth Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201601016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandip Naskar
- Organic and Medicianl Chemistry Division; CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology; 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032 India, Fax: (+91)- 33-2473-5197
| | - Indrajit Das
- Organic and Medicianl Chemistry Division; CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology; 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032 India, Fax: (+91)- 33-2473-5197
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48
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Karimi M, Ignasiak MT, Chan B, Croft AK, Radom L, Schiesser CH, Pattison DI, Davies MJ. Reactivity of disulfide bonds is markedly affected by structure and environment: implications for protein modification and stability. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38572. [PMID: 27941824 PMCID: PMC5150571 DOI: 10.1038/srep38572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Disulfide bonds play a key role in stabilizing protein structures, with disruption strongly associated with loss of protein function and activity. Previous data have suggested that disulfides show only modest reactivity with oxidants. In the current study, we report kinetic data indicating that selected disulfides react extremely rapidly, with a variation of 104 in rate constants. Five-membered ring disulfides are particularly reactive compared with acyclic (linear) disulfides or six-membered rings. Particular disulfides in proteins also show enhanced reactivity. This variation occurs with multiple oxidants and is shown to arise from favorable electrostatic stabilization of the incipient positive charge on the sulfur reaction center by remote groups, or by the neighboring sulfur for conformations in which the orbitals are suitably aligned. Controlling these factors should allow the design of efficient scavengers and high-stability proteins. These data are consistent with selective oxidative damage to particular disulfides, including those in some proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Karimi
- The Heart Research Institute, 7 Eliza St, Newtown, NSW, 2042, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Marta T Ignasiak
- Department of Biomedical Science, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Bun Chan
- School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Anna K Croft
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, Great Britain
| | - Leo Radom
- School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Carl H Schiesser
- School of Chemistry, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - David I Pattison
- The Heart Research Institute, 7 Eliza St, Newtown, NSW, 2042, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Michael J Davies
- The Heart Research Institute, 7 Eliza St, Newtown, NSW, 2042, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.,Department of Biomedical Science, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
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49
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Radi R, Trujillo M. Special issue on "Free Radical and Redox Biochemistry of Thiols". Free Radic Res 2016; 50:123-5. [PMID: 26797473 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2015.1121254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Radi
- a Departamento de Bioquímica and Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research , Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo , Uruguay
| | - Madia Trujillo
- a Departamento de Bioquímica and Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research , Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo , Uruguay
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50
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Forman HJ, Davies MJ, Krämer AC, Miotto G, Zaccarin M, Zhang H, Ursini F. Protein cysteine oxidation in redox signaling: Caveats on sulfenic acid detection and quantification. Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 617:26-37. [PMID: 27693037 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2016.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Oxidation of critical signaling protein cysteines regulated by H2O2 has been considered to involve sulfenic acid (RSOH) formation. RSOH may subsequently form either a sulfenyl amide (RSNHR') with a neighboring amide, or a mixed disulfide (RSSR') with another protein cysteine or glutathione. Previous studies have claimed that RSOH can be detected as an adduct (e.g., with 5,5-dimethylcyclohexane-1,3-dione; dimedone). Here, kinetic data are discussed which indicate that few proteins can form RSOH under physiological signaling conditions. We also present experimental evidence that indicates that (1) dimedone reacts rapidly with sulfenyl amides, and more rapidly than with sulfenic acids, and (2) that disulfides can react reversibly with amides to form sulfenyl amides. As some proteins are more stable as the sulfenyl amide than as a glutathionylated species, the former may account for some of the species previously identified as the "sulfenome" - the cellular complement of reversibly-oxidized thiol proteins generated via sulfenic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Jay Forman
- Andrus Gerontology Center of the Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, 3715 McClintock Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA.
| | - Michael J Davies
- Department of Biomedical Science, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Anna C Krämer
- Department of Biomedical Science, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Giovanni Miotto
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo 3, I-35121, Padova, Italy
| | - Mattia Zaccarin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo 3, I-35121, Padova, Italy
| | - Hongqiao Zhang
- Andrus Gerontology Center of the Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, 3715 McClintock Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA
| | - Fulvio Ursini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo 3, I-35121, Padova, Italy
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