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Guo L, Wang Z, Li J, Cui L, Dong J, Meng X, Zhu G, Li J, Wang H. MCC950 attenuates inflammation-mediated damage in canines with Staphylococcus pseudintermedius keratitis by inhibiting the NLRP3 inflammasome. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 108:108857. [PMID: 35597123 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacterial keratitis is a common eye disease in dogs and can seriously affect vision. This study investigated the anti-inflammatory effect of MCC950 in the cornea of canines infected with Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (S. pseudintermedius). METHODS In vitro, canine cornea epithelial cells were pretreated with MCC950 and PDTC and then infected with S. pseudintermedius. The key proteins of the NF-κB pathway and NLRP3 inflammasome were detected by Western blotting, the levels of inflammatory factors were detected by qPCR, and the levels of MDA and LDH were detected by assay kit. In vivo, the canine keratitis model was established by injecting S. pseudintermedius into the corneal stroma layer. After treatment with MCC950, slit-lamp examinations were performed. Cornea tissue protein and RNA were extracted, and Western blotting was used to detect key proteins of the NF-κB pathway and NLRP3 inflammasome. qPCR was used to detect the inflammatory factors. Paraffin sections of corneal tissue were prepared for HE staining and immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS After MCC950 treatment, the expression levels of key proteins in the NF-κB pathway and NLRP3 inflammasome in canine cornea epithelial cells and corneal tissues were decreased, and the expression levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-18 and TNF-α were reduced. Cellular MDA and LDH levels were decreased. In vivo, the degree of corneal opacity, edema, neovascularization and corneal injury area decreased after MCC950 treatment. Canine corneal sections showed that MCC950 attenuated neutrophil infiltration. CONCLUSION MCC950 alleviates the inflammatory response to canine keratitis caused by S. pseudintermedius by inhibiting the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China.
| | - Zhihao Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China.
| | - Jun Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China.
| | - Luying Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China.
| | - Junsheng Dong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China.
| | - Xia Meng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China.
| | - Guoqiang Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China.
| | - Jianji Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China.
| | - Heng Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China.
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Activation of Paraventricular Melatonin Receptor 2 Mediates Melatonin-Conferred Cardioprotection Against Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2021; 76:197-206. [PMID: 32433359 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that melatonin (Mel) can effectively ameliorate myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (MI/R) injury, but the mechanism is yet to be fully elucidated. Mel receptors are expressed in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), which is also involved in regulating cardiac sympathetic nerve activity. The aim of this study was to examine whether Mel receptors in the PVN are involved in the protective effects of Mel against MI/R injury. The results of quantitative polymerase chain reaction, western blot, and immunofluorescence assays indicated that Mel receptor 2 (MT2) expression in the PVN was upregulated after MI/R. Intraperitoneal administration of Mel significantly improved post-MI/R cardiac function and reduced the infarct size, whereas shRNA silencing of MT2 in the PVN partially blocked this effect. Intraperitoneal administration of Mel reduced sympathetic nerve overexcitation caused by MI/R, whereas shRNA silencing of MT2 in the PVN partially diminished this effect. Furthermore, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and western blot results indicated that intraperitoneal administration of Mel lowered the levels of inflammatory cytokines in the PVN after MI/R injury, whereas the application of sh-MT2 in the PVN reduced this effect of Mel. Mel significantly reduced the levels of NF-κB after astrocyte oxygen and glucose deprivation/reoxygenation injury, and this effect was offset when MT2 was silenced. The above experimental results suggest that MT2 in the PVN partially mediated the protective effects of Mel against MI/R injury, and its underlying mechanisms may be related to postactivation amelioration of PVN inflammation and reduction of cardiac sympathetic nerve overexcitation.
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Filippone A, Lanza M, Campolo M, Casili G, Paterniti I, Cuzzocrea S, Esposito E. Protective effect of sodium propionate in Aβ 1-42 -induced neurotoxicity and spinal cord trauma. Neuropharmacology 2020; 166:107977. [PMID: 32004548 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.107977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Sodium propionate (SP) is one of the main short chain fatty acids (SCFA) that can be produced naturally through host metabolic pathways. SP have been documented and include the reduction of pro-inflammatory mediators in an in vivo model of colitis. The aim of this study is to evaluate the neuroprotective effects of SP in reducing inflammatory process associated to neurological disorders. We performed both in vitro model of Alzheimer's disease, induced by oligomeric Aβ1-42 stimulation, and in in vivo model of spinal cord injury (SCI) in which neuroinflammation plays a crucial role. For in vitro model, the human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell line was first differentiated with retinoic acid (100 μM) for 24 h and then stimulated by oligomeric Aβ1-42 (1 μg/ml) and treated with SP at 0.1- 1-10 μM concentrations for another 24 h. Instead, the in vivo model of SCI was induced by extradural compression of the spinal cord at T6-T8 levels, and animals were treated with SP (10-30-100 mg/kg o.s) 1 and 6 h after SCI. Our results demonstrated that both in in vitro neuroinflammatory model and in vivo model of SCI the treatment with SP significantly reduced NF-κB nuclear translocation and IκBα degradation, as well as decreases COX-2 and iNOS expressions evaluated by Western blot analysis. Moreover, we showed that SP treatment significantly ameliorated histopathology changes and improved motor recovery in a dose-dependent manner. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that SP possesses neuroprotective effects, suggesting it could represent a target for therapeutic intervention in neuroinflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Filippone
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D ׳Alcontres, 31, 98166, Messina, Italy.
| | - M Lanza
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D ׳Alcontres, 31, 98166, Messina, Italy.
| | - M Campolo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D ׳Alcontres, 31, 98166, Messina, Italy.
| | - G Casili
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D ׳Alcontres, 31, 98166, Messina, Italy.
| | - I Paterniti
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D ׳Alcontres, 31, 98166, Messina, Italy.
| | - S Cuzzocrea
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D ׳Alcontres, 31, 98166, Messina, Italy; Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University, USA.
| | - E Esposito
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D ׳Alcontres, 31, 98166, Messina, Italy.
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Current Agents and Related Therapeutic Targets for Inflammation After Acute Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury. World Neurosurg 2019; 132:138-147. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2019.08.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Roles of extra-cellular signal-regulated protein kinase 5 signaling pathway in the development of spinal cord injury. Chin Med J (Engl) 2019; 132:2601-2611. [PMID: 31373906 PMCID: PMC6846248 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000000362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: In consideration of characteristics and functions, extra-cellular signal-regulated protein kinase 5 (ERK5) signaling pathway could be a new target for spinal cord injury (SCI) treatment. Our study aimed to evaluate the roles of ERK5 signaling pathway in secondary damage of SCI. Methods: We randomly divided 70 healthy Wistar rats into five groups: ten in the blank group, 15 in the sham surgery + BIX02188 (sham + B) group, 15 in the sham surgery + dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO; sham + D) group, 15 in the SCI + BIX02188 (SCI + B) group, and 15 in the SCI + DMSO (SCI + D) group. BIX02188 is a specific inhibitor of the ERK5 signaling pathway. SCI was induced by the application of vascular clips (with the force of 30 g) to the dura on T10 level, while rats in the sham surgery group underwent only T9-T11 laminectomy. BIX02188 or DMSO was intra-thecally injected at 1, 6, and 12 h after surgery or SCI. Spinal cord samples were taken for testing at 24 h after surgery or SCI. Results: Expression of phosphorylated-ERK5 (p-ERK5) significantly increased after SCI. Application of BIX02188 indeed inhibited ERK5 signaling pathway and reduced the degree of spinal cord tissue injury, neutrophil infiltration and proinflammatory cytokine expression, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation and apoptosis (measured by TdT-mediated 2′-deoxyuridine 5′-triphosphate nick-end labeling, expression of Fas-ligand, BCL2-associated X [Bax], and B-cell lymphoma-2 [Bcl-2]). Double immunofluorescence revealed activation of ERK5 in neurons and microglia after SCI. Conclusion: ERK5 signaling pathway was activated in spinal neurons and microglia, contributing to secondary injury of SCI. Moreover, inhibition of ERK5 signaling pathway could alleviate the degree of SCI, which might be related to its regulation of infiltration of inflammatory cells and release of inflammatory cytokines, expression of NF-κB and cell apoptosis.
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Su Y, Zong S, Wei C, Song F, Feng H, Qin A, Lian Z, Fu F, Shao S, Fang F, Wu T, Xu J, Liu Q, Zhao J. Salidroside promotes rat spinal cord injury recovery by inhibiting inflammatory cytokine expression and NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:14259-14269. [PMID: 30656690 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a public health problem in the world. The SCI usually triggers an excessive inflammatory response that brings about a secondary tissue wreck leading to further cellular and organ dysfunction. Hence, there is great potential of reducing inflammation for therapeutic strategies of SCI. In this study, we aim to investigate if Salidroside (SAD) exerts an anti-inflammatory effect and promotes recovery of motor function on SCI through suppressing nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. In vitro, real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used to examine the inhibitory effect of SAD on the expression and release of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in astrocytes. In addition, SAD was found to inhibit NF-κB, p38 and extracellular-regulated protein kinases (ERK) signaling pathways by western blot analysis. Further, in vivo study showed that SAD was able to improve hind limb motor function and reduce tissue damage accompanied by the suppressed expression of inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. Overall, SAD could reduce the inflammatory response and promote motor function recovery in rats after SCI by inhibiting NF-κB, p38, and ERK signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiji Su
- Research Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Shaohui Zong
- Department of Spine Osteopathia, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Chengming Wei
- Research Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Fangming Song
- Research Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Haotian Feng
- Research Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - An Qin
- Research Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Zhen Lian
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Fangsheng Fu
- Research Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Siyuan Shao
- Research Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Fang Fang
- Department of neurology, The Eighth People's Hospital of Nanning, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Tailai Wu
- General dapartment Guangpo Town Central Hospital, Fangchenggang, Guangxi, China
| | - Jiake Xu
- Research Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Qian Liu
- Research Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Jinmin Zhao
- Research Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
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Campolo M, Siracusa R, Cordaro M, Filippone A, Gugliandolo E, Peritore AF, Impellizzeri D, Crupi R, Paterniti I, Cuzzocrea S. The association of adelmidrol with sodium hyaluronate displays beneficial properties against bladder changes following spinal cord injury in mice. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0208730. [PMID: 30653511 PMCID: PMC6336272 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The disruption of coordinated control between the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nervous system caused by spinal cord injury (SCI) leads to several secondary pathological conditions, including lower urinary tract dysfunction. In fact, urinary tract dysfunction associated with SCI is urinary dysfunction could be a consequence of a lack of neuroregeneration of supraspinal pathways that control bladder function. The object of the current research was to explore the effects of adelmidrol + sodium hyaluronate, on bladder damage generated after SCI in mice. Spinal cord was exposed via laminectomy, and SCI was induced by extradural compression at T6 to T7 level, by an aneurysm clip with a closing force of 24 g. Mice were treated intravesically with adelmidrol + sodium hyaluronate daily for 48 h and 7 days after SCI. Adelmidrol + sodium hyaluronate reduced significantly mast cell degranulation and down-regulated the nuclear factor-κB pathway in the bladder after SCI both at 48 h and 7days. Moreover, adelmidrol + sodium hyaluronate reduced nerve growth factor expression, suggesting an association between neurotrophins and bladder pressure. At 7 days after SCI, the bladder was characterized by a marked bacterial infection and proteinuria; surprisingly, adelmidrol + sodium hyaluronate reduced significantly both parameters. These data show the protective roles of adelmidrol + sodium hyaluronate on bladder following SCI, highlighting a potential therapeutic target for the reduction of bladder changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Campolo
- University of Messina, Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, Messina, Italy
| | - Rosalba Siracusa
- University of Messina, Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, Messina, Italy
| | - Marika Cordaro
- University of Messina, Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, Messina, Italy
| | - Alessia Filippone
- University of Messina, Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, Messina, Italy
| | - Enrico Gugliandolo
- University of Messina, Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, Messina, Italy
| | - Alessio F. Peritore
- University of Messina, Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, Messina, Italy
| | - Daniela Impellizzeri
- University of Messina, Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, Messina, Italy
| | - Rosalia Crupi
- University of Messina, Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, Messina, Italy
| | - Irene Paterniti
- University of Messina, Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, Messina, Italy
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- University of Messina, Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, Messina, Italy
- Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Martinez RM, Ivan ALM, Vale DL, Campanini MZ, Ferreira VS, Steffen VS, Vicentini FTMC, Vilela FMP, Fonseca MJV, Baracat MM, Georgetti SR, Verri WA, Casagrande R. Topical emulsion containing pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate: effectiveness against ultraviolet B irradiation-induced injury of hairless mouse skin. J Pharm Pharmacol 2018; 70:1461-1473. [PMID: 30132896 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effects of a topical emulsion containing pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) (EcPDTC) in skin oxidative stress and inflammation triggered by ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation (dose of 4.14 J/cm2 ). METHODS Hairless mouse received treatment with 0.5 g of EcPDTC or control emulsion (CTRLE) on the dorsal surface skin 12 h, 6 h and 5 min before and 6 h after the irradiation. Oxidative stress was evaluated by ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical (ABTS) scavenging capacity, reduced glutathione quantitation, catalase activity, superoxide anion production and lipid peroxidation products. Inflammation parameters were as follows: skin oedema, myeloperoxidase activity (neutrophil marker), matrix metalloproteinase-9 activity, collagen fibre damage, mast cell and sunburn cell counts, and cytokine production. KEY FINDINGS Topical treatment with EcPDTC protected from UVB-induced skin injury by maintaining the antioxidant capacity levels similar to non-irradiated control group. Furthermore, EcPDTC inhibited UVB irradiation-induced superoxide anion production, lipid peroxidation and reduced skin inflammation by inhibiting skin oedema, neutrophil recruitment, metalloproteinase-9 activity, collagen fibre damage, mast cell and sunburn cell counts, and cytokine (TNF-α and IL-1β) production. CONCLUSIONS Topical treatment with EcPDTC improves antioxidant systems and inhibits inflammation, protecting the skin from the damaging effects of UVB irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata M Martinez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Health Science Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Ana L M Ivan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Health Science Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - David L Vale
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Health Science Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Marcela Z Campanini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Health Science Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Vitor S Ferreira
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Health Science Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Vinicius S Steffen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Health Science Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Fabiana T M C Vicentini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Fernanda M P Vilela
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Maria J V Fonseca
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Marcela M Baracat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Health Science Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Sandra R Georgetti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Health Science Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Waldiceu A Verri
- Department of Pathology, Biological Science Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Rúbia Casagrande
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Health Science Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
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Protective role of β-carotene against oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in a rat model of spinal cord injury. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 61:92-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Yang X, Chen S, Shao Z, Li Y, Wu H, Li X, Mao L, Zhou Z, Bai L, Mei X, Liu C. Apolipoprotein E Deficiency Exacerbates Spinal Cord Injury in Mice: Inflammatory Response and Oxidative Stress Mediated by NF-κB Signaling Pathway. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:142. [PMID: 29875635 PMCID: PMC5974465 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a severe neurological trauma that involves complex pathological processes. Inflammatory response and oxidative stress are prevalent during the second injury and can influence the functional recovery of SCI. Specially, Apolipoprotein E (APOE) induces neuronal repair and nerve regeneration, and the deficiency of Apoe impairs spinal cord-blood-barrier and reduces functional recovery after SCI. However, the mechanism by which Apoe mediates signaling pathways of inflammatory response and oxidative stress in SCI remains largely elusive. This study was designed to investigate the signaling pathways that regulate Apoe deficiency-dependent inflammatory response and oxidative stress in the acute stage of SCI. In the present study, Apoe−/− mice retarded functional recovery and had a larger lesion size when compared to wild-type mice after SCI. Moreover, deficiency of Apoe induced an exaggerated inflammatory response by increasing expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and increased oxidative stress by reducing expression of Nrf2 and HO-1. Furthermore, lack of Apoe promoted neuronal apoptosis and decreased neuronal numbers in the anterior horn of the spinal cord after SCI. Mechanistically, we found that the absence of Apoe increased inflammation and oxidative stress through activation of NF-κB after SCI. In contrast, an inhibitor of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB; Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate) alleviates these changes. Collectively, these results indicate that a critical role for activation of NF-κB in regulating Apoe-deficiency dependent inflammation and oxidative stress is detrimental to recovery after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Yang
- School of Nursing, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Shurui Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Zhenya Shao
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Yuanlong Li
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - He Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Xian Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Third Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Liang Mao
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Zipeng Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Liangjie Bai
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xifan Mei
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
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Narsale AA, Puppa MJ, Hardee JP, VanderVeen BN, Enos RT, Murphy EA, Carson JA. Short-term pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate administration attenuates cachexia-induced alterations to muscle and liver in ApcMin/+ mice. Oncotarget 2018; 7:59482-59502. [PMID: 27449092 PMCID: PMC5312326 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cachexia is a complex wasting condition characterized by chronic inflammation, disrupted energy metabolism, and severe muscle wasting. While evidence in pre-clinical cancer cachexia models have determined that different systemic inflammatory inhibitors can attenuate several characteristics of cachexia, there is a limited understanding of their effects after cachexia has developed, and whether short-term administration is sufficient to reverse cachexia-induced signaling in distinctive target tissues. Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) is a thiol compound having anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties which can inhibit STAT3 and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling in mice. This study examined the effect of short-term PDTC administration to ApcMin/+ mice on cachexia-induced disruption of skeletal muscle protein turnover and liver metabolic function. At 16 weeks of age ApcMin/+ mice initiating cachexia (7% BW loss) were administered PDTC (10mg/kg bw/d) for 2 weeks. Control ApcMin/+ mice continued to lose body weight during the treatment period, while mice receiving PDTC had no further body weight decrease. PDTC had no effect on either intestinal tumor burden or circulating IL-6. In muscle, PDTC rescued signaling disrupting protein turnover regulation. PDTC suppressed the cachexia induction of STAT3, increased mTORC1 signaling and protein synthesis, and suppressed the induction of Atrogin-1 protein expression. Related to cachectic liver metabolic function, PDTC treatment attenuated glycogen and lipid content depletion independent to the activation of STAT3 and mTORC1 signaling. Overall, these results demonstrate short-term PDTC treatment to cachectic mice attenuated cancer-induced disruptions to muscle and liver signaling, and these changes were independent to altered tumor burden and circulating IL-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi A Narsale
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Melissa J Puppa
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Justin P Hardee
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Brandon N VanderVeen
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Reilly T Enos
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - E Angela Murphy
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - James A Carson
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA.,Center for Colon Cancer Research, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
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12
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DeMartino AW, Souza ML, Ford PC. Uncaging carbon disulfide. Delivery platforms for potential pharmacological applications: a mechanistic approach. Chem Sci 2017; 8:7186-7196. [PMID: 29081951 PMCID: PMC5633850 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc02727c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe the kinetics of the formation and decay of a series of dithiocarbamates under physiological conditions. The goal is to provide a toolbox of compounds that release CS2 by well-defined kinetics in such media. Carbon disulfide is a known environmental toxin, but there is fragmentary evidence suggesting that CS2 may have bioregulatory and/or therapeutic roles in mammalian biology. Further investigation of such roles will require methodologies for controlled delivery of this bioactive small molecule to specific targets. Reported here are mechanistic and computational studies of CS2 release from a series of dithiocarbamate anions (DTCs), where R2N represents several different secondary amido groups. The various DTCs under physiologically relevant conditions show a tremendous range of reactivities toward CS2 dissociation with decay lifetimes ranging from ∼2 s for imidazolidyldithiocarbamate (ImDTC-) to ∼300 s for diisopropyldithiocarbamate (DIDTC-) to >24 h for pyrrolidinyldithiocarbamate (PDTC-) in pH 7.4 phosphate buffer solution at 37 °C. Thus, by making the correct choice of these tools, one can adjust the flux of CS2 in a biological experiment, while the least reactive DTCs could serve as controls for evaluating the potential effects of the dithiocarbamate functionality itself. Kinetics studies and density functional calculations are used to probe the mechanism of DTC- decay. In each case, the rate of CS2 dissociation is acid dependent; however, the DFT studies point to a mechanistic pathway for ImDTC- that is different than those for DIDTC-. The role of general acid catalysis is also briefly probed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony W DeMartino
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California , Santa Barbara , CA 93106-9510 , USA .
| | - Maykon Lima Souza
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California , Santa Barbara , CA 93106-9510 , USA .
| | - Peter C Ford
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California , Santa Barbara , CA 93106-9510 , USA .
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13
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Maggio DM, Singh A, Iorgulescu JB, Bleicher DH, Ghosh M, Lopez MM, Tuesta LM, Flora G, Dietrich WD, Pearse DD. Identifying the Long-Term Role of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase after Contusive Spinal Cord Injury Using a Transgenic Mouse Model. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18020245. [PMID: 28125047 PMCID: PMC5343782 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18020245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) is a potent mediator of oxidative stress during neuroinflammation triggered by neurotrauma or neurodegeneration. We previously demonstrated that acute iNOS inhibition attenuated iNOS levels and promoted neuroprotection and functional recovery after spinal cord injury (SCI). The present study investigated the effects of chronic iNOS ablation after SCI using inos-null mice. iNOS-/- knockout and wild-type (WT) control mice underwent a moderate thoracic (T8) contusive SCI. Locomotor function was assessed weekly, using the Basso Mouse Scale (BMS), and at the endpoint (six weeks), by footprint analysis. At the endpoint, the volume of preserved white and gray matter, as well as the number of dorsal column axons and perilesional blood vessels rostral to the injury, were quantified. At weeks two and three after SCI, iNOS-/- mice exhibited a significant locomotor improvement compared to WT controls, although a sustained improvement was not observed during later weeks. At the endpoint, iNOS-/- mice showed significantly less preserved white and gray matter, as well as fewer dorsal column axons and perilesional blood vessels, compared to WT controls. While short-term antagonism of iNOS provides histological and functional benefits, its long-term ablation after SCI may be deleterious, blocking protective or reparative processes important for angiogenesis and tissue preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic M Maggio
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institute of Heath, Bethesda, MD 20824, USA.
| | - Amanpreet Singh
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
| | - J Bryan Iorgulescu
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Drew H Bleicher
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
| | - Mousumi Ghosh
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
| | - Michael M Lopez
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
| | - Luis M Tuesta
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Govinder Flora
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
| | - W Dalton Dietrich
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
- The Neuroscience Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
- The Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
| | - Damien D Pearse
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
- The Neuroscience Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
- The Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
- Bruce W. Carter Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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14
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Casili G, Impellizzeri D, Cordaro M, Esposito E, Cuzzocrea S. B-Cell Depletion with CD20 Antibodies as New Approach in the Treatment of Inflammatory and Immunological Events Associated with Spinal Cord Injury. Neurotherapeutics 2016; 13:880-894. [PMID: 27215219 PMCID: PMC5081113 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-016-0446-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a highly debilitating pathology that has irreversible impacts and results in functional loss. We evaluated the anti-inflammatory and immunologic role of antibody-mediated depletion of B cells through the glycoengineered anti-muCD20 antibody (18B12) in an experimental model of spinal cord compression, in vivo and ex vivo. Intraperitoneal 18B12 was administered at a dose of 30 mg/kg, 1 h and 6 h after SCI, and mice were sacrificed 24 h after trauma. We demonstrated, in vivo, that 18B12 slowed severe hindlimb motor dysfunction (Basso Mouse Scale score) and neuronal death by histological evaluation in SCI mice, as well as decreased expression of nuclear factor-kB, inducible nitric oxide synthase, cytokines, and glial fibrillary acidic protein. Also, 18B12 reduced expression of microglia, just as it lowered the expression of B and T lymphocytes. Moreover, in spinal cord organotypic cultures, pretreatment with 18B12 significantly reduced nitric oxide expression and protected cells from cell death [3-(4,5- dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay]. In this study, we showed that 18B12 treatment reduces the development of inflammation and tissue injury by alteration of the immune system associated with SCI. This study increases the current knowledge that B-cell depletion is able to exert immunomodulating actions in damaged spinal cords.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Casili
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres n°31 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Daniela Impellizzeri
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres n°31 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Marika Cordaro
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres n°31 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Emanuela Esposito
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres n°31 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres n°31 98166, Messina, Italy.
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA.
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15
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Cordaro M, Impellizzeri D, Paterniti I, Bruschetta G, Siracusa R, De Stefano D, Cuzzocrea S, Esposito E. Neuroprotective Effects of Co-UltraPEALut on Secondary Inflammatory Process and Autophagy Involved in Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2016; 33:132-46. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2014.3460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marika Cordaro
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Daniela Impellizzeri
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Irene Paterniti
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Bruschetta
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Rosalba Siracusa
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Daniela De Stefano
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
- Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester Royal Infirmary, School of Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Emanuela Esposito
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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16
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Sodium Butyrate Reduces Organ Injuries in Mice with Severe Acute Pancreatitis Through Inhibiting HMGB1 Expression. Dig Dis Sci 2015; 60:1991-9. [PMID: 25686746 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-015-3586-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of sodium butyrate on pancreas damage and to investigate the role of high-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) in the development of severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) in a mouse model. METHODS The SAP model was established by intraperitoneal injection of two doses of 20 % L-2 arginine (200 mg/g). Female Sprague-Dawley mice were randomly allocated into three groups (n = 48/group): the control, untreated SAP, and sodium butyrate-treated SAP groups. The animals were euthanized at 0, 12, 24, and 48 h after the establishment of the SAP. Histopathology of the pancreas was performed, and the NF-κB levels were determined by immunohistochemistry. The serum levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNFα), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and HMGB1 were measured by ELISA. The HMGB1 mRNA levels were determined by qRT-PCR. RESULTS The sodium butyrate-treated SAP animals showed significantly improved pancreas histopathology and lower serum amylase levels than the untreated SAP animals. In the SAP group, the mRNA levels of HMGB1 were remarkably increased at the 12 h, peaked at 24 h, and remained at a high level up to 48 h after L-2 arginine injection. The levels of TNFα and IL-6 were decreased at 48 h. Treatment with sodium butyrate reduced the pathological lesions, the serum levels of HMGB1, TNFα, and IL-6, the HMGB1 mRNA levels, and NF-κB activity. CONCLUSION Sodium butyrate inhibits the NF-κB activation and reduces pancreas injury in SAP through the modulation of HMGB1 and other inflammatory cytokine responses.
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17
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Yu XJ, Zhang DM, Jia LL, Qi J, Song XA, Tan H, Cui W, Chen W, Zhu GQ, Qin DN, Kang YM. Inhibition of NF-κB activity in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus attenuates hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy by modulating cytokines and attenuating oxidative stress. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2015; 284:315-22. [PMID: 25759242 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2015.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We hypothesized that chronic inhibition of NF-κB activity in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) delays the progression of hypertension and attenuates cardiac hypertrophy by up-regulating anti-inflammatory cytokines, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines (PICs), attenuating nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) p65 and NAD(P)H oxidase in the PVN of young spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Young normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and SHR rats received bilateral PVN infusions with NF-κB inhibitor pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) or vehicle for 4 weeks. SHR rats had higher mean arterial pressure and cardiac hypertrophy as indicated by increased whole heart weight/body weight ratio, whole heart weight/tibia length ratio, left ventricular weight/tibia length ratio, cardiomyocyte diameters of the left cardiac ventricle, and mRNA expressions of cardiac atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and beta-myosin heavy chain (β-MHC). These SHR rats had higher PVN levels of proinflammatory cytokines (PICs), reactive oxygen species (ROS), the chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), NAD(P)H oxidase activity, mRNA expression of NOX-2 and NOX-4, and lower PVN IL-10, and higher plasma levels of PICs and NE, and lower plasma IL-10. PVN infusion of NF-κB inhibitor PDTC attenuated all these changes. These findings suggest that NF-κB activation in the PVN increases sympathoexcitation and hypertensive response, which are associated with the increases of PICs and oxidative stress in the PVN; PVN inhibition of NF-κB activity attenuates PICs and oxidative stress in the PVN, thereby attenuates hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jing Yu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Dong-Mei Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Lin-Lin Jia
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Jie Qi
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Xin-Ai Song
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Hong Tan
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Wei Cui
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Wensheng Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Guo-Qing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Da-Nian Qin
- Department of Physiology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China.
| | - Yu-Ming Kang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China.
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18
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Shrestha RP, Qiao JM, Shen FG, Bista KB, Zhao ZN, Yang J. Intra-Spinal Bone Marrow Mononuclear Cells Transplantation Inhibits the Expression of Nuclear Factor-κB in Acute Transection Spinal Cord Injury in Rats. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 2014; 56:375-82. [PMID: 25535513 PMCID: PMC4272994 DOI: 10.3340/jkns.2014.56.5.375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 03/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To assess the effect of bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMNCs) transplantation in the expression of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) in spinal cord injury (SCI) in rats. Methods BMMNCs were isolated from tibia and femur by a density gradient centrifugation. After establishment of acute transection SCI, rats were divided into experiment (BMMNCs), experiment control (0.1 M PBS infused) and sham surgery groups (laminectomy without any SCI). Locomotor function was assessed weekly for 5 weeks post-injury using BBB locomotor score and urinary bladder function daily for 4 weeks post-injury. Activity of NF-κB in spinal cord was assessed by immunohistochemistry and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Results At each time point post-injury, sham surgery group had significantly higher Basso, Beattie, Bresnahan locomotor and urinary bladder function scores than experiment and experiment control group (p<0.05). At subsequent time interval there were gradual improvement in both experiment and experiment control group, but experiment group had higher score in comparison to experiment control group (p<0.05). Comparisons were also made for expression of activated NF-κB positive cells and level of NF-κB messenger RNA in spinal cord at various time points between the groups. Activated NF-κB immunoreactivity and level of NF-κB mRNA expression were significantly higher in control group in comparison to experiment and sham surgery group (p<0.05). Conclusion BMMNCs transplantation attenuates the expression of NF-κB in injured spinal cord tissue and thus helps in recovery of neurological function in rat models with SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajiv Prasad Shrestha
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Jiamusi University, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jian Min Qiao
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Jiamusi University, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Fu Guo Shen
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Jiamusi University, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Krishna Bahadur Bista
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Jiamusi University, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Zhong Nan Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Jiamusi University, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jianhua Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Jiamusi University, Heilongjiang, China
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Targeting TNF: a therapeutic strategy for Alzheimer's disease. Drug Discov Today 2014; 19:1822-1827. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2014.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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20
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Paterniti I, Impellizzeri D, Di Paola R, Esposito E, Gladman S, Yip P, Priestley JV, Michael-Titus AT, Cuzzocrea S. Docosahexaenoic acid attenuates the early inflammatory response following spinal cord injury in mice: in-vivo and in-vitro studies. J Neuroinflammation 2014; 11:6. [PMID: 24405628 PMCID: PMC3895696 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-11-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Two families of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), omega-3 (ω-3) and omega-6 (ω-6), are required for physiological functions. The long chain ω-3 PUFAs, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), have significant biological effects. In particular, DHA is a major component of cell membranes in the brain. It is also involved in neurotransmission. Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a highly devastating pathology that can lead to catastrophic dysfunction, with a significant reduction in the quality of life. Previous studies have shown that EPA and DHA can exert neuroprotective effects in SCI in mice and rats. The aim of this study was to analyze the mechanism of action of ω-3 PUFAs, such as DHA, in a mouse model of SCI, with a focus on the early pathophysiological processes. Methods In this study, SCI was induced in mice by the application of an aneurysm clip onto the dura mater via a four-level T5 to T8 laminectomy. Thirty minutes after compression, animals received a tail vein injection of DHA at a dose of 250 nmol/kg. All animals were killed at 24 h after SCI, to evaluate various parameters implicated in the spread of the injury. Results Our results in this in-vivo study clearly demonstrate that DHA treatment reduces key factors associated with spinal cord trauma. Treatment with DHA significantly reduced: (1) the degree of spinal cord inflammation and tissue injury, (2) pro-inflammatory cytokine expression (TNF-α), (3) nitrotyrosine formation, (4) glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression, and (5) apoptosis (Fas-L, Bax, and Bcl-2 expression). Moreover, DHA significantly improved the recovery of limb function. Furthermore, in this study we evaluated the effect of oxidative stress on dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells using a well-characterized in-vitro model. Treatment with DHA ameliorated the effects of oxidative stress on neurite length and branching. Conclusions Our results, in vivo and in vitro, clearly demonstrate that DHA treatment reduces the development of inflammation and tissue injury associated with spinal cord trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres, 98166 Messina, Italy.
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Kang YM, Yang Q, Yu XJ, Qi J, Zhang Y, Li HB, Su Q, Zhu GQ. Hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus activation contributes to neurohumoral excitation in rats with heart failure. Regen Med Res 2014; 2:2. [PMID: 25984330 PMCID: PMC4422478 DOI: 10.1186/2050-490x-2-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is a serious cardiovascular disease and is characterized by exaggerated sympathetic activity. In this paper, we review these limited studies, with particular emphasis on examining the role of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) in the neurohumoral excitation in HF. The PVN is an important neuroendocrine and preautonomic output nucleus, and is considered as the important central site for integration of sympathetic nerve activity. Accumulating evidences demonstrate that a number of neurohumoral processes are involved in the pathophysiology of HF, such as renin-angiotensin system (RAS), proinflammatory cytokines (PICs), neurotransmitters, and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Recent studies about neurohumoral regulation indicate that angiotensin II type1 receptor (AT1-R) is the important product mediated by cytoplasmic nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) which is up-regulated along with elevated PICs and angiotensin II (ANG II) in the PVN of HF rats. These findings suggest that the NF-κB mediates the cross-talk between RAS and PICs in the PVN in HF. The further studies indicate that the interaction between AT1-R and NF-κB in the PVN contributes to oxidative stress and sympathoexcitation by modulating neurotransmitters in heart failure, and the superoxide activates NF-κB in the PVN and contributes to neurohumoral excitation. In conclusion, the neurohumoral excitation in HF is based on the interaction of RAS, PICs, ROS, NF-κB and neurotransmitters in the PVN; and the activated NF-κB in the PVN modulates the neurotransmitters and contributes to sympathoexcitation in rats with heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ming Kang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an, 710061 China
| | - Qing Yang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an, 710061 China
| | - Xiao-Jing Yu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an, 710061 China
| | - Jie Qi
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an, 710061 China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an, 710061 China
| | - Hong-Bao Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an, 710061 China
| | - Qing Su
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an, 710061 China
| | - Guo-Qing Zhu
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029 China
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Campolo M, Esposito E, Ahmad A, Di Paola R, Wallace JL, Cuzzocrea S. A hydrogen sulfide-releasing cyclooxygenase inhibitor markedly accelerates recovery from experimental spinal cord injury. FASEB J 2013; 27:4489-99. [PMID: 23901068 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-234716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord trauma causes loss of motor function that is in part due to the ensuing inflammatory response. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a potent, endogenous anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective substance that has been explored for use in the design of novel nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. In the current study, we evaluated the potential beneficial effects of ATB-346 [2-(6-methoxynapthalen- 2-yl)-propionic acid 4-thiocarbamoyl-phenyl ester], an H2S-releasing derivative of naproxen, in a murine model of spinal cord injury (SCI). SCI was induced in mice by spinal cord compression, produced through the application of vascular clips to the dura via a T5 to T8 laminectomy. ATB-346, naproxen (both at 30 μmol/kg), or vehicle was orally administered to the mice 1 and 6 h after SCI and once daily thereafter for 10 d. Motor function [Basso Mouse Scale (BMS) of locomotion] improved gradually in the mice treated with naproxen. However, those treated with ATB-346 exhibited a significantly more rapid and sustained recovery of motor function, achieving greater than double the increase in locomotion score of the naproxen group by the 10th day of treatment. ATB-346 also significantly reduced the severity of inflammation (proinflammatory cytokines, apoptosis of neural tissue, and nitrosative stress) that characterized the secondary effects of SCI. Again, the effects of ATB-346 were superior to those of naproxen for several parameters. These results showed marked beneficial effects of an H2S-releasing derivative of naproxen in an animal model of SCI, significantly enhancing recovery of motor function, possibly by reducing the secondary inflammation and tissue injury that characterizes this model. The combination of inhibition of cyclooxygenase and delivery of H2S may offer a promising alternative to existing therapies for traumatic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Campolo
- 1Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada.
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The effects of a polyphenol present in olive oil, oleuropein aglycone, in an experimental model of spinal cord injury in mice. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 83:1413-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Revised: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Esposito E, Bruscoli S, Mazzon E, Paterniti I, Coppo M, Velardi E, Cuzzocrea S, Riccardi C. Glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ) over-expression in T lymphocytes inhibits inflammation and tissue damage in spinal cord injury. Neurotherapeutics 2012; 9:210-25. [PMID: 22125095 PMCID: PMC3271152 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-011-0084-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a traumatic event that causes a secondary and extended inflammation characterized by infiltration of immune cells, including T lymphocytes, release of pro-inflammatory mediators in the lesion site, and tissue degeneration. Current therapeutic approaches for SCI are limited to glucocorticoids (GC) due to their potent anti-inflammatory activity. GC efficacy resides, in part, in the capability to inhibit NF-κB, T lymphocyte activation, and the consequent cytokine production. In this study, we performed experiments aimed to test the susceptibility of glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ) transgenic (GILZ(TG)) mice, in which GILZ is selectively over-expressed in T lymphocytes, to SCI induction. Consistent with a decreased inflammatory response, GILZ(TG) were less susceptible to SCI as compared to wild-type littermates. Notably, inhibition of NF-κB activation and nuclear translocation, diminished T lymphocytes activation and tissue infiltration, as well as decreased release of cytokines were evident in GILZ(TG) as compared to wild-type mice. Moreover, GILZ(TG) showed a reduced tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-1β, Inductible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and nytrotyrosine production, apoptosis, and neuronal tissue damage. Together these results indicate that GILZ mimics the anti-inflammatory effect of GC and represents a potential pharmacological target for modulation of T lymphocyte-mediated immune response in inflammatory disorders, such as SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Esposito
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Messina, Torre Biologica, Policlinico Universitario Via C. Valeria, Gazzi, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Stefano Bruscoli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, Tossicology and Chemioterapy, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06122 Perugia, Italy
| | - Emanuela Mazzon
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Messina, Torre Biologica, Policlinico Universitario Via C. Valeria, Gazzi, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Irene Paterniti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Messina, Torre Biologica, Policlinico Universitario Via C. Valeria, Gazzi, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Maddalena Coppo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, Tossicology and Chemioterapy, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06122 Perugia, Italy
| | - Enrico Velardi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, Tossicology and Chemioterapy, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06122 Perugia, Italy
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Messina, Torre Biologica, Policlinico Universitario Via C. Valeria, Gazzi, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Carlo Riccardi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, Tossicology and Chemioterapy, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06122 Perugia, Italy
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Mandalari G, Genovese T, Bisignano C, Mazzon E, Wickham MSJ, Di Paola R, Bisignano G, Cuzzocrea S. Neuroprotective effects of almond skins in experimental spinal cord injury. Clin Nutr 2011; 30:221-33. [PMID: 20864228 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2010.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2010] [Revised: 07/28/2010] [Accepted: 08/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Functional deficits following spinal cord injury (SCI) arise from both mechanical injury and from secondary tissue reactions involving inflammation. Natural almond skins (NS) were tested to evaluate anti-inflammatory effects on an animal model of SCI. METHODS SCI was induced by the application of vascular clips to the dura via a four-level T5-T8 laminectomy. In the present study, to elucidate whether the protective effects of NS are related to the total phenolic content, we also investigated the effect of a blanched (BS) almond skins (industrially obtained by removing bran from the nut) in SCI. NS and BS (30 mg/kg respectively) were administered per os, 1 h and 6 h, after SCI. RESULTS SCI in mice resulted in severe injury characterized by edema, tissue damage, production of inflammatory mediators and apoptosis (measured by Bax, Bcl-2 and Tunel assay). NS treatment, 1 and 6 h after SCI, reduced all parameters of inflammation as neutrophil infiltration, NF-κB activation, PAR formation, iNOS expression and apoptosis. However, treatment with BS did not exert any protective effect. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that NS treatment, reducing the development of inflammation and tissue injury, may be useful in the treatment of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Mandalari
- Pharmaco-Biological Department, University of Messina, Vill. SS: Annunziata 98168, Messina, Italy
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Paterniti I, Esposito E, Mazzon E, Bramanti P, Cuzzocrea S. Evidence for the role of PI3-kinase-AKT-eNOS signalling pathway in secondary inflammatory process after spinal cord compression injury in mice. Eur J Neurosci 2011; 33:1411-20. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2011.07646.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Esposito E, Paterniti I, Mazzon E, Genovese T, Galuppo M, Meli R, Bramanti P, Cuzzocrea S. MK801 attenuates secondary injury in a mouse experimental compression model of spinal cord trauma. BMC Neurosci 2011; 12:31. [PMID: 21492450 PMCID: PMC3094200 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-12-31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glutamergic excitotoxicity has been shown to play a deleterious role in the pathophysiology of spinal cord injury (SCI). The aim of this study was to investigate the neuroprotective effect of dizocilpine maleate, MK801 (2 mg/Kg, 30 min and 6 hours after injury) in a mice model of SCI. The spinal cord trauma was induced by the application of vascular clips to the dura via a four-level T5-T8 laminectomy. RESULTS Spinal cord injury in mice resulted in severe trauma characterized by edema, neutrophil infiltration and apoptosis. In this study we clearly demonstrated that administration of MK801 attenuated all inflammatory parameters. In fact 24 hours after injury, the degree of spinal cord inflammation and tissue injury (evaluated as histological score), infiltration of neutrophils, NF-κB activation, iNOS, cytokines levels (TNF-α and IL-1β), neurotrophin expression were markedly reduced by MK801 treatment. Moreover, in a separate set of experiments, we have demonstrated that MK801 treatment significantly improved the recovery of locomotory function. CONCLUSIONS Blockade of NMDA by MK801 lends support to the potential importance of NMDA antagonists as therapeutic agents in the treatment of acute spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Esposito
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Messina, Italy
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Paterniti I, Mazzon E, Gil C, Impellizzeri D, Palomo V, Redondo M, Perez DI, Esposito E, Martinez A, Cuzzocrea S. PDE 7 inhibitors: new potential drugs for the therapy of spinal cord injury. PLoS One 2011; 6:e15937. [PMID: 21297958 PMCID: PMC3031524 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary traumatic mechanical injury to the spinal cord (SCI) causes the death of a number of neurons that to date can neither be recovered nor regenerated. During the last years our group has been involved in the design, synthesis and evaluation of PDE7 inhibitors as new innovative drugs for several neurological disorders. Our working hypothesis is based on two different facts. Firstly, neuroinflammation is modulated by cAMP levels, thus the key role for phosphodiesterases (PDEs), which hydrolyze cAMP, is undoubtedly demonstrated. On the other hand, PDE7 is expressed simultaneously on leukocytes and on the brain, highlighting the potential crucial role of PDE7 as drug target for neuroinflammation. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Here we present two chemically diverse families of PDE7 inhibitors, designed using computational techniques such as virtual screening and neuronal networks. We report their biological profile and their efficacy in an experimental SCI model induced by the application of vascular clips (force of 24 g) to the dura via a four-level T5-T8 laminectomy. We have selected two candidates, namely S14 and VP1.15, as PDE7 inhibitors. These compounds increase cAMP production both in macrophage and neuronal cell lines. Regarding drug-like properties, compounds were able to cross the blood brain barrier using parallel artificial membranes (PAMPA) methodology. SCI in mice resulted in severe trauma characterized by edema, neutrophil infiltration, and production of a range of inflammatory mediators, tissue damage, and apoptosis. Treatment of the mice with S14 and VP1.15, two PDE7 inhibitors, significantly reduced the degree of spinal cord inflammation, tissue injury (histological score), and TNF-α, IL-6, COX-2 and iNOS expression. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE All these data together led us to propose PDE7 inhibitors, and specifically S14 and VP1.15, as potential drug candidates to be further studied for the treatment of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Paterniti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | | | - Carmen Gil
- Instituto de Quimica Médica-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniela Impellizzeri
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Emanuela Esposito
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi “Bonino-Pulejo”, Messina, Italy
| | | | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi “Bonino-Pulejo”, Messina, Italy
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Adenosine A2A receptor-selective stimulation reduces signaling pathways involved in the development of intestine ischemia and reperfusion injury. Shock 2010; 33:541-51. [PMID: 19924030 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0b013e3181c997dd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we tested the efficacy of treatment with the selective adenosine A2A receptor agonist 2-[p-(2-carboxyethyl)phenylethylamino]-50-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (CGS 21680) on ischemia and reperfusion injury of the multivisceral organs. Ischemia and reperfusion injury was induced in mice by clamping both the superior mesenteric artery and the celiac artery for 30 min, followed thereafter by reperfusion. Sixty minutes after reperfusion, animals were killed for histological examination and biochemical studies. Injured vehicle-treated mice developed a significant increase of ileum TNF-alpha levels, myeloperoxidase activity, and marked histological injury and apoptosis. Ischemia and reperfusion injury of the multivisceral organs was also associated with significant mortality. Reperfused ileum sections from injured vehicle-treated mice showed positive staining for P-selectin and intercellular adhesion molecule 1. The intensity and degree of P-selectin and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 were markedly reduced in tissue sections from injured CGS 21680-treated mice. Ischemia and reperfusion-injured mice that have been treated with CGS 21680 showed also a significant reduction of neutrophil infiltration into the intestine, a reduction of apoptosis, and improved histological status of the intestine and survival. Taken together, our results clearly demonstrate that selective activation of adenosine A2A receptors plays an important role in the regulation of ischemia and reperfusion injury and results put forward the hypothesis that selective activation of adenosine A2A receptors may represent a novel and possible strategy.
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Efficacy of treatment with verbascoside, biotechnologically produced by Syringa vulgaris plant cell cultures in an experimental mice model of spinal cord trauma. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2010; 382:331-45. [PMID: 20799028 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-010-0537-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2010] [Accepted: 06/09/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study we evaluated the effect of glycosylated phenylpropanoid verbascoside (VB), isolated from cultured cells of the medicinal plant Syringa vulgaris (Oleaceae) in experimental animal model of spinal cord injury (SCI). SCI was induced by the application of vascular clips to the dura via a four-level T5-T8 laminectomy. SCI in mice resulted in severe trauma characterized by edema, tissue damage, and apoptosis. At 1 and 6 h after injury, the mice were treated with VB extract, administered at the dose of 2 mg/kg with intraperitoneal administration. Immunohistochemical examination demonstrated a marked increase on expression for nitrotyrosine, inducible nitric oxide synthase, poly(ADP-ribose), and apoptosis events (increase of Bax and Bcl-2 expression) in the spinal cord tissue. Additionally, we demonstrate that these inflammatory events were associated with the cytokines expression (TNF-α and IL-1β), neutrophil infiltration (myeloperoxidase), and activation of NF-κB. In contrast, all of these parameters of inflammation were attenuated by treatment with VB. In a separate set of experiment, we have clearly demonstrated that VB treatment significantly ameliorated the recovery of function (evaluated by motor recovery score). Taken together, our results clearly demonstrate that treatment with VB extract reduces the development of inflammation and tissue injury events associated with spinal cord trauma.
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Role of inflammation and oxidative stress mediators in gliomas. Cancers (Basel) 2010; 2:693-712. [PMID: 24281089 PMCID: PMC3835099 DOI: 10.3390/cancers2020693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2010] [Revised: 04/20/2010] [Accepted: 04/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gliomas are the most common primary brain tumors of the central nervous system. Despite relevant progress in conventional treatments, the prognosis of such tumors remains almost invariably dismal. The genesis of gliomas is a complex, multistep process that includes cellular neoplastic transformation, resistance to apoptosis, loss of control of the cell cycle, angiogenesis, and the acquisition of invasive properties. Among a number of different biomolecular events, the existence of molecular connections between inflammation and oxidative stress pathways and the development of this cancer has been demonstrated. In particular, the tumor microenvironment, which is largely orchestrated by inflammatory molecules, is an indispensable participant in the neoplastic process, promoting proliferation, survival and migration of such tumors. Proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1beta, and interferon-gamma, as well as chemokines and prostaglandins, are synthesized by resident brain cells and lymphocytes invading the affected brain tissue. Key mediators of cancer progression include nuclear factor-kappaB, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, and specific microRNAs. The collective activity of these mediators is largely responsible for a pro-tumorigenic response through changes in cell proliferation, cell death, cellular senescence, DNA mutation rates, DNA methylation and angiogenesis. We provide a general overview of the connection between specific inflammation and oxidative stress pathway molecules and gliomas. The elucidation of specific effects and interactions of these factors may provide the opportunity for the identification of new target molecules leading to improved diagnosis and treatment.
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Paterniti I, Genovese T, Mazzon E, Crisafulli C, Di Paola R, Galuppo M, Bramanti P, Cuzzocrea S. Liver X receptor agonist treatment regulates inflammatory response after spinal cord trauma. J Neurochem 2009; 112:611-24. [PMID: 19891733 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06471.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Liver X receptor alpha (LXRalpha) and LXRbeta are members of the nuclear receptor superfamily of ligand-activated transcription factors. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of T0901317, a potent LXR receptor ligand, in a mouse model of spinal cord injury (SCI). SCI was induced by the application of vascular clips (force of 24 g) to the dura via a four-level T5-T8 laminectomy in mice. Treatment with T0901317, 1 and 6 h after the SCI, significantly decreased (i) the degree of spinal cord inflammation and tissue injury (histological score); (ii) neutrophil infiltration (myeloperoxidase activity); (iii) inducible nitric oxide synthase expression; (iv) nitrotyrosine, lipid peroxidation, and poly-ADP-ribose formation; (v) pro-inflammatory cytokines expression; (vi) nuclear factor-kappa B activation; and (vii) apoptosis (terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated UTP end labeling staining, FAS ligand, Bax, and Bcl-2 expression). Moreover, T0901317 significantly ameliorated the loss of limb function (evaluated by motor recovery score). These data suggest that LXR ligand may be useful in the treatment of inflammation associated with SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Paterniti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy
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Suppression of nuclear factor kappa B ameliorates astrogliosis but not amyloid burden in APPswe/PS1dE9 mice. Neuroscience 2009; 161:53-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2008] [Revised: 03/04/2009] [Accepted: 03/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Treatment with green tea extract attenuates secondary inflammatory response in an experimental model of spinal cord trauma. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2009; 380:179-92. [PMID: 19337722 PMCID: PMC2694926 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-009-0414-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2009] [Accepted: 03/13/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated the effect of green tea extract (that was administered 25 mg/kg intraperitoneal at 1 and 6 h after injury) in experimental animal model of spinal cord injury. The spinal cord trauma was induced by the application of vascular clips to the dura via a four-level T5–T8 laminectomy. Spinal cord injury in mice resulted in severe trauma characterised by oedema, neutrophilic infiltration and apoptosis. Also, immunohistochemical examination demonstrated a marked increase in immune reactivity for nitrotyrosine. All parameters of inflammation were attenuated by green tea extract. The degree of spinal cord inflammation, nitrotyrosine, poli (ADP-ribosio) synthetase (PARS) and neutrophilic infiltration was markedly reduced. Green tea extract significantly ameliorated the recovery of limb function. Values shown are mean ± SE mean of ten mice for each group. *p < 0.01 versus sham, °p < 0.01 versus spinal cord injury. Taken together, our results clearly demonstrate that green tea extract treatment ameliorates spinal cord injury oxidative stress.
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Effect of cyclopentanone prostaglandin 15-deoxy-delta12,14PGJ2 on early functional recovery from experimental spinal cord injury. Shock 2008; 30:142-52. [PMID: 18628687 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0b013e31815dd381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma is a member of the nuclear-receptor superfamily that binds to DNA with retinoid X receptors as PPAR-retinoid X receptor heterodimers. Recent evidence also suggests that the cyclopentenone prostaglandin 15-deoxy-DeltaPGJ2 (15d-PGJ2), which is a metabolite of the prostaglandin D2, functions as an endogenous ligand for PPAR-gamma We postulated that 15d-PGJ2 would attenuate inflammation, investigating the effects on the degree of experimental spinal cord trauma induced by the application of vascular clips (force of 24 g) to the dura via a four-level T5-T8 laminectomy. Spinal cord injury in mice resulted in severe trauma characterized by edema, neutrophil infiltration, production of a range of inflammatory mediators, tissue damage, and apoptosis. Furthermore, 15d-PGJ2 reduced (1) spinal cord inflammation and tissue injury (histological score), (2) neutrophil infiltration (myeloperoxidase activity), (3) nuclear factor-kappaB activation, (4) expression of iNOS, nitrotyrosine and TNF-alpha, and (5) apoptosis (terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated uridine triphosphate end labeling staining, Bax, Bcl-2, and FAS-L expression). In a separate set of experiments, 15d-PGJ2 significantly ameliorated the recovery of limb function (evaluated by motor recovery score). To elucidate whether the protective effects of 15d-PGJ2 are related to activation of the PPAR-gamma receptor, we also investigated the effect of a PPAR-gamma antagonist, GW 9662, on the protective effects of 15d-PGJ2. GW9662 (1 mg/kg administered i.p. 30 min before treatment with 15d-PGJ2) significantly antagonized the effect of the PPAR-gamma agonist and, thus, abolished the protective effect. Taken together, our results clearly demonstrate that treatment with 15d-PGJ2 reduces the development of inflammation and tissue injury associated with spinal cord trauma.
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Angileri FF, Aguennouz M, Conti A, La Torre D, Cardali S, Crupi R, Tomasello C, Germanò A, Vita G, Tomasello F. Nuclear factor-kappaB activation and differential expression of survivin and Bcl-2 in human grade 2-4 astrocytomas. Cancer 2008; 112:2258-66. [PMID: 18327814 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.23407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antiapoptotis resulting from hyperactivation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB has been described in several cancer types. It is triggered by the interaction of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) with its receptors and recruitment of the intermediate factor TNF-receptor associated factor (TRAF) 2. The NF-kappaB transcriptional activity could amplify the expression of antiapoptotic genes. The authors investigated the activity of NF-kappaB, and the mRNA expression of TNFalpha, TNFalpha receptor, TRAF1, TRAF2, and TRAF-associated NF-kappaB activator (TANK), and the antiapoptotic genes Bcl-2, c-IAP 1 and 2, and Survivin in human astrocytic tumors. METHODS Eight low-grade astrocytomas (LGA), 10 anaplastic astrocytomas (AAs), 10 glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) samples were used; 4 samples of normal brain tissue were used as controls. The NF-kappaB activation was analyzed by electrophoretic mobility shift assay; TRAF1, TRAF2, TANK/I-TRAF, Bcl-2, c-IAP 1 and 2, and Survivin mRNA expressions were studied using real-time quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS NF-kappaB hyperactivity was detected in tumor samples. mRNA of antiapoptotic genes, particularly BCL-2 and Survivin, was hyperexpressed in gliomas. Interestingly, BCL-2 was hyperexpressed in LGAs, whereas a very high level of Survivin featured high-grade gliomas. The differential expression of antiapoptotic genes yielded a tight clustering of all LGA and nearly all GBM samples in cluster analysis. CONCLUSIONS NF-kappaB and factors involved in its intracellular activation were up-regulated in gliomas. NF-kappaB-activated antiapoptotic genes were hyperexpressed in tumor samples, but showed a differential expression with higher levels of Bcl-2 in LGAs and higher levels of Survivin in GBMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo F Angileri
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Messina School of Medicine, Messina, Italy
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O'Rielly DD, Loomis CW. Spinal nerve ligation-induced activation of nuclear factor kappaB is facilitated by prostaglandins in the affected spinal cord and is a critical step in the development of mechanical allodynia. Neuroscience 2008; 155:902-13. [PMID: 18617333 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.04.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2008] [Revised: 04/14/2008] [Accepted: 04/15/2008] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of 5th and 6th lumbar nerve (L5/L6) spinal nerve ligation (SNL) on activated nuclear factor kappaB (NFkBa) in nuclear extracts from the lumbar dorsal horn of the rat, and its relationship to prostaglandin (PG)-dependent spinal hyperexcitability and allodynia 3 days later. Male Sprague-Dawley rats, fitted with intrathecal (i.t.) catheters, underwent SNL- or sham-surgery. Paw withdrawal threshold (PWT), electromyographic analysis of the biceps femoris flexor reflex, and immunoblotting of the spinal cord were used. Both allodynia (PWT <or=4 g) and exaggerated A- and C-fiber-mediated reflex responses (AFRR and CFRR), featuring decreased activation thresholds and evoked hyperexcitability, were evident only in nerve-ligated animals. This was preceded by an increase in NFkBa in the ipsilateral lumbar dorsal horn at 12 h which was still present 3 days after SNL. The amount of NFkBa in the ventral horns was unchanged compared with sham-controls. Blocking the activation of spinal NFkappaB, either directly with ammonium pyrrolidedithiocarbamate (PDTC; 100 microg i.t.) or indirectly with S(+)-ibuprofen (100 microg i.t.) administered immediately after SNL, prevented the SNL-induced expression of spinal cyclooxygenase-2 and the development of spinal hyperexcitability and allodynia 3 days later. R(-)-Ibuprofen and vehicle had no effect. These results demonstrate that NFkappaB is not only activated by SNL, but that spinal PG generated in the affected spinal cord from the onset of nerve injury facilitates this process. NFkappaB is a critical antecedent in the development of spinal PG-dependent hyperexcitability and allodynia in the SNL model.
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Affiliation(s)
- D D O'Rielly
- Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and School of Pharmacy, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 300 Prince Philip Drive, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada A1B 3V6
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38
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Kang YM, Ma Y, Elks C, Zheng JP, Yang ZM, Francis J. Cross-talk between cytokines and renin-angiotensin in hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus in heart failure: role of nuclear factor-kappaB. Cardiovasc Res 2008; 79:671-8. [PMID: 18469338 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvn119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) is a potent inducer of pro-inflammatory cytokines (PIC) and oxidative stress in cardiovascular disease. In this study, we determined whether upregulation of NF-kappaB in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) contributed to neurohumoral excitation either directly, or via interaction with the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), in heart failure (HF). METHODS AND RESULTS Rats were implanted with intracerebroventricular (ICV) cannulae and subjected to coronary artery ligation, or sham surgery (SHAM). Subsequently, animals were ICV treated with the angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1-R) antagonist losartan (LOS, 20 microg/h), or SN50 (2 microg/h), which inhibits nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB, or tempol (TEMP, 80 microg/h), a membrane-permeable superoxide scavenger, or vehicle for 4 weeks. HF induced a significant increase in the expression of AT1-R, PIC, and NAD(P)H oxidase genes and NF-kappaB p50 in the PVN and in plasma norepinephrine (NE) levels when compared with SHAM rats. In contrast, ICV LOS, SN50, or TEMP attenuated PIC, NF-kappaB p50, AT1-R and NAD(P)H oxidase genes in the PVN compared with vehicle-treated HF rats. Treatment with LOS, SN50, or TEMP also reduced plasma levels of NE, angiotensin II, and PIC, and decreased left ventricular end diastolic pressure. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that NF-kappaB mediates the cross-talk between RAS and PIC in the PVN in HF, and that superoxide stimulates more NF-kappaB in the PVN and contributes to neurohumoral excitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ming Kang
- Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, People's Republic of China.
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39
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Genovese T, Esposito E, Mazzon E, Paola RD, Meli R, Bramanti P, Piomelli D, Calignano A, Cuzzocrea S. Effects of Palmitoylethanolamide on Signaling Pathways Implicated in the Development of Spinal Cord Injury. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2008; 326:12-23. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.108.136903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
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40
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Genovese T, Esposito E, Mazzon E, Muià C, Di Paola R, Meli R, Bramanti P, Cuzzocrea S. Evidence for the role of mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways in the development of spinal cord injury. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2008; 325:100-14. [PMID: 18180375 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.107.131060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways involve two closely related MAPKs, known as extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1 and ERK2. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the contribution of MAPK3/MAPK1 in the secondary damage in experimental spinal cord injury (SCI) in mice. To this purpose, we used 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one (PD98059), which is an inhibitor of MAPK3/MAPK1. Spinal cord trauma was induced by the application of vascular clips (force of 24 g) to the dura via a four-level T5-T8 laminectomy. SCI in mice resulted in severe trauma characterized by edema, neutrophil infiltration, and production of inflammatory mediators, tissue damage, and apoptosis. PD98059 treatment (10 mg/kg i.p.) at 1 and 6 h after the SCI significantly reduced 1) the degree of spinal cord inflammation and tissue injury (histological score), 2) neutrophil infiltration (myeloperoxidase activity), 3) nitrotyrosine formation, 4) proinflammatory cytokines expression, 5) nuclear factor-kappaB activation, 6) phospho-ERK1/2 expression, and 6) apoptosis (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling staining, Fas ligand, Bax, and Bcl-2 expression). Moreover, PD98059 significantly ameliorated the recovery of limb function (evaluated by motor recovery score) in a dose-dependent manner. Taken together, our results clearly demonstrate that PD98059 treatment reduces the development of inflammation and tissue injury associated with spinal cord trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Genovese
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Messina, Torre Biologica-Policlinico Universitario Via C. Valeria-Gazzi, 98100 Messina, Italy
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41
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Malaspina A, Michael-Titus AT. Is the modulation of retinoid and retinoid-associated signaling a future therapeutic strategy in neurological trauma and neurodegeneration? J Neurochem 2007; 104:584-95. [PMID: 18036157 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.05071.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The complex molecular pathways that mediate the effects of vitamin A and its derivatives, are increasingly recognized as a component of the repair capacity that could be activated to induce protection and regeneration in the mature nervous tissue. Retinoid and retinoid-associated signaling plays an essential role in normal neurodevelopment and appears to remain active in the adult CNS. In this paper, we review evidence which supports the hypothesis of an activation of retinoid-associated signaling molecular pathways in the mature nervous tissue and its significance in the context of neurodegenerative, trauma-induced and psychiatric disorders, at spinal and supra-spinal levels. Finally, we summarize the potential therapeutic avenues based on the modulation of retinoid targets undergoing reactivation under conditions of acute injury and chronic degeneration in the central nervous system, and discuss some of the unresolved issues linked to this treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Malaspina
- Neuroscience Centre, Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Barts and the Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
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42
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Genovese T, Mazzon E, Crisafulli C, Esposito E, Di Paola R, Muià C, Di Bella P, Bramanti P, Cuzzocrea S. Effects of combination of melatonin and dexamethasone on secondary injury in an experimental mice model of spinal cord trauma. J Pineal Res 2007; 43:140-53. [PMID: 17645692 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079x.2007.00454.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the effects of combination therapy with melatonin and dexamethasone on the degree of spinal cord injury caused by the application of vascular clip in mice. Spinal cord injury in mice resulted in severe trauma, characterized by edema, neutrophil infiltration, and apoptosis (measured by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated UTP end labeling staining, and immunoreaction of Bax, Bcl-2, and Fas Ligand). Infiltration of the spinal cord tissue with neutrophils (measured as increase in myeloperoxidase activity) was associated with enhanced immuno- histochemical and functional alterations revealed, respectively, by an increased of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha immunoreactivity, NOS as well as nitrotyrosine and loss of hind leg movement in spinal cord injury (SCI)-operated mice. In contrast, the degree of neutrophil infiltration at different time points, cytokine expression, histologic damage iNOS expression, apoptosis, was markedly reduced in the tissues obtained from SCI-treated mice with the combination therapy, and the motor recovery was also ameliorated. No anti-inflammatory effect was observed in animals treated with melatonin (10 mg/kg) or with dexamethasone (0.025 mg/kg) alone. This study shows that the combination therapy with melatonin and dexamethasone reduces the degree of secondary damage associated with spinal cord injury in mice, and supports the possible use of melatonin in combination with steroids to reduce the dose and the side effects related with the use of steroids for the management of inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Genovese
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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43
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Zhou ML, Shi JX, Hang CH, Cheng HL, Qi XP, Mao L, Chen KF, Yin HX. Potential contribution of nuclear factor-kappaB to cerebral vasospasm after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage in rabbits. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2007; 27:1583-92. [PMID: 17293842 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) plays a key role in inflammation, which is involved in the development of cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). In the present study, we assessed the potential role of NF-kappaB in regulation of cerebral vasospasm. Nuclear factor-kappaB DNA-binding activity was measured in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) treated with hemolysate and pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC, 80 micromol/L), an inhibitor of NF-kappaB. Forty-two rabbits were divided into three groups: control, SAH, and PDTC groups (n=14 for each group). The caliber of the basilar artery was evaluated. Nuclear factor-kappaB DNA-binding activity and the gene expression levels of cytokines and adhesion molecules in the basilar artery were measured. Immunohistochemical study was performed to assess the expression and localization of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1, and myeloperoxidase (MPO). It was observed that NF-kappaB DNA-binding activity was significantly increased by treatment with hemolysate in cultured VSCMs, but this increase was suppressed by pretreatment with PDTC. Severe vasospasm was observed in the SAH group, which was attenuated in the PDTC group. Subarachnoid hemorrhage could induce increases of NF-kappaB DNA-binding activity and the gene expression levels of TNF-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1 beta, ICAM-1, and vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1, which were reduced in the PDTC group. Immunohistochemical study demonstrated that the expression levels of TNF-alpha, ICAM-1, and MPO were all increased in the SAH group, but these increases were attenuated in the PDTC group. Our results suggest that NF-kappaB is activated in the arterial wall after SAH, which potentially leads to vasospasm development through induction of inflammatory response.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antioxidants/pharmacology
- Basilar Artery/drug effects
- Basilar Artery/metabolism
- Basilar Artery/pathology
- Brain/blood supply
- Brain/metabolism
- Brain/pathology
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/biosynthesis
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Immunohistochemistry
- Inflammation/etiology
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Inflammation/pathology
- Male
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- NF-kappa B/drug effects
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Proline/analogs & derivatives
- Proline/pharmacology
- Rabbits
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Subarachnoid Hemorrhage/complications
- Subarachnoid Hemorrhage/metabolism
- Subarachnoid Hemorrhage/pathology
- Thiocarbamates/pharmacology
- Vasospasm, Intracranial/etiology
- Vasospasm, Intracranial/metabolism
- Vasospasm, Intracranial/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Liang Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
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44
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Hosaka N, Kimura S, Yamazaki A, Wang X, Denda H, Ito T, Hirano T, Endo N. Significant correlation between cerebrospinal fluid nitric oxide concentrations and neurologic prognosis in incomplete cervical cord injury. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2007; 17:281-6. [PMID: 17712576 PMCID: PMC2365543 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-007-0477-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2006] [Revised: 03/24/2007] [Accepted: 07/27/2007] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In animal models of spinal cord injury (SCI), inducible NO (nitric oxide) synthase is expressed in the spinal cord immediately after sustaining SCI. Excessive NO production has cytotoxic effects and induces neuronal apoptosis, causing neural degeneration and neurodysfunction in the spinal cord. Little is known, however, about the relationship between NO(x) (NO metabolites: nitrite and nitrate) levels in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and neurologic severity or recovery in clinical cases. The objective of the present study was to examine the correlation between CSF NO(x) levels and neurologic severity or recovery in SCI. Twenty-five patients with incomplete cervical cord injury (CCI) were examined. Eight cases were treated conservatively (non-operated group). Seventeen cases underwent surgical intervention (operated group). NO(x) levels in the CSF were measured using the Griess method. The severity of the neurologic impairment was assessed using Frankel's classification and the American Spinal Injury Association motor score (ASIA MS). The degree of neurologic recovery was assessed using Frankel's classification and the ASIA motor recovery percentage (MRP). There was no significant difference in the NO(x) levels between the CCI group (NO(x) levels: 5.9 +/- 0.7 microM) and the 36 control subjects (1 volunteer and 35 patients without neurologic disorders, NO(x) levels: 4.9 +/- 0.3 microM). There was no significant difference in NO(x) levels and MRP between the non-operated group and the operated group. The NO(x) levels in total SCI group were significantly correlated with the ASIA MS and MRP. There was a significant correlation between CSF NO(x) levels and neurologic severity or recovery in incomplete CCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noboru Hosaka
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Niigata Rousai Hospital, Joetsu City, Niigata Japan
| | - Shinji Kimura
- Rehabilitation Center, Niigata University, 1-754 Asahimachi-dori, Niigata City, Niigata 951-8520 Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Yamazaki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Niigata Central Hospital, Niigata city, Niigata Japan
| | - Xianjun Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Niigata University, Niigata city, Niigata Japan
| | - Hiroshi Denda
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Niigata University, Niigata city, Niigata Japan
| | - Takui Ito
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Niigata University, Niigata city, Niigata Japan
| | - Toru Hirano
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Niigata University, Niigata city, Niigata Japan
| | - Naoto Endo
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Niigata University, Niigata city, Niigata Japan
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45
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Conti A, Miscusi M, Cardali S, Germanò A, Suzuki H, Cuzzocrea S, Tomasello F. Nitric oxide in the injured spinal cord: synthases cross-talk, oxidative stress and inflammation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 54:205-18. [PMID: 17500094 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2007.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a unique informational molecule involved in a variety of physiological processes in the central nervous system (SNS). It has been demonstrated that it can exert both protective and detrimental effects in several diseases states of the CNS, including spinal cord injury (SCI). The effects of NO on the spinal cord depend on several factors such as: concentration of produced NO, activity of different synthase isoforms, cellular source of production and time of release. Basically, it has been shown that low NO concentrations may play a role in physiologic processes, whereas large amounts of NO may be detrimental by increasing oxidative stress. However, this does not explain all the discrepancies evidenced studying the effects of NO in SCI models. The analysis of the different synthase isoforms, of their temporal profile of activation and cellular source has shed light on this topic. Two post-injury time intervals can be defined with reference to the NO production: immediately after injury and several hours-to-days later. The initial immediate peak of NO production after injury is due to the up-regulation of the neuronal NO synthase (nNOS) in resident spinal cord cells. The late peak is due primarily to the activity of inducible NOS (nNOS) produced by inflammatory infiltrating cells. High NO levels produced by up-regulated nNOS and iNOS are neurotoxic; the down-regulation of nNOS corresponds temporally to the expression of iNOS. On the bases of the evidence, therapeutic approaches should be aimed: (1) to reduce the NO-elicited damage by inhibition of specific synthases according to the temporal profile of activation; (2) by maintaining physiologic amount of NO to keep the induction of iNOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Conti
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Messina, Policlinico Universitario, Messina, Italy.
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46
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Genovese T, Mazzon E, Esposito E, Muià C, Di Paola R, Crisafulli C, Bramanti P, Cuzzocrea S. Inhibition of tyrosine kinase-mediated cellular signalling by Tyrphostins AG126 and AG556 modulates secondary damage in experimental spinal cord trauma. Neuropharmacology 2007; 52:1454-71. [PMID: 17418876 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2007.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2006] [Revised: 01/12/2007] [Accepted: 01/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine kinases help to regulate the expression of many genes, which play an important role in the pathophysiology of a number of diseases. Here we investigate the effects of the tyrosine kinase inhibitors, AG126 and AG556 on the degree of experimental spinal cord trauma induced by the application of vascular clips to the dura via a four-level T4-T8 laminectomy. Spinal cord injury in mice resulted in severe trauma characterized by oedema, neutrophil infiltration, production of a range of inflammatory mediators, tissue damage, and apoptosis. Treatment of the mice with AG126 and AG556 significantly reduced the degree of (1) spinal cord inflammation and tissue injury (histological score), (2) neutrophil infiltration (myeloperoxidase activity), (3) iNOS, nitrotyrosine, and PARP expression and (4) apoptosis (TUNEL staining and Bax and Bcl-2 expression). In a separate set of experiments, AG126 and AG556 significantly ameliorated the recovery of limb function (evaluated by motor recovery score). This study provides an experimental evidence that (1) prevention of the activation of protein tyrosine kinases reduces the development of inflammation and tissue injury associated with spinal cord trauma, and (2) inhibition of the activity of certain tyrosine kinases may represent a novel approach for the therapy of spinal cord trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Genovese
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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47
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Malm TM, Iivonen H, Goldsteins G, Keksa-Goldsteine V, Ahtoniemi T, Kanninen K, Salminen A, Auriola S, Van Groen T, Tanila H, Koistinaho J. Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate activates Akt and improves spatial learning in APP/PS1 mice without affecting beta-amyloid burden. J Neurosci 2007; 27:3712-21. [PMID: 17409235 PMCID: PMC6672417 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0059-07.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) is a clinically tolerated inhibitor of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB), antioxidant and antiinflammatory agent, which provides protection in brain ischemia models. In neonatal hypoxia-ischemia model, PDTC activates Akt and reduces activation of glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK-3beta). Because chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and increased GSK-3beta activity are features of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology, we tested whether PDTC reduces brain pathology and improves cognitive function in a transgenic animal model of AD. A 7 month oral treatment with PDTC prevented the decline in cognition in AD mice without altering beta-amyloid burden or gliosis. Moreover, marked oxidative stress and activation of NF-kappaB were not part of the brain pathology. Instead, the phosphorylated form of GSK-3beta was decreased in the AD mouse brain, and PDTC treatment increased the phosphorylation of Akt and GSK-3beta. Also, PDTC treatment increased the copper concentration in the brain. In addition, PDTC rescued cultured hippocampal neurons from the toxicity of oligomeric Abeta and reduced tau phosphorylation in the hippocampus of AD mice. Finally, astrocytic glutamate transporter GLT-1, known to be regulated by Akt pathway, was decreased in the transgenic AD mice but upregulated back to the wild-type levels by PDTC treatment. Thus, PDTC may improve spatial learning in AD by interfering with Akt-GSK pathway both in neurons and astrocytes. Because PDTC is capable of transferring external Cu2+ into a cell, and, in turn, Cu2+ is able to activate Akt, we hypothesize that PDTC provides the beneficial effect in transgenic AD mice through Cu2+-activated Akt pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Antero Salminen
- Departments of Neuroscience and Neurology and
- Departments of Neurology and
| | | | | | - Heikki Tanila
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences and
- Departments of Neurology and
| | - Jari Koistinaho
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences and
- Oncology, Kuopio University Hospital, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
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48
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Yu Y, Kang YM, Zhang ZH, Wei SG, Chu Y, Weiss RM, Felder RB. Increased cyclooxygenase-2 expression in hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus in rats with heart failure: role of nuclear factor kappaB. Hypertension 2007; 49:511-8. [PMID: 17242297 DOI: 10.1161/01.hyp.0000257356.20527.c5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the role of nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) in the cytokine-mediated induction of cyclooxygenase-2 activity in the paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus (PVN), a critical cardiovascular and autonomic center, in rats with heart failure (HF). Sprague-Dawley rats underwent coronary artery ligation to induce HF or sham surgery. HF rats were treated orally for 6 weeks with vehicle (tap water), the NF-kappaB inhibitor pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (150 mg/kg per day), or the mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist eplerenone (30 mg/kg per day), which has been shown to reduce circulating proinflammatory cytokines in this model. Compared with sham surgery, HF rats had higher (P<0.05) levels of aldosterone, interleukin-1beta and norepinephrine in plasma and prostaglandin E2 in cerebrospinal fluid. In the PVN, NF-kappaB p50 precursor p105 mRNA increased, and mRNA for its inhibitor, IkappaB, decreased (P<0.05). Cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA and protein expression was increased in perivascular cells of the PVN. Both pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate and eplerenone reduced (P<0.05) p105 mRNA and increased IkappaB mRNA in PVN. Both also reduced (P<0.05) cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA and protein expression in PVN, cerebrospinal fluid prostaglandin E2, and plasma norepinephrine. Eplerenone, but not pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate, reduced plasma interleukin-1beta. Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate and eplerenone had no effect on plasma aldosterone. The results suggest that activation of NF-kappaB is an intermediary step in cytokine-mediated induction of cyclooxygenase-2 in the PVN of HF rats. By enhancing access of prostaglandin E2 to hypothalamic neurons, this mechanism may contribute to augmented sympathetic nerve activity in HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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49
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Haddad JJ. On the enigma of pain and hyperalgesia: A molecular perspective. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 353:217-24. [PMID: 17184730 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2006] [Accepted: 12/05/2006] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Pain is a common symptom of injuries and inflammatory-related conditions. The perception of pain, commonly known as nociception, depends on integrated receptors and molecular pathways. Inflammatory mediators are involved in the genesis, persistence, and severity of pain. Noxious stimuli can trigger a cascade of inflammatory loops that feedback onto sensory modalities and domains of the CNS, in an attempt to alert the brain of deregulated homeostasis. Understanding the mechanisms of pain continue to make nociception and hyperalgesia a burgeoning field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Haddad
- Molecular Signaling Research Group, Division of Biological Sciences, Department of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon.
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50
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Ahtoniemi T, Goldsteins G, Keksa-Goldsteine V, Malm T, Kanninen K, Salminen A, Koistinaho J. Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate inhibits induction of immunoproteasome and decreases survival in a rat model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Mol Pharmacol 2006; 71:30-7. [PMID: 17008387 DOI: 10.1124/mol.106.028415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), an inhibitor of nuclear transcription factor kappa-B (NF-kappaB) and an antioxidant, has beneficial effects in animal models of various diseases, including arthritis, brain ischemia, spinal cord injury, Alzheimer's disease, and Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Because inflammation and oxidative damage are also hallmarks of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), we studied the effect of oral PDTC treatment on G93A-superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) transgenic (TG) rat model of human ALS and observed that PDTC treatment significantly decreases the survival. PDTC treatment evoked the end stage of the disease at 121 +/- 21 days, whereas untreated TG animals reached the end stage at 141 +/- 13 days (p < 0.01). The DNA binding activity of NF-kappaB was not altered in G93A-SOD1 TG rats by PDTC treatment. The copper concentration in the spinal cord was increased after PDTC treatment both in G93A-SOD1 TG and wild-type rats, suggesting that increased copper may enhance the neurotoxicity of mutant SOD1. The amount of ubiquitinated proteins were significantly higher and proteasomal activity was decreased in the spinal cords of PDTC-treated TG rats compared with other groups, suggesting that PDTC treatment decreases proteasome function. Immunoblotting and immunocytochemistry showed that the level of immunoproteasome but not constitutive proteasome was increased in glia of G93A-SOD1 TG rats along with disease development. PDTC treatment completely blocked the induction of immunoproteasome expression without affecting constitutive proteasome. These results suggest that PDTC acts as an immunoproteasome inhibitor in mutant SOD1 rats and that immunoproteasome may help the nervous system to cope with deleterious effects of SOD1-G93A mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni Ahtoniemi
- Department of Neurobiology, A I Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Kuopio, PO B 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
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