1
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Chandrasekaran P, Weiskirchen R. The Role of Obesity in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus-An Overview. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1882. [PMID: 38339160 PMCID: PMC10855901 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity or excessive weight gain is identified as the most important and significant risk factor in the development and progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) in all age groups. It has reached pandemic dimensions, making the treatment of obesity crucial in the prevention and management of type 2 DM worldwide. Multiple clinical studies have demonstrated that moderate and sustained weight loss can improve blood glucose levels, insulin action and reduce the need for diabetic medications. A combined approach of diet, exercise and lifestyle modifications can successfully reduce obesity and subsequently ameliorate the ill effects and deadly complications of DM. This approach also helps largely in the prevention, control and remission of DM. Obesity and DM are chronic diseases that are increasing globally, requiring new approaches to manage and prevent diabetes in obese individuals. Therefore, it is essential to understand the mechanistic link between the two and design a comprehensive approach to increase life expectancy and improve the quality of life in patients with type 2 DM and obesity. This literature review provides explicit information on the clinical definitions of obesity and type 2 DM, the incidence and prevalence of type 2 DM in obese individuals, the indispensable role of obesity in the pathophysiology of type 2 DM and their mechanistic link. It also discusses clinical studies and outlines the recent management approaches for the treatment of these associated conditions. Additionally, in vivo studies on obesity and type 2 DM are discussed here as they pave the way for more rigorous development of therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preethi Chandrasekaran
- UT Southwestern Medical Center Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd. ND10.504, Dallas, TX 75390-9014, USA
| | - Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH), University Hospital Aachen, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
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2
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Ottomana AM, Presta M, O'Leary A, Sullivan M, Pisa E, Laviola G, Glennon JC, Zoratto F, Slattery DA, Macrì S. A systematic review of preclinical studies exploring the role of insulin signalling in executive function and memory. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 155:105435. [PMID: 37913873 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Beside its involvement in somatic dysfunctions, altered insulin signalling constitutes a risk factor for the development of mental disorders like Alzheimer's disease and obsessive-compulsive disorder. While insulin-related somatic and mental disorders are often comorbid, the fundamental mechanisms underlying this association are still elusive. Studies conducted in rodent models appear well suited to help decipher these mechanisms. Specifically, these models are apt to prospective studies in which causative mechanisms can be manipulated via multiple tools (e.g., genetically engineered models and environmental interventions), and experimentally dissociated to control for potential confounding factors. Here, we provide a narrative synthesis of preclinical studies investigating the association between hyperglycaemia - as a proxy of insulin-related metabolic dysfunctions - and impairments in working and spatial memory, and attention. Ultimately, this review will advance our knowledge on the role of glucose metabolism in the comorbidity between somatic and mental illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Maria Ottomana
- Centre for Behavioural Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; Neuroscience Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Parma, 43100 Parma, Italy
| | - Martina Presta
- Centre for Behavioural Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Aet O'Leary
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; Chair of Neuropsychopharmacology, Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mairéad Sullivan
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Edoardo Pisa
- Centre for Behavioural Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Laviola
- Centre for Behavioural Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Jeffrey C Glennon
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Francesca Zoratto
- Centre for Behavioural Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - David A Slattery
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Simone Macrì
- Centre for Behavioural Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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3
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Yagihashi S. Contribution of animal models to diabetes research: Its history, significance, and translation to humans. J Diabetes Investig 2023; 14:1015-1037. [PMID: 37401013 PMCID: PMC10445217 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.14034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is still expanding globally and is epidemic in developing countries. The combat of this plague has caused enormous economic and social burdens related to a lowered quality of life in people with diabetes. Despite recent significant improvements of life expectancy in patients with diabetes, there is still a need for efforts to elucidate the complexities and mechanisms of the disease processes to overcome this difficult disorder. To this end, the use of appropriate animal models in diabetes studies is invaluable for translation to humans and for the development of effective treatment. In this review, a variety of animal models of diabetes with spontaneous onset in particular will be introduced and discussed for their implication in diabetes research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soroku Yagihashi
- Department of Exploratory Medicine for Nature, Life and HumansToho University School of MedicineChibaJapan
- Department of PathologyHirosaki University Graduate School of MedicineHirosakiJapan
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4
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Abstract
Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disease affecting an increasing number of people. Although diabetes has negative health outcomes for diagnosed individuals, a population at particular risk are pregnant women, as diabetes impacts not only a pregnant woman's health but that of her child. In this review, we cover the current knowledge and unanswered questions on diabetes affecting an expectant mother, focusing on maternal and fetal outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia González Corona
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Center, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ronald J. Parchem
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Center, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA,Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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5
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Sultan A, Adeghate E, Emerald BS, Qureshi MA, Minhas ST, Howarth FC. Effects of Obesity and Diabesity on Ventricular Muscle Structure and Function in the Zucker Rat. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:1221. [PMID: 36013400 PMCID: PMC9410105 DOI: 10.3390/life12081221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Cardiovascular complications are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in diabetic patients. The effects of obesity and diabesity on the function and structure of ventricular myocytes in the Zucker fatty (ZF) rat and the Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rat compared to Zucker lean (ZL) control rats have been investigated. (2) Methods: Shortening and intracellular Ca2+ were simultaneously measured with cell imaging and fluorescence photometry, respectively. Ventricular muscle protein expression and structure were investigated with Western blot and electron microscopy, respectively. (3) Results: The amplitude of shortening was increased in ZF compared to ZL but not compared to ZDF myocytes. Resting Ca2+ was increased in ZDF compared to ZL myocytes. Time to half decay of the Ca2+ transient was prolonged in ZDF compared to ZL and was reduced in ZF compared to ZL myocytes. Changes in expression of proteins associated with cardiac muscle contraction are presented. Structurally, there were reductions in sarcomere length in ZDF and ZF compared to ZL and reductions in mitochondria count in ZF compared to ZDF and ZL myocytes. (4) Conclusions: Alterations in ventricular muscle proteins and structure may partly underlie the defects observed in Ca2+ signaling in ZDF and ZF compared to ZL rat hearts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Sultan
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, UAE University, Al Ain P.O. Box 17666, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ernest Adeghate
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, UAE University, Al Ain P.O. Box 17666, United Arab Emirates
| | - Bright Starling Emerald
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, UAE University, Al Ain P.O. Box 17666, United Arab Emirates
| | - Muhammad A. Qureshi
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, UAE University, Al Ain P.O. Box 17666, United Arab Emirates
| | - Saeed Tariq Minhas
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, UAE University, Al Ain P.O. Box 17666, United Arab Emirates
| | - Frank Christopher Howarth
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, UAE University, Al Ain P.O. Box 17666, United Arab Emirates
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6
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Wang T, Tang X, Hu X, Wang J, Chen G. Reduction in the Dietary VA Status Prevents Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity in Zucker Diabetic Fatty Rats. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12040528. [PMID: 35454117 PMCID: PMC9032907 DOI: 10.3390/biom12040528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We hypothesized that the vitamin A (VA) status regulates type 2 diabetes (T2D) development in Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats. Zucker Lean and ZDF rats at weaning were fed a VA deficient with basal fat (VAD-BF, no VA and 22.1% fat energy), VA marginal with BF (VAM-BF, 0.35 mg retinyl palmitate (RP)/kg), VA sufficient with BF (VAS-BF, 4.0 mg RP/kg), VAD with high fat (VAD-HF, 60% fat energy), VAM-HF or VAS-HF diet for 8 weeks, including an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) at week 7.5. The hepatic mRNA and proteins levels were determined using real-time PCR and Western blot, respectively. The VAD-BF/HF and VAM-BF/HF diets prevented peripheral hyperglycemia and attenuated obesity in ZDF rats, which occurred in the presence of the VAS-BF/HF diets. This lowered VA status reduced venous blood hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia and hyperlipidemia, and improved OGTT and homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance results in ZDF rats. The expression levels of key hepatic genes for glucose and fat metabolism were regulated by VA status and dietary fat contents. An interaction between VA and HF condition was also observed. We conclude that the reduction in the dietary VA status in both BF and HF conditions prevents T2D and obesity in ZDF rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiannan Wang
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; (T.W.); (X.H.)
| | - Xia Tang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agriculture University, Baoding 071001, China;
| | - Xinge Hu
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; (T.W.); (X.H.)
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Pharmacy, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China;
| | - Guoxun Chen
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; (T.W.); (X.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.:+1-865-974-6257
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7
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KOBAYASHI K, SASASE T, MAEKAWA T, SHINOZAKI Y, SANO R, YAMADA T, OHTA T. Immune Disorders and Sex Differences in Spontaneously Diabetic Torii Rats, Type 2 Diabetic Model. Physiol Res 2022; 71:113-123. [DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is believed to be a non-autoimmune metabolic disorder. However, there are increasing reports that some T2D patients have immune abnormalities. In addition, it is known that there are sex differences in the onset of diabetes and immune responses in humans. Spontaneously Diabetic Torii (SDT) rats, a non-obese T2D model, also have sex differences in the onset of diabetes, but the involvement of immune abnormalities in diabetes is unknown. In this study, we investigated immune abnormalities in SDT rats. Immune cell subset analysis was performed in male and female SDT rats and control Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats at 5, 11, and 17 weeks of age. Male and female SDT rats had swelling of the spleen and lymph nodes and a higher number of T cells and B cells in the blood, spleen, and lymph nodes than SD rats. Only male SDT rats developed diabetes at 17 weeks of age, and the number of classical and non-classical monocytes in the blood and spleen of male SDT rats was higher than that in male SD rats and female SDT rats that did not develop diabetes. Most of these findings were observed before the onset of diabetes (~11 weeks of age), suggesting that classical and non-classical monocytes may contribute to the development of diabetes in male SDT rats. In conclusion, SDT rats may be a useful T2D model involved in immune abnormalities, and further research will help elucidate the pathophysiology of T2D with immune abnormalities and develop new therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- K KOBAYASHI
- Biological/Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Takatsuki Research Center, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., Osaka, Japan
| | - T SASASE
- Biological/Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Takatsuki Research Center, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., Osaka, Japan
| | - T MAEKAWA
- Biological/Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Takatsuki Research Center, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., Osaka, Japan
| | - Y SHINOZAKI
- Biological/Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Takatsuki Research Center, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., Osaka, Japan
| | - R SANO
- Biological/Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Takatsuki Research Center, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., Osaka, Japan
| | - T YAMADA
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - T OHTA
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Functional Anatomy, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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8
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Santos DFS, Donahue RR, Laird D, Oliveira M, Taylor B. The PPARγ agonist pioglitazone produces a female-predominant inhibition of hyperalgesia associated with surgical incision, peripheral nerve injury, and painful diabetic neuropathy. Neuropharmacology 2022; 205:108907. [PMID: 34856203 PMCID: PMC8992004 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Pioglitazone, an agonist at peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, is FDA-approved for the treatment of insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes. Numerous studies in male rodents suggest that pioglitazone inhibits inflammatory and neuropathic pain, but few included female subjects. To address this gap, we compared the effects of pioglitazone in both sexes in the intraplantar methylglyoxal model (MG) model of chemical pain and painful diabetic neuropathy (PDN), the plantar incision model (PIM) of postoperative pain, the spared nerve injury (SNI) model of traumatic nerve injury, and the ZDF rat and db/db mouse models of PDN. We administered pioglitazone by one-time intrathecal or intraperitoneal injection or by adding it to chow for 6 weeks, followed by measurement of hypersensitivity to non-noxious mechanical, noxious mechanical, heat, and/or cold stimuli. In all mouse models, injection of pioglitazone decreased pain-like behaviors with greater potency and/or efficacy in females as compared to males: heat and mechanical hypersensitivity in the MG model (0.1-10 mg/kg); mechanical hypersensitivity in the PIM model (10 μg); mechanical and cold hypersensitivity in the SNI model (100 mg/kg); and heat hypersensitivity in the db/db model (100 mg/kg). Furthermore, co-administration of low doses of morphine (1 mg/kg) and pioglitazone (10 mg/kg) decreased SNI-induced mechanical and cold hypersensitivity in female but not male mice. In the ZDF rat, pioglitazone (100 mg/kg) decreased heat and mechanical hypersensitivity with no sex difference. In the db/db model, pioglitazone had no effect when given into chow for 6 weeks at 0.3, 3 or 30 mg/kg doses. We conclude that females exhibit greater anti-hyperalgesic responses to pioglitazone in mouse models of chemical-induced nociception, postsurgical pain, neuropathic pain, and PDN. These findings set the stage for clinical trials to determine whether pioglitazone has analgesic properties across a broad spectrum of chronic pain conditions, particularly in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. F. S. Santos
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, and Pittsburgh Project to end Opioid Misuse, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,School of Applied Sciences, State University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Limeira, SP, Brazil
| | - R. R. Donahue
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - D.E. Laird
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - M.C. Oliveira
- School of Applied Sciences, State University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Limeira, SP, Brazil
| | - B.K. Taylor
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, and Pittsburgh Project to end Opioid Misuse, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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9
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Jaquenod De Giusti C, Palomeque J, Mattiazzi A. Ca 2+ mishandling and mitochondrial dysfunction: a converging road to prediabetic and diabetic cardiomyopathy. Pflugers Arch 2022; 474:33-61. [PMID: 34978597 PMCID: PMC8721633 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-021-02650-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic cardiomyopathy is defined as the myocardial dysfunction that suffers patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) in the absence of hypertension and structural heart diseases such as valvular or coronary artery dysfunctions. Since the impact of DM on cardiac function is rather silent and slow, early stages of diabetic cardiomyopathy, known as prediabetes, are poorly recognized, and, on many occasions, cardiac illness is diagnosed only after a severe degree of dysfunction was reached. Therefore, exploration and recognition of the initial pathophysiological mechanisms that lead to cardiac dysfunction in diabetic cardiomyopathy are of vital importance for an on-time diagnosis and treatment of the malady. Among the complex and intricate mechanisms involved in diabetic cardiomyopathy, Ca2+ mishandling and mitochondrial dysfunction have been described as pivotal early processes. In the present review, we will focus on these two processes and the molecular pathway that relates these two alterations to the earlier stages and the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Jaquenod De Giusti
- Centro de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, CCT-La Plata-CONICET, Facultad de Cs. Médicas, UNLP, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Julieta Palomeque
- Centro de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, CCT-La Plata-CONICET, Facultad de Cs. Médicas, UNLP, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Alicia Mattiazzi
- Centro de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, CCT-La Plata-CONICET, Facultad de Cs. Médicas, UNLP, La Plata, Argentina.
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10
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Jankauskas SS, Kansakar U, Varzideh F, Wilson S, Mone P, Lombardi A, Gambardella J, Santulli G. Heart failure in diabetes. Metabolism 2021; 125:154910. [PMID: 34627874 PMCID: PMC8941799 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2021.154910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Heart failure and cardiovascular disorders represent the leading cause of death in diabetic patients. Here we present a systematic review of the main mechanisms underlying the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy. We also provide an excursus on the relative contribution of cardiomyocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial and smooth muscle cells to the pathophysiology of heart failure in diabetes. After having described the preclinical tools currently available to dissect the mechanisms of this complex disease, we conclude with a section on the most recent updates of the literature on clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislovas S Jankauskas
- Department of Medicine, Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism (FIDAM), Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center (ES-DRC), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA; Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Einstein Institute for Neuroimmunology and Inflammation, Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Einstein Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Urna Kansakar
- Department of Medicine, Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism (FIDAM), Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center (ES-DRC), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA; Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Einstein Institute for Neuroimmunology and Inflammation, Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Einstein Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Fahimeh Varzideh
- Department of Medicine, Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism (FIDAM), Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center (ES-DRC), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA; Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Einstein Institute for Neuroimmunology and Inflammation, Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Einstein Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Scott Wilson
- Department of Medicine, Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism (FIDAM), Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center (ES-DRC), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Pasquale Mone
- Department of Medicine, Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism (FIDAM), Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center (ES-DRC), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Angela Lombardi
- Department of Medicine, Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism (FIDAM), Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center (ES-DRC), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Jessica Gambardella
- Department of Medicine, Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism (FIDAM), Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center (ES-DRC), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA; Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Einstein Institute for Neuroimmunology and Inflammation, Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Einstein Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA; International Translational Research and Medical Education (ITME), Department of Advanced Biomedical Science, "Federico II" University, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Gaetano Santulli
- Department of Medicine, Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism (FIDAM), Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center (ES-DRC), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA; Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Einstein Institute for Neuroimmunology and Inflammation, Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Einstein Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA; International Translational Research and Medical Education (ITME), Department of Advanced Biomedical Science, "Federico II" University, 80131 Naples, Italy.
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11
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Tourki B, Halade GV. Heart Failure Syndrome With Preserved Ejection Fraction Is a Metabolic Cluster of Non-resolving Inflammation in Obesity. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:695952. [PMID: 34409075 PMCID: PMC8367012 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.695952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is an emerging disease with signs of nonresolving inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and multiorgan defects. Moreover, based on the clinical signs and symptoms and the rise of the obesity epidemic, the number of patients developing HFpEF is increasing. From recent molecular and cellular studies, it becomes evident that HFpEF is not a single and homogenous disease but a cluster of heterogeneous pathophysiology with aging at the base of the pyramid. Obesity superimposed on aging drives the number of inflammatory pathways that intersect with metabolic dysfunction and suboptimal inflammation. Here, we compiled information on obesity-directed macrophage dysfunction that coincide with metabolic defects. Obesity-associated proinflammatory stimuli facilitates heart and interorgan inflammation in HFpEF. Furthermore, diversified mechanisms that drive heart failure urge the need of studying pervasive and unresolved inflammation in animal models to understand HFpEF. A broad and system-based approach will help to study major translational aspects of HFpEF, since no single animal model recapitulates all signs of differential HFpEF stages in the clinical setting. Here, we covered experimental models that target HFpEF and emphasized the advances observed with formyl peptide 2 (FPR2) receptor, a prime sensor that is important in inflammation-resolution signaling. Dysfunction of FPR2 led to the development of spontaneous obesity, impaired macrophage function, and triggered kidney fibrosis, providing evidence of multiorgan defects in HFpEF in an obesogenic aging experimental model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bochra Tourki
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Department of Medicine, The University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Ganesh V Halade
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Department of Medicine, The University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
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12
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Okamoto T, Shimada T, Matsumura C, Minoshima H, Ban T, Itotani M, Shinohara T, Fujita S, Matsuda S, Sato S, Kanemoto N. New Approach to Drug Discovery of a Safe Mitochondrial Uncoupler: OPC-163493. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:16980-16988. [PMID: 34250356 PMCID: PMC8264940 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c01993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We serendipitously found a mitochondrial uncoupler (mUncoupler), compound 1, in the process of screening for inhibitors of a gene product related to calorie restriction (CR) and longevity. Compound 1 has a unique 4-cyano-1,2,3-triazole structure which is different from any known mUncoupler and ameliorated HbA1c in Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats. However, its administration at high doses was not tolerated in an acute toxicity test in rats. We therefore tried to optimize cyanotriazole compound 1 and convert it into an agent that could be safely administered to patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) or metabolic disorders. Considering pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles, especially organ distribution targeting the liver and avoiding the brain, as well as acute toxicities and pharmacological effects of the derivatives, various conversions and substitutions at the 5-position on the cyanotriazole ring were carried out. These optimizing processes improved PK profiles and effectiveness, and acute toxicities became negligible even at high doses. We finally succeeded in developing an optimized compound, OPC-163493, as a liver-localized/targeted mUncoupler.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Okamoto
- Department
of Lead Discovery Research, New Drug Research Division, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Takahiro Shimada
- Department
of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Nonclinical Research Center,
Tokushima Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical
Co., Ltd., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Chiharu Matsumura
- Medicinal
Chemistry Research Laboratories, New Drug Research Division, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Hitomi Minoshima
- Pharmaceutical
Planning Group, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co.,
Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Ban
- Department
of Renal and Cardiovascular Research, New Drug Research Division, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Motohiro Itotani
- Quality Assurance
Section (Tokushima Wajiki Factory), Quality Assurance Department,
Headquarters for Product Safety and Quality Assurance, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Toshio Shinohara
- Medicinal
Chemistry Research Laboratories, New Drug Research Division, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Shigekazu Fujita
- Human
Resources Department, Otsuka Pharmaceutical
Co., Ltd., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Satoshi Matsuda
- Administration
Department, Diagnostic Division, Otsuka
Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Seiji Sato
- Medicinal
Chemistry Research Laboratories, New Drug Research Division, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Naohide Kanemoto
- Department
of Lead Discovery Research, New Drug Research Division, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokushima, Japan
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13
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The Use of Natural Compounds as a Strategy to Counteract Oxidative Stress in Animal Models of Diabetes Mellitus. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22137009. [PMID: 34209800 PMCID: PMC8268811 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disease characterised by insulin deficiency, resulting in hyperglycaemia, a characteristic symptom of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2). DM substantially affects numerous metabolic pathways, resulting in β-cell dysfunction, insulin resistance, abnormal blood glucose levels, impaired lipid metabolism, inflammatory processes, and excessive oxidative stress. Oxidative stress can affect the body’s normal physiological function and cause numerous cellular and molecular changes, such as mitochondrial dysfunction. Animal models are useful for exploring the cellular and molecular mechanisms of DM and improving novel therapeutics for their safe use in human beings. Due to their health benefits, there is significant interest in a wide range of natural compounds that can act as naturally occurring anti-diabetic compounds. Due to rodent models’ relatively similar physiology to humans and ease of handling and housing, they are widely used as pre-clinical models for studying several metabolic disorders. In this review, we analyse the currently available rodent animal models of DM and their advantages and disadvantages and highlight the potential anti-oxidative effects of natural compounds and their mechanisms of action.
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14
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Leptin Receptors Are Not Required for Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Surgery to Normalize Energy and Glucose Homeostasis in Rats. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13051544. [PMID: 34064308 PMCID: PMC8147759 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensitization to the adipokine leptin is a promising therapeutic strategy against obesity and its comorbidities and has been proposed to contribute to the lasting metabolic benefits of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery. We formally tested this idea using Zucker fatty fa/fa rats as an established genetic model of obesity, glucose intolerance, and fatty liver due to leptin receptor deficiency. We show that the changes in body weight in these rats following RYGB largely overlaps with that of diet-induced obese Wistar rats with intact leptin receptors. Further, food intake and oral glucose tolerance were normalized in RYGB-treated Zucker fatty fa/fa rats to the levels of lean Zucker fatty fa/+ controls, in association with increased glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and insulin release. In contrast, while fatty liver was also normalized in RYGB-treated Zucker fatty fa/fa rats, their circulating levels of the liver enzyme alanine aminotransferase (ALT) remained elevated at the level of obese Zucker fatty fa/fa controls. These findings suggest that the leptin system is not required for the normalization of energy and glucose homeostasis associated with RYGB, but that its potential contribution to the improvements in liver health postoperatively merits further investigation.
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15
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Chen K, Wei X, Pariyani R, Kortesniemi M, Zhang Y, Yang B. 1H NMR Metabolomics and Full-Length RNA-Seq Reveal Effects of Acylated and Nonacylated Anthocyanins on Hepatic Metabolites and Gene Expression in Zucker Diabetic Fatty Rats. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:4423-4437. [PMID: 33835816 PMCID: PMC8154569 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c00130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanins have been reported to possess antidiabetic effects. Recent studies indicate acylated anthocyanins have better stability and antioxidative activity compared to their nonacylated counterparts. This study compared the effects of nonacylated and acylated anthocyanins on hepatic gene expression and metabolic profile in diabetic rats, using full-length transcriptomics and 1H NMR metabolomics. Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats were fed with nonacylated anthocyanin extract from bilberries (NAAB) or acylated anthocyanin extract from purple potatoes (AAPP) at daily doses of 25 and 50 mg/kg body weight for 8 weeks. Both anthocyanin extracts restored the levels of multiple metabolites (glucose, lactate, alanine, and pyruvate) and expression of genes (G6pac, Pck1, Pklr, and Gck) involved in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. AAPP decreased the hepatic glutamine level. NAAB regulated the expression of Mgat4a, Gstm6, and Lpl, whereas AAPP modified the expression of Mgat4a, Jun, Fos, and Egr1. This study indicated different effects of AAPP and NAAB on the hepatic transcriptomic and metabolic profiles of diabetic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Chen
- Food
Chemistry and Food Development,
Department of Life Technologies, University
of Turku, FI-20014 Turun yliopisto, Finland
| | - Xuetao Wei
- Beijing
Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food
Safety, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Beijing University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Raghunath Pariyani
- Food
Chemistry and Food Development,
Department of Life Technologies, University
of Turku, FI-20014 Turun yliopisto, Finland
| | - Maaria Kortesniemi
- Food
Chemistry and Food Development,
Department of Life Technologies, University
of Turku, FI-20014 Turun yliopisto, Finland
| | - Yumei Zhang
- Department
of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Beijing University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Baoru Yang
- Food
Chemistry and Food Development,
Department of Life Technologies, University
of Turku, FI-20014 Turun yliopisto, Finland
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16
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Hallakou‐Bozec S, Kergoat M, Moller DE, Bolze S. Imeglimin preserves islet β-cell mass in Type 2 diabetic ZDF rats. Endocrinol Diabetes Metab 2021; 4:e00193. [PMID: 33855202 PMCID: PMC8029531 DOI: 10.1002/edm2.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is driven by progressive dysfunction and loss of pancreatic β-cell mass. Imeglimin is a first-in-class novel drug candidate that improves glycaemia and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in preclinical models and patients. Given evidence that imeglimin can attenuate β-cell dysfunction and protect β cells in vitro, we postulated that imeglimin could also exert longer term effects to prevent pancreatic β-cell death and preserve functional β-cell mass in vivo. Methods Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) male rats were treated by oral gavage with imeglimin at a standard dose of 150 mg/kg or vehicle, twice daily for five weeks. At treatment completion, oral glucose tolerance tests were performed in fasted animals before a thorough histomorphometry and immunohistochemical analysis was conducted on pancreas tissue slices to assess cellular composition and disease status. Results Imeglimin treatment significantly improved glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (augmentation of the insulinogenic index) and improved glycaemia. Both basal insulinaemia and pancreatic insulin content were also increased by imeglimin. In ZDF control rats, islet structure was disordered with few β-cells; after imeglimin treatment, islets appeared healthier with more normal morphology in association with a significant increase in insulin-positive β-cells. The increase in β-cell mass was associated with a greater degree of β-cell proliferation in the presence of reduced apoptosis. Unexpectedly, a decrease in as a α-cell mass was also documented due to an apparent antiproliferative effect of imeglimin on this cell type. Conclusion In male ZDF rats, chronic imeglimin treatment corrects a paramount component of type 2 diabetes progression: progressive loss of functional β-cell mass. In addition, imeglimin may also moderate a-cell turnover to further ameliorate hyperglycaemia. Cumulatively, these cellular effects suggest that imeglimin may provide for disease modifying effects to preserve functional β-cell mass.
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17
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Abstract
Diabetic heart disease is a growing and important public health risk. Apart from the risk of coronary artery disease or hypertension, diabetes mellitus (DM) is a well-known risk factor for heart failure in the form of diabetic cardiomyopathy (DiaCM). Currently, DiaCM is defined as myocardial dysfunction in patients with DM in the absence of coronary artery disease and hypertension. The underlying pathomechanism of DiaCM is partially understood, but accumulating evidence suggests that metabolic derangements, oxidative stress, increased myocardial fibrosis and hypertrophy, inflammation, enhanced apoptosis, impaired intracellular calcium handling, activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, mitochondrial dysfunction, and dysregulation of microRNAs, among other factors, are involved. Numerous animal models have been used to investigate the pathomechanisms of DiaCM. Despite some limitations, animal models for DiaCM have greatly advanced our understanding of pathomechanisms and have helped in the development of successful disease management strategies. In this review, we summarize the current pathomechanisms of DiaCM and provide animal models for DiaCM according to its pathomechanisms, which may contribute to broadening our understanding of the underlying mechanisms and facilitating the identification of possible new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang-Soo Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Corresponding authors: Wang-Soo Lee https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8264-0866 Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chung-Ang University Hospital, 102 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06973, Korea E-mail:
| | - Jaetaek Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Corresponding authors: Wang-Soo Lee https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8264-0866 Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chung-Ang University Hospital, 102 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06973, Korea E-mail:
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18
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Rosenthal TR, Park SK, Kairamkonda S, Khatoon S, Pop LM, Bobulescu IA. Renal lipid accumulation, oxidative stress and uric acid handling in a rodent model of obesity and metabolic syndrome. J Investig Med 2020; 69:jim-2020-001608. [PMID: 33323390 DOI: 10.1136/jim-2020-001608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Hyperuricemia is more prevalent among people with obesity and metabolic syndrome, and is associated with adverse clinical outcomes. We hypothesized that increased renal reabsorption of uric acid (UA) in obesity and metabolic syndrome may be an adaptive response of the kidney when faced with fatty acid-induced oxidative stress. To test this hypothesis, we examined lipid accumulation, markers of oxidative stress, and renal UA handling in Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats, and in matched lean control animals. Rats were randomized to either normal rodent chow or a diet supplemented with antioxidants (α-tocopheryl acetate, sodium selenite, zinc sulfate, and ascorbic acid), and were followed up for either 4 or 20 weeks after randomization. Dietary antioxidant supplementation had no significant effects in lean control rats but led to partial improvement in markers of elevated oxidative stress in the kidney of ZDF rats. Renal UA handling was not affected by antioxidant supplementation. We observed robust correlations between renal lipid content and oxidative stress markers in the pooled experimental groups, particularly in older animals after 20 weeks on the study diets. Dietary antioxidant supplementation did not prevent the gradual decline in renal function observed in older ZDF rats. These findings suggest that hyperuricemia in the ZDF rat model of obesity and the metabolic syndrome is not caused by renal oxidative stress, that there may be a pathophysiological link between lipid accumulation and oxidative stress in the kidney, and that antioxidant supplementation does not prevent age-related decline in renal function in ZDF rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara R Rosenthal
- Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Sun K Park
- Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Subash Kairamkonda
- Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Sabiha Khatoon
- Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Laurentiu M Pop
- Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Ion Alexandru Bobulescu
- Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas, USA
- Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas, USA
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19
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Bergougnan L, Andersen G, Plum-Mörschel L, Evaristi MF, Poirier B, Tardat A, Ermer M, Herbrand T, Arrubla J, Coester HV, Sansone R, Heiss C, Vitse O, Hurbin F, Boiron R, Benain X, Radzik D, Janiak P, Muslin AJ, Hovsepian L, Kirkesseli S, Deutsch P, Parkar AA. Endothelial-protective effects of a G-protein-biased sphingosine-1 phosphate receptor-1 agonist, SAR247799, in type-2 diabetes rats and a randomized placebo-controlled patient trial. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2020; 87:2303-2320. [PMID: 33125753 PMCID: PMC8247405 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.14632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims SAR247799 is a G‐protein‐biased sphingosine‐1 phosphate receptor‐1 (S1P1) agonist designed to activate endothelial S1P1 and provide endothelial‐protective properties, while limiting S1P1 desensitization and consequent lymphocyte‐count reduction associated with higher doses. The aim was to show whether S1P1 activation can promote endothelial effects in patients and, if so, select SAR247799 doses for further clinical investigation. Methods Type‐2 diabetes patients, enriched for endothelial dysfunction (flow‐mediated dilation, FMD <7%; n = 54), were randomized, in 2 sequential cohorts, to 28‐day once‐daily treatment with SAR247799 (1 or 5 mg in ascending cohorts), placebo or 50 mg sildenafil (positive control) in a 5:2:2 ratio per cohort. Endothelial function was assessed by brachial artery FMD. Renal function, biomarkers and lymphocytes were measured following 5‐week SAR247799 treatment (3 doses) to Zucker diabetic fatty rats and the data used to select the doses for human testing. Results The maximum FMD change from baseline vs placebo for all treatments was reached on day 35; mean differences vs placebo were 0.60% (95% confidence interval [CI] −0.34 to 1.53%; P = .203) for 1 mg SAR247799, 1.07% (95% CI 0.13 to 2.01%; P = .026) for 5 mg SAR247799 and 0.88% (95% CI −0.15 to 1.91%; P = .093) for 50 mg sildenafil. Both doses of SAR247799 were well tolerated, did not affect blood pressure, and were associated with minimal‐to‐no lymphocyte reduction and small‐to‐moderate heart rate decrease. Conclusion These data provide the first human evidence suggesting endothelial‐protective properties of S1P1 activation, with SAR247799 being as effective as the clinical benchmark, sildenafil. Further clinical testing of SAR247799, at sub‐lymphocyte‐reducing doses (≤5 mg), is warranted in vascular diseases associated with endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Bergougnan
- Sanofi R&D, 1 Avenue Pierre Brossolette, Chilly Mazarin, France
| | | | | | | | - Bruno Poirier
- Sanofi R&D, 1 Avenue Pierre Brossolette, Chilly Mazarin, France
| | - Agnes Tardat
- Sanofi R&D, 371 Rue du Professeur Blayac, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Roberto Sansone
- Division of Cardiology, Pulmonary diseases and Vascular medicine, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christian Heiss
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Surrey, Stag Hill, Guildford, UK
| | - Olivier Vitse
- Sanofi R&D, 371 Rue du Professeur Blayac, Montpellier, France
| | - Fabrice Hurbin
- Sanofi R&D, 371 Rue du Professeur Blayac, Montpellier, France
| | - Rania Boiron
- Sanofi R&D, 1 Avenue Pierre Brossolette, Chilly Mazarin, France
| | - Xavier Benain
- Sanofi R&D, 371 Rue du Professeur Blayac, Montpellier, France
| | - David Radzik
- Sanofi R&D, 1 Avenue Pierre Brossolette, Chilly Mazarin, France
| | - Philip Janiak
- Sanofi R&D, 1 Avenue Pierre Brossolette, Chilly Mazarin, France
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20
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Chen K, Wei X, Zhang J, Pariyani R, Jokioja J, Kortesniemi M, Linderborg KM, Heinonen J, Sainio T, Zhang Y, Yang B. Effects of Anthocyanin Extracts from Bilberry ( Vaccinium myrtillus L.) and Purple Potato ( Solanum tuberosum L. var. 'Synkeä Sakari') on the Plasma Metabolomic Profile of Zucker Diabetic Fatty Rats. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:9436-9450. [PMID: 32786839 PMCID: PMC7586333 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c04125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
This study compared the effects of the nonacylated and acylated anthocyanin-rich extracts on plasma metabolic profiles of Zucker diabetic fatty rats. The rats were fed with the nonacylated anthocyanin extract from bilberries (NAAB) or the acylated anthocyanin extract from purple potatoes (AAPP) at daily doses of 25 and 50 mg/kg body weight for 8 weeks. 1H NMR metabolomics was used to study the changes in plasma metabolites. A reduced fasting plasma glucose level was seen in all anthocyanin-fed groups, especially in the groups fed with NAAB. Both NAAB and AAPP decreased the levels of branched-chain amino acids and improved lipid profiles. AAPP increased the glutamine/glutamate ratio and decreased the levels of glycerol and metabolites involved in glycolysis, suggesting improved insulin sensitivity, gluconeogenesis, and glycolysis. AAPP decreased the hepatic TBC1D1 and G6PC messenger RNA level, suggesting regulation of gluconeogenesis and lipogenesis. This study indicated that AAPP and NAAB affected the plasma metabolic profile of diabetic rats differently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Chen
- Food
Chemistry and Food Development, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turun yliopisto, Turku FI-20014, Finland
| | - Xuetao Wei
- Beijing
Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food
Safety, School of Public Health, Peking
University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department
of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Raghunath Pariyani
- Food
Chemistry and Food Development, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turun yliopisto, Turku FI-20014, Finland
| | - Johanna Jokioja
- Food
Chemistry and Food Development, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turun yliopisto, Turku FI-20014, Finland
| | - Maaria Kortesniemi
- Food
Chemistry and Food Development, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turun yliopisto, Turku FI-20014, Finland
| | - Kaisa M. Linderborg
- Food
Chemistry and Food Development, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turun yliopisto, Turku FI-20014, Finland
| | - Jari Heinonen
- School
of Engineering Science, Lappeenranta University
of Technology, Lappeenranta FI-53850, Finland
| | - Tuomo Sainio
- School
of Engineering Science, Lappeenranta University
of Technology, Lappeenranta FI-53850, Finland
| | - Yumei Zhang
- Department
of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- . Phone: +8613426134251
| | - Baoru Yang
- Food
Chemistry and Food Development, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turun yliopisto, Turku FI-20014, Finland
- . Phone: +358 452737988
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21
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Riehle C, Bauersachs J. Small animal models of heart failure. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 115:1838-1849. [PMID: 31243437 PMCID: PMC6803815 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvz161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart disease is a major cause of death worldwide with increasing prevalence, which urges the development of new therapeutic strategies. Over the last few decades, numerous small animal models have been generated to mimic various pathomechanisms contributing to heart failure (HF). Despite some limitations, these animal models have greatly advanced our understanding of the pathogenesis of the different aetiologies of HF and paved the way to understanding the underlying mechanisms and development of successful treatments. These models utilize surgical techniques, genetic modifications, and pharmacological approaches. The present review discusses the strengths and limitations of commonly used small animal HF models, which continue to provide crucial insight and facilitate the development of new treatment strategies for patients with HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Riehle
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, Hannover, Germany
| | - Johann Bauersachs
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, Hannover, Germany
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22
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Guo X, Sun W, Xu G, Hou D, Zhang Z, Wu L, Liu T. RNA-Seq Analysis of the Liver Transcriptome Reveals the Networks Regulating Treatment of Sitagliptin Phosphate plus Fuzhujiangtang Granule in the Zucker Diabetic Fatty Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2020; 2020:8463858. [PMID: 32351607 PMCID: PMC7174946 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8463858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes is one of the most serious chronic diseases. Numerous drugs including oral agents and traditional Chinese medicines, such as sitagliptin phosphate (SP) and Fuzhujiangtang granules (FJG), have been discovered to treat diabetes and used in combination in clinical practice. However, the exact effect and underlying mechanism of using combined medicine is not clear. In this study, we compared the antidiabetic effect of SP, FJG, and SP plus FJG (SP-FJG) using forty 8-week-old Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats and 10 age-matched Zucker lean rats as the normal control group. ZDF rats were treated with different therapies, respectively, for 6 weeks. The study showed that the fast blood glucose, random blood glucose (RBG), oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), insulin tolerance test (ITT), homeostasis model of assessment-insulin resistance index, triglyceride (TC), superoxide dismutase, and malondialdehyde of each treatment group were improved when compared with the diabetes mellitus (DM) control group. Using SP-FJG in combination had better improvements in OGTT, fast serum insulin levels, TNF-α, and IL-6 compared with using SP individually. Besides, the increased LDL and TC caused by using SP was attenuated by using FJG in combination. Meanwhile, compared with the DM group, 1781 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (including 1248 mRNA, 211 ncRNA, 202 cirRNA, and 120 miRNA) were enriched in 58 pathways. Through analysis of ceRNA networks, we found that rno-miR-326-3p, rno-miR-423-5p, rno-miR-15b-5p, rno-let-7c-5p, and rno-let-7b-5p were related to pharmacodynamics in different groups. By analyzing the protein-protein interaction (PPI) and coexpression networks of the transcriptomes of different groups, it is inferred that Lrrk2 and Irak3 may be pharmacodynamic genes for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Our research compared the treatment of SP, FJG, and SP-FJG and acquainted the PPI network, coexpression network, mutations, and pharmacodynamics genes, which reveals the new mechanisms of pathogenesis of T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Guo
- Dongfang Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100078, China
- Key Laboratory of Health Cultivation of the Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Wen Sun
- Key Laboratory of Health Cultivation of the Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Health Cultivation, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Guangyuan Xu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fu Xing Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100045, China
| | - Dan Hou
- Key Laboratory of Health Cultivation of the Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhuo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Health Cultivation of the Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Lili Wu
- Key Laboratory of Health Cultivation of the Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Health Cultivation, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Tonghua Liu
- Dongfang Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100078, China
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23
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Dorsal vagal complex and hypothalamic glia differentially respond to leptin and energy balance dysregulation. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:90. [PMID: 32152264 PMCID: PMC7062837 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-0767-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies identify a role for hypothalamic glia in energy balance regulation; however, a narrow hypothalamic focus provides an incomplete understanding of how glia throughout the brain respond to and regulate energy homeostasis. We examined the responses of glia in the dorsal vagal complex (DVC) to the adipokine leptin and high fat diet-induced obesity. DVC astrocytes functionally express the leptin receptor; in vivo pharmacological studies suggest that DVC astrocytes partly mediate the anorectic effects of leptin in lean but not diet-induced obese rats. Ex vivo calcium imaging indicated that these changes were related to a lower proportion of leptin-responsive cells in the DVC of obese versus lean animals. Finally, we investigated DVC microglia and astroglia responses to leptin and energy balance dysregulation in vivo: obesity decreased DVC astrogliosis, whereas the absence of leptin signaling in Zucker rats was associated with extensive astrogliosis in the DVC and decreased hypothalamic micro- and astrogliosis. These data uncover a novel functional heterogeneity of astrocytes in different brain nuclei of relevance to leptin signaling and energy balance regulation.
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24
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Chohnan S, Matsuno S, Shimizu K, Tokutake Y, Kohari D, Toyoda A. Coenzyme A and Its Thioester Pools in Obese Zucker and Zucker Diabetic Fatty Rats. Nutrients 2020; 12:E417. [PMID: 32041091 PMCID: PMC7071249 DOI: 10.3390/nu12020417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Feeding behavior is closely related to hypothalamic malonyl-CoA level in the brain and diet-induced obesity affects total CoA pools in liver. Herein, we performed a comprehensive analysis of the CoA pools formed in thirteen tissues of Zucker and Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats. Hypothalamic malonyl-CoA levels in obese rats remained low and were almost the same as those of lean rats, despite obese rats having much higher content of leptin, insulin, and glucose in their sera. Regardless of the fa-genotypes, larger total CoA pools were formed in the livers of ZDF rats and the size of hepatic total CoA pools in Zucker rats showed almost one tenth of the size of ZDF rats. The decreased total CoA pool sizes in Zucker rats was observed in the brown adipose tissues, while ZDF-fatty rats possessed 6% of total CoA pool in the lean rats in response to fa deficiency. This substantially lower CoA content in the obese rats would be disadvantageous to non-shivering thermogenesis. Thus, comparing the intracellular CoA behaviors between Zucker and ZDF rats, as well as the lean and fatty rats of each strain would help to elucidate features of obesity and type 2 diabetes in combination with result (s) of differential gene expression analysis and/or comparative genomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Chohnan
- Department of Food and Life Sciences, Ibaraki University College of Agriculture, 3-21-1 Chuo, Ami, Ibaraki 300-0393, Japan; (S.M.); (K.S.); (D.K.); (A.T.)
| | - Shiori Matsuno
- Department of Food and Life Sciences, Ibaraki University College of Agriculture, 3-21-1 Chuo, Ami, Ibaraki 300-0393, Japan; (S.M.); (K.S.); (D.K.); (A.T.)
| | - Kei Shimizu
- Department of Food and Life Sciences, Ibaraki University College of Agriculture, 3-21-1 Chuo, Ami, Ibaraki 300-0393, Japan; (S.M.); (K.S.); (D.K.); (A.T.)
| | - Yuka Tokutake
- Department of Applied Life Science, United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan;
| | - Daisuke Kohari
- Department of Food and Life Sciences, Ibaraki University College of Agriculture, 3-21-1 Chuo, Ami, Ibaraki 300-0393, Japan; (S.M.); (K.S.); (D.K.); (A.T.)
| | - Atsushi Toyoda
- Department of Food and Life Sciences, Ibaraki University College of Agriculture, 3-21-1 Chuo, Ami, Ibaraki 300-0393, Japan; (S.M.); (K.S.); (D.K.); (A.T.)
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Individuals with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T1DM, T2DM) have an increased risk of bone fracture compared to non-diabetic controls that is not explained by differences in BMD, BMI, or falls. Thus, bone tissue fracture resistance may be reduced in individuals with DM. The purpose of this review is to summarize work that analyzes the effects of T1DM and T2DM on bone tissue compositional and mechanical properties. RECENT FINDINGS Studies of clinical T2DM specimens revealed increased mineralization and advanced glycation endproduct (AGE) concentrations and significant relationships between mechanical performance and composition of cancellous bone. Specifically, in femoral cancellous tissue, compressive stiffness and strength increased with mineral content; and post-yield properties decreased with AGE concentration. In addition, cortical resistance to in vivo indentation (bone material strength index) was lower in patients with T2DM vs. age-matched non-diabetic controls, and this resistance decreased with worsening glycemic control. Recent studies on patients with T1DM and history of a prior fragility fracture found greater mineral content and concentrations of AGEs in iliac trabecular bone and correspondingly stiffer, harder bone at the nanosacle. Recent observational data showed greater AGE and mineral content in surgically retrieved bone from patients with T2DM vs. non-DM controls, consistent with reduced bone remodeling. Limited data on human T1DM bone tissue also showed higher mineral and AGE content in patients with prior fragility fractures compared to non-DM and non-fracture controls.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Biomechanical Phenomena
- Blood Glucose/metabolism
- Bone Density
- Bone Remodeling
- Bone and Bones/diagnostic imaging
- Bone and Bones/metabolism
- Bone and Bones/physiopathology
- Cancellous Bone/diagnostic imaging
- Cancellous Bone/metabolism
- Cancellous Bone/physiopathology
- Cortical Bone/diagnostic imaging
- Cortical Bone/metabolism
- Cortical Bone/physiopathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/physiopathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/epidemiology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/physiopathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/epidemiology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/physiopathology
- Fractures, Bone/epidemiology
- Glycation End Products, Advanced/metabolism
- Humans
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Affiliation(s)
- Sashank Lekkala
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Erik A Taylor
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Heather B Hunt
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Eve Donnelly
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
- Research Division, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA.
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26
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Effects of Propolis Extract and Propolis-Derived Compounds on Obesity and Diabetes: Knowledge from Cellular and Animal Models. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24234394. [PMID: 31805752 PMCID: PMC6930477 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24234394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Propolis is a natural product resulting from the mixing of bee secretions with botanical exudates. Since propolis is rich in flavonoids and cinnamic acid derivatives, the application of propolis extracts has been tried in therapies against cancer, inflammation, and metabolic diseases. As metabolic diseases develop relatively slowly in patients, the therapeutic effects of propolis in humans should be evaluated over long periods of time. Moreover, several factors such as medical history, genetic inheritance, and living environment should be taken into consideration in human studies. Animal models, especially mice and rats, have some advantages, as genetic and microbiological variables can be controlled. On the other hand, cellular models allow the investigation of detailed molecular events evoked by propolis and derivative compounds. Taking advantage of animal and cellular models, accumulating evidence suggests that propolis extracts have therapeutic effects on obesity by controlling adipogenesis, adipokine secretion, food intake, and energy expenditure. Studies in animal and cellular models have also indicated that propolis modulates oxidative stress, the accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), and adipose tissue inflammation, all of which contribute to insulin resistance or defects in insulin secretion. Consequently, propolis treatment may mitigate diabetic complications such as nephropathy, retinopathy, foot ulcers, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. This review describes the beneficial effects of propolis on metabolic disorders.
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27
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Saande CJ, Webb JL, Curry PE, Rowling MJ, Schalinske KL. Dietary Whole Egg Reduces Body Weight Gain in a Dose-Dependent Manner in Zucker Diabetic Fatty Rats. J Nutr 2019; 149:1766-1775. [PMID: 31254347 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxz143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously reported that a whole-egg-based diet attenuated weight gain in rats with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and more effectively maintained vitamin D status than an equivalent amount of supplemental cholecalciferol. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to determine the lowest dose of whole egg effective at maintaining vitamin D homeostasis and attenuating the obese phenotype in T2D rats. METHODS Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats (n = 40; age 6 wk; prediabetic) and their lean controls (n = 40; age 6 wk) were randomly assigned to a diet containing 20% casein (CAS) or 20%, 10%, 5%, or 2.5% protein from whole egg (20% EGG, 10% EGG, 5% EGG, and 2.5% EGG, respectively). All diets contained 20% total protein (wt:wt). All rats received their respective diets for 8 wk, at a stage of growth and development that translates to adolescence in humans, until 14 wk of age, a point at which ZDF rats exhibit overt T2D. Weight gain was measured 5 d/wk, and circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] was measured by ELISA. Mean values were compared by 2-factor ANOVA. RESULTS The 20% EGG diet maintained serum 25(OH)D at 30 nmol/L in ZDF rats, whereas the 10%, 5%, and 2.5% EGG diets did not prevent insufficiency, resulting in mean serum 25(OH)D concentrations of 24 nmol/L in ZDF rats. Body weight gain was reduced by 29% (P < 0.001) and 31% (P < 0.001) in ZDF rats consuming 20% and 10% EGG diets, respectively, and by 16% (P = 0.004) and 12% (P = 0.030) in ZDF rats consuming 5% and 2.5% EGG diets, respectively, compared with CAS. CONCLUSIONS Whole-egg-based diets exerted a dose-dependent response with respect to attenuating weight gain. These data could support dietary recommendations aimed at body weight management in individuals predisposed to obesity and T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassondra J Saande
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.,Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Joseph L Webb
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.,Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Paige E Curry
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Matthew J Rowling
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.,Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Kevin L Schalinske
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.,Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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28
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Rat Kidney Slices for Evaluation of Apical Membrane Transporters in Proximal Tubular Cells. J Pharm Sci 2019; 108:2798-2804. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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29
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Kanemoto N, Okamoto T, Tanabe K, Shimada T, Minoshima H, Hidoh Y, Aoyama M, Ban T, Kobayashi Y, Ando H, Inoue Y, Itotani M, Sato S. Antidiabetic and cardiovascular beneficial effects of a liver-localized mitochondrial uncoupler. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2172. [PMID: 31092829 PMCID: PMC6520346 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09911-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Inducing mitochondrial uncoupling (mUncoupling) is an attractive therapeutic strategy for treating metabolic diseases because it leads to calorie-wasting by reducing the efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) in mitochondria. Here we report a safe mUncoupler, OPC-163493, which has unique pharmacokinetic characteristics. OPC-163493 shows a good bioavailability upon oral administration and primarily distributed to specific organs: the liver and kidneys, avoiding systemic toxicities. It exhibits insulin-independent antidiabetic effects in multiple animal models of type I and type II diabetes and antisteatotic effects in fatty liver models. These beneficial effects can be explained by the improvement of glucose metabolism and enhancement of energy expenditure by OPC-163493 in the liver. Moreover, OPC-163493 treatment lowered blood pressure, extended survival, and improved renal function in the rat model of stroke/hypertension, possibly by enhancing NO bioavailability in blood vessels and reducing mitochondrial ROS production. OPC-163493 is a liver-localized/targeted mUncoupler that ameliorates various complications of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naohide Kanemoto
- Department of Lead Discovery Research, New Drug Research Division, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 463-10 Kagasuno Kawauchi-cho, Tokushima, 771-0192, Japan.
| | - Takashi Okamoto
- Department of Lead Discovery Research, New Drug Research Division, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 463-10 Kagasuno Kawauchi-cho, Tokushima, 771-0192, Japan
| | - Koji Tanabe
- Department of CNS Research, New Drug Research Division, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 463-10 Kagasuno Kawauchi-cho, Tokushima, 771-0192, Japan
| | - Takahiro Shimada
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Nonclinical Research Center, Tokushima Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 463-10 Kagasuno Kawauchi-cho, Tokushima, 771-0192, Japan
| | - Hitomi Minoshima
- Pharmaceutical Planning Group, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 2-16-4 Shinagawa Grand Central Tower Minatominami Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8242, Japan
| | - Yuya Hidoh
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Nonclinical Research Center, Tokushima Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 463-10 Kagasuno Kawauchi-cho, Tokushima, 771-0192, Japan
| | - Masashi Aoyama
- Biology and Translational Research Unit, Department of Medical Innovations, New Drug Research Division, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 463-10 Kagasuno Kawauchi-cho, Tokushima, 771-0192, Japan
| | - Takashi Ban
- Department of Renal and Cardiovascular Research, New Drug Research Division, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 463-10 Kagasuno Kawauchi-cho, Tokushima, 771-0192, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kobayashi
- Department of Lead Discovery Research, New Drug Research Division, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 463-10 Kagasuno Kawauchi-cho, Tokushima, 771-0192, Japan
| | - Hikaru Ando
- Department of Lead Discovery Research, New Drug Research Division, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 463-10 Kagasuno Kawauchi-cho, Tokushima, 771-0192, Japan
| | - Yuki Inoue
- Department of Drug Safety Research, Nonclinical Research Center, Tokushima Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 463-10 Kagasuno Kawauchi-cho, Tokushima, 771-0192, Japan
| | - Motohiro Itotani
- Quality Assurance Section (Tokushima Wajiki Factory), Quality Assurance Department, Headquarters for Product Safety and Quality Assurance, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 306-2 Otsubo Koniu aza Naka-cho Naka-gun, Tokushima, 771-5209, Japan
| | - Seiji Sato
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratories, New Drug Research Division, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 463-10 Kagasuno Kawauchi-cho, Tokushima, 771-0192, Japan
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30
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Development of insulin resistance in Nischarin mutant female mice. Int J Obes (Lond) 2018; 43:1046-1057. [PMID: 30546133 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-018-0241-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES NISCH-STAB1 is a newly identified locus correlated to human waist-hip ratio (WHR), which is a risk indicator of developing obesity-associated diabetes. Our previous studies have shown that Nisch mutant male mice increased glucose tolerance in chow-fed conditions. Thus we hypothesized that Nisch mutant mice will have changes in insulin resistance, adipocytes, hepatic steatosis when mice are fed with high-fat diet (HFD). METHODS Insulin resistance was assessed in Nisch mutant mice and WT mice fed with high-fat diet (60% by kCal) or chow diet. Whole-body energy metabolism was examined using an indirect calorimeter. Adipose depots including inguinal white adipose tissue (WAT), perigonadal WAT, retroperitoneal WAT, and mesenteric WAT were extracted. Area and eqdiameter of each adipocyte were determined, and insulin signaling was examined as well. Paired samples of subcutaneous and omental visceral adipose tissue were obtained from 400 individuals (267 women, 133 men), and examined the expression of Nischarin. RESULTS We found that insulin signaling was impaired in major insulin-sensitive tissues of Nisch mutant female mice. When mice were fed with HFD for 15 weeks, the Nisch mutant female mice not only developed severe insulin resistance and decreased glucose tolerance compared with wild-type control mice, but also accumulated more white fat, had larger adipocytes and developed severe hepatic steatosis than wild-type control mice. To link our animal studies to human diseases, we further analyzed Nischarin expression in the paired human samples of visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue from Caucasians. In humans, we found that Nischarin expression is attenuated in adipose tissue with obesity. More importantly, we found that Nischarin mRNA inversely correlated with parameters of obesity, fat distribution, lipid and glucose metabolism. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our data revealed sexual dimorphism of Nischarin in body fat distribution, insulin resistance, and glucose tolerance in mice.
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31
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An Analysis of the Intracellular Signal Transduction of Peripheral Blood Leukocytes in Animal Models of Diabetes Using Flow Cytometry. Methods Mol Biol 2018. [PMID: 30535695 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8994-2_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Various complications of diabetes are induced by the augmentation of chronic inflammation and attenuation of immunity. Leukocytes, which play major roles in inflammation and immune responses, are affected by the glycemic status and blood insulin level. In this chapter, we explain a method for analyzing the signal transduction pathway of leukocytes in peripheral blood. This method using flow cytometry can analyze a small amount of blood (50-100 μL/sample) without leukocyte purification. Thus, this procedure is useful for experiments using small-animal models of diabetes, such as mice and rats. We also introduce a new method for classifying intracellular signal transduction by combining the dispersibility level and the activation level of the signaling molecules.
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32
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McPherson KC, Shields CA, Poudel B, Fizer B, Pennington A, Szabo-Johnson A, Thompson WL, Cornelius DC, Williams JM. Impact of obesity as an independent risk factor for the development of renal injury: implications from rat models of obesity. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2018; 316:F316-F327. [PMID: 30539649 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00162.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes and hypertension are the major causes of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Epidemiological studies within the last few decades have revealed that obesity-associated renal disease is an emerging epidemic and that the increasing prevalence of obesity parallels the increased rate of CKD. This has led to the inclusion of obesity as an independent risk factor for CKD. A major complication when studying the relationship between obesity and renal injury is that cardiovascular and metabolic disorders that may result from obesity including hyperglycemia, hypertension, and dyslipidemia, or the cluster of these disorders [defined as the metabolic syndrome, (MetS)] also contribute to the development and progression of renal disease. The associations between hyperglycemia and hypertension with renal disease have been reported extensively in patients suffering from obesity. Currently, there are several obese rodent models (high-fat diet-induced obesity and leptin signaling dysfunction) that exhibit characteristics of MetS. However, the available obese rodent models currently have not been used to investigate the impact of obesity alone on the development of renal injury before hypertension and/or hyperglycemia. Therefore, the aim of this review is to describe the incidence and severity of renal disease in these rodent models of obesity and determine which models are suitable to study the independent effects obesity on the development and progression of renal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasi C McPherson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Corbin A Shields
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Bibek Poudel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Brianca Fizer
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Alyssa Pennington
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Ashley Szabo-Johnson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Willie L Thompson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Denise C Cornelius
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi.,Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Jan M Williams
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
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Riehle C, Bauersachs J. Of mice and men: models and mechanisms of diabetic cardiomyopathy. Basic Res Cardiol 2018; 114:2. [PMID: 30443826 PMCID: PMC6244639 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-018-0711-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus increases the risk of heart failure independent of co-existing hypertension and coronary artery disease. Although several molecular mechanisms for the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy have been identified, they are incompletely understood. The pathomechanisms are multifactorial and as a consequence, no causative treatment exists at this time to modulate or reverse the molecular changes contributing to accelerated cardiac dysfunction in diabetic patients. Numerous animal models have been generated, which serve as powerful tools to study the impact of type 1 and type 2 diabetes on the heart. Despite specific limitations of the models generated, they mimic various perturbations observed in the diabetic myocardium and continue to provide important mechanistic insight into the pathogenesis underlying diabetic cardiomyopathy. This article reviews recent studies in both diabetic patients and in these animal models, and discusses novel hypotheses to delineate the increased incidence of heart failure in diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Riehle
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, Hannover, 30625, Germany.
| | - Johann Bauersachs
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, Hannover, 30625, Germany
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34
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Fuchs T, Loureiro MDP, Macedo LE, Nocca D, Nedelcu M, Costa-Casagrande TA. Modelos animais na síndrome metabólica. Rev Col Bras Cir 2018; 45:e1975. [DOI: 10.1590/0100-6991e-20181975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
RESUMO O conhecimento sobre modelos animais para estudo metabólico representa a base da pesquisa nessa área. Este trabalho tem por objetivo revisar os principais modelos animais a serem utilizados no estudo da obesidade e da síndrome metabólica. Para isso, pesquisa no banco de dados Pubmed foi realizada usando as palavras-chave “animal models”, “obesity”, "metabolic syndrome”, e “bariatric surgery”. Várias espécies de animais podem ser usadas para o estudo de distúrbios metabólicos, no entanto, os roedores, tanto modelos monogênicos quanto modelos de obesidade induzida por dieta (DIO), são os animais mais utilizados nessa área. Animais monogênicos são a melhor escolha se apenas um aspecto estiver sendo avaliado. Animais DIO tendem a demonstrar melhor a interação entre doença, ambiente e gene. No entanto, eles ainda não são totalmente eficazes para a compreensão de todos os mecanismos dessa doença.
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35
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Pang Y, Hu J, Liu G, Lu S. Comparative medical characteristics of ZDF-T2DM rats during the course of development to late stage disease. Animal Model Exp Med 2018; 1:203-211. [PMID: 30891566 PMCID: PMC6388085 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Revised: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are few reports on the comparative medical characteristics of type 2 diabetes models in late stage. An analysis of comparative medical characteristics of Zucker diabetic fatty type 2 diabetes mellitus (ZDF-T2DM) rats during the course of development to late stage disease was performed. METHODS In this study, ZDF rats were fed with high-sugar and high-fat diets to raise the fasting blood glucose, and develop of type 2 diabetes. At the late stage of T2DM, the preliminary comparative medical characteristics of the T2DM model were analyzed through the detection of clinical indicators, histopathology, related cytokine levels, and insulin-related signaling molecule expression levels. RESULTS In the T2DM group, the fasting blood glucose was higher than 6.8 mmol/L, the serum insulin, leptin, and adiponectin levels were significantly decreased, and glucose intolerance and insulin resistance were measured as clinical indicators. Regarding pathological indicators, a large number of pancreatic islet cells showed the reduction of insulin secretion, resulting in damaged glycogen synthesis and liver steatosis. At the molecular level, the insulin signal transduction pathway was inhibited by decreasing the insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1), insulin receptor substrate 2 (IRS2), phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K), and glycogen synthesis kinase 3β (GSK-3β) expression levels. CONCLUSION The results show that the ZDF/T2DM rats have typical clinical, histopathological, and molecular characteristics of human T2DM and thus can be used as an effective model for T2DM drug development and treatment of advanced T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun‐Li Pang
- Institute of Medical BiologyChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeKunmingChina
| | - Jing‐Wen Hu
- Institute of Medical BiologyChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeKunmingChina
| | - Guang‐Long Liu
- Institute of Medical BiologyChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeKunmingChina
| | - Shuai‐Yao Lu
- Institute of Medical BiologyChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeKunmingChina
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious DiseasesKunmingChina
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36
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Martins VF, Tahvilian S, Kang JH, Svensson K, Hetrick B, Chick WS, Schenk S, McCurdy CE. Calorie Restriction-Induced Increase in Skeletal Muscle Insulin Sensitivity Is Not Prevented by Overexpression of the p55α Subunit of Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase. Front Physiol 2018; 9:789. [PMID: 29997524 PMCID: PMC6030672 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathway plays an important role in skeletal muscle insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. While whole-body and tissue specific knockout (KO) of individual or combinations of the regulatory subunits of PI3K (p85α, p55α, and p50α or p85β); increase insulin sensitivity, no study has examined whether increasing the expression of the individual regulatory subunits would inhibit insulin action in vivo. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine whether skeletal muscle-specific overexpression of the p55α regulatory subunit of PI3K impairs skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity, or prevents its enhancement by caloric restriction. Methods: We developed a novel "floxed" mouse that, through the Cre-LoxP approach, allows for tamoxifen (TMX)-inducible and skeletal muscle-specific overexpression of the p55α subunit of PI3K (referred to as, 'p55α-mOX'). Beginning at 10 weeks of age, p55α-mOX mice and their floxed littermates (referred to as wildtype [WT]) either continued with free access to food (ad libitum; AL), or were switched to a calorie restricted diet (CR; 60% of AL intake) for 20 days. We measured body composition, whole-body energy expenditure, oral glucose tolerance and ex vivo skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity in isolated soleus and extensor digitorum longus muscles using the 2-deoxy-glucose (2DOG) uptake method. Results: p55α mRNA and protein expression was increased ∼2 fold in muscle from p55α-mOX versus WT mice. There were no differences in energy expenditure, total activity, or food intake of AL-fed mice between genotypes. Body weight, fat and lean mass, tissue weights, and fasting glucose and insulin were comparable between p55α-mOX and WT mice on AL, and were decreased equally by CR. Interestingly, overexpression of p55α did not impair oral glucose tolerance or skeletal muscle insulin signaling or sensitivity, nor did it impact the ability of CR to enhance these parameters. Conclusion: Skeletal muscle-specific overexpression of p55α does not impact skeletal muscle insulin action, suggesting that p85α and/or p50α may be more important regulators of skeletal muscle insulin signaling and sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor F. Martins
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Shahriar Tahvilian
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Ji H. Kang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Kristoffer Svensson
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Byron Hetrick
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States
| | - Wallace S. Chick
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Simon Schenk
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Carrie E. McCurdy
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States
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Fernández Vázquez G, Reiter RJ, Agil A. Melatonin increases brown adipose tissue mass and function in Zücker diabetic fatty rats: implications for obesity control. J Pineal Res 2018; 64:e12472. [PMID: 29405372 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin limits obesity in rodents without affecting food intake and activity, suggesting a thermogenic effect. Previously we demonstrated that melatonin browns subcutaneous fat in Zücker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats. Other works pointed to melatonin as a signal that increases brown adipose tissue (BAT) mass and function in rodents. However, direct proof of thermogenic properties (uncoupled mitochondria) of the newly recruited BAT in response to melatonin is still lacking. Therefore, in this work, we investigated if melatonin recruits thermogenic BAT in ZDF rats. Zücker lean (ZL) and ZDF animals were subdivided into two groups, control (C) and treated with oral melatonin (M) for 6 weeks. Mitochondrial mass, activity of citrate synthase (CS), and respiratory chain complexes I and IV were lower in C-ZDF than in C-ZL animals (P < .001). Melatonin treatment increased BAT weight in ZDF rats (P < .001). Also, it rose mitochondrial mass (P < .01) and activities of CS and complexes I and IV (P < .001) in both, ZDF and ZL rats. Uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) mRNA and protein were 50% lower in BAT from obese rats. Also, guanosine diphosphate (GDP) binding was lower in ZDF than in lean rats (P < .01). Melatonin treatment of obese rats restored the expression of UCP1 and GDP binding to levels of lean rats and sensitized the thermogenic response to cold exposure. These data demonstrated that melatonin recruits thermogenic BAT in ZDF rats. This may contribute to melatonin's control of body weight and its metabolic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Russel J Reiter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Ahmad Agil
- Deparment of Pharmacology and Neurosciences Institute, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Zhou Z, Ribas V, Rajbhandari P, Drew BG, Moore TM, Fluitt AH, Reddish BR, Whitney KA, Georgia S, Vergnes L, Reue K, Liesa M, Shirihai O, van der Bliek AM, Chi NW, Mahata SK, Tiano JP, Hewitt SC, Tontonoz P, Korach KS, Mauvais-Jarvis F, Hevener AL. Estrogen receptor α protects pancreatic β-cells from apoptosis by preserving mitochondrial function and suppressing endoplasmic reticulum stress. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:4735-4751. [PMID: 29378845 PMCID: PMC5880140 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.805069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen receptor α (ERα) action plays an important role in pancreatic β-cell function and survival; thus, it is considered a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes in women. However, the mechanisms underlying the protective effects of ERα remain unclear. Because ERα regulates mitochondrial metabolism in other cell types, we hypothesized that ERα may act to preserve insulin secretion and promote β-cell survival by regulating mitochondrial-endoplasmic reticulum (EndoRetic) function. We tested this hypothesis using pancreatic islet-specific ERα knockout (PERαKO) mice and Min6 β-cells in culture with Esr1 knockdown (KD). We found that Esr1-KD promoted reactive oxygen species production that associated with reduced fission/fusion dynamics and impaired mitophagy. Electron microscopy showed mitochondrial enlargement and a pro-fusion phenotype. Mitochondrial cristae and endoplasmic reticulum were dilated in Esr1-KD compared with ERα replete Min6 β-cells. Increased expression of Oma1 and Chop was paralleled by increased oxygen consumption and apoptosis susceptibility in ERα-KD cells. In contrast, ERα overexpression and ligand activation reduced both Chop and Oma1 expression, likely by ERα binding to consensus estrogen-response element sites in the Oma1 and Chop promoters. Together, our findings suggest that ERα promotes β-cell survival and insulin secretion through maintenance of mitochondrial fission/fusion-mitophagy dynamics and EndoRetic function, in part by Oma1 and Chop repression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenqi Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Vicent Ribas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Prashant Rajbhandari
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and the Howard Hughes Research Institute, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Brian G Drew
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Timothy M Moore
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Amy H Fluitt
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Britany R Reddish
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Kate A Whitney
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Senta Georgia
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Laurent Vergnes
- Departments of Human Genetics, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Karen Reue
- Departments of Human Genetics, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Marc Liesa
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Orian Shirihai
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | | | - Nai-Wen Chi
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Sushil K Mahata
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037; Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California 92161
| | - Joseph P Tiano
- Department of Medicine and Pharmacology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112
| | - Sylvia C Hewitt
- Receptor Biology Section, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Peter Tontonoz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and the Howard Hughes Research Institute, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Kenneth S Korach
- Receptor Biology Section, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Franck Mauvais-Jarvis
- Department of Medicine and Pharmacology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112
| | - Andrea L Hevener
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Los Angeles, California 90095; Iris Cantor UCLA Women's Health Research Center, Los Angeles, California 90095.
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Lum-Naihe K, Toedebusch R, Mahmood A, Bajwa J, Carmack T, Kumar SA, Ardhanari S, DeMarco VG, Emter CA, Pulakat L. Cardiovascular disease progression in female Zucker Diabetic Fatty rats occurs via unique mechanisms compared to males. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17823. [PMID: 29259233 PMCID: PMC5736602 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18003-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Population studies have shown that compared to diabetic men, diabetic women are at a higher risk of cardiovascular disease. However, the mechanisms underlying this gender disparity are unclear. Our studies in young murine models of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cardiovascular disease show that diabetic male rats develop increased cardiac fibrosis and suppression of intracardiac anti-fibrotic cytokines, while premenopausal diabetic female rats do not. This protection from cardiac fibrosis in female rats can be an estrogen-related effect. However, diabetic female rats develop early subclinical myocardial deformation, cardiac hypertrophy via elevated expression of pro-hypertrophic miR-208a, myocardial damage, and suppression of cardio-reparative Angiotensin II receptor 2 (Agtr2). Diabetic rats of both sexes exhibit a reduction in cardiac capillary density. However, diabetic female rats have reduced expression of neuropilin 1 that attenuates cardiomyopathy compared to diabetic male rats. A combination of cardiac hypertrophy and reduced capillary density likely contributed to increased myocardial structural damage in diabetic female rats. We propose expansion of existing cardiac assessments in diabetic female patients to detect myocardial deformation, cardiac hypertrophy and capillary density via non-invasive imaging, as well as suggest miR-208a, AT2R and neuropilin 1 as potential therapeutic targets and mechanistic biomarkers for cardiac disease in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Lum-Naihe
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, One Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA.,Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA
| | - Ryan Toedebusch
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, One Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, 134 Research Park Drive, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA.,Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA
| | - Abuzar Mahmood
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, One Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, 134 Research Park Drive, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA.,Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA
| | - Jamal Bajwa
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, One Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA.,Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA
| | - Terry Carmack
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA
| | - Senthil A Kumar
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, One Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Sivakumar Ardhanari
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, One Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Vincent G DeMarco
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, One Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA.,Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA
| | - Craig A Emter
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, 1600 E Rollins, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, 134 Research Park Drive, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA
| | - Lakshmi Pulakat
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, One Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA. .,Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, Universtiy of Missouri, 204 Gwynn Hall, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA. .,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, 134 Research Park Drive, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA. .,Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA.
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40
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Van Sinderen M, Steinberg G, Jorgensen SB, Honeyman J, Chow JDY, Simpson ER, Jones MEE, Boon WC. Sexual dimorphism in the glucose homeostasis phenotype of the Aromatase Knockout (ArKO) mice. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 170:39-48. [PMID: 27353462 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of estrogens on glucose homeostasis using the Aromatase Knockout (ArKO) mouse, which is unable to convert androgens into estrogens. The ArKO mouse is a model of total estrogen ablation which develops symptoms of metabolic syndrome. To determine the development and progression of whole body state of insulin resistance of ArKO mice, comprehensive whole body tolerance tests were performed on WT, ArKO and estrogen administrated mice at 3 and 12 months of age. The absence of estrogens in the male ArKO mice leads to hepatic insulin resistance, glucose and pyruvate intolerance from 3 to 12 months with consistent improvement upon estrogen treatment. Estrogen absence in the female ArKO mice leads to glucose intolerance without pyruvate intolerance or insulin resistance. The replacement of estrogens in the female WT and ArKO mice exhibited both insulin sensitizing and resistance effects depending on age and dosage. In conclusion, this study presents information on the sexually dimorphic roles of estrogens on glucose homeostasis regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Van Sinderen
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Vic 3180, Australia; Dept of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Vic 3800, Australia
| | - Gregory Steinberg
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research and Dept of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Vic 3065, Australia; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Dept of Medicine, McMaster University, ON, Canada
| | - Sebastian B Jorgensen
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research and Dept of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Vic 3065, Australia; Diabetes Research Unit, Novo Nordisk A/S, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Jane Honeyman
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research and Dept of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Vic 3065, Australia
| | - Jenny D Y Chow
- Dept of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Vic 3800, Australia
| | - Evan R Simpson
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Vic 3180, Australia
| | | | - Wah Chin Boon
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic 3000, Australia; Dept of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Vic 3800, Australia.
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41
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Nistala R, Raja A, Pulakat L. mTORC1 inhibitors rapamycin and metformin affect cardiovascular markers differentially in ZDF rats. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2017; 95:281-287. [PMID: 28177677 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2016-0567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian target for rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) is a common target for the action of immunosuppressant macrolide rapamycin and glucose-lowering metformin. Inhibition of mTORC1 can exert both beneficial and detrimental effects in different pathologies. Here, we investigated the differential effects of rapamycin (1.2 mg/kg per day delivered subcutaneously for 6 weeks) and metformin (300 mg/kg per day delivered orally for 11 weeks) treatments on male Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats that mimic the cardiorenal pathology of type 2 diabetic patients and progress to insulin insufficiency. Rapamycin and metformin improved proteinuria, and rapamycin also reduced urinary gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) indicating improvement of tubular health. Metformin reduced food and water intake, and urinary sodium and potassium, whereas rapamycin increased urinary sodium. Metformin reduced plasma alkaline phosphatase, but induced transaminitis as evidenced by significant increases in plasma AST and ALT. Metformin also induced hyperinsulinemia, but did not suppress fasting plasma glucose after ZDF rats reached 17 weeks of age, and worsened lipid profile. Rapamycin also induced mild transaminitis. Additionally, both rapamycin and metformin increased plasma uric acid and creatinine, biomarkers for cardiovascular and renal disease. These observations define how rapamycin and metformin differentially modulate metabolic profiles that regulate cardiorenal pathology in conditions of severe type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Nistala
- a Division of Nephrology, Columbia School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA.,b Department of Medicine, Columbia School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA.,c Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Affairs Hospital, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
| | - Ahmad Raja
- b Department of Medicine, Columbia School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA.,c Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Affairs Hospital, Columbia, MO 65201, USA.,d Division of Cardiology, Columbia School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Lakshmi Pulakat
- b Department of Medicine, Columbia School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA.,c Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Affairs Hospital, Columbia, MO 65201, USA.,d Division of Cardiology, Columbia School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA.,e Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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42
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Daneshgari F, Liu G, Hanna-Mitchell AT. Path of translational discovery of urological complications of obesity and diabetes. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2017; 312:F887-F896. [PMID: 28052873 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00489.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a prevalent chronic disease. Type 1 DM (T1DM) is a metabolic disorder that is characterized by hyperglycemia in the context of absolute lack of insulin, whereas type 2 DM (T2DM) is due to insulin resistance-related relative insulin deficiency. In comparison with T1DM, T2DM is more complex. The natural history of T2DM in most patients typically involves a course of obesity to impaired glucose tolerance, to insulin resistance, to hyperinsulinemia, to hyperglycemia, and finally to insulin deficiency. Obesity is a risk factor of T2DM. Diabetes causes some serious microvascular and macrovascular complications, such as retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, angiopathy and stroke. Urological complications of obesity and diabetes (UCOD) affect quality of life, but are not well investigated. The urological complications in T1DM and T2DM are different. In addition, obesity itself affects the lower urinary tract. The aim of this perspective is to review the available data, combined with the experience of our research teams, who have spent a good part of last decade on studies of association between DM and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) with the aim of bringing more focus to the future scientific exploration of UCOD. We focus on the most commonly seen urological complications, urinary incontinence, bladder dysfunction, and LUTS, in obesity and diabetes. Knowledge of these associations will lead to a better understanding of the pathophysiology underlying UCOD and hopefully assist urologists in the clinical management of obese or diabetic patients with LUTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firouz Daneshgari
- Department of Surgery, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Guiming Liu
- Department of Surgery, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Ann T Hanna-Mitchell
- Department of Surgery, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
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43
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Takeda Y, Shimomura T, Asao H, Wakabayashi I. Relationship between Immunological Abnormalities in Rat Models of Diabetes Mellitus and the Amplification Circuits for Diabetes. J Diabetes Res 2017; 2017:4275851. [PMID: 28299342 PMCID: PMC5337356 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4275851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A better understanding of pathogenic mechanisms is required in order to treat diseases. However, the mechanisms of diabetes mellitus and diabetic complications are extremely complex. Immune reactions are involved in the pathogenesis of diabetes and its complications, while diabetes influences immune reactions. Furthermore, both diabetes and immune reactions are influenced by genetic and environmental factors. To address these issues, animal models are useful tools. So far, various animal models of diabetes have been developed in rats, which have advantages over mice models in terms of the larger volume of tissue samples and the variety of type 2 diabetes models. In this review, we introduce rat models of diabetes and summarize the immune reactions in diabetic rat models. Finally, we speculate on the relationship between immune reactions and diabetic episodes. For example, diabetes-prone Biobreeding rats, type 1 diabetes model rats, exhibit increased autoreactive cellular and inflammatory immune reactions, while Goto-Kakizaki rats, type 2 diabetes model rats, exhibit increased Th2 reactions and attenuation of phagocytic activity. Investigation of immunological abnormalities in various diabetic rat models is useful for elucidating complicated mechanisms in the pathophysiology of diabetes. Studying immunological alterations, such as predominance of Th1/17 or Th2 cells, humoral immunity, and innate immune reactions, may improve understanding the structure of amplification circuits for diabetes in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Takeda
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
- *Yuji Takeda:
| | - Tomoko Shimomura
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Hironobu Asao
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Ichiro Wakabayashi
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
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Kitada M, Ogura Y, Koya D. Rodent models of diabetic nephropathy: their utility and limitations. Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis 2016; 9:279-290. [PMID: 27881924 PMCID: PMC5115690 DOI: 10.2147/ijnrd.s103784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy is the most common cause of end-stage renal disease. Therefore, novel therapies for the suppression of diabetic nephropathy must be developed. Rodent models are useful for elucidating the pathogenesis of diseases and testing novel therapies, and many type 1 and type 2 diabetic rodent models have been established for the study of diabetes and diabetic complications. Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic animals are widely used as a model of type 1 diabetes. Akita diabetic mice that have an Ins2+/C96Y mutation and OVE26 mice that overexpress calmodulin in pancreatic β-cells serve as a genetic model of type 1 diabetes. In addition, db/db mice, KK-Ay mice, Zucker diabetic fatty rats, Wistar fatty rats, Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty rats and Goto-Kakizaki rats serve as rodent models of type 2 diabetes. An animal model of diabetic nephropathy should exhibit progressive albuminuria and a decrease in renal function, as well as the characteristic histological changes in the glomeruli and the tubulointerstitial lesions that are observed in cases of human diabetic nephropathy. A rodent model that strongly exhibits all these features of human diabetic nephropathy has not yet been developed. However, the currently available rodent models of diabetes can be useful in the study of diabetic nephropathy by increasing our understanding of the features of each diabetic rodent model. Furthermore, the genetic background and strain of each mouse model result in differences in susceptibility to diabetic nephropathy with albuminuria and the development of glomerular and tubulointerstitial lesions. Therefore, the validation of an animal model reproducing human diabetic nephropathy will significantly facilitate our understanding of the underlying genetic mechanisms that contribute to the development of diabetic nephropathy. In this review, we focus on rodent models of diabetes and discuss the utility and limitations of these models for the study of diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munehiro Kitada
- Division of Anticipatory Molecular Food Science and Technology, Medical Research Institute; Department of Diabetology and Endocrinology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Yoshio Ogura
- Department of Diabetology and Endocrinology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Daisuke Koya
- Division of Anticipatory Molecular Food Science and Technology, Medical Research Institute; Department of Diabetology and Endocrinology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
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45
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Fontaine JL, Hunt NA, Curry S, Kearney T, Jupiter D, Shibuya N, Lavery LA. Fracture healing and biomarker expression in a diabetic Zucker rat model. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 2016; 104:428-33. [PMID: 25275729 DOI: 10.7547/0003-0538-104.5.428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Persons with diabetes have a higher incidence of fractures compared with persons without diabetes. However, there is little published information concerning the deleterious effect of late-stage diabetes on fracture healing. There are no studies using animal models that evaluate the effect of advanced diabetes on fracture healing. The purpose of our study was to evaluate cytokine expression, specifically macrophage inflammatory protein 1 (MIP-1) and vascular endothelial growth factor, in fracture healing in a type 2 diabetes rat model. METHODS We evaluated biomarker expression after femur fracture using a rat model. The two groups consisted of 24 Zucker diabetic rats (study group) and 12 Zucker lean rats (control group). An independent reviewer was used to assess delayed union. We evaluated serum samples 2, 4, 7, and 14 days after surgery for MIP-1, vascular endothelial growth factor, leptin, and other cytokine levels. RESULTS At 3 weeks, Kaplan-Meier estimates showed that 45.8% of femur fractures in Zucker diabetic rats had healed, whereas 81.8% of those in Zucker lean rats had healed (P = .02). A logistic regression model to predict fast healing that included the three cytokines and diabetes status showed that the only factor achieving significance was MIP-1α. Vascular endothelial growth factor was the only biomarker to show significance compared with delayed healing. CONCLUSIONS These results confirm significant differences in biomarker expression between diabetic and nondiabetic rats during bone healing. The key factors for bone healing may appear early in the healing process, whereas differences in diabetes versus nondiabetes are seen later in the healing process. Increased levels of MIP-1α were associated with the likelihood of delayed healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier La Fontaine
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Nathan A. Hunt
- Orthopaedic and Spine Center of the Rockies, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Stacey Curry
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | | | - Daniel Jupiter
- Department of Surgery, Texas A&M Health and Science Center College of Medicine and Scott and White Memorial Hospital and Clinics, Central Texas Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Temple, TX
| | - Naohiro Shibuya
- Department of Surgery/Podiatry, Central Texas VA Health Care System, Temple, TX
| | - Lawrence A. Lavery
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
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46
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McPherson KC, Taylor L, Johnson AC, Didion SP, Geurts AM, Garrett MR, Williams JM. Early development of podocyte injury independently of hyperglycemia and elevations in arterial pressure in nondiabetic obese Dahl SS leptin receptor mutant rats. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2016; 311:F793-F804. [PMID: 27465994 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00590.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The current study examined the effect of obesity on the development of renal injury within the genetic background of the Dahl salt-sensitive rat with a dysfunctional leptin receptor derived from zinc-finger nucleases (SSLepRmutant strain). At 6 wk of age, body weight was 35% higher in the SSLepRmutant strain compared with SSWT rats and remained elevated throughout the entire study. The SSLepRmutant strain exhibited impaired glucose tolerance and increased plasma insulin levels at 6 wk of age, suggesting insulin resistance while SSWT rats did not. However, blood glucose levels were normal throughout the course of the study. Systolic arterial pressure (SAP) was similar between the two strains from 6 to 10 wk of age. However, by 18 wk of age, the development of hypertension was more severe in the SSLepRmutant strain compared with SSWT rats (201 ± 10 vs. 155 ± 3 mmHg, respectively). Interestingly, proteinuria was substantially higher at 6 wk of age in the SSLepRmutant strain vs. SSWT rats (241 ± 27 vs. 24 ± 2 mg/day, respectively) and remained elevated until the end of the study. The kidneys from the SSLepRmutant strain displayed significant glomerular injury, including podocyte foot process effacement and lipid droplets compared with SSWT rats as early as 6 wk of age. By 18 wk of age, plasma creatinine levels were twofold higher in the SSLepRmutant strain vs. SSWT rats, suggesting the presence of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Overall, these results indicate that the SSLepRmutant strain develops podocyte injury and proteinuria independently of hyperglycemia and elevated arterial pressure that later progresses to CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasi C McPherson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi; and
| | - Lateia Taylor
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi; and
| | - Ashley C Johnson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi; and
| | - Sean P Didion
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi; and
| | - Aron M Geurts
- Human Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Michael R Garrett
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi; and
| | - Jan M Williams
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi; and
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47
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Svec F, Porter J. Influence of Diet and Dehydroepiandrosterone on Hypothalamic Monoamine Neurotransmitters in Zucker Rats. Nutr Neurosci 2016; 2:337-45. [DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.1999.11747288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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48
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Xu S, Zhu X, Li H, Hu Y, Zhou J, He D, Feng Y, Lu L, Du G, Hu Y, Liu T, Wang Z, Ding G, Chen J, Gao S, Wu F, Xue Z, Li Y, Fan G. The 14th Ile residue is essential for Leptin function in regulating energy homeostasis in rat. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28508. [PMID: 27378381 PMCID: PMC4932527 DOI: 10.1038/srep28508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
LEPTIN (LEP) is a circulating hormone released primarily from white adipocytes and is crucial for regulating satiety and energy homeostasis in humans and animals. Using the CRISPR technology, we created a set of Lep mutant rats that carry either null mutations or a deletion of the 14(th) Ile (LEP(∆I14)) in the mature LEP protein. We examined the potential off-target sites (OTS) by whole-genome high-throughput sequencing and/or Sanger-sequencing analysis and found no OTS in mutant rats. Mature LEP(∆I14) is incessantly produced and released to blood at a much elevated level due to the feedback loop. Structure modeling of binding conformation between mutant LEP(∆I14) and LEPTIN receptor (LEPR) suggests that the conformation of LEP(∆I14) impairs its binding with LEPR, consistent with its inability to activate STAT3-binding element in the luciferase reporter assay. Phenotypic study demonstrated that Lep(∆I14) rats recapitulate phenotypes of Lep-null mutant rats including obesity, hyperinsulinemia, hepatic steatosis, nephropathy, and infertility. Compared to the existing ob/ob mouse models, this Lep(∆I14/∆I14) rat strain provides a robust tool for further dissecting the roles of LEP in the diabetes related kidney disease and reproduction problem, beyond its well established function in regulating energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyang Xu
- Tongji University, School of Life Sciences and Technology, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xianmin Zhu
- Tongji University, School of Life Sciences and Technology, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Hong Li
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Youtian Hu
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jinping Zhou
- Translational Center for Stem Cell Research, Tongji Hospital, Department of Regenerative Medicine, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Di He
- Tongji University, School of Life Sciences and Technology, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yun Feng
- Translational Center for Stem Cell Research, Tongji Hospital, Department of Regenerative Medicine, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Lina Lu
- Translational Center for Stem Cell Research, Tongji Hospital, Department of Regenerative Medicine, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Guizhen Du
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Youjin Hu
- Translational Center for Stem Cell Research, Tongji Hospital, Department of Regenerative Medicine, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, China.,Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Tiancheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Guohui Ding
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jiayu Chen
- Tongji University, School of Life Sciences and Technology, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Shaorong Gao
- Tongji University, School of Life Sciences and Technology, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Fang Wu
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zhigang Xue
- Translational Center for Stem Cell Research, Tongji Hospital, Department of Regenerative Medicine, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Yixue Li
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Guoping Fan
- Tongji University, School of Life Sciences and Technology, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China.,Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
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49
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Zhou X, Rougée LRA, Bedwell DW, Cramer JW, Mohutsky MA, Calvert NA, Moulton RD, Cassidy KC, Yumibe NP, Adams LA, Ruterbories KJ. Difference in the Pharmacokinetics and Hepatic Metabolism of Antidiabetic Drugs in Zucker Diabetic Fatty and Sprague-Dawley Rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 44:1184-92. [PMID: 27217490 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.070623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rat, an inbred strain of obese Zucker fatty rat, develops early onset of insulin resistance and displays hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia. The phenotypic changes resemble human type 2 diabetes associated with obesity and therefore the strain is used as a pharmacological model for type 2 diabetes. The aim of the current study was to compare the pharmacokinetics and hepatic metabolism in male ZDF and Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats of five antidiabetic drugs that are known to be cleared via various mechanisms. Among the drugs examined, metformin, cleared through renal excretion, and rosiglitazone, metabolized by hepatic cytochrome P450 2C, did not exhibit differences in the plasma clearance in ZDF and SD rats. In contrast, glibenclamide, metabolized by hepatic CYP3A, canagliflozin, metabolized mainly by UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGT), and troglitazone, metabolized by sulfotransferase and UGT, exhibited significantly lower plasma clearance in ZDF than in SD rats after a single intravenous administration. To elucidate the mechanisms for the difference in the drug clearance, studies were performed to characterize the activity of hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes using liver S9 fractions from the two strains. The results revealed that the activity for CYP3A and UGT was decreased in ZDF rats using the probe substrates, and decreased unbound intrinsic clearance in vitro for glibenclamide, canagliflozin, and troglitazone was consistent with lower plasma clearance in vivo. The difference in pharmacokinetics of these two strains may complicate pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic correlations, given that ZDF is used as a pharmacological model, and SD rat as the pharmacokinetics and toxicology strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhou
- Drug Disposition (X.Z., L.R.A.R., D.W.B., J.W.C., M.A.M., N.A.C., R.D.M., K.C.C., N.P.Y., K.J.R.) and Tailoring Therapeutics (L.A.A.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Luc R A Rougée
- Drug Disposition (X.Z., L.R.A.R., D.W.B., J.W.C., M.A.M., N.A.C., R.D.M., K.C.C., N.P.Y., K.J.R.) and Tailoring Therapeutics (L.A.A.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - David W Bedwell
- Drug Disposition (X.Z., L.R.A.R., D.W.B., J.W.C., M.A.M., N.A.C., R.D.M., K.C.C., N.P.Y., K.J.R.) and Tailoring Therapeutics (L.A.A.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Jeff W Cramer
- Drug Disposition (X.Z., L.R.A.R., D.W.B., J.W.C., M.A.M., N.A.C., R.D.M., K.C.C., N.P.Y., K.J.R.) and Tailoring Therapeutics (L.A.A.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Michael A Mohutsky
- Drug Disposition (X.Z., L.R.A.R., D.W.B., J.W.C., M.A.M., N.A.C., R.D.M., K.C.C., N.P.Y., K.J.R.) and Tailoring Therapeutics (L.A.A.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Nathan A Calvert
- Drug Disposition (X.Z., L.R.A.R., D.W.B., J.W.C., M.A.M., N.A.C., R.D.M., K.C.C., N.P.Y., K.J.R.) and Tailoring Therapeutics (L.A.A.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Richard D Moulton
- Drug Disposition (X.Z., L.R.A.R., D.W.B., J.W.C., M.A.M., N.A.C., R.D.M., K.C.C., N.P.Y., K.J.R.) and Tailoring Therapeutics (L.A.A.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Kenneth C Cassidy
- Drug Disposition (X.Z., L.R.A.R., D.W.B., J.W.C., M.A.M., N.A.C., R.D.M., K.C.C., N.P.Y., K.J.R.) and Tailoring Therapeutics (L.A.A.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Nathan P Yumibe
- Drug Disposition (X.Z., L.R.A.R., D.W.B., J.W.C., M.A.M., N.A.C., R.D.M., K.C.C., N.P.Y., K.J.R.) and Tailoring Therapeutics (L.A.A.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Lisa A Adams
- Drug Disposition (X.Z., L.R.A.R., D.W.B., J.W.C., M.A.M., N.A.C., R.D.M., K.C.C., N.P.Y., K.J.R.) and Tailoring Therapeutics (L.A.A.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Kenneth J Ruterbories
- Drug Disposition (X.Z., L.R.A.R., D.W.B., J.W.C., M.A.M., N.A.C., R.D.M., K.C.C., N.P.Y., K.J.R.) and Tailoring Therapeutics (L.A.A.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana
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50
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Griggs RB, Donahue RR, Adkins BG, Anderson KL, Thibault O, Taylor BK. Pioglitazone Inhibits the Development of Hyperalgesia and Sensitization of Spinal Nociresponsive Neurons in Type 2 Diabetes. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2016; 17:359-73. [PMID: 26687453 PMCID: PMC4791042 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Thiazolidinedione drugs (TZDs) such as pioglitazone are approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes. However, whether TZDs reduce painful diabetic neuropathy (PDN) remains unknown. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that chronic administration of pioglitazone would reduce PDN in Zucker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF(fa/fa) [ZDF]) rats. Compared with Zucker Lean (ZL(fa/+)) controls, ZDF rats developed: (1) increased blood glucose, hemoglobin A1c, methylglyoxal, and insulin levels; (2) mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia in the hind paw; (3) increased avoidance of noxious mechanical probes in a mechanical conflict avoidance behavioral assay, to our knowledge, the first report of a measure of affective-motivational pain-like behavior in ZDF rats; and (4) exaggerated lumbar dorsal horn immunohistochemical expression of pressure-evoked phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase. Seven weeks of pioglitazone (30 mg/kg/d in food) reduced blood glucose, hemoglobin A1c, hyperalgesia, and phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase expression in ZDF. To our knowledge, this is the first report to reveal hyperalgesia and spinal sensitization in the same ZDF animals, both evoked by a noxious mechanical stimulus that reflects pressure pain frequently associated with clinical PDN. Because pioglitazone provides the combined benefit of reducing hyperglycemia, hyperalgesia, and central sensitization, we suggest that TZDs represent an attractive pharmacotherapy in patients with type 2 diabetes-associated pain. PERSPECTIVE To our knowledge, this is the first preclinical report to show that: (1) ZDF rats exhibit hyperalgesia and affective-motivational pain concurrent with central sensitization; and (2) pioglitazone reduces hyperalgesia and spinal sensitization to noxious mechanical stimulation within the same subjects. Further studies are needed to determine the anti-PDN effect of TZDs in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan B Griggs
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Renee R Donahue
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Braxton G Adkins
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Katie L Anderson
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Science, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Olivier Thibault
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Science, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Bradley K Taylor
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky.
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