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da Silva EA, Faber J, Penitente AR, Fernandes J, Bertolucci PHF, Longo BM, Arida RM. Effects of resistance exercise on behavioral and molecular changes in transgenic female mice for Alzheimer's disease in early and advanced stages. Exp Neurol 2025; 388:115217. [PMID: 40089002 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2025.115217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2025] [Accepted: 03/11/2025] [Indexed: 03/17/2025]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative condition that affects memory and cognition, with a higher prevalence in women. Given the lack of effective treatment, physical activity stands out as a complementary approach to prevent or delay disease progression. While numerous studies on humans and animals indicate that aerobic exercise induces brain changes, the impact of resistance exercise (RE) on AD is not fully understood. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the behavioral and molecular changes induced by RE in female transgenic mice with AD at the early and advanced stages of the disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS Adult (initial phase - 7 to 8 months of age, n = 32) and adult/elderly (advanced phase - 22 to 23 months of age, n = 32) female mice (2xTg-AD) for the APPSWE/PS1dE9 mutation were subjected to a four-week RE protocol. Mobility, anxiety-like behavior, long-term memory (LTM), and depressive-like behavior were assessed. Beta-amyloid (βA) and cytokines were quantified using the ELISA technique. RESULTS There was a progressive increase in strength in both trained groups at different ages. RE reversed memory deficits only in adult AD animals and the anxiety-like behavior only in adult/elderly AD animals. RE reversed depressive-like behavior in adult and adult/elderly AD animals. RE reduced βA only in adult AD animals. RE modified the expression of several cytokines in animals in the early and advanced stage of AD. CONCLUSION RE can be a promising strategy to minimize the deleterious effects of AD; however, its effectiveness may be more limited to the early stages of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jean Faber
- Federal University of Sao Paulo - Neurology and Neurosurgery Department, Brazil
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Lu Z, Wang Z, Zhang XA, Ning K. Myokines May Be the Answer to the Beneficial Immunomodulation of Tailored Exercise-A Narrative Review. Biomolecules 2024; 14:1205. [PMID: 39456138 PMCID: PMC11506288 DOI: 10.3390/biom14101205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2024] [Revised: 09/22/2024] [Accepted: 09/23/2024] [Indexed: 10/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Exercise can regulate the immune function, activate the activity of immune cells, and promote the health of the organism, but the mechanism is not clear. Skeletal muscle is a secretory organ that secretes bioactive substances known as myokines. Exercise promotes skeletal muscle contraction and the expression of myokines including irisin, IL-6, BDNF, etc. Here, we review nine myokines that are regulated by exercise. These myokines have been shown to be associated with immune responses and to regulate the proliferation, differentiation, and maturation of immune cells and enhance their function, thereby serving to improve the health of the organism. The aim of this article is to review the effects of myokines on intrinsic and adaptive immunity and the important role that exercise plays in them. It provides a theoretical basis for exercise to promote health and provides a potential mechanism for the correlation between muscle factor expression and immunity, as well as the involvement of exercise in body immunity. It also provides the possibility to find a suitable exercise training program for immune system diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xin-An Zhang
- College of Exercise and Health, Shenyang Sport University, Shenyang 110102, China; (Z.L.); (Z.W.)
| | - Ke Ning
- College of Exercise and Health, Shenyang Sport University, Shenyang 110102, China; (Z.L.); (Z.W.)
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Chen J, Jia S, Guo C, Fan Z, Yan W, Dong K. Research Progress on the Effect and Mechanism of Exercise Intervention on Sarcopenia Obesity. Clin Interv Aging 2024; 19:1407-1422. [PMID: 39139211 PMCID: PMC11319865 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s473083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
With the increasingly severe situation of obesity and population aging, there is growing concern about sarcopenia obesity (SO). SO refers to the coexistence of obesity and sarcopenia, which imposes a heavier burden on individuals and society compared to obesity or sarcopenia alone. Therefore, comprehending the pathogenesis of SO and implementing effective clinical interventions are vital for its prevention and treatment. This review uses a comprehensive literature search and analysis of PubMed, Web of Science, and CNKI databases, with search terms including "Sarcopenic obesity", "exercise", "cytokines", "inflammation", "mitochondrial quality control", and "microRNA", covering relevant studies published up to July 2024. The results indicate that the pathogenesis of SO is complex, involving mechanisms like age-related changes in body composition, hormonal alterations, inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and genetic and epigenetic factors. Regarding exercise interventions for SO, aerobic exercise can reduce fat mass, resistance exercise can increase skeletal muscle mass and strength, and combined exercise can achieve both, making it the optimal intervention for SO. The potential mechanisms by which exercise may prevent and treat SO include regulating cytokine secretion, inhibiting inflammatory pathways, improving mitochondrial quality, and mediating microRNA expression. This review emphasizes the effectiveness of exercise interventions in mitigating sarcopenic obesity through comprehensive analysis of its multifactorial pathogenesis and the mechanistic insights into exercise's therapeutic effects. Understanding these mechanisms informs targeted therapeutic strategies aimed at alleviating the societal and individual burdens associated with SO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chen
- School of Graduate, Wuhan Sport University, Wuhan, 430079, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shaohui Jia
- School of Sports Medicine, Wuhan Sport University, Wuhan, 430079, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chenggen Guo
- School of Sports Training, Wuhan Sport University, Wuhan, 430079, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiwei Fan
- School of Graduate, Wuhan Sport University, Wuhan, 430079, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weiyi Yan
- School of Graduate, Wuhan Sport University, Wuhan, 430079, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kunwei Dong
- School of Arts, Wuhan Sport University, Wuhan, 430079, People’s Republic of China
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Romero-Herrera I, Nogales F, Gallego-López MDC, Díaz-Castro J, Carreras O, Ojeda ML. Selenium supplementation via modulation of selenoproteins ameliorates binge drinking-induced oxidative, energetic, metabolic, and endocrine imbalance in adolescent rats' skeletal muscle. Food Funct 2024; 15:7988-8007. [PMID: 38984595 DOI: 10.1039/d4fo01354a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Adolescence is characterized by increased vulnerability to addiction and ethanol (EtOH) toxicity, particularly through binge drinking (BD), a favored acute EtOH-ingestion pattern among teenagers. BD, highly pro-oxidant, induces oxidative stress (OS), affecting skeletal muscle (SKM), where selenium (Se), an antioxidant element and catalytic center of selenoproteins, is stored, among other tissues. Investigating the effects of Se supplementation on SKM after BD exposure holds therapeutic promise. For this, we randomised 32 adolescent Wistar rats into 4 groups, exposed or not to intermittent i.p. BD [BD and control (C)] (3 g EtOH per kg per day), and supplemented with selenite [BDSe and CSe] (0.4 ppm). In SKM, we examined the oxidative balance, energy status (AMPK, SIRT-1), protein turnover (IRS-1, Akt1, mTOR, IGF-1, NF-κB p65, MAFbx, ULK1, pelF2α), serum myokines (myostatin, IL-6, FGF21, irisin, BDNF, IL-15, fractalkine, FSTL-1, FABP-3), and selenoproteins (GPx1, GPx4, SelM, SelP). In the pancreas, we studied the oxidative balance and SIRT-1 expression. Selenite supplementation mitigated BD-induced OS by enhancing the expression of selenoproteins, which restored oxidative balance, notably stimulating protein synthesis and normalizing the myokine profile, leading to improved SKM mass growth and metabolism, and reduced inflammation and apoptosis (caspase-3). Selenite restoration of SelP's receptor LRP1 expression, reduced by BD, outlines the crucial role of SKM in the SelP cycle, linking Se levels to SKM development. Furthermore, Se attenuated pancreatic OS, preserving insulin secretion. Se supplementation shows potential for alleviating SKM damage from BD, with additional beneficial endocrine effects on the pancreas, adipose tissue, liver, heart and brain that position it as a broad-spectrum treatment for adolescent alcohol consumption, preventing metabolic diseases in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés Romero-Herrera
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, C/Professor García González 2, 41012-Seville, Spain.
| | - Fátima Nogales
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, C/Professor García González 2, 41012-Seville, Spain.
| | - María Del Carmen Gallego-López
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, C/Professor García González 2, 41012-Seville, Spain.
| | - Javier Díaz-Castro
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix Verdú", University of Granada, Avenida del Conocimiento s/n, 18071-Armilla, Granada, Spain.
- Department of Physiology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Olimpia Carreras
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, C/Professor García González 2, 41012-Seville, Spain.
| | - María Luisa Ojeda
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, C/Professor García González 2, 41012-Seville, Spain.
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Zhang S, Li T, Feng Y, Zhang K, Zou J, Weng X, Yuan Y, Zhang L. Exercise improves subchondral bone microenvironment through regulating bone-cartilage crosstalk. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1159393. [PMID: 37288291 PMCID: PMC10242115 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1159393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Articular cartilage degeneration has been proved to cause a variety of joint diseases, among which osteoarthritis is the most typical. Osteoarthritis is characterized by articular cartilage degeneration and persistent pain, which affects the quality of life of patients as well as brings a heavy burden to society. The occurrence and development of osteoarthritis is related to the disorder of the subchondral bone microenvironment. Appropriate exercise can improve the subchondral bone microenvironment, thus playing an essential role in preventing and treating osteoarthritis. However, the exact mechanism whereby exercise improves the subchondral bone microenvironment remains unclear. There is biomechanical interaction as well as biochemical crosstalk between bone and cartilage. And the crosstalk between bone and cartilage is the key to bone-cartilage homeostasis maintenance. From the perspective of biomechanical and biochemical crosstalk between bone and cartilage, this paper reviews the effects of exercise-mediated bone-cartilage crosstalk on the subchondral bone microenvironment, aiming to provide a theoretical basis for the prevention and treatment of degenerative bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihua Zhang
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- School of Exercise and Health, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tingting Li
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Yao Feng
- School of Exercise and Health, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Keping Zhang
- School of Exercise and Health, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Zou
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiquan Weng
- School of Exercise and Health, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Yuan
- School of Exercise and Health, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lan Zhang
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- College of Sports and Health, Shandong Sport University, Jinan, China
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Lesnak JB, Fahrion A, Helton A, Rasmussen L, Andrew M, Cunard S, Huey M, Kreber A, Landon J, Siwiec T, Todd K, Frey-Law LA, Sluka KA. Resistance training protects against muscle pain through activation of androgen receptors in male and female mice. Pain 2022; 163:1879-1891. [PMID: 35353765 PMCID: PMC9481652 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Resistance training-based exercise is commonly prescribed in the clinic for the treatment of chronic pain. Mechanisms of aerobic exercise for analgesia are frequently studied, while little is known regarding resistance training mechanisms. We developed a resistance training model in mice and hypothesized resistance training would protect against development of muscle pain, mediated through the activation of androgen receptors. Activity-induced muscle hyperalgesia was produced by 2 injections of pH 5.0 stimuli with fatiguing muscle contractions. Resistance training was performed by having mice climb a ladder with attached weights, 3 times per week. Resistance training acutely increased blood lactate and prolonged training increased strength measured via forepaw grip strength and 1 repetition maximum, validating the exercise program as a resistance training model. Eight weeks of resistance training prior to induction of the pain model blocked the development of muscle hyperalgesia in both sexes. Resistance training initiated after induction of the pain model reversed muscle hyperalgesia in male mice only. A single resistance training bout acutely increased testosterone in male but not female mice. Administration of the androgen receptor antagonist flutamide (200 mg pellets) throughout the 8-week training program blocked the exercise-induced protection against muscle pain in both sexes. However, single administration of flutamide (1, 3, 10 mg/kg) in resistance-trained animals had no effect on existing exercise-induced protection against muscle pain. Therefore, resistance training acutely increases lactate and testosterone and strength overtime. Eight weeks of resistance training prevents the development of hyperalgesia through the activation of androgen receptors in an animal model of muscle pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph B. Lesnak
- Department of Physical Therapy & Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Alexis Fahrion
- Department of Physical Therapy & Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Amber Helton
- Department of Physical Therapy & Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Lynn Rasmussen
- Department of Physical Therapy & Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Megan Andrew
- Department of Physical Therapy & Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Stefanie Cunard
- Department of Physical Therapy & Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Michaela Huey
- Department of Physical Therapy & Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Austin Kreber
- Department of Physical Therapy & Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Joseph Landon
- Department of Physical Therapy & Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Travis Siwiec
- Department of Physical Therapy & Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Kenan Todd
- Department of Physical Therapy & Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Laura A. Frey-Law
- Department of Physical Therapy & Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Kathleen A. Sluka
- Department of Physical Therapy & Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
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7
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Sterczala AJ, Pierce JR, Barnes BR, Urso ML, Matheny RW, Scofield DE, Flanagan SD, Maresh CM, Zambraski EJ, Kraemer WJ, Nindl BC. Insulin-like growth factor-I biocompartmentalization across blood, interstitial fluid and muscle, before and after 3 months of chronic resistance exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2022; 133:170-182. [PMID: 35678743 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00592.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This investigation examined the influence of 12-week ballistic resistance training programs on the IGF-I system in circulation, interstitial fluid, and skeletal muscle, at rest and in response to acute exercise. Seventeen college-aged subjects (11 women/6 men; 21.7 ± 3.7 yr) completed an acute ballistic exercise bout before and after the training program. Blood samples were collected pre-, mid-, and postexercise and analyzed for serum total IGF-I, free IGF-I, and IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs) 1-4. Dialysate and interstitial free IGF-I were analyzed in vastus lateralis (VL) interstitial fluid collected pre- and postexercise via microdialysis. Pre- and postexercise VL muscle biopsies were analyzed for IGF-I protein expression, IGF-I receptor phosphorylation (p-IGF-IR), and AKT phosphorylation (p-AKT). Following training, basal serum IGF-I, free IGF-I, IGFBP-2, and IGFBP-3 decreased whereas IGFBP-1 and IGFBP-4 increased. Training reduced basal dialysate and interstitial free IGF-I but had no effect on basal skeletal muscle IGF-I, p-IGF-IR, or p-AKT. Acute exercise elicited transient changes in IGF-I system concentrations and downstream anabolic signaling both pre- and posttraining; training did not affect this acute exercise response. Posttraining, acute exercise-induced changes in dialysate/interstitial free IGF-I were strongly correlated with the changes in intramuscular IGF-I expression, p-IGF-IR, and p-AKT. The divergent influence of resistance training on circulating/interstitial and skeletal muscle IGF-I demonstrates the importance of concurrent, multiple biocompartment analysis when examining the IGF-I system. As training elicited muscle hypertrophy, these findings indicate that IGF-I's anabolic effects on skeletal muscle are mediated by local, rather than systemic mechanisms.NEW & NOTEWORTHY In the first investigation to assess resistance training's effects on the IGF-I system in serum, interstitial fluid, and skeletal muscle, training decreased basal circulating and interstitial IGF-I but did not alter basal intramuscular IGF-I protein activity. Posttraining, acute exercise-induced interstitial IGF-I increases were strongly correlated with intramuscular IGF-I expression and signaling. These findings highlight the importance of multibiocompartment measurement when analyzing IGF-I and suggest that IGF-I's role in hypertrophic adaptations is locally mediated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Sterczala
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory/Human Performance Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Joseph R Pierce
- US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts
| | - Brian R Barnes
- US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts
| | - Maria L Urso
- US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts
| | - Ronald W Matheny
- US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts
| | - Dennis E Scofield
- US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts
| | - Shawn D Flanagan
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory/Human Performance Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Carl M Maresh
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Edward J Zambraski
- US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts
| | - William J Kraemer
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut.,Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Bradley C Nindl
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory/Human Performance Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts
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MORISASA M, YOSHIDA E, FUJITANI M, KIMURA K, UCHIDA K, KISHIDA T, MORI T, GOTO-INOUE N. Fish Protein Promotes Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy via the Akt/mTOR Signaling Pathways. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2022; 68:23-31. [DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.68.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mizuki MORISASA
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University
| | - Eriko YOSHIDA
- Functional Ingredient Research Section, Food Function R&D Center, Nippon Suisan Kaisha, Ltd
| | - Mina FUJITANI
- Laboratory of Nutrition Science, Division of Applied Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University
| | - Keisuke KIMURA
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University
| | - Kenji UCHIDA
- Functional Ingredient Research Section, Food Function R&D Center, Nippon Suisan Kaisha, Ltd
| | - Taro KISHIDA
- Laboratory of Nutrition Science, Division of Applied Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University
| | - Tsukasa MORI
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University
| | - Naoko GOTO-INOUE
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University
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Corbiere TF, Koh TJ. Local low-intensity vibration improves healing of muscle injury in mice. Physiol Rep 2021; 8:e14356. [PMID: 31981324 PMCID: PMC6981306 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Recovery from traumatic muscle injuries is typically prolonged and incomplete. Our previous study demonstrated that whole‐body low‐intensity vibration (LIV) enhances healing in a mouse laceration model. We sought to determine whether locally applied LIV (a) improves muscle repair following injury in mice and (b) is directly transduced by cultured muscle cells, via increased IGF‐1 activity. C57BL/6J mice were subjected to laceration of the gastrocnemius muscle and were treated with LIV applied directly to the lower leg for 30 min/day or non‐LIV sham treatment (controls) for 7 or 14 days. LIV was also applied to differentiating myotubes in culture for 30 min/day for 3 or 6 days. Compared with control mice, LIV increased myofiber cross‐sectional area, diameter, and percent area of peripherally nucleated fibers, and decreased percent damaged area after 14 days of treatment. In cultured myotubes, LIV increased fusion and diameter compared with controls after 6 days of treatment. These LIV‐induced effects were associated with increased total Akt on day 7 in injured muscle and on day 3 in myotubes, whereas phosphorylated‐to‐total Akt ratio increased on day 14 in injured muscle and on day 6 in myotubes but were not associated with increased IGF‐1 levels at any time point. These changes were also associated with LIV‐induced suppression of FOXO1 and Atrogin‐1 gene expression at day 7 in injured muscle. These findings demonstrate that muscle cells can directly transduce LIV signals into increased growth and differentiation, and this effect is associated with increased Akt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas F Corbiere
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Timothy J Koh
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Priego T, Martín AI, González-Hedström D, Granado M, López-Calderón A. Role of hormones in sarcopenia. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2021; 115:535-570. [PMID: 33706961 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2020.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Aging involves numerous changes in body composition that include a decrease in skeletal muscle mass. The gradual reduction in muscle mass is associated with a simultaneous decrease in muscle strength, which leads to reduced mobility, fragility and loss of independence. This process called sarcopenia is secondary to several factors such as sedentary lifestyle, inadequate nutrition, chronic inflammatory state and neurological alterations. However, the endocrine changes associated with aging seem to be of special importance in the development of sarcopenia. On one hand, advancing age is associated with a decreased secretion of the main hormones that stimulate skeletal muscle mass and function (growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGFI), testosterone and estradiol). On the other hand, the alteration of the IGF-I signaling along with decreased insulin sensitivity also have an important impact on myogenesis. Other hormones that decline with aging such as the adrenal-derived dehydroepiandrosterone, thyroid hormones and vitamin D seem to also be involved in sarcopenia. Adipokines released by adipose tissue show important changes during aging and can affect muscle physiology and metabolism. In addition, catabolic hormones such as cortisol and angiotensin II can accelerate aged-induced muscle atrophy, as they are involved in muscle wasting and their levels increase with age. The role played by all of these hormones and the possible use of some of them as therapeutic tools for treating sarcopenia will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Priego
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - A I Martín
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - D González-Hedström
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Pharmactive Biotech Products S.L. Parque Científico de Madrid. Avenida del Doctor Severo Ochoa, 37 Local 4J, 28108 Alcobendas, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Granado
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición. Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - A López-Calderón
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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Sullivan BP, Weiss JA, Nie Y, Garner RT, Drohan CJ, Kuang S, Stout J, Gavin TP. Skeletal muscle IGF-1 is lower at rest and after resistance exercise in humans with obesity. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 120:2835-2846. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04509-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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12
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Pereira LJ, Macari S, Coimbra CC, Pereira TDSF, Barrioni BR, Gomez RS, Silva TA, Paiva SM. Aerobic and resistance training improve alveolar bone quality and interferes with bone-remodeling during orthodontic tooth movement in mice. Bone 2020; 138:115496. [PMID: 32585320 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The direct effects of physical activity on long bones are already recognized. However, little information is available regarding distant osseous sites, such as maxillary bone. We evaluated the influence of physical training on alveolar bone quality, with and without mechanically-induced load during orthodontic tooth movement in mice. Forty-two C57BL/6 mice were divided into sedentary, resistance and aerobic training groups. Training period lasted for eight weeks and mechanical loads (orthodontic tooth movement - OTM) were applied during the last 14 days of training. Both types of training enhanced the quality of maxillary bone, increasing bone mineral density (BMD), trabecular bone volume (BV) and bone volume/total volume ratio (BV/TV). OTM significantly reduced in trained groups. Consistently, the number of osteoblasts increased whereas the number of osteoclasts decreased on the OTM side in trained groups in comparison to the sedentary group. IGF-1, RUNX2 and OPG genes expression were also increased. The RANKL/OPG ratio and IL-6 expression were reduced in the maxillary bone. Similar results were verified in the femoral bone. In line with these findings, physical training resulted in a decrease of osteoclast differentiation from femoral bone marrow; as well as the force required to fracture the tibia of trained animals increased. Physical training also caused EDL muscle hypertrophy and increased expression of IGF-1 and IGF-1/Myostatin ratio in the gastrocnemius muscle, whereas FNDC5 gene expression was similar among groups in femur, but decreased in alveolar bone submitted to OTM. In conclusion, physical training increased bone quality, not only on long bones, but also in a distant site such as the maxilla. Differences were more evident in the course of maxillary mechanical loading. Mechanisms involve systemic and local effects on bone cells and target molecules as RANKL, OPG, IL-6 and IGF-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano J Pereira
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Lavras - UFLA, Lavras, Brazil.
| | - Soraia Macari
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Tarcília A Silva
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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13
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Stožer A, Vodopivc P, Križančić Bombek L. Pathophysiology of exercise-induced muscle damage and its structural, functional, metabolic, and clinical consequences. Physiol Res 2020; 69:565-598. [PMID: 32672048 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Extreme or unaccustomed eccentric exercise can cause exercise-induced muscle damage, characterized by structural changes involving sarcomere, cytoskeletal, and membrane damage, with an increased permeability of sarcolemma for proteins. From a functional point of view, disrupted force transmission, altered calcium homeostasis, disruption of excitation-contraction coupling, as well as metabolic changes bring about loss of strength. Importantly, the trauma also invokes an inflammatory response and clinically presents itself by swelling, decreased range of motion, increased passive tension, soreness, and a transient decrease in insulin sensitivity. While being damaging and influencing heavily the ability to perform repeated bouts of exercise, changes produced by exercise-induced muscle damage seem to play a crucial role in myofibrillar adaptation. Additionally, eccentric exercise yields greater hypertrophy than isometric or concentric contractions and requires less in terms of metabolic energy and cardiovascular stress, making it especially suitable for the elderly and people with chronic diseases. This review focuses on our current knowledge of the mechanisms underlying exercise-induced muscle damage, their dependence on genetic background, as well as their consequences at the structural, functional, metabolic, and clinical level. A comprehensive understanding of these is a prerequisite for proper inclusion of eccentric training in health promotion, rehabilitation, and performance enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Stožer
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Slovenia.
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14
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Schwarz NA, McKinley-Barnard SK, Blahnik ZJ. Effect of Bang® Pre-Workout Master Blaster® combined with four weeks of resistance training on lean body mass, maximal strength, mircoRNA expression, and serum IGF-1 in men: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2019; 16:54. [PMID: 31744521 PMCID: PMC6862793 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-019-0310-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of the current study was to determine if 4 weeks of consumption of Bang® Pre-Workout Master Blaster® (BMB; Vital Pharmaceuticals Inc., Weston, FL) combined with resistance training resulted in greater increases in muscle mass and maximal strength compared with resistance training combined with placebo (PLA). Additionally, we aimed to determine if BMB ingestion combined with resistance training preferentially altered resting skeletal muscle expression of microRNAs (miRs) or resting serum insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1). Methods Sixteen recreationally-active men completed the study. The study employed a block-randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel design. Participants completed two testing sessions separated by 4 weeks of resistance exercise combined with daily supplementation of BMB or PLA. At each testing session, hemodynamics, body composition, and muscle and blood samples were obtained followed by strength assessments of the lower- and upper-body via measurement of squat and bench press one-repetition maximum (1-RM), respectively. A separate general linear model was utilized for analysis of each variable to determine the effect of each supplement (between-factor) over time (within-factor) using an a priori probability level of ≤0.05. Results No significant effects were observed for dietary intake, hemodynamics, fat mass, body fat percentage, or serum IGF-1. A greater increase in total body mass (3.19 kg, 95% CI, 1.98 kg, 4.40 kg vs. 0.44 kg, 95% CI, − 0.50 kg, 1.39 kg) and lean body mass (3.15 kg, 95% CI, 1.80 kg, 4.49 kg vs. 0.89 kg, 95% CI, − 0.14 kg, 1.93 kg) was observed for the BMB group compared with PLA (p < 0.01). A significant increase over time was observed for miR-23a (p = 0.02) and miR-23b (p = 0.05) expression. A greater increase in squat 1-RM was observed for the BMB group (23.86 kg, 95% CI, 16.75 kg, 30.97 kg) compared with the PLA group (14.20 kg, 95% CI, 7.04 kg, 21.37 kg, p = 0.04). Conclusions BMB supplementation combined with resistance exercise training for 4 weeks resulted in superior adaptations in maximal strength and LBM compared with resistance training with a placebo. No adverse resting hemodynamic or clinical blood safety markers were observed as a result of BMB supplementation. The superior outcomes associated with BMB supplementation could not be explained by resting serum IGF-1 or the skeletal muscle miRs measured, although resting miR-23a and miR-23b expression both increased as a result of resistance training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil A Schwarz
- Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Sport, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, 36688, USA.
| | - Sarah K McKinley-Barnard
- Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Sport, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, 36688, USA
| | - Zachary J Blahnik
- Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Sport, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, 36688, USA
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15
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Codina‐Martínez H, Fernández‐García B, Díez‐Planelles C, Fernández ÁF, Higarza SG, Fernández‐Sanjurjo M, Díez‐Robles S, Iglesias‐Gutiérrez E, Tomás‐Zapico C. Autophagy is required for performance adaptive response to resistance training and exercise‐induced adult neurogenesis. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2019; 30:238-253. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.13586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Helena Codina‐Martínez
- Departamento de Biología Funcional Área de Fisiología Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud Universidad de Oviedo Oviedo Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias Oviedo Spain
| | - Benjamín Fernández‐García
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias Oviedo Spain
- Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud Universidad de Oviedo Oviedo Spain
| | - Carlos Díez‐Planelles
- Departamento de Biología Funcional Área de Fisiología Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud Universidad de Oviedo Oviedo Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias Oviedo Spain
| | - Álvaro F. Fernández
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular Instituto Universitario de Oncología (IUOPA) Universidad de Oviedo Oviedo Spain
| | - Sara G. Higarza
- Departamento de Biología Funcional Área de Fisiología Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud Universidad de Oviedo Oviedo Spain
| | - Manuel Fernández‐Sanjurjo
- Departamento de Biología Funcional Área de Fisiología Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud Universidad de Oviedo Oviedo Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias Oviedo Spain
| | - Sergio Díez‐Robles
- Departamento de Biología Funcional Área de Fisiología Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud Universidad de Oviedo Oviedo Spain
| | - Eduardo Iglesias‐Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Biología Funcional Área de Fisiología Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud Universidad de Oviedo Oviedo Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias Oviedo Spain
| | - Cristina Tomás‐Zapico
- Departamento de Biología Funcional Área de Fisiología Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud Universidad de Oviedo Oviedo Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias Oviedo Spain
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16
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Uchida M, Horii N, Hasegawa N, Fujie S, Oyanagi E, Yano H, Iemitsu M. Gene Expression Profiles for Macrophage in Tissues in Response to Different Exercise Training Protocols in Senescence Mice. Front Sports Act Living 2019; 1:50. [PMID: 33344973 PMCID: PMC7739569 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2019.00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-induced chronic inflammation is prevented by aerobic and resistance exercise training. However, the effects of the mechanism of exercise on chronic inflammation in each tissue remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of resistance and aerobic training on gene expression profiles for macrophage infiltration and polarization (M1/M2 ratio) with chronic inflammation in various tissues of aged model mice. Male 38-week-old SAMP1 (senescence-accelerated prone mouse 1) mice were randomly divided into three groups—sedentary (Aged-Sed-SAMP1), aerobic training (Aged-AT-SAMP1; voluntary running), and resistance training—for 12 weeks (Aged-RT-SAMP1; climbing ladder). Resistance and aerobic exercise training prevented an increase in circulating TNF-α levels (a marker of systemic inflammation) in aged SAMP1 mice, along with decreases in tissue inflammatory cytokine (TNF-α and IL-1β) mRNA expression in the heart, liver, small intestine, brain, aorta, adipose, and skeletal muscle, but it did not change the levels in the lung, spleen, and large intestine. Moreover, resistance and aerobic exercise training attenuated increases in F4/80 mRNA expression (macrophage infiltration), the ratio of CD11c/CD163 mRNA expression (M1/M2 macrophage polarization), and MCP-1 mRNA expression (chemokine: a regulator of chronic inflammation) in the chronic inflamed tissues of aged SAMP1 mice. These results suggested that resistance and aerobic exercise training-induced changes in gene expression for macrophage infiltration and polarization in various tissues might be involved in the prevention of age-related tissue chronic inflammation, and lead to a reduction of the increase in circulating TNF-α levels, as a marker of systemic inflammation, in aged SAMP1 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masataka Uchida
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Naoki Horii
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan.,Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Natsuki Hasegawa
- Research Organization of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Shumpei Fujie
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan.,Faculty of Health and Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Eri Oyanagi
- Department of Health and Sports Science, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Hiromi Yano
- Department of Health and Sports Science, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Motoyuki Iemitsu
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
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17
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Li FH, Sun L, Zhu M, Li T, Gao HE, Wu DS, Zhu L, Duan R, Liu TCY. Beneficial alterations in body composition, physical performance, oxidative stress, inflammatory markers, and adipocytokines induced by long-term high-intensity interval training in an aged rat model. Exp Gerontol 2018; 113:150-162. [PMID: 30308288 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Sarcopenia is associated with loss of muscle mass and function as well as oxidative stress, chronic low-grade inflammatory status, and adipocytokine dysfunction. It has been reported that sarcopenia can be attenuated by exercise training. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether long-term high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) protocols could differentially modulate changes in body composition, physical performance, inflammatory parameters, and adipocytokines in fat tissues and serum, as well as oxidative parameters and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) levels in skeletal muscle tissue of aged rats. Middle-aged (18-month-old) female Sprague Dawley rats (n = 36) were subjected to 8 months of MICT (26-m MICT) or HIIT (26-m HIIT) treadmill training (45 min, 5 times per week), and the results were compared with those of age-matched sedentary controls (26-m SED); 8-month-old (8-m SED) and 18-month-old (18-m SED) rats served as aging sedentary controls. Body composition parameters; physical performance; serum and skeletal muscle oxidative stress parameters; levels of IGF-1, a serum and fat tissue inflammatory marker; adipocytokine (leptin, adiponectin) levels; and plasma glucose and lipid metabolism-related parameters were analyzed among the five groups. The percent fat and body fat to lean mass ratio increased as a main effect with age, whereas 26-m HIIT but not 26-m MICT attenuated these alterations. The 26-m HIIT group showed a larger improvement in grip strength compared to that of 26-m MICT, with a similar increase in inclined plane performance, maximum running speed, and exhaustion over time as compared with the 26-m SED group. Notably, the 26-m HIIT group showed lower high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels and higher IL-10 in serum compared with those of the 26-m SED and 26-m MICT groups. Both exercise protocols promoted increased skeletal muscle IGF-1 and decreased serum IGF-1 and adiponectin relative to those in the 26-m SED group, whereas only 26-m HIIT dampened the age-related decrease in plasma free fatty acids and increased serum leptin, along with providing lower fat tissue leptin as compared with that in the 26-m SED group. Moreover, the 26-m HIIT group showed lower serum and skeletal muscle malonylaldehyde and skeletal muscle 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) levels than those in the 26-m MICT group, albeit similar decreases in serum and skeletal muscle 4-hydroxynonenal and serum 8-OHdG and increases in skeletal muscle superoxide dismutase 2 activity. In conclusion, HIIT initiated late in life exhibited greater beneficial effects in ameliorating aged-related elevations in oxidative stress and inflammation, as well as dysfunction of circulating adipocytokine levels, than a volume-matched MICT program. HIIT may therefore contribute to improvements in body composition and physical performance changes associated with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Hui Li
- School of Sport Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Lei Sun
- School of Sport Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Zhu
- School of Sport Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tao Li
- Laboratory of Laser Sports Medicine, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao-En Gao
- School of Sport Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Da-Shuai Wu
- School of Sport Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- Laboratory of Laser Sports Medicine, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui Duan
- Laboratory of Laser Sports Medicine, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Timon Cheng-Yi Liu
- Laboratory of Laser Sports Medicine, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.
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18
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Horii N, Uchida M, Hasegawa N, Fujie S, Oyanagi E, Yano H, Hashimoto T, Iemitsu M. Resistance training prevents muscle fibrosis and atrophy
via
down‐regulation of C1q‐induced Wnt signaling in senescent mice. FASEB J 2018; 32:3547-3559. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700772rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Horii
- Faculty of Sport and Health ScienceRitsumeikan UniversityShigaJapan
| | - Masataka Uchida
- Faculty of Sport and Health ScienceRitsumeikan UniversityShigaJapan
| | - Natsuki Hasegawa
- Faculty of Sport and Health ScienceRitsumeikan UniversityShigaJapan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of ScienceTokyoJapan
| | - Shumpei Fujie
- Faculty of Sport and Health ScienceRitsumeikan UniversityShigaJapan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of ScienceTokyoJapan
| | - Eri Oyanagi
- Department of Health and Sports ScienceKawasaki University of Medical WelfareOkayamaJapan
| | - Hiromi Yano
- Department of Health and Sports ScienceKawasaki University of Medical WelfareOkayamaJapan
| | | | - Motoyuki Iemitsu
- Faculty of Sport and Health ScienceRitsumeikan UniversityShigaJapan
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19
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das Neves W, de Oliveira LF, da Silva RP, Alves CRR, Lancha AH. Fasting: a major limitation for resistance exercise training effects in rodents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 51:e5427. [PMID: 29185588 PMCID: PMC5685054 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20175427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Protocols that mimic resistance exercise training (RET) in rodents present several limitations, one of them being the electrical stimulus, which is beyond the physiological context observed in humans. Recently, our group developed a conditioning system device that does not use electric shock to stimulate rats, but includes fasting periods before each RET session. The current study was designed to test whether cumulative fasting periods have some influence on skeletal muscle mass and function. Three sets of male Wistar rats were used in the current study. The first set of rats was submitted to a RET protocol without food restriction. However, rats were not able to perform exercise properly. The second and third sets were then randomly assigned into three experimental groups: 1) untrained control rats, 2) untrained rats submitted to fasting periods, and 3) rats submitted to RET including fasting periods before each RET session. While the second set of rats performed a short RET protocol (i.e., an adaptation protocol for 3 weeks), the third set of rats performed a longer RET protocol including overload (i.e., 8 weeks). After the short-term protocol, cumulative fasting periods promoted loss of weight (P<0.001). After the longer RET protocol, no difference was observed for body mass, extensor digitorum longus (EDL) morphology or skeletal muscle function (P>0.05 for all). Despite no effects on EDL mass, soleus muscle displayed significant atrophy in the fasting experimental groups (P<0.01). Altogether, these data indicate that fasting is a major limitation for RET in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- W das Neves
- Escola de Educação Física e Esporte, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - L F de Oliveira
- Escola de Educação Física e Esporte, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - R P da Silva
- Escola de Educação Física e Esporte, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - C R R Alves
- Escola de Educação Física e Esporte, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - A H Lancha
- Escola de Educação Física e Esporte, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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20
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Perice L, Barzilai N, Verghese J, Weiss EF, Holtzer R, Cohen P, Milman S. Lower circulating insulin-like growth factor-I is associated with better cognition in females with exceptional longevity without compromise to muscle mass and function. Aging (Albany NY) 2017; 8:2414-2424. [PMID: 27744417 PMCID: PMC5115897 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mutations that reduce somatotropic signaling result in improved lifespan and health-span in model organisms and humans. However, whether reduced circulating insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) level is detrimental to cognitive and muscle function in older adults remains understudied. A cross-sectional analysis was performed in Ashkenazi Jews with exceptional longevity (age ≥95 years). Cognition was assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination and muscle function with the chair rise test, grip-strength, and gait speed. Muscle mass was estimated using the skeletal muscle index. Serum IGF-I was measured with liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. In gender stratified age-adjusted logistic regression analysis, females with IGF-I levels in the first tertile had lower odds of being cognitively impaired compared to females with IGF-I levels within the upper two tertiles, OR (95% CI) 0.39 (0.19-0.82). The result remained significant after adjustment for multiple parameters. No significant association was identified in males between IGF-I and cognition. No relationship was found between IGF-I tertiles and muscle function and muscle mass in females or males. Lower circulating IGF-I is associated with better cognitive function in females with exceptional longevity, with no detriment to skeletal muscle mass and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leland Perice
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Nir Barzilai
- Department of Medicine, Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.,Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Joe Verghese
- Department of Medicine, Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.,Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Erica F Weiss
- Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Roee Holtzer
- Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.,Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Pinchas Cohen
- Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Sofiya Milman
- Department of Medicine, Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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Ma Y, Fu S, Lu L, Wang X. Role of androgen receptor on cyclic mechanical stretch-regulated proliferation of C2C12 myoblasts and its upstream signals: IGF-1-mediated PI3K/Akt and MAPKs pathways. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 450:83-93. [PMID: 28454723 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTS To detect the effects of androgen receptor (AR) on cyclic mechanical stretch-modulated proliferation of C2C12 myoblasts and its pathways: roles of IGF-1, PI3K and MAPK. METHODS C2C12 were randomly divided into five groups: un-stretched control, six or 8 h of fifteen percent stretch, and six or 8 h of twenty percent stretch. Cyclic mechanical stretch of C2C12 were completed using a computer-controlled FlexCell Strain Unit. Cell proliferation and IGF-1 concentration in medium were detected by CCK8 and ELISA, respectively. Expressions of AR and IGF-1R, and expressions and activities of PI3K, p38 and ERK1/2 in stretched C2C12 cells were determined by Western blot. RESULTS ①The proliferation of C2C12 cells, IGF-1 concentration in medium, expressions of AR and IGF-1R, and activities of PI3K, p38 and ERK1/2 were increased by 6 h of fifteen percent stretch, while decreased by twenty percent stretch for six or 8 h ②The fifteen percent stretch-increased proliferation of C2C12 cells was reversed by AR inhibitor, Flutamide. ③The increases of AR expression, activities of PI3K, p38 and ERK1/2 resulted from fifteen percent stretch were attenuated by IGF-1 neutralizing antibody, while twenty percent stretch-induced decreases of the above indicators were enhanced by recombinant IGF-1. ④Specific inhibitors of p38, ERK1/2 and PI3K all decreased the expression of AR in fifteen percent and twenty percent of stretched C2C12 cells. CONCLUSIONS Cyclic mechanical stretch modulated the proliferation of C2C12 cells, which may be attributed to the alterations of AR via IGF-1-PI3K/Akt and IGF-1-MAPK (p38, ERK1/2) pathways in C2C12 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Ma
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Shaoting Fu
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Lin Lu
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China.
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22
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Acute resistance exercise reduces increased gene expression in muscle atrophy of ovariectomised arthritic rats. MENOPAUSE REVIEW 2017; 15:193-201. [PMID: 28250722 PMCID: PMC5327620 DOI: 10.5114/pm.2016.65663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Objective We studied the effect of resistance exercise (RE) on mRNA levels of atrogin-1, MuRF-1, and myostatin in the gastrocnemius muscle of arthritic rats after loss of ovarian function (LOF). Material and methods Thirty female Wistar rats (nine weeks old, 195.3 ±17.4 grams) were randomly allocated into five groups: control group (CT-Sham; n = 6); group with rheumatoid arthritis (RA; n = 6); group with rheumatoid arthritis subjected to RE (RAEX; n = 6); ovariectomy group with rheumatoid arthritis (RAOV; n = 6); and an ovariectomy group with rheumatoid arthritis subjected to RE (RAOVEX; n = 6). After 15 days of intra-articular injections with Met-BSA the animals were subjected to RE and six hours after workout were euthanised. Results The rheumatoid arthritis provoked reduction in the cross-sectional area (CSA) of muscle fibres, but the CSA was lower in the RAOV when compared to the RA groups. Skeletal muscle atrogin-1 mRNA level was increased in arthritic rats (RA and RAOV), but the atrogin-1 level was higher in RAOV group when compared to other arthritic groups. The Muscle MuRF-1 mRNA level was also increased in the RAOV group. The increased atrogin-1 and MuRF-1 mRNA levels were lower in the RAOVEX group than in the RAOV group. The myostatin mRNA level was similar in all groups, except for the RAOVEX group, in which it was lower than the other groups. Conclusions LOF results in increased loss of skeletal muscle-related ubiquitin ligases (atrogin-1 and MuRF-1). However, the RE reduces the atrogin-1, MuRF-1, and myostatin mRNA levels in muscle of arthritic rats affected by LOF.
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23
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Loss of strength capacity is associated with mortality, but resistance exercise training promotes only modest effects during cachexia progression. Life Sci 2016; 163:11-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 08/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Abstract
Skeletal muscle and bone rely on a number of growth factors to undergo development, modulate growth, and maintain physiological strength. A major player in these actions is insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I). However, because this growth factor can directly enhance muscle mass and bone density, it alters the state of the musculoskeletal system indirectly through mechanical crosstalk between these two organ systems. Thus, there are clearly synergistic actions of IGF-I that extend beyond the direct activity through its receptor. This review will cover the production and signaling of IGF-I as it pertains to muscle and bone, the chemical and mechanical influences that arise from IGF-I activity, and the potential for therapeutic strategies based on IGF-I. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Muscle Bone Interactions".
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25
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Petriz BA, Gomes CPC, Almeida JA, de Oliveira GP, Ribeiro FM, Pereira RW, Franco OL. The Effects of Acute and Chronic Exercise on Skeletal Muscle Proteome. J Cell Physiol 2016; 232:257-269. [PMID: 27381298 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle plasticity and its adaptation to exercise is a topic that is widely discussed and investigated due to its primary role in the field of exercise performance and health promotion. Repetitive muscle contraction through exercise stimuli leads to improved cardiovascular output and the regulation of endothelial dysfunction and metabolic disorders such as insulin resistance and obesity. Considerable improvements in proteomic tools and data analysis have broth some new perspectives in the study of the molecular mechanisms underlying skeletal muscle adaptation in response to physical activity. In this sense, this review updates the main relevant studies concerning muscle proteome adaptation to acute and chronic exercise, from aerobic to resistance training, as well as the proteomic profile of natural inbred high running capacity animal models. Also, some promising prospects in the muscle secretome field are presented, in order to better understand the role of physical activity in the release of extracellular microvesicles and myokines activity. Thus, the present review aims to update the fast-growing exercise-proteomic scenario, leading to some new perspectives about the molecular events under skeletal muscle plasticity in response to physical activity. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 257-269, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Clarissa P C Gomes
- Cardiovascular Research Unit, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Jeeser A Almeida
- Curso de Educação Física, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil.,S-Inova Biotech, Universidade Cat ólica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil
| | - Getulio P de Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia Molecular-Universidade de Brasília, DF, Brasil
| | - Filipe M Ribeiro
- Centro de Analises Proteomicas e Bioquímicas, Programa de P os-Graduacão em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Cat ólica de Brasília, Brasília/DF, Brasil
| | - Rinaldo W Pereira
- Centro de Analises Proteomicas e Bioquímicas, Programa de P os-Graduacão em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Cat ólica de Brasília, Brasília/DF, Brasil
| | - Octavio L Franco
- S-Inova Biotech, Universidade Cat ólica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil.,Centro de Analises Proteomicas e Bioquímicas, Programa de P os-Graduacão em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Cat ólica de Brasília, Brasília/DF, Brasil
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Baumert P, Lake MJ, Stewart CE, Drust B, Erskine RM. Genetic variation and exercise-induced muscle damage: implications for athletic performance, injury and ageing. Eur J Appl Physiol 2016; 116:1595-625. [PMID: 27294501 PMCID: PMC4983298 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-016-3411-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Prolonged unaccustomed exercise involving muscle lengthening (eccentric) actions can result in ultrastructural muscle disruption, impaired excitation-contraction coupling, inflammation and muscle protein degradation. This process is associated with delayed onset muscle soreness and is referred to as exercise-induced muscle damage. Although a certain amount of muscle damage may be necessary for adaptation to occur, excessive damage or inadequate recovery from exercise-induced muscle damage can increase injury risk, particularly in older individuals, who experience more damage and require longer to recover from muscle damaging exercise than younger adults. Furthermore, it is apparent that inter-individual variation exists in the response to exercise-induced muscle damage, and there is evidence that genetic variability may play a key role. Although this area of research is in its infancy, certain gene variations, or polymorphisms have been associated with exercise-induced muscle damage (i.e. individuals with certain genotypes experience greater muscle damage, and require longer recovery, following strenuous exercise). These polymorphisms include ACTN3 (R577X, rs1815739), TNF (-308 G>A, rs1800629), IL6 (-174 G>C, rs1800795), and IGF2 (ApaI, 17200 G>A, rs680). Knowing how someone is likely to respond to a particular type of exercise could help coaches/practitioners individualise the exercise training of their athletes/patients, thus maximising recovery and adaptation, while reducing overload-associated injury risk. The purpose of this review is to provide a critical analysis of the literature concerning gene polymorphisms associated with exercise-induced muscle damage, both in young and older individuals, and to highlight the potential mechanisms underpinning these associations, thus providing a better understanding of exercise-induced muscle damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Baumert
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Mark J Lake
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Claire E Stewart
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Barry Drust
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Robert M Erskine
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK.
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Devin JL, Bolam KA, Jenkins DG, Skinner TL. The Influence of Exercise on the Insulin-like Growth Factor Axis in Oncology: Physiological Basis, Current, and Future Perspectives. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2015; 25:239-49. [PMID: 26677213 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-15-0406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise and physical activity have been shown to reduce the risk of many common cancers and strongly influence tumor biology. A cause-effect mechanism explaining this relationship is dependent on cellular pathways that can influence tumor growth and are exercise responsive. The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis is reported to promote the development and progression of carcinomas through cellular signaling in cancerous tissues. This review summarizes the physiologic basis of the role of the IGF axis in oncology and the influence of exercise on this process. We examined the effects of exercise prescription on the IGF axis in cancer survivors by evaluating the current scope of the literature. The current research demonstrates a remarkable heterogeneity and inconsistency in the responses of the IGF axis to exercise in breast, prostate, and colorectal cancer survivors. Finally, this review presents an in-depth exploration of the physiologic basis and mechanistic underpinnings of the seemingly disparate relationship between exercise and the IGF axis in oncology. Although there is currently insufficient evidence to categorize the effects of exercise prescription on the IGF axis in cancer survivors, the inconsistency of results suggests a multifaceted relationship, the complexities of which are considered in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Devin
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Kate A Bolam
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Åstrand Laboratory of Work Physiology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David G Jenkins
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Tina L Skinner
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Bikle DD, Tahimic C, Chang W, Wang Y, Philippou A, Barton ER. Role of IGF-I signaling in muscle bone interactions. Bone 2015; 80:79-88. [PMID: 26453498 PMCID: PMC4600536 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Revised: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle and bone rely on a number of growth factors to undergo development, modulate growth, and maintain physiological strength. A major player in these actions is insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I). However, because this growth factor can directly enhance muscle mass and bone density, it alters the state of the musculoskeletal system indirectly through mechanical crosstalk between these two organ systems. Thus, there are clearly synergistic actions of IGF-I that extend beyond the direct activity through its receptor. This review will cover the production and signaling of IGF-I as it pertains to muscle and bone, the chemical and mechanical influences that arise from IGF-I activity, and the potential for therapeutic strategies based on IGF-I. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Muscle Bone Interactions".
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D Bikle
- VA Medical Center and University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Candice Tahimic
- VA Medical Center and University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Wenhan Chang
- VA Medical Center and University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yongmei Wang
- VA Medical Center and University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Anastassios Philippou
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Department of Physiology, Medical School, Goudi-Athens, Greece
| | - Elisabeth R Barton
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Performance, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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FRAJACOMO FERNANDOTADEU, KANNEN VINICIUS, DEMINICE RAFAEL, GERALDINO THAISHERRERO, PEREIRA-DA-SILVA GABRIELA, UYEMURA SERGIOAKIRA, JORDÃO-JR ALCEUAFONSO, GARCIA SERGIOBRITTO. Aerobic Training Activates Interleukin 10 for Colon Anticarcinogenic Effects. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2015; 47:1806-13. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Sharples AP, Hughes DC, Deane CS, Saini A, Selman C, Stewart CE. Longevity and skeletal muscle mass: the role of IGF signalling, the sirtuins, dietary restriction and protein intake. Aging Cell 2015; 14:511-23. [PMID: 25866088 PMCID: PMC4531066 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Advancing age is associated with a progressive loss of skeletal muscle (SkM) mass and function. Given the worldwide aging demographics, this is a major contributor to morbidity, escalating socio-economic costs and ultimately mortality. Previously, it has been established that a decrease in regenerative capacity in addition to SkM loss with age coincides with suppression of insulin/insulin-like growth factor signalling pathways. However, genetic or pharmacological modulations of these highly conserved pathways have been observed to significantly enhance life and healthspan in various species, including mammals. This therefore provides a controversial paradigm in which reduced regenerative capacity of skeletal muscle tissue with age potentially promotes longevity of the organism. This paradox will be assessed and considered in the light of the following: (i) the genetic knockout, overexpression and pharmacological models that induce lifespan extension (e.g. IRS-1/s6K KO, mTOR inhibition) versus the important role of these signalling pathways in SkM growth and adaptation; (ii) the role of the sirtuins (SIRTs) in longevity versus their emerging role in SkM regeneration and survival under catabolic stress; (iii) the role of dietary restriction and its impact on longevity versus skeletal muscle mass regulation; (iv) the crosstalk between cellular energy metabolism (AMPK/TSC2/SIRT1) and survival (FOXO) versus growth and repair of SkM (e.g. AMPK vs. mTOR); and (v) the impact of protein feeding in combination with dietary restriction will be discussed as a potential intervention to maintain SkM mass while increasing longevity and enabling healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam P. Sharples
- Stem Cells, Ageing & Molecular Physiology Unit; Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences (RISES); Exercise Metabolism and Adaptation Research Group (EMARG); Liverpool John Moores University; Tom Reilly Building Liverpool L3 3AF UK
| | - David C. Hughes
- Stem Cells, Ageing & Molecular Physiology Unit; Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences (RISES); Exercise Metabolism and Adaptation Research Group (EMARG); Liverpool John Moores University; Tom Reilly Building Liverpool L3 3AF UK
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior; University of California; Davis California CA 95616 USA
| | - Colleen S. Deane
- MRC/ARUK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research; School of Medicine; University of Nottingham; Royal Derby Hospital; Derby DE22 3DT UK
- School of Health and Social Care; Bournemouth University; Bournemouth BH12 5BB UK
| | - Amarjit Saini
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm 171 77 Sweden
| | - Colin Selman
- Glasgow Ageing Research Network (GARNER); Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine; College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences; University of Glasgow; Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
| | - Claire E. Stewart
- Stem Cells, Ageing & Molecular Physiology Unit; Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences (RISES); Exercise Metabolism and Adaptation Research Group (EMARG); Liverpool John Moores University; Tom Reilly Building Liverpool L3 3AF UK
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Acute mechanical overload increases IGF-I and MMP-9 mRNA in 3D tissue-engineered skeletal muscle. Biotechnol Lett 2014; 36:1113-24. [PMID: 24563297 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-014-1464-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle (SkM) is a tissue that responds to mechanical load following both physiological (exercise) or pathophysiological (bed rest) conditions. The heterogeneity of human samples and the experimental and ethical limitations of animal studies provide a rationale for the study of SkM plasticity in vitro. Many current in vitro approaches of mechanical loading of SkM disregard the three-dimensional (3D) structure in vivo. Tissue engineered 3D SkM, that displays highly aligned and differentiated myotubes, was used to investigate mechano-regulated gene transcription of genes implicated in hypertrophy/atrophy. Static loading (STL) and ramp loading (RPL) at 10 % strain for 60 min were used as mechano-stimulation with constructs sampled immediately for RNA extraction. STL increased IGF-I mRNA compared to both RPL and CON (control, p = 0.003 and 0.011 respectively) whilst MMP-9 mRNA increased in STL and RPL compared to CON (both p < 0.05). IGFBP-2 mRNA was differentially regulated in RPL and STL compared to CON (p = 0.057), whilst a reduction in IGFBP-5 mRNA was found for STL and RPL compared to CON (both p < 0.05). There was no effect in the expression of putative atrophic genes, myostatin, MuRF-1 and MAFBx (all p > 0.05). These data demonstrate a transcriptional signature associated with SkM hypertrophy within a tissue-engineered model that more greatly recapitulates the in vivo SkM structure compared previously published studies.
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Frajacomo FTT, Falcai MJ, Fernandes CR, Shimano AC, Garcia SB. Biomechanical adaptations of mice cortical bone submitted to three different exercise modalities. ACTA ORTOPEDICA BRASILEIRA 2014; 21:328-32. [PMID: 24453691 PMCID: PMC3874991 DOI: 10.1590/s1413-78522013000600006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Objective To compare the adaptive effects of three non-weight bearing exercise on bone mechanical properties. Methods 24 male Balb/c mice (22-25g), were randomly divided into four groups (n=6): sedentary group (S); swimming group (N) which performed sessions five times per week for 60 min progressively; resistance group (R), which performed climbing exercise with progressive load, three times per week; and combined group (C), which performed the same protocols aforementioned being three times a week according to N protocol and two times a week the R protocol during eight weeks. Biomechanical tests, load until failure and stiffness evaluation of shinbone was performed after animals have been sacrificed. Results Stiffness values were statistically higher only in the isolated modalities groups (N and R, 41.68 ± 10.43 and 41.21 ± 11.38 N/mm, respectively) compared with the S group (28.48 ± 7.34 N/mm). However, taking into consideration the final body mass, relative values, there was no difference in the biomechanical tests among the groups. Conclusion Data from the present investigation demonstrated a favorable influence of muscle contraction in lower impact isolated exercise modalities on absolute stiffness values, i.e.groups N and R, whereas the combined group (C) did not present any statistical significant difference compared to sedentary group. Level of Evidence II, Prospective Comparative Study.
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Ichinose T, Lesmana R, Yamamoto A, Kobayashi T, Shitara H, Shimoyama D, Takatsuru Y, Iwasaki T, Shimokawa N, Takagishi K, Koibuchi N. Possible involvement of IGF-1 signaling on compensatory growth of the infraspinatus muscle induced by the supraspinatus tendon detachment of rat shoulder. Physiol Rep 2014; 2:e00197. [PMID: 24744876 PMCID: PMC3967680 DOI: 10.1002/phy2.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
A rotator cuff tear (RCT) is a common musculoskeletal disorder among elderly people. RCT is often treated conservatively for functional compensation by the remaining muscles. However, the mode of such compensation after RCT has not yet been fully understood. Here, we used the RCT rat model to investigate the compensatory process in the remaining muscles. The involvement of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1)/Akt signaling which potentially contributes to the muscle growth was also examined. The RCT made by transecting the supraspinatus (SSP) tendon resulted in atrophy of the SSP muscle. The remaining infraspinatus (ISP) muscle weight increased rapidly after a transient decrease (3 days), which could be induced by posttraumatic immobilization. The IGF-1 mRNA levels increased transiently at 7 days followed by a gradual increase thereafter in the ISP muscle, and those of IGF-1 receptor mRNA significantly increased after 3 days. IGF-1 protein levels biphasically increased (3 and 14 days), then gradually decreased thereafter. The IGF-1 protein levels tended to show a negative correlation with IGF-1 mRNA levels. These levels also showed a negative correlation with the ISP muscle weight, indicating that the increase in IGF-1 secretion may contribute to the ISP muscle growth. The pAkt/Akt protein ratio decreased transiently by 14 days, but recovered later. The IGF-1 protein levels were negatively correlated with the pAkt/Akt ratio. These results indicate that transection of the SSP tendon activates IGF-1/Akt signaling in the remaining ISP muscle for structural compensation. Thus, the remaining muscles after RCT can be a target for rehabilitation through the activation of IGF-1/Akt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Ichinose
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan ; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Ronny Lesmana
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan ; Department of Physiology, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Atsushi Yamamoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Kobayashi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Shitara
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Daisuke Shimoyama
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Yusuke Takatsuru
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Iwasaki
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Noriaki Shimokawa
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Kenji Takagishi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Koibuchi
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
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Qi Z, Zhai X, Ding S. How to explain exercise-induced phenotype from molecular data: rethink and reconstruction based on AMPK and mTOR signaling. SPRINGERPLUS 2013; 2:693. [PMID: 24404437 PMCID: PMC3879393 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-2-693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
During endurance and resistance exercise training, AMPK and mTOR signaling were known as selective pathways implicating the differentiation of exercise-induced phenotype in skeletal muscle. Among the previous studies, however, the differences in exercise protocol, the individuality and the genetic heterogeneity within species make it difficult to reach a consistent conclusion in the roles of AMPK and mTOR signaling. In this review, we aim not to reanalyze the previous articles and present the research progress of AMPK and mTOR signaling in exercise, but to propose an abstract general hypothesis for exercise-induced phenotype. Generally, exercise- induced skeletal muscle phenotype is independent of one and a few genes, proteins and signaling pathways. Convergent adaptation will better summarize the specificity of skeletal muscle phenotype in response to a single mode of exercise. Backward adaptation will open a new concept to illustrate the process of exercise-induced adaptation, such as mitochondrial quality control and muscle mass homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengtang Qi
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention, Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241 China ; College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241 China
| | - Xiaofeng Zhai
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Shuzhe Ding
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention, Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241 China ; College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241 China
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Nindl BC, Urso ML, Pierce JR, Scofield DE, Barnes BR, Kraemer WJ, Anderson JM, Maresh CM, Beasley KN, Zambraski EJ. IGF-I measurement across blood, interstitial fluid, and muscle biocompartments following explosive, high-power exercise. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2012; 303:R1080-9. [PMID: 22933025 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00275.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) resides across different biocompartments [blood, interstitial fluid (ISF), and muscle]. Whether circulating IGF-I responses to exercise reflect local events remains uncertain. We measured the IGF-I response to plyometric exercise across blood, ISF, and muscle biopsy from the vastus lateralis. Twenty volunteers (8 men, 12 women, 22 ± 1 yr) performed 10 sets of 10 plyometric jump repetitions at a 40% 1-repetition maximum. Blood, ISF, and muscle samples were taken pre- and postexercise. Circulating IGF-I increased postexercise: total IGF-I (preexercise = 546 ± 42, midexercise = 585 ± 43, postexercise = 597 ± 45, +30 = 557 ± 42, +60 = 536 ± 40, +120 = 567 ± 42 ng/ml; midexercise, postexercise, and +120 greater than preexercise, P < 0.05); Free IGF-I (preexercise = 0.83 ± 0.09, midexercise = 0.78 ± 0.10, postexercise = 0.79 ± 0.11, +30 = 0.93 ± 0.10, +60 = 0.88 ± 0.10, + 120 = 0.91 ± 0.11 ng/ml; +30 greater than all other preceding time points, P < 0.05). No exercise-induced changes were observed for ISF IGF-I (preexercise = 2.35 ± 0.29, postexercise = 2.46 ± 0.35 ng/ml). No changes were observed for skeletal muscle IGF-I protein, although IGF-I mRNA content increased ∼40% postexercise. The increase in circulating total and free IGF-I was not correlated with increases in ISF IGF-I or muscle IGF-I protein content. Our data indicate that exercise-induced increases in circulating IGF-I are not reflective of local IGF-I signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley C Nindl
- Military Performance Division, The United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts, USA.
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Gatti R, De Palo EF, Antonelli G, Spinella P. IGF-I/IGFBP system: metabolism outline and physical exercise. J Endocrinol Invest 2012; 35:699-707. [PMID: 22714057 DOI: 10.3275/8456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The GH/IGF-I system plays a well-known hormonal role and its effects, mainly anabolic and insulin-sensitizing, are mediated through endocrine as well as paracrine/ autocrine mechanisms. This system includes the binding proteins, namely GH binding proteins and IGF-I binding proteins (IGFBP). As expected, this axis plays a key role in organism modification in consequence of a physical exercise. Physical activity, training, and exercise capacity chiefly involve anabolism process modifications of various tissues, in particular muscular adjustments. Numerous investigators found a correlation among the level of exercise tolerance, muscle strength or walking speed and IGF-I/IGFBP-3 concentrations. However, also inverse and absent correlations between circulating IGF-I concentrations and acute or chronic exercise responses have been reported. IGF-I is generally accepted as an important GH mediator with metabolic effects, through both endocrine and paracrine or autocrine mechanisms. GH is the main regulator of the hepatic synthesis of IGF-I and IGFBP-3, which is the most abundant IGF carrier in human plasma. Recently, it has been shown that the physical exercise stimulatory impact on skeletal muscles is mediated through an increased local IGF-I synthesis with an IGFPB involvement. An absent association of exercise performance and circulating IGF-I may indicate that exercise will exert muscle strength by predominately locally derived paracrine or autocrine mediators rather than endocrine circulating IGF-I. The present review considers the general aspects of the IGF/IGFPB system and the role of the IGF/IGFPB system in relation to physical exercise (type, duration, etc.) taking into account the training aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Gatti
- Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Medical Diagnostic Sciences and Special Therapies, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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Moghadasi M, Siavashpour S. The effect of 12 weeks of resistance training on hormones of bone formation in young sedentary women. Eur J Appl Physiol 2012; 113:25-32. [PMID: 22562545 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-012-2410-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Physical activity has been proposed as one strategy to enhance bone mineral acquisition; however, the basic mechanisms of this effect are not fully understood. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 12 weeks of resistance training on hormones of bone formation in young sedentary women. Twenty sedentary females (aged 25.3 ± 3.2 years; ±SD) volunteered to participate in this study. The subjects were randomly assigned to a training group (n = 10) or control group (n = 10). Subjects executed eight resistance exercises selected to stress the major muscle groups in the following order: chest press, leg extension, shoulder press, leg curls, latissimus pull down, leg press, arm curls, and triceps extension. Resistance training consisted of 50-60 min of circuit weight training per day, 3 days a week, for 12 weeks. This training was circularly performed in eight stations and included two to four sets with 8-12 maximal repetitions at 65-80 % of one-repetition maximum in each station. After 12 weeks, the training group had a significant increase (P < 0.05) in the growth hormone, estrogen, parathyroid hormone and testosterone compared to the control group. The results showed that insulin-like growth factor I levels did not change significantly in response to resistance training. In conclusion, the results suggest that resistance training with specific intensity and duration utilized in this study increases the hormones of bone formation in young sedentary women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrzad Moghadasi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran.
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Cooke MB, La Bounty P, Buford T, Shelmadine B, Redd L, Hudson G, Willoughby DS. Ingestion of 10 grams of whey protein prior to a single bout of resistance exercise does not augment Akt/mTOR pathway signaling compared to carbohydrate. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2011; 8:18. [PMID: 22068021 PMCID: PMC3231804 DOI: 10.1186/1550-2783-8-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background This study examined the effects of a whey protein supplement in conjunction with an acute bout of lower body resistance exercise, in recreationally-active males, on serum insulin and insulin like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and Akt/mTOR signaling markers indicative of muscle protein synthesis: insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1), AKT, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), p70S6 kinase (p70S6K) and 4E-binding protein 1 (4E-BP1). Methods In a randomized, double-blind, cross-over design, 10 males ingested 1 week apart, either 10 g of whey protein (5.25 g EAAs) or carbohydrate (maltodextrose), 30 min prior to a lower-body resistance exercise bout. The resistance exercise bout consisted of 4 sets of 8-10 reps at 80% of the one repetition maximum (RM) on the angled leg press and knee extension exercises. Blood and muscle samples were obtained prior to, and 30 min following supplement ingestion and 15 min and 120 min post-exercise. Serum and muscle data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA. Results No significant differences were observed for IGF-1 (p > 0.05). A significant main effect for Test was observed for serum insulin (p < 0.01) at 30 min post-ingestion and 15 and 120 min post-exercise, with no Supplement × Test interaction (p > 0.05). For the Akt/MTOR signaling intermediates, no significant Supplement × Test interactions were observed (p > 0.05). However, significant main effects for Test were observed for phosphorylated concentrations of IRS, mTOR, and p70S6K, as all were elevated at 15 min post-exercise (p < 0.05). Additionally, a significant main effect for Test was noted for 4E-BP1 (p < 0.05), as it was decreased at 15 min post-exercise. Conclusion Ingestion of 10 g of whey protein prior to an acute bout of lower body resistance exercise had no significant preferential effect compared to carbohydrate on systemic and cellular signaling markers indicative of muscle protein synthesis in untrained individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B Cooke
- Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA.
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Effects of 28 days of resistance exercise while consuming commercially available pre- and post-workout supplements, NO-Shotgun® and NO-Synthesize® on body composition, muscle strength and mass, markers of protein synthesis, and clinical safety markers in males. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2011; 8:78. [PMID: 22050827 PMCID: PMC3226541 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-8-78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The effects of 28 days of heavy resistance training while ingesting the pre- and post-workout supplements, NO-Shotgun® and NO-Synthesize® were determined on body composition, muscle strength and mass, markers of protein synthesis, and clinical safety markers. Methods Nineteen non-resistance-trained males participated in a resistance training program 4 times/week for 28 days while either ingesting 27 g/day of carbohydrate (CARB) or NO-Shotgun® 30 min pre-exercise and 27 g/day of carbohydrate or NO- Synthesize® 30 min post-exercise (NOSS). Data were analyzed with separate 2 × 2 ANOVA (p < 0.05). Results Total body mass was increased in both groups (p = 0.001), but not different between groups. Fat mass was unchanged with CARB, but NOSS decreased fat mass (p = 0.026). Both groups increased fat-free mass (p = 0.001); however, the increases were greater with NOSS (p = 0.023). NOSS underwent greater increases in upper-body (p = 0.023) and lower-body (p = 0.035) strength than CARB. Myofibrillar protein significantly increased in both groups (p = 0.041), with NOSS being greater than CARB (p = 0.049). All of the MHC isoforms were significantly increased in both groups; however, NOSS was greater than CARB for MHC 1 (p = 0.013) and MHC 2A (p = 0.046). All of the myogenic regulatory factors were significantly increased in both groups; however, NOSS was greater than CARB for Myo-D (p = 0.038) and MRF-4 (p = 0.001). For the whole blood and serum clinical chemistry markers, all variables remained within normal clinical ranges. Conclusions Heavy resistance training for 28 days, with NO-Shotgun® and NO-Synthesize® ingested before and after exercise, respectively, significantly improved body composition and increased muscle mass and performance without abnormally impacting any of the clinical chemistry markers.
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Landau D, Biada J, Chen Y, Sood S, Yakar S, Leroith D, Segev Y, Rabkin R. A marked deficiency in circulating and renal IGF-I peptide does not inhibit compensatory renal enlargement in uninephrectomized mice. Growth Horm IGF Res 2011; 21:279-284. [PMID: 21862442 PMCID: PMC5488277 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2011.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Revised: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Increase in kidney IGF-I levels due to its increased trapping from the circulation was hypothesized to be a key mediator of compensatory renal enlargement. We tested this hypothesis using genetically engineered mice with extremely low circulating IGF-I levels. DESIGN Both IGF-I deficient (ID) and normal (N) mice underwent a uninephrectomy (UNx) and sacrificed 2 or 9days later. RESULTS Initial body weight (BW) and kidney weight (KW) were significantly reduced in ID vs. N mice, while KW/BW ratios were similar. KW increased post-UNx to a comparable extent in ID and N mice (125±4 and 118±6% of pre-UNx KW, p<0.05 vs. C). Kidney IGF-I mRNA levels were similar in the ID and N mice and did not change post-UNx. Kidney IGF-I peptide levels pre-UNx were significantly lower in ID vs. N mice (25±5 vs. 305±39ng/g) and increased in both groups after UNx, remaining low in ID mice (45±4 in ID vs 561±64ng/g in N). IGF type 1 receptor phosphorylation was unchanged. CONCLUSION While a severe deficiency of circulating IGF-I impairs body growth, UNx induces a significant and proportional increase in renal mass in ID mice despite markedly decreased kidney IGF-I levels (>90% reduction) and no significant change in receptor phosphorylation. This all suggests that factors other than circulating and locally produced IGF-I are responsible for compensatory renal enlargement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Landau
- Department of Pediatrics, Soroka Medical Center, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To highlight recent breakthroughs and controversies in the use of myoblast models to uncover cellular and molecular mechanisms regulating skeletal muscle hypertrophy and atrophy. RECENT FINDINGS Myoblast cultures provide key mechanistic models of the signalling and molecular pathways potentially employed by skeletal muscle in-vivo to regulate hypertrophy and atrophy. Recently the controversy as to whether insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I is important in hypertrophy following mechanical stimuli vs. alternative pathways has been hotly debated and is discussed. The role of myostatin in myoblast models of atrophy and interactions between protein synthetic pathways including Akt/mTOR and the 'atrogenes' are explored. SUMMARY Targeted in-vivo experimentation directed by skeletal muscle cell culture and bioengineering (three-dimensional skeletal muscle cell culture models) will provide key biomimetic and mechanistic data regarding hypertrophy and atrophy and thus enable the development of important strategies for tackling muscle wasting associated with ageing and disease processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam P Sharples
- Muscle Cellular and Molecular Physiology Research Group (MCMP), Institute for Sport and Physical Activity Research Bedford, UK.
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Miyazaki M, McCarthy JJ, Fedele MJ, Esser KA. Early activation of mTORC1 signalling in response to mechanical overload is independent of phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt signalling. J Physiol 2011; 589:1831-46. [PMID: 21300751 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2011.205658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) functions as a central integrator of a wide range of signals that modulate protein metabolism and cell growth. However, the contributions of individual pathways regulating mTORC1 activity in skeletal muscle are poorly defined. The purpose of this study was to determine the regulatory mechanisms that contribute to mTORC1 activation during mechanical overload-induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Consistent with previous studies, mechanical overload induced progressive hypertrophy of the plantaris muscle which was associated with significant increases in total RNA content and protein metabolism. mTORC1 was activated after a single day of overload as indicated by a significant increase in S6K1 phosphorylation at T389 and T421/S424. In contrast, Akt activity, as assessed by Akt phosphorylation status (T308 and S473), phosphorylation of direct downstream targets (glycogen synthase kinase 3 β, proline-rich Akt substrate 40 kDa and tuberous sclerosis 2 (TSC2)) and a kinase assay, was not significantly increased until 2–3 days of overload. Inhibition of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) activity by wortmannin was sufficient to block insulin-dependent signalling but did not prevent the early activation of mTORC1 in response to overload. We identified that the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-dependent pathway was activated at day 1 after overload. In addition, a target of MEK/ERK signalling, phosphorylation of TSC2 at S664, was also increased at this early time point. These observations demonstrate that in vivo, mTORC1 activation at the early phase of mechanical overload in skeletal muscle occurs independently of PI3K/Akt signalling and provide evidence that the MEK/ERK pathway may contribute to mTORC1 activation through phosphorylation of TSC2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsunori Miyazaki
- Center for Muscle Biology, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, 800 Rose Street, UKMC MS508, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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Gregory SM, Headley SA, Germain M, Flyvbjerg A, Frystyk J, Coughlin MA, Milch CM, Sullivan S, Nindl BC. Lack of circulating bioactive and immunoreactive IGF-I changes despite improved fitness in chronic kidney disease patients following 48 weeks of physical training. Growth Horm IGF Res 2011; 21:51-56. [PMID: 21251861 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2010.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Revised: 12/09/2010] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE As known abnormalities exist in the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients, the measurement of bioactive IGF-I may provide further insight into the therapeutic potential of long-term exercise training. DESIGN Patients (N=21) with stages 3 and 4 CKD were recruited from a local nephrology practice in Springfield, MA and randomized into matched treatment and control groups. The treatment group participated in 48 weeks of supervised, progressive exercise training and dietary counseling, while the control group received only usual care. Treadmill testing, anthropometric measurements, and blood samples for analysis of immunoreactive IGF-I, IGF-II, IGFBP-1 and -2, and bioactive IGF-I were taken at baseline, 24 weeks, and 48 weeks. RESULTS There were no significant differences in any of the components of the IGF system (all p-values>0.05). Immunoreactive IGF-I levels correlated significantly with bioactive IGF-I at baseline (r=0.50, p=0.02) and at 48 weeks (r=0.64, p=0.01). There was a significant interaction between group and time for both VO(2peak) (p=0.03) and total treadmill time (TT) (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS Despite improvements in physical performance, a 48-week training program did not affect any of the circulating IGF system measurements. Disparities between these findings and those of other researchers reporting a biphasic response to long-term training may be explained by differences in study groups and exercise programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M Gregory
- Exercise Science Program, Department of Exercise Science and Sports Studies, Springfield College, Springfield, MA 01109, USA.
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Vinciguerra M, Hede M, Rosenthal N. Comments on Point:Counterpoint: IGF is/is not the major physiological regulator of muscle mass. IGF-1 is a major regulator of muscle mass during growth but not for adult myofiber hypertrophy. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2010; 108:1831. [PMID: 20527703 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00312.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Nindl BC, Alemany JA, Tuckow AP, Rarick KR, Staab JS, Kraemer WJ, Maresh CM, Spiering BA, Hatfield DL, Flyvbjerg A, Frystyk J. Circulating bioactive and immunoreactive IGF-I remain stable in women, despite physical fitness improvements after 8 weeks of resistance, aerobic, and combined exercise training. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2010; 109:112-20. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00025.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) is regulated by a number of IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs) and proteases that influence IGF-I bioactivity. A specific IGF-I kinase receptor activation assay (KIRA) has been developed that determines the ability of IGF-I to activate the IGF-I receptor by quantification of intracellular receptor autophosphorylation on IGF-I binding. KIRA-assessed IGF-I bioactivity has not been utilized within the context of chronic exercise training paradigms. This study measured total and free immunoreactive IGF-I, bioactive IGF-I, and IGFBP-1, -2, and -3 before (Pre), during (Mid), and after (Post) 8 wk of exercise training in young, healthy women, who were randomized into one of four groups: control ( n = 10), resistance ( n = 18), aerobic ( n = 13), and combined ( n = 15) exercise training. The training programs were effective in improving physical fitness specific to the exercise mode engaged in: increases were observed for lean mass (∼2%), aerobic fitness (6–7%), and upper (20–24%) and lower (15–48%) body strength (all P values < 0.05). By contrast, no time, group, or interaction effects were observed for the circulating IGF-I system, as immunoreactive total (Pre = 264 ± 16 μg/l; Mid = 268 ± 17 μg/l; Post = 271 ± 17 μg/l), free (Pre = 0.70 ± 0.1 μg/l; Mid = 0.63 ± 0.1 μg/l; Post = 0.63 ± 0.2 μg/l) and bioactive (Pre = 2.35 ± 0.3 μg/l; Mid = 2.25 ± 0.3 μg/l; Post = 2.33 ± 0.3 μg/l) IGF-I were unchanged throughout the study. All IGFBP measures were also unchanged. We conclude that increased lean mass, aerobic fitness, and upper and lower body strength resulting from an 8-wk exercise training programs can occur without concomitant increases in either circulating bioactive or immunoreactive IGF-I, as well as associated IGFBPs. In terms of reflecting positive anabolic neuromuscular outcomes, these data do not support a role for endocrine-derived IGF-I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley C. Nindl
- Military Performance Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts
| | - Joseph A. Alemany
- Military Performance Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts
| | - Alexander P. Tuckow
- Military Performance Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts
| | - Kevin R. Rarick
- Military Performance Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts
| | - Jeffery S. Staab
- Military Performance Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts
| | - William J. Kraemer
- Human Performance Laboratory, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut; and
| | - Carl M. Maresh
- Human Performance Laboratory, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut; and
| | - Barry A. Spiering
- Human Performance Laboratory, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut; and
| | - Disa L. Hatfield
- Human Performance Laboratory, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut; and
| | - Allan Flyvbjerg
- Medical Research Laboratories, Clinical Institute of Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jan Frystyk
- Medical Research Laboratories, Clinical Institute of Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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Stewart CE, Pell JM. POINT: IGF IS THE MAJOR PHYSIOLOGICAL REGULATOR OF MUSCLE MASS. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2010; 108:1820-1; discussion 1823-4; author reply 1832. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01246.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- C. E. Stewart
- Institute for Biomedical Research into Human Movement and Health Manchester, UK
| | - J. M. Pell
- The Babraham Institute Babraham Research Campus Babraham, Cambridge, UK
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REBUTTAL FROM FLUECK AND GOLDSPINK. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2010. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01246.2009c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Olmedillas H, Sanchis-Moysi J, Fuentes T, Guadalupe-Grau A, Ponce-González JG, Morales-Alamo D, Santana A, Dorado C, Calbet JAL, Guerra B. Muscle hypertrophy and increased expression of leptin receptors in the musculus triceps brachii of the dominant arm in professional tennis players. Eur J Appl Physiol 2010; 108:749-58. [PMID: 20187280 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-009-1281-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In rodents, endurance training increases leptin sensitivity in skeletal muscle; however, little is known about the effects of exercise on the leptin signalling system in human skeletal muscle. Thus, to determine whether chronic muscle loading increases leptin receptor (OB-R170) protein expression, body composition dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was assessed in nine professional male tennis players (24 +/- 4 years old) and muscle biopsies were obtained from the dominant (DTB) and non-dominant (NDTB) arm triceps brachii (TB), and also from the right vastus lateralis (VL). In each biopsy, the protein content of OB-R170, perilipin A, suppressor of cytokine signalling 3 (SOCS3), protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) phosphorylation were determined by western blot. The DTB had 15% greater lean mass (P < 0.05) and 62% greater OB-R170 protein expression (P < 0.05) than the NDTB. SOCS3 and PTP1B protein expression was similar in both arms, while STAT3 phosphorylation was reduced in the NDTB. OB-R170 protein content was also higher in DTB than in VL (P < 0.05). In summary, this study shows that the functional isoform of the leptin receptor is up-regulated in the hypertrophied TB. The latter combined with the fact that both SOCS3 and PTP1B protein expression were unaltered is compatible with increased leptin sensitivity in this muscle. Our findings are also consistent with a role of leptin signalling in muscle hypertrophy in healthy humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Olmedillas
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario de Tafira s/n, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Island, Spain
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