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Castel G, Alburkat H, Tatard C, Dutra L, Criado M, Bouilloud M, Pradel J, Sironen T, Charbonnel N. Puumala orthohantavirus circulation in its wild reservoir, the bank vole, during the 2021 outbreak of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in Jura, France. Infect Dis Now 2023; 53:104767. [PMID: 37562571 DOI: 10.1016/j.idnow.2023.104767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A large and unprecedented outbreak of an attenuated form of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome called nephropathia epidemica (NE) and caused by Puumala virus (PUUV) occurred in 2021 in the southern Jura Mountains (France) leading to numerous hospitalizations. The aim of this study was to investigate the circulation of PUUV in its animal reservoir at the time of this outbreak. METHODS We conjointly surveyed bank vole relative abundance, small mammal community composition, and PUUV circulation in bank voles (seroprevalence and genetic diversity) in the Jura NE epidemic area, between 2020 and 2022. RESULTS Trapping results showed a higher relative abundance of bank voles in 2021 compared to 2020 and 2022. Extremely high levels of PUUV seroprevalence in bank voles were found at the time of the human NE epidemic with seropositive animals trapped in almost all trap lines as of spring 2021. Genetic analyses of PUUV (S segment) gathered in 2021 at two sampling sites revealed a strong clustering of these strains within the "Jura" clade. No significant genetic variation was detected compared to what was already known to be circulating in the Jura region. CONCLUSION These results underline a need for enhanced monitoring of PUUV circulation in host reservoir populations in NE endemic areas. This would enable the relevant actors to better inform and sensitize the public on this zoonotic risk, and to implement prevention strategies in collaboration with physicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Castel
- CBGP, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Institut Agro, Université de Montpellier, France.
| | - Hussein Alburkat
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Caroline Tatard
- CBGP, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Institut Agro, Université de Montpellier, France
| | - Lara Dutra
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mathilde Criado
- CBGP, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Institut Agro, Université de Montpellier, France
| | - Marie Bouilloud
- CBGP, IRD, INRAE, CIRAD, Institut Agro, Université de Montpellier, France
| | - Julien Pradel
- CBGP, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Institut Agro, Université de Montpellier, France
| | - Tarja Sironen
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Wang YXG, Voutilainen L, Aminikhah M, Helle H, Huitu O, Laakkonen J, Lindén A, Niemimaa J, Sane J, Sironen T, Vapalahti O, Henttonen H, Kallio ER. The impact of wildlife and environmental factors on hantavirus infection in the host and its translation into human risk. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20222470. [PMID: 37040809 PMCID: PMC10089723 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.2470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Identifying factors that drive infection dynamics in reservoir host populations is essential in understanding human risk from wildlife-originated zoonoses. We studied zoonotic Puumala orthohantavirus (PUUV) in the host, the bank vole (Myodes glareolus), populations in relation to the host population, rodent and predator community and environment-related factors and whether these processes are translated into human infection incidence. We used 5-year rodent trapping and bank vole PUUV serology data collected from 30 sites located in 24 municipalities in Finland. We found that PUUV seroprevalence in the host was negatively associated with the abundance of red foxes, but this process did not translate into human disease incidence, which showed no association with PUUV seroprevalence. The abundance of weasels, the proportion of juvenile bank voles in the host populations and rodent species diversity were negatively associated with the abundance index of PUUV positive bank voles, which, in turn, showed a positive association with human disease incidence. Our results suggest certain predators, a high proportion of young bank vole individuals, and a diverse rodent community, may reduce PUUV risk for humans through their negative impacts on the abundance of infected bank voles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying X. G. Wang
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyvaskyla, 40014 Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Liina Voutilainen
- Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, 00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mahdi Aminikhah
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Heikki Helle
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyvaskyla, 40014 Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Otso Huitu
- Wildlife Ecology Group, Natural Resources Institute Finland, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juha Laakkonen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Andreas Lindén
- Wildlife Ecology Group, Natural Resources Institute Finland, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jukka Niemimaa
- Research infrastructure services, Natural Resources Institute Finland, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jussi Sane
- Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, 00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tarja Sironen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olli Vapalahti
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, 00029 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heikki Henttonen
- Wildlife Ecology Group, Natural Resources Institute Finland, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eva R. Kallio
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyvaskyla, 40014 Jyvaskyla, Finland
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Krug C, Rigaud E, Siby-Diakite D, Bénézet L, Papadopoulos P, de Valk H, Deffontaines G, Septfons A, Reynes JM. Seroprevalence of Hantavirus in Forestry Workers, Northern France, 2019-2020. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020338. [PMID: 36851558 PMCID: PMC9962707 DOI: 10.3390/v15020338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to estimate the seroprevalence of Puumala orthohantavirus (PUUV) among forestry workers in northern France, and to explore sociodemographic risk factors. We conducted a random cross-sectional seroprevalence survey among 1777 forestry workers in 2019-2020. The presence of immunoglobulin G against PUUV antigens in serum was assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and confirmed using immunofluorescence assay. Poisson regression models were used to explore factors associated with seropositivity. Weighted seroprevalence was 5% (3-6) in northeastern France, 4% (2-6) in north central France, and 1% in two regions located in the center of the country (Auvergne and Limousin). There were no seropositive workers detected in northwestern France. Seropositivity was associated with age, sex, and cumulative seniority in the forestry sector. Seroprevalence was highest in known endemic areas of the northeast and lowest in the northwest. Nevertheless, we found serological evidence of PUUV infection in two regions located in the center of the country, suggesting circulation of the virus in these regions, previously thought to be non-endemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Krug
- Santé Publique France, 94410 Saint-Maurice, France
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), 169 73 Solna, Sweden
| | - Emma Rigaud
- Caisse Centrale de la Mutualité Sociale Agricole, 93000 Bobigny, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jean-Marc Reynes
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, 75015 Paris, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-1-40-61-38-08
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4
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Castel G, Monchatre-Leroy E, López-Roig M, Murri S, Couteaudier M, Boué F, Augot D, Sauvage F, Pontier D, Hénaux V, Marianneau P, Serra-Cobo J, Tordo N. Puumala Virus Variants Circulating in Forests of Ardennes, France: Ten Years of Genetic Evolution. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10091164. [PMID: 34578197 PMCID: PMC8472060 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10091164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In Europe, Puumala virus (PUUV) transmitted by the bank vole (Myodes glareolus) is the causative agent of nephropathia epidemica (NE), a mild form of haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. In France, very little is known about the spatial and temporal variability of the virus circulating within bank vole populations. The present study involved monitoring of bank vole population dynamics and PUUV microdiversity over a ten-year period (2000–2009) in two forests of the Ardennes region: Elan and Croix-Scaille. Ardennes region is characterised by different environmental conditions associated with different NE epidemiology. Bank vole density and population parameters were estimated using the capture/marking/recapture method, and blood samples were collected to monitor the overall seroprevalence of PUUV in rodent populations. Phylogenetic analyses of fifty-five sequences were performed to illustrate the genetic diversity of PUUV variants between forests. The pattern of the two forests differed clearly. In the Elan forest, the rodent survival was higher, and this limited turn-over resulted in a lower seroprevalence and diversity of PUUV sequences than in the Croix-Scaille forest. Uncovering the links between host dynamics and virus microevolution is improving our understanding of PUUV distribution in rodents and the NE risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Castel
- CBGP, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, Université Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France
- Correspondence: (G.C.); (E.M.-L.)
| | - Elodie Monchatre-Leroy
- Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, ANSES, 54220 Malzeville, France;
- Correspondence: (G.C.); (E.M.-L.)
| | - Marc López-Roig
- Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (M.L.-R.); (J.S.-C.)
- Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Séverine Murri
- Lyon Laboratory, ANSES, Virology Unit, University of Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France; (S.M.); (P.M.)
| | - Mathilde Couteaudier
- INSERM U1259 MAVIVH, Université de Tours and CHRU de Tours, 37032 Tours, France;
| | - Franck Boué
- Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, ANSES, SEEpiAS Unit, 54220 Malzéville, France;
| | - Denis Augot
- Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, ANSES, 54220 Malzeville, France;
- USC Vecpar, ANSES-LSA, EA 7510, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, SFR Cap Santé, Faculté de Pharmacie, 51096 Reims, France
| | - Frank Sauvage
- SEENOVATE, 69002 Lyon, France;
- UMR–CNRS 5558 Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, Université C. Bernard Lyon-1, 69622 Villeurbanne, France;
| | - Dominique Pontier
- UMR–CNRS 5558 Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, Université C. Bernard Lyon-1, 69622 Villeurbanne, France;
- LabEx Ecofect, Eco-Evolutionary Dynamics of Infectious Diseases, University of Lyon, 69622 Lyon, France
| | - Viviane Hénaux
- Lyon Laboratory, ANSES, Epidemiology and support to Surveillance Unit, University of Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France;
| | - Philippe Marianneau
- Lyon Laboratory, ANSES, Virology Unit, University of Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France; (S.M.); (P.M.)
| | - Jordi Serra-Cobo
- Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (M.L.-R.); (J.S.-C.)
- Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Noël Tordo
- Institut Pasteur, Antiviral Strategies Unit, Department of Virology, 75015 Paris, France;
- Institut Pasteur de Guinée, Conakry BP 4416, Guinea
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Monchatre-Leroy E, Murri S, Castel G, Calavas D, Boué F, Hénaux V, Marianneau P. First insights into Puumala orthohantavirus circulation in a rodent population in Alsace, France. Zoonoses Public Health 2018; 65:540-551. [PMID: 29577655 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In-depth knowledge on the mechanisms that maintain infection by a zoonotic pathogen in an animal reservoir is the key to predicting and preventing transmission to humans. The Puumala orthohantavirus (PUUV), the most prevalent orthohantavirus in Western Europe, causes a mild form of haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in humans. In France, this endemic illness affects the north-eastern part of the country. We conducted a 4-year capture-mark-recapture study in a bank vole population, combined with molecular analyses, to explore the epidemiological situation of PUUV in Alsace, a French region where human cases have occurred, but for which no studies have been conducted on this reservoir host. PUUV-infected bank voles were detected in the 2 years that showed high bank vole density with a prevalence of 4%. The individual PUUV sequences identified in this study were similar from year to year and similar to other French sequences. On a very small spatial scale, the distribution of seropositive bank voles was very heterogeneous in time and space. The short distances travelled on average by bank voles resulted in spatial clusters of seropositive rodents, which spread only very gradually throughout the year.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - S Murri
- Laboratoire de Lyon, ANSES, Unité de virologie, Lyon, France
| | - G Castel
- CBGP, INRA, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - D Calavas
- Laboratoire de Lyon, ANSES, Unité d'épidémiologie, Lyon, France
| | - F Boué
- Laboratoire de la rage et de la Faune Sauvage, ANSES, Nancy, France
| | - V Hénaux
- Laboratoire de Lyon, ANSES, Unité d'épidémiologie, Lyon, France
| | - P Marianneau
- Laboratoire de Lyon, ANSES, Unité de virologie, Lyon, France
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6
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Monchatre-Leroy E, Crespin L, Boué F, Marianneau P, Calavas D, Hénaux V. Spatial and Temporal Epidemiology of Nephropathia Epidemica Incidence and Hantavirus Seroprevalence in Rodent Hosts: Identification of the Main Environmental Factors in Europe. Transbound Emerg Dis 2016; 64:1210-1228. [PMID: 26996739 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In Europe, the increasing number of nephropathia epidemica (NE) infections in humans, caused by Puumala virus carried by bank voles (Myodes glareolus), has triggered studies of environmental factors driving these infections. NE infections have been shown to occur in specific geographical areas characterized by environmental factors that influence the distribution and dynamics of host populations and virus persistence in the soil. Here, we review the influence of environmental conditions (including climate factors, food availability and habitat conditions) with respect to incidence in humans and seroprevalence in rodents, considering both direct and indirect transmission pathways. For each type of environmental factor, results and discrepancies between studies are presented and examined in the light of biological hypotheses. Overall, food availability and temperature appear to be the main drivers of host seroprevalence and NE incidence, but data quality and statistical approaches varied greatly among studies. We highlight the issues that now need to be addressed and suggest improvements for study design in regard to the current knowledge on hantavirus epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - L Crespin
- INRA, UR346 d'Epidémiologie Animale, F63122 Saint Genès Champanelle, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,CNRS, UMR5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, Villeurbanne, France
| | - F Boué
- Laboratoire de la rage et de la faune sauvage, ANSES, Nancy, France
| | - P Marianneau
- Unité de virologie, Laboratoire de Lyon, ANSES, Lyon, France
| | - D Calavas
- Unité d'épidémiologie, Laboratoire de Lyon, ANSES, Lyon, France
| | - V Hénaux
- Unité d'épidémiologie, Laboratoire de Lyon, ANSES, Lyon, France
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7
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Castel G, Couteaudier M, Sauvage F, Pons JB, Murri S, Plyusnina A, Pontier D, Cosson JF, Plyusnin A, Marianneau P, Tordo N. Complete Genome and Phylogeny of Puumala Hantavirus Isolates Circulating in France. Viruses 2015; 7:5476-88. [PMID: 26506370 PMCID: PMC4632392 DOI: 10.3390/v7102884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Puumala virus (PUUV) is the agent of nephropathia epidemica (NE), a mild form of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in Europe. NE incidence presents a high spatial variation throughout France, while the geographical distribution of the wild reservoir of PUUV, the bank vole, is rather continuous. A missing piece of the puzzle is the current distribution and the genetic variation of PUUV in France, which has been overlooked until now and remains poorly understood. During a population survey, from 2008 to 2011, bank voles were trapped in eight different forests of France located in areas known to be endemic for NE or in area from where no NE case has been reported until now. Bank voles were tested for immunoglobulin (Ig)G ELISA serology and two seropositive animals for each of three different areas (Ardennes, Jura and Orleans) were then subjected to laboratory analyses in order to sequence the whole S, M and L segments of PUUV. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that French PUUV isolates globally belong to the central European (CE) lineage although isolates from Ardennes are clearly distinct from those in Jura and Orleans, suggesting a different evolutionary history and origin of PUUV introduction in France. Sequence analyses revealed specific amino acid signatures along the N protein, including in PUUV from the Orleans region from where NE in humans has never been reported. The relevance of these mutations in term of pathophysiology is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Castel
- INRA-UMR 1062 CBGP, 755 Avenue Campus Agropolis, CS30016, 34988 Montferrier sur Lez, France.
- Institut de Biologie Computationnelle, 34095 Montpellier, France.
| | | | - Frank Sauvage
- CNRS-Université Lyon 1, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive (UMR5558), F-69622 Villeurbanne, France.
- LabEx ECOFECT Ecoevolutionary Dynamics of Infectious Diseases, 69622 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Jean-Baptiste Pons
- CNRS-Université Lyon 1, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive (UMR5558), F-69622 Villeurbanne, France.
- LabEx ECOFECT Ecoevolutionary Dynamics of Infectious Diseases, 69622 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Séverine Murri
- ANSES-Laboratoire de Lyon, Unité Virologie, 31 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France.
| | - Angelina Plyusnina
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland.
| | - Dominique Pontier
- CNRS-Université Lyon 1, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive (UMR5558), F-69622 Villeurbanne, France.
- LabEx ECOFECT Ecoevolutionary Dynamics of Infectious Diseases, 69622 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Jean-François Cosson
- INRA-UMR 1062 CBGP, 755 Avenue Campus Agropolis, CS30016, 34988 Montferrier sur Lez, France.
- INRA-UMR Bipar, 23 Av. Général de Gaulle, 94706 Maisons-Alfort, France.
| | - Alexander Plyusnin
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland.
| | - Philippe Marianneau
- ANSES-Laboratoire de Lyon, Unité Virologie, 31 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France.
| | - Noël Tordo
- Institut Pasteur, Unité des Stratégies Antivirales, WHO collaborative Centre for Viral Haemorrhagic Fevers and Arboviruses, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France.
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Khalil H, Hörnfeldt B, Evander M, Magnusson M, Olsson G, Ecke F. Dynamics and drivers of hantavirus prevalence in rodent populations. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2015; 14:537-51. [PMID: 25072983 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2013.1562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human encroachment on wildlife habitats has contributed to the emergence of several zoonoses. Pathogenic hantaviruses are hosted by rodents and cause severe diseases in the Americas and Eurasia. We reviewed several factors that potentially drive prevalence (the proportion of infected rodents) in host populations. These include demography, behavior, host density, small mammal diversity, predation, and habitat and landscape characteristics. This review is the first to include a quantitative summary of the literature investigating hantavirus prevalence in rodents. Demographic structure and density were investigated the most and predation the least. Reported effects of demographic structure and small mammal diversity were consistent, whereby reproductive males were most likely to be infected and prevalence decreased with small mammal diversity. The influences of habitat and landscape properties are often complex and indirect. The relationship between density and prevalence merits more investigation. Most hantavirus hosts are habitat generalists and their control is challenging. Incorporating all potential factors and their interactions is essential to understanding and controlling infection in host populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein Khalil
- 1 Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences , Umeå, Sweden
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A Comparison between Transcriptome Sequencing and 16S Metagenomics for Detection of Bacterial Pathogens in Wildlife. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003929. [PMID: 26284930 PMCID: PMC4540314 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rodents are major reservoirs of pathogens responsible for numerous zoonotic diseases in humans and livestock. Assessing their microbial diversity at both the individual and population level is crucial for monitoring endemic infections and revealing microbial association patterns within reservoirs. Recently, NGS approaches have been employed to characterize microbial communities of different ecosystems. Yet, their relative efficacy has not been assessed. Here, we compared two NGS approaches, RNA-Sequencing (RNA-Seq) and 16S-metagenomics, assessing their ability to survey neglected zoonotic bacteria in rodent populations. Methodology/Principal Findings We first extracted nucleic acids from the spleens of 190 voles collected in France. RNA extracts were pooled, randomly retro-transcribed, then RNA-Seq was performed using HiSeq. Assembled bacterial sequences were assigned to the closest taxon registered in GenBank. DNA extracts were analyzed via a 16S-metagenomics approach using two sequencers: the 454 GS-FLX and the MiSeq. The V4 region of the gene coding for 16S rRNA was amplified for each sample using barcoded universal primers. Amplicons were multiplexed and processed on the distinct sequencers. The resulting datasets were de-multiplexed, and each read was processed through a pipeline to be taxonomically classified using the Ribosomal Database Project. Altogether, 45 pathogenic bacterial genera were detected. The bacteria identified by RNA-Seq were comparable to those detected by 16S-metagenomics approach processed with MiSeq (16S-MiSeq). In contrast, 21 of these pathogens went unnoticed when the 16S-metagenomics approach was processed via 454-pyrosequencing (16S-454). In addition, the 16S-metagenomics approaches revealed a high level of coinfection in bank voles. Conclusions/Significance We concluded that RNA-Seq and 16S-MiSeq are equally sensitive in detecting bacteria. Although only the 16S-MiSeq method enabled identification of bacteria in each individual reservoir, with subsequent derivation of bacterial prevalence in host populations, and generation of intra-reservoir patterns of bacterial interactions. Lastly, the number of bacterial reads obtained with the 16S-MiSeq could be a good proxy for bacterial prevalence. The majority of human pathogens are of animal origin, i.e. zoonoses; both domestic and wild animals act as host reservoirs. Epidemiological surveys of wildlife may help to predict, prevent and control putative episodes of emerging zoonoses. Microbial diversity and their interactions at both the individual and population level may influence epidemiological infections. Developing generic approaches able to simultaneously detect multiple pathogens without any a priori information becomes essential. Here, we assess the relative efficacy of distinct next-generation sequencing (NGS) approaches to survey neglected zoonotic bacteria in rodent populations: RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) and 16S-metagenomics, with the latter resolved via two sequencing techniques, 454-pyrosequencing and MiSeq. The resulting data generated a thorough inventory of zoonotic bacteria in the rodent sample without any previous knowledge of their presence. We concluded that RNA-Seq and 16S-MiSeq are equally sensitive in bacterial genus detection. Nevertheless, only the 16S approach was able to determine bacterial diversity in each individual, which then permitted the derivation of bacterial prevalence and interaction patterns within host populations. We are persuaded that NGS techniques are very affordable candidates and could become routine approaches in future large-scale epidemiological studies.
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Haredasht SA, Taylor CJ, Maes P, Verstraeten WW, Clement J, Barrios M, Lagrou K, Van Ranst M, Coppin P, Berckmans D, Aerts JM. Model-Based Prediction of Nephropathia Epidemica Outbreaks Based on Climatological and Vegetation Data and Bank Vole Population Dynamics. Zoonoses Public Health 2012; 60:461-77. [DOI: 10.1111/zph.12021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Heyman P, Thoma BR, Marié JL, Cochez C, Essbauer SS. In Search for Factors that Drive Hantavirus Epidemics. Front Physiol 2012; 3:237. [PMID: 22934002 PMCID: PMC3429022 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In Europe, hantaviruses (Bunyaviridae) are small mammal-associated zoonotic and emerging pathogens that can cause hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS). Puumala virus, the main etiological agent carried by the bank vole Myodes glareolus is responsible for a mild form of HFRS while Dobrava virus induces less frequent but more severe cases of HFRS. Since 2000 in Europe, more than 3000 cases of HFRS have been recorded, in average, each year, which is nearly double compared to the previous decade. In addition to this upside long-term trend, significant oscillations occur. Epidemic years appear, usually every 2-4 years, with an increased incidence, generally in localized hot spots. Moreover, the virus has been identified in new areas in the recent years. A great number of surveys have been carried out in order to assess the prevalence of the infection in the reservoir host and to identify links with different biotic and abiotic factors. The factors that drive the infections are related to the density and diversity of bank vole populations, prevalence of infection in the reservoir host, viral excretion in the environment, survival of the virus outside its host, and human behavior, which affect the main transmission virus route through inhalation of infected rodent excreta. At the scale of a rodent population, the prevalence of the infection increases with the age of the individuals but also other parameters, such as sex and genetic variability, interfere. The contamination of the environment may be correlated to the number of newly infected rodents, which heavily excrete the virus. The interactions between these different parameters add to the complexity of the situation and explain the absence of reliable tools to predict epidemics. In this review, the factors that drive the epidemics of hantaviruses in Middle Europe are discussed through a panorama of the epidemiological situation in Belgium, France, and Germany.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Heyman
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Research Laboratory for Vector-Borne Diseases, Queen Astrid Military Hospital Brussels, Belgium
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12
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Klein TA, Kim HC, Chong ST, O'Guinn ML, Lee JS, Turell MJ, Sames WJ, Gu SH, Kang HJ, Moon S, Lee SY, Chun Y, Song JW. Hantaan virus surveillance in small mammals at firing points 10 and 60, Yeoncheon, Gyeonggi Province, Republic of Korea. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2012; 12:674-82. [PMID: 22607077 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2011.0618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
We used epidemiological data and indirect fluorescent antibody tests to determine the Hantaan virus (HTNV) antibody-positive (Ab+) prevalence in small mammals captured at firing point 10 (FP-10) and firing point 60 (FP-60), Gyeonggi Province, near the demilitarized zone, Republic of Korea (ROK), from 2001 to 2005. We used these data, combined with the partial M segment amplified from HTNV recovered from lung tissues of Apodemus agrarius, to clarify the genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships among HTNV strains in the ROK. Of the eight species of rodents and one insectivore species captured, A. agrarius accounted for 93.4% and 88.5% at FP-10 and FP-60, respectively. Only two species of rodents, A. agrarius and Micromys minutus, were HTNV Ab+. The overall HTNV Ab+ prevalence for A. agrarius captured at FP-10 and FP-60 was 23.3% (121/520) and 14.5% (94/647), respectively. The hantaviral reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction-positive rate of Ab+ A. agrarius was 74.2% (167/215), and the phylogenetic trees, based on the 269-nucleotide G2-encoding M segment, demonstrated that HTNV strains from FP-10 and FP-60 were distantly segregated from HTNV of other geographic regions in Korea and China. These data are useful in the development of risk reduction strategies for the prevention of hantavirus infections among military personnel, especially during training or the event of hostilities, and civilian populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry A Klein
- Force Health Protection and Preventive Medicine, 65th Medical Brigade/USAMEDDAC-Korea, Unit 15281, APO AP 96205-5281
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13
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Guivier E, Galan M, Chaval Y, Xuéreb A, Ribas Salvador A, Poulle ML, Voutilainen L, Henttonen H, Charbonnel N, Cosson JF. Landscape genetics highlights the role of bank vole metapopulation dynamics in the epidemiology of Puumala hantavirus. Mol Ecol 2011; 20:3569-83. [PMID: 21819469 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2011.05199.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Rodent host dynamics and dispersal are thought to be critical for hantavirus epidemiology as they determine pathogen persistence and transmission within and between host populations. We used landscape genetics to investigate how the population dynamics of the bank vole Myodes glareolus, the host of Puumala hantavirus (PUUV), vary with forest fragmentation and influence PUUV epidemiology. We sampled vole populations within the Ardennes, a French PUUV endemic area. We inferred demographic features such as population size, isolation and migration with regard to landscape configuration. We next analysed the influence of M. glareolus population dynamics on PUUV spatial distribution. Our results revealed that the global metapopulation dynamics of bank voles were strongly shaped by landscape features, including suitable patch size and connectivity. Large effective size in forest might therefore contribute to the higher observed levels of PUUV prevalence. By contrast, populations from hedge networks highly suffered from genetic drift and appeared strongly isolated from all other populations. This might result in high probabilities of local extinction for both M. glareolus and PUUV. Besides, we detected signatures of asymmetric bank vole migration from forests to hedges. These movements were likely to sustain PUUV in fragmented landscapes. In conclusion, our study provided arguments in favour of source-sink dynamics shaping PUUV persistence and spread in heterogeneous, Western European temperate landscapes. It illustrated the potential contribution of landscape genetics to the understanding of the epidemiological processes occurring at this local scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Guivier
- INRA, UMR CBGP, Campus international de Baillarguet, CS 30016, F-34988 Montferrier-sur-Lez Cedex, France
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14
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Olsson GE, Leirs H, Henttonen H. Hantaviruses and their hosts in Europe: reservoirs here and there, but not everywhere? Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2010; 10:549-61. [PMID: 20795916 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2009.0138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Five hantaviruses are known to circulate among rodents in Europe, and at least two among insectivores. Four (Dobrava, Saaremaa, Seoul, and Puumala [PUUV] viruses) are clearly associated with hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS). PUUV, the most common etiological agent of HFRS in Europe, is carried by the bank vole (Myodes glareolus), one of the most widespread and abundant mammal species in Europe. This host-virus system is among hantaviruses also the most studied one in Europe. However, HFRS incidence varies throughout the continent. The spatial as well as temporal variation in the occurrence of HFRS is linked to geographic differences in the population dynamics of the reservoir rodents in different biomes of Europe. While rodent abundance may follow mast seeding events in many parts of temperate Europe, in northern (N) Europe multiannual cycles in population density exist as the result of the interaction between rodent populations and specialist predator populations in a delayed density-dependent manner. The spatial distribution of hantaviruses further depends on parameters such as forest patch size and connectivity of the most suitable rodent habitats, and the conditions for the survival of the virus outside the host, as well as historical distribution patterns (phylogeographies) of hosts and viruses. In multiannually fluctuating populations of rodents, with population increases of great amplitude, one should expect a simultaneous build-up of recently hantavirus-infected (shedding) rodents. The increasing number of infectious, virus-shedding rodents leads to a rapid transmission of hantavirus across the rodent population, and to humans. Our review discusses these aspects for PUUV, the only European hantavirus for which there is a reasonable, yet still far from complete, ecological continental-wide understanding. We discuss how this information could translate to other European hantavirus-host systems, and where the most important questions lie for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gert E Olsson
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden.
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Kallio ER, Begon M, Henttonen H, Koskela E, Mappes T, Vaheri A, Vapalahti O. Hantavirus infections in fluctuating host populations: the role of maternal antibodies. Proc Biol Sci 2010; 277:3783-91. [PMID: 20591866 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2010.1022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Infected females may transfer maternal antibodies (MatAbs) to their offspring, which may then be transiently protected against infections the mother has encountered. However, the role of maternal protection in infectious disease dynamics in wildlife has largely been neglected. Here, we investigate the effects of Puumala hantavirus (PUUV)-specific MatAbs on PUUV dynamics, using 7 years' data from a cyclic bank vole population in Finland. For the first time to our knowledge, we partition seropositivity data from a natural population into separate dynamic patterns for MatAbs and infection. The likelihood of young of the year carrying PUUV-specific MatAbs during the breeding season correlated positively with infection prevalence in the overwintered parent population in the preceding spring. The probability of PUUV infection varied between seasons (highest in spring, lowest in late summer) and depended on population structure, but was also, in late autumn, notably, negatively related to summer MatAb prevalence, as well as to infection prevalence earlier in the breeding season. Hence, our results suggest that high infection prevalence in the early breeding season leads to a high proportion of transiently immune young individuals, which causes delays in transmission. This suggests, in turn, that MatAb protection has the potential to affect infection dynamics in natural populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva R Kallio
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK.
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16
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Abstract
Hantaviruses are enzootic viruses that maintain persistent infections in their rodent hosts without apparent disease symptoms. The spillover of these viruses to humans can lead to one of two serious illnesses, hantavirus pulmonary syndrome and hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. In recent years, there has been an improved understanding of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and natural history of these viruses following an increase in the number of outbreaks in the Americas. In this review, current concepts regarding the ecology of and disease associated with these serious human pathogens are presented. Priorities for future research suggest an integration of the ecology and evolution of these and other host-virus ecosystems through modeling and hypothesis-driven research with the risk of emergence, host switching/spillover, and disease transmission to humans.
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Faria NR, de Vries M, van Hemert FJ, Benschop K, van der Hoek L. Rooting human parechovirus evolution in time. BMC Evol Biol 2009; 9:164. [PMID: 19604368 PMCID: PMC2723090 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-9-164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2008] [Accepted: 07/15/2009] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Picornaviridae family contains a number of important pathogenic viruses, among which the recently reclassified human parechoviruses (HPeVs). These viruses are widespread and can be grouped in several types. Understanding the evolutionary history of HPeV could answer questions such as how long the circulating lineages last shared a common ancestor and how the evolution of this viral species is shaped by its population dynamics. Using both strict and relaxed clock Bayesian phylogenetics we investigated 1) the substitutions rates of the structural P1 and capsid VP1 regions and 2) evolutionary timescale of currently circulating HPeV lineages. RESULTS Our estimates reveal that human parechoviruses exhibit high substitution rates for both structural P1 and capsid VP1 regions, respectively 2.21 x 10(-3) (0.48 - 4.21 x 10(-3)) and 2.79 x 10(-3) (2.05 - 3.66 x 10(-3)) substitutions per site per year. These are within the range estimated for other picornaviruses. By employing a constant population size coalescent prior, the date of the most recent common ancestor was estimated to be at around 1600 (1427-1733). In addition, by looking at the frequency of synonymous and non-synonymous substitutions within the VP1 gene we show that purifying selection constitutes the dominating evolutionary force leading to strong amino acid conservation. CONCLUSION In conclusion, our estimates provide a timescale for the evolution of HPeVs and suggest that genetic diversity of current circulating HPeV types has arisen about 400 years ago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno R Faria
- Department of Medical Microbiology, CINIMA, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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18
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Environmental and ecological potential for enzootic cycles of Puumala hantavirus in Great Britain. Epidemiol Infect 2009; 138:91-8. [PMID: 19563697 DOI: 10.1017/s095026880999029x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Puumala virus (PUUV) is a zoonotic rodent-borne hantavirus in continental Europe. Its reservoir host, the bank vole (Myodes glareolus), is ubiquitous in Great Britain (GB); however, there has been no reported incidence of virus in either animals or humans. In northwest Europe, increases in bank vole numbers, stimulated by increases in production of beech/oak crops (mast), are associated with outbreaks of nephropathia epidemica (NE) in humans. These so-called 'mast years' are determined by sequential climatic events. This paper investigates the contribution of a number of ecological and environmental factors driving outbreaks of PUUV in northwest Europe and assesses whether such factors might also permit enzootic PUUV circulation in GB. Analysis of GB climate data, using regression models, confirms that mast years in GB are stimulated, and can be predicted, by the same climatic events as mast years in PUUV-endemic regions of northwest Europe. A number of other possible non-climatic constraints on enzootic cycles are discussed.
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Nephropathia epidemica and leptospirosis in Champagne-Ardenne, France: comparison of clinical, biological and epidemiological profiles. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2009; 28:825-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10096-009-0716-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2008] [Accepted: 02/03/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Clement J, Vercauteren J, Verstraeten WW, Ducoffre G, Barrios JM, Vandamme AM, Maes P, Van Ranst M. Relating increasing hantavirus incidences to the changing climate: the mast connection. Int J Health Geogr 2009; 8:1. [PMID: 19149870 PMCID: PMC2642778 DOI: 10.1186/1476-072x-8-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2008] [Accepted: 01/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nephropathia epidemica (NE), an emerging rodent-borne viral disease, has become the most important cause of infectious acute renal failure in Belgium, with sharp increases in incidence occurring for more than a decade. Bank voles are the rodent reservoir of the responsible hantavirus and are known to display cyclic population peaks. We tried to relate these peaks to the cyclic NE outbreaks observed since 1993. Our hypothesis was that the ecological causal connection was the staple food source for voles, being seeds of deciduous broad-leaf trees, commonly called "mast". We also examined whether past temperature and precipitation preceding "mast years" were statistically linked to these NE outbreaks. RESULTS Since 1993, each NE peak is immediately preceded by a mast year, resulting in significantly higher NE case numbers during these peaks (Spearman R = -0.82; P = 0.034). NE peaks are significantly related to warmer autumns the year before (R = 0.51; P < 0.001), hotter summers two years before (R = 0.32; P < 0.001), but also to colder (R = -0.25; P < 0.01) and more moist summers (R = 0.39; P < 0.001) three years before. Summer correlations were even more pronounced, when only July was singled out as the most representative summer month. CONCLUSION NE peaks in year 0 are induced by abundant mast formation in year-1, facilitating bank vole survival during winter, thus putting the local human population at risk from the spring onwards of year 0. This bank vole survival is further promoted by higher autumn temperatures in year-1, whereas mast formation itself is primed by higher summer temperatures in year-2. Both summer and autumn temperatures have been rising to significantly higher levels during recent years, explaining the virtually continuous epidemic state since 2005 of a zoonosis, considered rare until recently. Moreover, in 2007 a NE peak and an abundant mast formation occurred for the first time within the same year, thus forecasting yet another record NE incidence for 2008. We therefore predict that with the anticipated climate changes due to global warming, NE might become a highly endemic disease in Belgium and surrounding countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Clement
- Hantavirus Reference Center, Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Rega Institute, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Piechotowski I, Brockmann SO, Schwarz C, Winter CH, Ranft U, Pfaff G. Emergence of hantavirus in South Germany: rodents, climate and human infections. Parasitol Res 2008; 103 Suppl 1:S131-7. [PMID: 19030895 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-008-1055-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2008] [Accepted: 05/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Human hantavirus (serotype Puumala) infections are prevalent throughout Europe. The bank vole is the main reservoir of the Puumala virus (PUUV). Between 2001 and 2006, the annual incidences in Germany ranged from 0.1 to 0.5 per 100,000 inhabitants. About half of the cases were reported from the state of Baden-Württemberg (BW) in southwest Germany. In 2007, 1,089 PUUV infections were reported from BW. This reflects an incidence of 10.1:100,000, which is more than 11 times higher than the mean incidence of the previous 6 years. Spatial analysis highlights incidences up to 90:100,000 in the most affected district. The winter season 2006/2007 showed an all time high in reported mean temperature. The previous summer and autumn led to a beech mast year, resulting in favourable feed conditions for bank voles in the winter season 2006/2007. The causes of the observed increase in PUUV infections in 2007 cannot be restricted to known cycles in the bank vole population. Favourable feed conditions, a mild winter and an early onset of spring may have influenced bank vole population size as well as human exposure to infectious rodent excretions. Further epidemiologic studies are necessary to better understand the interaction between environmental factors, occurrence of Puumala virus in bank voles and the risk for human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isolde Piechotowski
- Baden-Württemberg State Health Office (Landesgesundheitsamt Baden-Württemberg), District of Stuttgart Government, Stuttgart, Germany
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Tersago K, Schreurs A, Linard C, Verhagen R, Van Dongen S, Leirs H. Population, environmental, and community effects on local bank vole (Myodes glareolus) Puumala virus infection in an area with low human incidence. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2008; 8:235-44. [PMID: 18370592 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2007.0160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the distribution of Puumala hantavirus (PUUV) infection in local bank vole Myodes glareolus populations in an area with low human PUUV infection (nephropathia epidemica [NE]) incidence in northern Belgium was monitored for 2 consecutive years. Bank voles were trapped in preferred habitat and tested for anti-PUUV IgG. Infection data were related to individual bank vole features, population demography, and environmental variables. Rare occurrence of PUUV infection was found and PUUV prevalence was low compared with data from the high NE incidence area in southern Belgium. Small-scale climatic differences seemed to play a role in PUUV occurrence, vegetation index and deciduous forest patch size both influenced PUUV prevalence and number of infected voles in a positive way. The data suggested a density threshold in vole populations below which PUUV infection does not occur. This threshold may vary between years, but the abundance of bank voles does not seem to affect the degree of PUUV seroprevalence further. We found indications for a dilution effect on PUUV prevalence, dependent on the relative proportion of nonhost wood mice Apodemus sylvaticus in a study site. In conclusion, we regard the combination of a dilution effect, a possible threshold density that depends on local conditions, and a higher fragmentation of suitable bank vole habitat in our study area as plausible explanations for the sparse occurrence of PUUV infection and low prevalence detected. Thus, beside human activity patterns, local environmental conditions and rodent community structure are also likely to play a role in determining PUUV infection risk for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Tersago
- Department of Biology, Research Group of Evolutionary Ecology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Spatial and temporal patterning of bank vole demography and the epidemiology of the Puumala hantavirus in northeastern France. Epidemiol Infect 2008; 136:1638-43. [PMID: 18325126 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268808000423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological data from bank voles, Myodes glareolus, naturally infected by the hantavirus Puumala (PUUV) were collected by a capture-mark-recapture protocol from 2000 to 2002 in the French department of Ardennes. Four monitored trapping sites were established in two forests located in two cantons (Flize and Monthermé). We captured 912 bank voles corresponding to 557 different individuals during 8820 trapping nights for an overall trapping success of 10.34%. The average PUUV seroprevalence was 22.4%. Characteristics of the system reported in North European countries are confirmed in France. PUUV seroprevalence and abundance of rodents appeared weakly linked. Adult voles were more frequently antibody-positive, but no difference between sexes was established. Anti-PUUV seropositive voles were captured and high seroprevalence was observed from both forests, without human infection reported in Flize canton during the study. One site among the four exhibited peculiar infection dynamics, where vole weight and infection risk were negatively correlated.
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Linard C, Tersago K, Leirs H, Lambin EF. Environmental conditions and Puumala virus transmission in Belgium. Int J Health Geogr 2007; 6:55. [PMID: 18078526 PMCID: PMC2234401 DOI: 10.1186/1476-072x-6-55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2007] [Accepted: 12/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-vector-borne zoonoses such as Puumala hantavirus (PUUV) can be transmitted directly, by physical contact between infected and susceptible hosts, or indirectly, with the environment as an intermediate. The objective of this study is to better understand the causal link between environmental features and PUUV prevalence in bank vole population in Belgium, and hence with transmission risk to humans. Our hypothesis was that environmental conditions controlling the direct and indirect transmission paths differ, such that the risk of transmission to humans is not only determined by host abundance. We explored the relationship between, on one hand, environmental variables and, on the other hand, host abundance, PUUV prevalence in the host, and human cases of nephropathia epidemica (NE). Statistical analyses were carried out on 17 field sites situated in Belgian broadleaf forests. RESULTS Linear regressions showed that landscape attributes, particularly landscape configuration, influence the abundance of hosts in broadleaf forests. Based on logistic regressions, we show that PUUV prevalence among bank voles is more linked to variables favouring the survival of the virus in the environment, and thus the indirect transmission: low winter temperatures are strongly linked to prevalence among bank voles, and high soil moisture is linked to the number of NE cases among humans. The transmission risk to humans therefore depends on the efficiency of the indirect transmission path. Human risk behaviours, such as the propensity for people to go in forest areas that best support the virus, also influence the number of human cases. CONCLUSION The transmission risk to humans of non-vector-borne zoonoses such as PUUV depends on a combination of various environmental factors. To understand the complex causal pathways between the environment and disease risk, one should distinguish between environmental factors related to the abundance of hosts such as land-surface attributes, landscape configuration, and climate - i.e., host ecology, - and environmental factors related to PUUV prevalence, mainly winter temperatures and soil moisture - i.e., virus ecology. Beyond a threshold abundance of hosts, environmental factors favouring the indirect transmission path (soil and climate) can better predict the number of NE cases among humans than factors influencing the abundance of hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Linard
- Department of Geography, Université Catholique de Louvain, Place Pasteur 3, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Katrien Tersago
- Research group of Evolutionary Biology, University of Antwerp, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Herwig Leirs
- Research group of Evolutionary Biology, University of Antwerp, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
- Danish Pest Infestation Laboratory, University of Aarhus, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Eric F Lambin
- Department of Geography, Université Catholique de Louvain, Place Pasteur 3, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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Fichet-Calvet E, Lecompte E, Koivogui L, Soropogui B, Doré A, Kourouma F, Sylla O, Daffis S, Koulémou K, Ter Meulen J. Fluctuation of abundance and Lassa virus prevalence in Mastomys natalensis in Guinea, West Africa. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2007; 7:119-28. [PMID: 17627428 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2006.0520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on empiric surveillance data, the incidence of human Lassa fever (LF) cases in Guinea and other West African countries has been reported to increase during the dry season compared to the rainy season. To investigate possible links with the ecology of the rodent reservoir of the virus, we conducted a 2-year longitudinal survey of Mastomys natalensis in a region of high human Lassa virus (LASV) seropositivity in Guinea. Standardized rodent trapping with similar trapping efforts between seasons was performed in three villages and 53.5% (601/1123) of the animals were identified as M. natalensis using morphometric and molecular criteria. Mean trapping success (TS) of M. natalensis was always higher inside houses than in proximal cultivations. In the dry season, mean TS increased 2-fold inside houses and decreased up to 10-fold outside (p < 0.0001), suggesting aggregation of rodents inside houses due to restricted food supply. 14.5% (80/553) of M. natalensis were tested positive for Lassa virus by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR; range, 5%-30%) and prevalence of the virus was two to three times higher in rodents captured in the rainy season than in the dry season (p < 0.05). Inside houses, however, the LASV prevalence fluctuated nonsignificantly with season. These data suggest that in Guinea the risk of LASV transmission from rodents to humans is present both in the rainy and the dry season, reflected by the occurrence of LF cases throughout the year. In the dry season, however, the increased risk of humans encountering Mastomys and their excreta inside of houses may result in an increase of human Lassa fever cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Fichet-Calvet
- Department of Systematics and Evolution, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France.
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Plyusnina A, Deter J, Charbonnel N, Cosson JF, Plyusnin A. Puumala and Tula hantaviruses in France. Virus Res 2007; 129:58-63. [PMID: 17532080 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2007.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2007] [Revised: 04/19/2007] [Accepted: 04/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The first genome sequences of Tula (TULV) and Puumala (PUUV) hantaviruses undoubtedly originated from France were recovered from tissue samples of European common voles and bank voles captured in Jura region. Genetic analysis of S and M segments of French PUUV strain revealed its highest similarity to strains from neighboring Belgium and Germany and also from Slovakia. On phylogenetic trees, French PUUV strain was placed within the central European lineage formed by strains from these three countries. Both of our French TULV strains clustered together and formed a distinct, well-supported genetic lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelina Plyusnina
- Department of Virology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 21 (Haartmaninkatu 3), FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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27
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Vorou RM, Papavassiliou VG, Tsiodras S. Emerging zoonoses and vector-borne infections affecting humans in Europe. Epidemiol Infect 2007; 135:1231-47. [PMID: 17445320 PMCID: PMC2870710 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268807008527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess and describe the current spectrum of emerging zoonoses between 2000 and 2006 in European countries. A computerized search of the Medline database from January 1966 to August 2006 for all zoonotic agents in European countries was performed using specific criteria for emergence. Fifteen pathogens were identified as emerging in Europe from 2000 to August 2006: Rickettsiae spp., Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Borrelia burgdorferi, Bartonella spp., Francisella tularensis, Crimean Congo Haemorrhagic Fever Virus, Hantavirus, Toscana virus, Tick-borne encephalitis virus group, West Nile virus, Sindbis virus, Highly Pathogenic Avian influenza, variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, Trichinella spp., and Echinococus multilocularis. Main risk factors included climatic variations, certain human activities as well as movements of animals, people or goods. Multi-disciplinary preventive strategies addressing these pathogens are of public health importance. Uniform harmonized case definitions should be introduced throughout Europe as true prevalence and incidence estimates are otherwise impossible.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Vorou
- Hellenic Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Athens, Greece.
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28
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Fitzgibbon WE, Langlais M, Morgan JJ. A mathematical model for indirectly transmitted diseases. Math Biosci 2007; 206:233-48. [PMID: 16216284 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2005.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2005] [Accepted: 07/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We consider a mathematical model for the indirect transmission via a contaminated environment of a microparasite between two spatially distributed host populations having non-coincident spatial domains. The parasite is benign in a first population and lethal in the second one. Global existence results are given for the resulting reaction-diffusion system coupled with an ordinary differential equation. Then, invasion and persistence of the parasite are studied. A simplified model for the transmission of a hantavirus from bank vole to human populations is then analysed.
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Affiliation(s)
- W E Fitzgibbon
- Department of Mathematics, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204-3476, USA.
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29
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Davis S, Calvet E, Leirs H. Fluctuating rodent populations and risk to humans from rodent-borne zoonoses. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2007; 5:305-14. [PMID: 16417426 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2005.5.305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The fluctuations in abundance of a wildlife reservoir are an attractive explanation for temporal variation in primary human cases of a zoonosis. This is because high abundance may lead to more contact between humans and animals, but also to outbreaks of disease within the reservoir population. We propose a mathematical framework that sets out the consequences of correlation between reservoir abundance and reservoir prevalence for how numbers of human cases are related to reservoir abundance. The fluctuations of rodent populations are well studied and often dramatic. A review of field studies of rodent reservoirs for plague, hantaviruses, and other zoonoses shows that, at a seasonal time scale, a positive correlation between host abundance and host prevalence is rarely observed. More commonly, there is an inverse relationship or negative correlation such that a seasonal increase in rodent abundance is not accompanied by a corresponding increase in the abundance of infectious animals. Seasonal changes in rodent abundance are hence unlikely to fully explain seasonal variation in primary human cases. The few longer field studies (>5 years) show a positive but delayed relationship between reservoir abundance and reservoir prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Davis
- Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
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30
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Hardestam J, Simon M, Hedlund KO, Vaheri A, Klingström J, Lundkvist A. Ex vivo stability of the rodent-borne Hantaan virus in comparison to that of arthropod-borne members of the Bunyaviridae family. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007; 73:2547-51. [PMID: 17337567 PMCID: PMC1855600 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02869-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The possible effect of virus adaptation to different transmission routes on virus stability in the environment is not well known. In this study we have compared the stabilities of three viruses within the Bunyaviridae family: the rodent-borne Hantavirus Hantaan virus (HTNV), the sand fly-borne Phlebovirus sandfly fever Sicilian virus (SFSV), and the tick-borne Nairovirus Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV). These viruses differ in their transmission routes: SFSV and CCHFV are vector borne, whereas HTNV is spread directly between its hosts, and to humans, via the environment. We studied whether these viruses differed regarding stability when kept outside of the host. Viral survival was analyzed at different time points upon exposure to different temperatures (4 degrees C, 20 degrees C, and 37 degrees C) and drying at 20 degrees C. We observed clearly different stabilities under wet conditions, particularly at 4 degrees C, where infectious SFSV, HTNV, and CCHFV were detectable after 528, 96, and 15 days, respectively. All three viruses were equally sensitive to drying, as shown by drying on aluminum discs. Furthermore, HTNV and SFSV partially survived for 2 min in 30% ethanol, whereas CCHFV did not. Electron microscopy images of HTNV, SSFSV, and CCHFV stored at 37 degrees C until infectivity was lost still showed the occurrence of virions, but with abnormal shapes and densities compared to those of the nonincubated samples. In conclusion, our study points out important differences in ex vivo stability among viruses within the Bunyaviridae family.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hardestam
- Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, S-171 82 Solna, Sweden.
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31
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Augot D, Muller D, Demerson JM, Boué F, Caillot C, Cliquet F. Dynamics of Puumala virus infection in bank voles in Ardennes department (France). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 54:572-7. [PMID: 17027178 DOI: 10.1016/j.patbio.2006.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2006] [Accepted: 07/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The hantaviruses (genus Hantavirus, family Bunyaviridae) include human pathogens and occur worldwide. In Western and Central Europe, the predominant serotype is Puumala (PUU) virus, which causes epidemic nephropathy. Voles are considered to be the main reservoir and the vector of PUU virus. A total of 719 rodents (mainly Clethrionomys glareolus, Apodemus sp.) trapped by capture-mark-recapture (CMR) in four sites in Ardennes department (France) between April 2004 and October 2005 were tested for the presence of PUU virus antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The predominant species, C. glareolus (86.5% [622 of 719]), also had the highest antibody prevalence (37.6% [291 of 773]). In C. glareolus, the antibody prevalence rate increased with age (weight) in site A, B and D, reaching more than 50% in the heaviest weight, and suggesting that horizontal infection may be important.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Augot
- AFSSA Nancy, laboratoire d'études et de recherches sur la rage et la pathologie des animaux sauvages, WHO/OIE Collaborating centre for research and management in zoonoses control, 54220 Malzéville cedex, France.
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32
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SAUVAGE F, LANGLAIS M, PONTIER D. Predicting the emergence of human hantavirus disease using a combination of viral dynamics and rodent demographic patterns. Epidemiol Infect 2006; 135:46-56. [PMID: 16753079 PMCID: PMC2870550 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268806006595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The paper proposes a model explaining the spatial variation in incidence of nephropathia epidemica in Europe. We take into account the rodent dynamic features and the replicative dynamics of the virus in animals, high in the acute phase of newly infected animals and low in the subsequent chronic phase. The model revealed that only vole populations with multi-annual fluctuations allow for simultaneously high numbers of infected rodents and high proportions of those rodents in the acute excretion phase during the culminating phase of population build-up. This leads to a brief peak in exceptionally high concentrations of virus in the environment, and thereby, to human exposure. Such a mechanism suggests that a slight ecological disturbance in animal-parasite systems could result in the emergence of human diseases. Thus, the potential risk for public health due to several zoonotic diseases may be greater than previously believed, based solely on the distribution of human cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. SAUVAGE
- UMR–CNRS 5558 ‘Biométrie et Biologie évolutive’, Université C. Bernard Lyon-1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - M. LANGLAIS
- UMR–CNRS 5466 ‘Mathématiques Appliquées de Bordeaux’, Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2 – case 26, Bordeaux, France
| | - D. PONTIER
- UMR–CNRS 5558 ‘Biométrie et Biologie évolutive’, Université C. Bernard Lyon-1, Villeurbanne, France
- Author for correspondence: Professor D. Pontier, UMR-CNRS 5558 ‘Biométrie et Biologie évolutive’, Université C. Bernard Lyon-1, 43 Bd du 11 novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne cedex, France. ()
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33
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Modeling the Circulation of a Disease Between Two Host Populations on non Coincident Spatial Domains. Biol Invasions 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-005-5210-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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34
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Rasche FM, Uhel B, Krüger DH, Karges W, Czock D, Hampl W, Keller F, Meisel H, von Müller L. Thrombocytopenia and acute renal failure in Puumala hantavirus infections. Emerg Infect Dis 2004; 10:1420-5. [PMID: 15496243 PMCID: PMC3320406 DOI: 10.3201/eid1008.031069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Low platelet counts are a novel predictive marker suitable for risk-adapted patient management. Nephropathia epidemica, caused by Puumala virus (PUUV) infection, is a form of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome of variable severity. Early prognostic markers for the severity of renal failure have not been established. We evaluated clinical and laboratory parameters of 15 consecutive patients with acute PUUV infection, which is endemic in the Alb-Danube region, South Germany. Severe renal failure (serum creatinine >620 µmol/L) was observed in seven patients; four required hemodialysis treatment. Low platelet count (<60 x 109/L), but not leukocyte count, C-reactive protein, or other parameters obtained at the initial evaluation, was significantly associated with subsequent severe renal failure (p = 0.004). Maximum serum creatinine was preceded by platelet count nadirs by a median of 4 days. Thrombocytopenia <60 x 109/L appears predictive of a severe course of acute renal failure in nephropathia epidemica, with potential value for risk-adapted clinical disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Maximilian Rasche
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
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