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Kiuno K, Nishizato M, Hu W, Mitsunaga S, Shigenaga C, Shinohara M, Nochide K, Murakami T, Kakita T, Takabe K, Koyabu D, Takano A, Koizumi N, Shimoda H, Hayasaka D. Genetic diversity of pathogenic Leptospira spp. harbored by bats in Japan. Microb Pathog 2025; 205:107565. [PMID: 40222564 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2025.107565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2025] [Accepted: 04/07/2025] [Indexed: 04/15/2025]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a zoonotic infectious disease caused by pathogenic Leptospira species. In Japan, human and canine leptospirosis cases are reported annually. Although wild animals, including bats, are known to harbor pathogenic Leptospira spp., infection of bats in this region has never been explored. This study aimed to determine the presence of leptospires and their genetic diversity in five Japanese bat species. Kidney tissue and blood samples were collected from 115 bats captured in the Yamaguchi Prefecture and Hokkaido, Japan. Pathogenic Leptospira spp. were detected in the kidneys by real-time PCR and conventional PCR using primers targeting lipL32 and rrs2. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and sequencing of secY gene were performed on PCR-positive DNA samples. Leptospira spp. were detected in 26 of the 115 bats (22.6 %), including Rhinolophus ferrumequinum (5/37, 14 %), Rhinolophus cornutus (2/6, 33 %), Miniopterus schreibersii (6/37, 16 %), Myotis macrodactylus (11/15, 73 %), and Vespertilio sinensis (2/20, 10 %). Phylogenetic analysis based on MLST genes and secY gene revealed detected genes clustered with either L. interrogans, L. borgpetersenii, or L. kirschneri and a relationship between the leptospires identified in the bats in this study and bats in other countries or other host, and PCR with L. borgpetersenii-specific primers revealed co-infection with multiple Leptospira species in individual bats. Our study demonstrated a high carriage rate, genetic diversity of Leptospira spp., and co-infection with multiple Leptospira spp. in Japanese bats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Kiuno
- Joint Graduated School of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Japan
| | - Miyuka Nishizato
- Joint Graduated School of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Japan
| | - Weiyin Hu
- Joint Graduated School of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Japan
| | - Saki Mitsunaga
- Joint Graduated School of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Japan
| | | | - Mai Shinohara
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Japan
| | - Kota Nochide
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Japan
| | - Takashi Murakami
- Division of Cultural Properties Protection in Mine City, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Kakita
- Research Center for Infectious Disease, Okinawa Prefectural Institute of Health and Environment, Japan
| | - Kyosuke Takabe
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
| | - Daisuke Koyabu
- Research and Development Center for Precision Medicine, Tsukuba University, Japan
| | - Ai Takano
- Joint Graduated School of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Japan; Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Japan; Research Center for Thermotolerant Microbial Resources, Yamaguchi University, Japan
| | - Nobuo Koizumi
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shimoda
- Joint Graduated School of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Japan; Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Japan; Research Center for Thermotolerant Microbial Resources, Yamaguchi University, Japan
| | - Daisuke Hayasaka
- Joint Graduated School of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Japan; Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Japan; Research Center for Thermotolerant Microbial Resources, Yamaguchi University, Japan.
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2
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Eskew EA, Olival KJ, Mazet JAK, Daszak P. A global-scale dataset of bat viral detection suggests that pregnancy reduces viral shedding. Proc Biol Sci 2025; 292:20242381. [PMID: 40237082 PMCID: PMC12001080 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2024.2381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2024] [Revised: 02/25/2025] [Accepted: 03/19/2025] [Indexed: 04/17/2025] Open
Abstract
Understanding viral infection dynamics in wildlife hosts can help forecast zoonotic pathogen spillover and human disease risk. Bats are important reservoirs of zoonotic viruses, and bat metapopulation dynamics, seasonal reproductive patterns and other life-history characteristics might explain temporal variation in the spillover of bat-associated viruses. Here, we analyse reproductive effects on viral dynamics in free-ranging bat hosts, leveraging a multi-year, global-scale viral detection dataset that spans eight viral families and 96 bat species from 14 countries. Bayesian models revealed that pregnancy had a negative effect on viral shedding across multiple data subsets, and this effect was robust to different model formulations. By contrast, lactation had a weaker influence that was inconsistent across models. These results are unusual for mammalian hosts, but given recent findings that bats may have high individual viral loads and population-level prevalence due to dampening of antiviral immunity, we propose that it would be evolutionarily advantageous for pregnancy to either not further reduce immunity or actually increase the immune response, reducing viral load, shedding and risk of fetal infection. This novel hypothesis would be valuable to test given its potential to help monitor, predict and manage viral spillover from bats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan A. Eskew
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY, USA
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Data Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | | | - Jonna A. K. Mazet
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Peter Daszak
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY, USA
- Nature.Health.Global., Inc., Tallman, NY, USA
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3
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Owolabi IJ, Karim SU, Khanal S, Valdivia S, Frenzel C, Bai F, Flynt AS. Processing of genomic RNAs by Dicer in bat cells limits SARS-CoV-2 replication. Virol J 2025; 22:86. [PMID: 40133950 PMCID: PMC11934715 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-025-02693-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2025] [Accepted: 03/04/2025] [Indexed: 03/27/2025] Open
Abstract
Bats are reservoirs for numerous viruses that cause serious diseases in other animals and humans. Several mechanisms are proposed to contribute to the tolerance of bats to these pathogens. This study investigates the response of bat cells to double-stranded RNA generated by SARS-CoV-2 replication. Here, we found the involvement of Dicer in the processing of viral genomic RNAs during SARS-CoV-2 infection. Examining RNA sequencing of infected cells, small-interfering RNA (siRNA)-like fragments were found derived from viral RNAs. Depletion of Dicer showed a reduction in these RNAs and an increase in viral loads suggesting unlike other mammals, bats may use Dicer to limit viral replication. This prompted the exploration of key dsRNA sensors in bat cells. Our analysis showed significant upregulation of OAS1 and MX1 in response to dsRNA, while PKR levels remained low, suggesting alternative dsRNA-response mechanisms are present that eschew the common PKR-based system. These results further show how bats employ distinct strategies for antiviral defense that may contribute to tolerating viral infections. They suggest the involvement of Dicer in antiviral mechanisms in bats, a function not observed in other mammals. This highlights a mechanism for bat originating viruses to evolve features that in other animals could cause extreme antiviral responses such as is seen with SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iyanuoluwani J Owolabi
- Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Shazeed-Ul Karim
- Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Sweta Khanal
- Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Sergio Valdivia
- Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Christopher Frenzel
- Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Fengwei Bai
- Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Alex S Flynt
- Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA.
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4
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Kim BK, Shim JH, Kim SS, Eo SH. Morphological and molecular identification of Particolored bat ( Vespertiliomurinus) in South Korea: A first record. Biodivers Data J 2025; 13:e135293. [PMID: 39811790 PMCID: PMC11729596 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.12.e135293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2024] [Accepted: 11/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2025] Open
Abstract
Background Vespertiliomurinus belong to the genus Vespertilio and are widely distributed in Europe, the Middle East and Northeast Asia, Recently, the presence of the V.murinus has been confirmed in Japan, suggesting the possibility of its habitation on the Korean Peninsula. However, ecological information regarding its presence in the Korean Peninsula is extremely limited. New information In an urban area of Sejong City, South Korea, a bat within the genus Vespertilio was rescued by personnel of the Chungnam Wild Animal Rescue Center. The bat, which was believed to have been hibernating on an exterior wall of a building, was initially identified as Vespertiliosinensis. However, the confirmed presence of two pairs of nipples raised the possibility that the bat was a specimen of V.murinus. The measurement of the forearm length (FAL) of this bat was 45.67 mm, which is within the 95% confidence interval of the previously reported FALs of V.murinus. Additionally, the results of mtDNA sequence analysis indicated that the rescued bat could be differentiated from the closely-related species V.sinensis with respect to the sequences of 13PCGs, COI, Cytb and ND1. Finally, phylogenetic analysis revealed that this bat clustered in a clade with previously described V.murinus. Collectively, these findings provided convincing evidence to indicate that the rescued individual was a V.murinus, marking the first recorded observation of this species in South Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bong Kyun Kim
- Kongju National University, Yesan, Republic of KoreaKongju National UniversityYesanRepublic of Korea
- Chungnam Wild Animal Rescue Center, Yesan, Republic of KoreaChungnam Wild Animal Rescue CenterYesanRepublic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hun Shim
- Kongju National University, Yesan, Republic of KoreaKongju National UniversityYesanRepublic of Korea
| | - Sun Sook Kim
- National Institute of Ecology, Seocheon, Republic of KoreaNational Institute of EcologySeocheonRepublic of Korea
| | - Soo Hyung Eo
- Kongju National University, Yesan, Republic of KoreaKongju National UniversityYesanRepublic of Korea
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5
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Gonzalez V, Hurtado-Monzón AM, O'Krafka S, Mühlberger E, Letko M, Frank HK, Laing ED, Phelps KL, Becker DJ, Munster VJ, Falzarano D, Schountz T, Seifert SN, Banerjee A. Studying bats using a One Health lens: bridging the gap between bat virology and disease ecology. J Virol 2024; 98:e0145324. [PMID: 39499009 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01453-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Accumulating data suggest that some bat species host emerging viruses that are highly pathogenic in humans and agricultural animals. Laboratory-based studies have highlighted important adaptations in bat immune systems that allow them to better tolerate viral infections compared to humans. Simultaneously, ecological studies have discovered critical extrinsic factors, such as nutritional stress, that correlate with virus shedding in wild-caught bats. Despite some progress in independently understanding the role of bats as reservoirs of emerging viruses, there remains a significant gap in the molecular understanding of factors that drive virus spillover from bats. Driven by a collective goal of bridging the gap between the fields of bat virology, immunology, and disease ecology, we hosted a satellite symposium at the 2024 American Society for Virology meeting. Bringing together virologists, immunologists, and disease ecologists, we discussed the intrinsic and extrinsic factors such as virus receptor engagement, adaptive immunity, and virus ecology that influence spillover from bat hosts. This article summarizes the topics discussed during the symposium and emphasizes the need for interdisciplinary collaborations and resource sharing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Gonzalez
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Arianna M Hurtado-Monzón
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Sabrina O'Krafka
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Elke Mühlberger
- Department of Virology, Immunology, and Microbiology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael Letko
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Hannah K Frank
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Eric D Laing
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Daniel J Becker
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Vincent J Munster
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Darryl Falzarano
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Tony Schountz
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
- Center for Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Stephanie N Seifert
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Arinjay Banerjee
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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6
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Muvengi TS, Mortlock M, Kain MP, Markotter W. Gastrointestinal Shedding of Rubulaviruses from Egyptian Rousette Bats: Temporal Dynamics and Spillover Implications. Microorganisms 2024; 12:2505. [PMID: 39770708 PMCID: PMC11728649 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12122505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2024] [Revised: 11/27/2024] [Accepted: 12/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2025] Open
Abstract
Bats are recognized as reservoirs for diverse paramyxoviruses, some of which are closely related to known human pathogens or directly implicated in zoonotic transmission. The emergence of the zoonotic Sosuga virus (SOSV) from Egyptian rousette bats (ERBs), which caused an acute febrile illness in a reported human case in Africa, has increased the focus on the zoonotic potential of the Rubulavirinae subfamily. Previous studies identified human parainfluenza virus 2 (HPIV2)- and mumps (MuV)-related viruses in ERBs from South Africa, with HPIV2-related viruses restricted to gastrointestinal samples, an underexplored target for rubulavirus biosurveillance, suggesting that sample-type bias may have led to their oversight. To address this, we performed a longitudinal analysis of population-level fecal samples from an ERB maternity roost for rubulavirus RNA, employing a broadly reactive hemi-nested RT-PCR assay targeting the polymerase gene. We detected HPIV2- and MuV-related viruses in addition to numerous pararubulaviruses, highlighting significant viral diversity. Temporal analysis of three major clades revealed peaks in rubulavirus shedding that correlated with seasonal environmental changes and host reproductive cycles, although shedding patterns varied between clades. These findings identify specific periods of increased risk for the spillover of bat-associated rubulaviruses to humans, providing critical information for developing targeted mitigation strategies to minimize zoonotic transmission risk within the local community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tauya S. Muvengi
- Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa (M.M.)
| | - Marinda Mortlock
- Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa (M.M.)
| | | | - Wanda Markotter
- Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa (M.M.)
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7
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Hemnani M, da Silva PG, Thompson G, Poeta P, Rebelo H, Mesquita JR. Detection and Prevalence of Coronaviruses in European Bats: A Systematic Review. ECOHEALTH 2024; 21:125-140. [PMID: 39580592 PMCID: PMC11649736 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-024-01688-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 11/25/2024]
Abstract
Bats are known hosts for a wide range of coronaviruses (CoVs), including those that cause severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-1) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV). With the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, it has become increasingly important to understand the diversity and prevalence of CoVs in bat populations. This systematic review aimed to compile studies that have sampled CoVs from bats across Europe and assessed various aspects related to the testing of bat samples, including the country where the bats were collected, the CoV genomic region studied, the CoV genera that were detected, and the identification of bat species that were found to be carrying CoV. We identified 30 studies that assessed CoVs presence in bats across multiple countries including Italy, Germany, and various other nations with one or two studies each, which tested them for CoVs using a variety of matrices. CoVs were found in nine genera of bats, and the genomic regions included RdRp, ORF1a gene, as well as full genome, detecting α- and/or β-CoVs, with most of them being detectable only in faeces. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the CoVs detected in bats across Europe and highlights the importance of continued surveillance and monitoring of bat populations for potential emerging zoonotic CoVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahima Hemnani
- ICBAS-School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Porto University, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Priscilla Gomes da Silva
- ICBAS-School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Porto University, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
- Epidemiology Research Unit (EPIunit), Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratório Para a Investigação Integrativa e Translacional em Saúde Populacional (ITR), Porto, Portugal
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Gertrude Thompson
- ICBAS-School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Porto University, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
- CIBIO/InBIO, BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Poeta
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisbon, 1099-085, Caparica, Portugal
- Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal
- Veterinary and Animal Research Centre, Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Hugo Rebelo
- CIBIO/InBIO, BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Vairão, Portugal
| | - João R Mesquita
- ICBAS-School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Porto University, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
- Epidemiology Research Unit (EPIunit), Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
- Laboratório Para a Investigação Integrativa e Translacional em Saúde Populacional (ITR), Porto, Portugal.
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8
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Tsengel U, Wu TY, Chen YN. Rapid detection of bat coronaviruses from fecal samples using loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay in the field. J Virol Methods 2024; 330:115035. [PMID: 39299522 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2024.115035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Revised: 09/12/2024] [Accepted: 09/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
The global impact of the COVID-19 pandemic has emphasized the critical need for effective viral diagnostics. Although polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a well-established nucleotide amplification technique, its limitations, such as the need for expensive equipment and skilled technicians, have led to the exploration of alternative methods, including loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP). Bats, as a crucial natural reservoir of coronaviruses (CoVs), particularly Scotophilus bat coronavirus 512 (Scotophilus bat-CoV 512) prevalent among Taiwan's bat population, are the focus of this study. We aimed to detect Scotophilus bat-CoV 512 from bats in field conditions using loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for on-site detection. Therefore, our study delves into the specificity of the LAMP reaction, emphasizing the careful design of primers to prevent false positive results. A cross reactivity and primer specificity test involving seven different microorganisms, including closely related bat CoVs and two bacterial species typically found in feces, revealed that the LAMP assay uniquely detected Scotophilus bat-CoV 512. The developed colorimetric reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) assay was optimized for the primers targeting nucleocapsid (N) gene, and the sensitivity test revealed a detection limit of 2.4 × 103 copies/µL. Our findings indicate the potential of the RT-LAMP assay for on-site detection in the field and subsequent laboratory analysis for comprehensive sampling and further research on bat CoV isolation. The surveillance and monitoring of bat CoVs contribute substantially to mitigating human threats, particularly concerning the emergence of new pandemic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Undarmaa Tsengel
- Department of Chemistry, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 320314, Taiwan
| | - Tzong-Yuan Wu
- Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 320314, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ning Chen
- Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 320314, Taiwan.
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9
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Vazquez JM, Lauterbur ME, Mottaghinia S, Bucci M, Fraser D, Gray-Sandoval G, Gaucherand L, Haidar ZR, Han M, Kohler W, Lama TM, Le Corf A, Loyer C, Maesen S, McMillan D, Li S, Lo J, Rey C, Capel SLR, Singer M, Slocum K, Thomas W, Tyburec JD, Villa S, Miller R, Buchalski M, Vazquez-Medina JP, Pfeffer S, Etienne L, Enard D, Sudmant PH. Extensive longevity and DNA virus-driven adaptation in nearctic Myotis bats. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.10.10.617725. [PMID: 39416019 PMCID: PMC11482938 DOI: 10.1101/2024.10.10.617725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2024]
Abstract
The genus Myotis is one of the largest clades of bats, and exhibits some of the most extreme variation in lifespans among mammals alongside unique adaptations to viral tolerance and immune defense. To study the evolution of longevity-associated traits and infectious disease, we generated near-complete genome assemblies and cell lines for 8 closely related species of Myotis. Using genome-wide screens of positive selection, analyses of structural variation, and functional experiments in primary cell lines, we identify new patterns of adaptation contributing to longevity, cancer resistance, and viral interactions in bats. We find that Myotis bats have some of the most significant variation in cancer risk across mammals and demonstrate a unique DNA damage response in primary cells of the long-lived M. lucifugus. We also find evidence of abundant adaptation in response to DNA viruses - but not RNA viruses - in Myotis and other bats in sharp contrast with other mammals, potentially contributing to the role of bats as reservoirs of zoonoses. Together, our results demonstrate how genomics and primary cells derived from diverse taxa uncover the molecular bases of extreme adaptations in non-model organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M Vazquez
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - M. Elise Lauterbur
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA
- Current affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Saba Mottaghinia
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Inserm U1111, UCBL1, CNRS UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure ENS de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Melanie Bucci
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA
| | - Devaughn Fraser
- Wildlife Genetics Research Unit, Wildlife Health Laboratory, California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Sacramento, CA, United States
- Current affiliation: Wildlife Diversity Program, Wildlife Division, Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection, Burlington, CT, United States
| | | | - Léa Gaucherand
- Université de Strasbourg, Architecture et Réactivité de l’ARN, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire du CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Zeinab R Haidar
- Department of Biology, California State Polytechnic University, Humboldt, Arcata, CA USA
- Current affiliation: Western EcoSystems Technology Inc, Cheyenne, WY USA
| | - Melissa Han
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - William Kohler
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Tanya M. Lama
- Department of Biological Sciences, Smith College, Northampton, MA USA
| | - Amandine Le Corf
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Inserm U1111, UCBL1, CNRS UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure ENS de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Clara Loyer
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Inserm U1111, UCBL1, CNRS UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure ENS de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Sarah Maesen
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Inserm U1111, UCBL1, CNRS UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure ENS de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Dakota McMillan
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA USA
- Department of Science and Biotechnology, Berkeley City College, Berkeley, CA USA
| | - Stacy Li
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA USA
- Center for Computational Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA USA
| | - Johnathan Lo
- Center for Computational Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA USA
| | - Carine Rey
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Inserm U1111, UCBL1, CNRS UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure ENS de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Samantha LR Capel
- Current affiliation: Wildlife Diversity Program, Wildlife Division, Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection, Burlington, CT, United States
| | - Michael Singer
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA USA
| | | | - William Thomas
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook NY USA
| | | | - Sarah Villa
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA USA
| | - Richard Miller
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Michael Buchalski
- Wildlife Genetics Research Unit, Wildlife Health Laboratory, California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | | | - Sébastien Pfeffer
- Université de Strasbourg, Architecture et Réactivité de l’ARN, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire du CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Lucie Etienne
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Inserm U1111, UCBL1, CNRS UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure ENS de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Senior author
| | - David Enard
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA
- Senior author
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Peter H Sudmant
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA USA
- Center for Computational Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA USA
- Senior author
- These authors contributed equally
- Lead contact
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10
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Markarian NM, Abrahamyan L. The latest advancements in Sosuga virus (SOSV) research. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1486792. [PMID: 39552644 PMCID: PMC11565376 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1486792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2024] [Accepted: 10/17/2024] [Indexed: 11/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The last 60 years have seen the emergence of several zoonotic viruses, some of which originate from bats. Among these are Nipah virus, Marburg virus and Ebola viruses, which have high case fatality rates, and pose significant public health risks. In 2012, another zoonotic paramyxovirus from bats, known as Sosuga Virus (SOSV), was discovered in a hospitalized biologist who had returned from a trip to Africa. Given the potential public health threats of the SOSV, investigating its pathogenesis, epidemiology and developing antiviral strategies are crucial to control possible future outbreaks. Thus, in this review, we explore the latest advancements in understanding SOSV since its discovery, focusing on its pathogenesis, animal models and the development of antiviral strategies. By examining the current literature, this review aims to provide a comprehensive overview to guide future studies and help public health efforts in better mitigating potential SOSV outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Levon Abrahamyan
- Laboratory of Animal Molecular Virology, Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA) and Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
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11
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Hood G, Carroll M. Host-pathogen interactions of emerging zoonotic viruses: bats, humans and filoviruses. Curr Opin Virol 2024; 68-69:101436. [PMID: 39537444 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2024.101436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2024] [Accepted: 10/21/2024] [Indexed: 11/16/2024]
Abstract
This paper provides an overview of the phenomena of cross-species transmission of viruses (known as spillover), focusing on the highly pathogenic filovirus family and their natural reservoir: bats. It also describes the host-pathogen relationship of viruses and their reservoirs, in addition to humans, and discusses current theories of persistent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Hood
- Pandemic Sciences Institute & Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.
| | - Miles Carroll
- Pandemic Sciences Institute & Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.
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12
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Pei G, Balkema-Buschmann A, Dorhoi A. Disease tolerance as immune defense strategy in bats: One size fits all? PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012471. [PMID: 39236038 PMCID: PMC11376593 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Bats are natural reservoirs for zoonotic pathogens, yet the determinants of microbial persistence as well as the specific functionality of their immune system remain largely enigmatic. Their propensity to harbor viruses lethal to humans and/or livestock, mostly in absence of clinical disease, makes bats stand out among mammals. Defending against pathogens relies on avoidance, resistance, and/or tolerance strategies. In bats, disease tolerance has recently gained increasing attention as a prevailing host defense paradigm. We here summarize the current knowledge on immune responses in bats in the context of infection with zoonotic agents and discuss concepts related to disease tolerance. Acknowledging the wide diversity of bats, the broad spectrum of bat-associated microbial species, and immune-related knowledge gaps, we identify research priorities necessary to provide evidence-based proofs for disease tolerance in bats. Since disease tolerance relies on networks of biological processes, we emphasize that investigations beyond the immune system, using novel technologies and computational biology, could jointly advance our knowledge about mechanisms conferring bats reservoir abilities. Although disease tolerance may not be the "one fit all" defense strategy, deciphering disease tolerance in bats could translate into novel therapies and inform prevention of spillover infections to humans and livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Pei
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Anne Balkema-Buschmann
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Anca Dorhoi
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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13
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Fereidouni S, Keleş SJ, Schlottau K, Bagó Z, Reiter G, Milchram M, Hoffmann B. Monitoring of Astroviruses, Brno-Hantaviruses, Coronaviruses, Influenza Viruses, Bornaviruses, Morbilliviruses, Lyssaviruses and Pestiviruses in Austrian Bats. Viruses 2024; 16:1232. [PMID: 39205206 PMCID: PMC11359250 DOI: 10.3390/v16081232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Here, we report the results of a monitoring study of bat viruses in Austria to strengthen the knowledge of circulating viruses in Austrian bat populations. In this study, we analyzed 618 oropharyngeal and rectal swab samples from 309 bats and 155 pooled tissue samples from dead bats. Samples were collected from 18 different bat species from multiple locations in Austria, from November 2015 to April 2018, and examined for astroviruses, bornaviruses, coronaviruses, hantaviruses, morbilliviruses, orthomyxoviruses (influenza A/C/D viruses), pestiviruses and rhabdoviruses (lyssaviruses) using molecular techniques and sequencing. Using RT-qPCR, 36 samples revealed positive or suspicious results for astroviruses, Brno-hantaviruses, and coronaviruses in nine different bat species. Further sequencing revealed correspondent sequences in five samples. In contrast, none of the tested samples was positive for influenza viruses A/C/D, bornaviruses, morbilliviruses, lyssaviruses, or pestiviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasan Fereidouni
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1160 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Sinan Julian Keleş
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1160 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Kore Schlottau
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich Loeffler Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (K.S.); (B.H.)
| | - Zoltán Bagó
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety Ltd. (AGES), Institute for Veterinary Disease Control, 2340 Mödling, Austria;
| | - Guido Reiter
- Austrian Coordination Centre for Bat Conservation and Research (KFFÖ), 4060 Leonding, Austria;
| | - Markus Milchram
- Institute of Zoology, BOKU University, 1180 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Bernd Hoffmann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich Loeffler Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (K.S.); (B.H.)
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14
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Ritsch M, Eulenfeld T, Lamkiewicz K, Schoen A, Weber F, Hölzer M, Marz M. Endogenous Bornavirus-like Elements in Bats: Evolutionary Insights from the Conserved Riboviral L-Gene in Microbats and Its Antisense Transcription in Myotis daubentonii. Viruses 2024; 16:1210. [PMID: 39205184 PMCID: PMC11360350 DOI: 10.3390/v16081210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Bats are ecologically diverse vertebrates characterized by their ability to host a wide range of viruses without apparent illness and the presence of numerous endogenous viral elements (EVEs). EVEs are well preserved, expressed, and may affect host biology and immunity, but their role in bat immune system evolution remains unclear. Among EVEs, endogenous bornavirus-like elements (EBLs) are bornavirus sequences integrated into animal genomes. Here, we identified a novel EBL in the microbat Myotis daubentonii, EBLL-Cultervirus.10-MyoDau (short name is CV.10-MyoDau) that shows protein-level conservation with the L-protein of a Cultervirus (Wuhan sharpbelly bornavirus). Surprisingly, we discovered a transcript on the antisense strand comprising three exons, which we named AMCR-MyoDau. The active transcription in Myotis daubentonii tissues of AMCR-MyoDau, confirmed by RNA-Seq analysis and RT-PCR, highlights its potential role during viral infections. Using comparative genomics comprising 63 bat genomes, we demonstrate nucleotide-level conservation of CV.10-MyoDau and AMCR-MyoDau across various bat species and its detection in 22 Yangochiropera and 12 Yinpterochiroptera species. To the best of our knowledge, this marks the first occurrence of a conserved EVE shared among diverse bat species, which is accompanied by a conserved antisense transcript. This highlights the need for future research to explore the role of EVEs in shaping the evolution of bat immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriel Ritsch
- RNA Bioinformatics and High-Throughput Analysis, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
- European Virus Bioinformatics Center, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Tom Eulenfeld
- RNA Bioinformatics and High-Throughput Analysis, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
- European Virus Bioinformatics Center, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Balance of the Microverse, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Kevin Lamkiewicz
- RNA Bioinformatics and High-Throughput Analysis, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
- European Virus Bioinformatics Center, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Andreas Schoen
- Institute for Virology, FB10-Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University, 35392 Gießen, Germany
| | - Friedemann Weber
- Institute for Virology, FB10-Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University, 35392 Gießen, Germany
| | - Martin Hölzer
- European Virus Bioinformatics Center, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Genome Competence Center (MF1), Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Manja Marz
- RNA Bioinformatics and High-Throughput Analysis, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
- European Virus Bioinformatics Center, 07743 Jena, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Fritz Lipmann Institute-Leibniz Institute on Aging, 07745 Jena, Germany
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15
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Toshkova N, Zhelyzkova V, Reyes-Ruiz A, Haerens E, de Castro Deus M, Lacombe RV, Lecerf M, Gonzalez G, Jouvenet N, Planchais C, Dimitrov JD. Temperature sensitivity of bat antibodies links metabolic state of bats with antigen-recognition diversity. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5878. [PMID: 38997292 PMCID: PMC11245544 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50316-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The bat immune system features multiple unique properties such as dampened inflammatory responses and increased tissue protection, explaining their long lifespan and tolerance to viral infections. Here, we demonstrated that body temperature fluctuations corresponding to different physiological states in bats exert a large impact on their antibody repertoires. At elevated temperatures typical for flight, IgG from the bat species Myotis myotis and Nyctalus noctula show elevated antigen binding strength and diversity, recognizing both pathogen-derived antigens and autoantigens. The opposite is observed at temperatures reflecting inactive physiological states. IgG antibodies of human and other mammals, or antibodies of birds do not appear to behave in a similar way. Importantly, diversification of bat antibody specificities results in preferential recognition of damaged endothelial and epithelial cells, indicating an anti-inflammatory function. The temperature-sensitivity of bat antibodies is mediated by the variable regions of immunoglobulin molecules. Additionally, we uncover specific molecular features of bat IgG, such as low thermodynamic stability and implication of hydrophobic interactions in antigen binding as well as high prevalence of polyreactivity. Overall, our results extend the understanding of bat tolerance to disease and inflammation and highlight the link between metabolism and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nia Toshkova
- National Museum of Natural History, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Violeta Zhelyzkova
- National Museum of Natural History, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Alejandra Reyes-Ruiz
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Eline Haerens
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Marina de Castro Deus
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Robin V Lacombe
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Maxime Lecerf
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Gaelle Gonzalez
- ANSES, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UMR Virologie, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Nolwenn Jouvenet
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Virus Sensing and Signaling Unit, Paris, France
| | - Cyril Planchais
- Humoral Immunology Unit, Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1222, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Jordan D Dimitrov
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France.
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16
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Viola MF, Herrera M. LG, Cruz-Neto AP. Combined effects of ambient temperature and food availability on induced innate immune response of a fruit-eating bat (Carollia perspicillata). PLoS One 2024; 19:e0301083. [PMID: 38787875 PMCID: PMC11125493 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Resilience of mammals to anthropogenic climate and land-use changes is associated with the maintenance of adequate responses of several fitness-related traits such as those related to immune functions. Isolated and combined effects of decreased food availability and increased ambient temperature can lead to immunosuppression and greater susceptibility to disease. Our study tested the general hypothesis that decreased food availability, increased ambient temperature and the combined effect of both factors would affect selected physiological and behavioral components associated with the innate immune system of fruit-eating bats (Carollia perspicillata). Physiological (fever, leukocytosis and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio) and behavioral (food intake) components of the acute phase response, as well as bacterial killing ability of the plasma were assessed after immune challenge with lipopolysaccharide (LPS: 10 mg/kg) in experimental groups kept at different short-term conditions of food availability (ad libitum diet or 50% food-deprived) and ambient temperature (27 and 33°C). Our results indicate that magnitude of increase in body temperature was not affected by food availability, ambient temperature or the interaction of both factors, but the time to reach the highest increase took longer in LPS-injected bats that were kept under food restriction. The magnitude of increased neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio was affected by the interaction between food availability and ambient temperature, but food intake, total white blood cell count and bacterial killing ability were not affected by any factor or interaction. Overall, our results suggest that bacterial killing ability and most components of acute phase response examined are not affected by short-term changes in food availability and ambient temperature within the range evaluated in this study, and that the increase of the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio when bats are exposed to low food availability and high ambient temperature might represent an enhancement of cellular response to deal with infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus F. Viola
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Animal (LaFA), Departamento de Biodiversidade, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - L. Gerardo Herrera M.
- Estación de Biología Chamela, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, San Patricio, Jalisco, México
| | - Ariovaldo P. Cruz-Neto
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Animal (LaFA), Departamento de Biodiversidade, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
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17
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Meyer M, Melville DW, Baldwin HJ, Wilhelm K, Nkrumah EE, Badu EK, Oppong SK, Schwensow N, Stow A, Vallo P, Corman VM, Tschapka M, Drosten C, Sommer S. Bat species assemblage predicts coronavirus prevalence. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2887. [PMID: 38575573 PMCID: PMC10994947 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46979-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Anthropogenic disturbances and the subsequent loss of biodiversity are altering species abundances and communities. Since species vary in their pathogen competence, spatio-temporal changes in host assemblages may lead to changes in disease dynamics. We explore how longitudinal changes in bat species assemblages affect the disease dynamics of coronaviruses (CoVs) in more than 2300 cave-dwelling bats captured over two years from five caves in Ghana. This reveals uneven CoV infection patterns between closely related species, with the alpha-CoV 229E-like and SARS-related beta-CoV 2b emerging as multi-host pathogens. Prevalence and infection likelihood for both phylogenetically distinct CoVs is influenced by the abundance of competent species and naïve subadults. Broadly, bat species vary in CoV competence, and highly competent species are more common in less diverse communities, leading to increased CoV prevalence in less diverse bat assemblages. In line with the One Health framework, our work supports the notion that biodiversity conservation may be the most proactive measure to prevent the spread of pathogens with zoonotic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Meyer
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Dominik W Melville
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Heather J Baldwin
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kerstin Wilhelm
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Evans Ewald Nkrumah
- Department of Wildlife and Range Management, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Ebenezer K Badu
- Department of Wildlife and Range Management, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Samuel Kingsley Oppong
- Department of Wildlife and Range Management, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Nina Schwensow
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Adam Stow
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Peter Vallo
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Victor M Corman
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin Institute of Virology, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Berlin, Germany
| | - Marco Tschapka
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Christian Drosten
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin Institute of Virology, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Berlin, Germany
| | - Simone Sommer
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.
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18
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Barbosa Dos Santos M, Koide Albuquerque N, Patroca da Silva S, Silva da Silva F, Damous Dias D, Brito Mendes S, Fernandes Souza Barbosa Coelho T, Barros MC, Ribeiro Cruz AC. A novel hantavirus identified in bats (Carollia perspicillata) in Brazil. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6346. [PMID: 38491115 PMCID: PMC10943075 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56808-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Bats play an essential role in maintaining ecosystems. Their unique characteristics increase the likelihood of interactions with various species, making them a potential source for the emergence and spread of infectious diseases. Hantaviruses are continuously expanding their range of hosts. This study presents the identification of a partial genome associated with Hantavirus in samples collected from neotropical bats. We conducted a metagenomic study using samples from Carollia perspicillata in Maranhão, Brazil. Tissue fragments were used for RNA extraction and subsequent sequencing. The resulting data was subjected to bioinformatic analysis. A sequence showing an identity of 72.86% with the L gene in the reference genome was obtained. The phylogenetic analysis revealed the study sequence, denoted as Buritiense, clustering within the Mobatvirus clade. The intragroup analysis showed a broader dispersion and were markedly asymmetric. This observation suggests the possibility that Buritiense could potentially represent a new species within the bat-borne hantaviruses, but further analyses are needed to provide additional insights if bats plays a role as reservoirs and the potential for transmission to human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Barbosa Dos Santos
- Arbovirology and Hemorragic Fever Department, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua, Pará, 67030-000, Brazil
| | | | - Sandro Patroca da Silva
- Arbovirology and Hemorragic Fever Department, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua, Pará, 67030-000, Brazil
| | - Fábio Silva da Silva
- Arbovirology and Hemorragic Fever Department, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua, Pará, 67030-000, Brazil
| | - Daniel Damous Dias
- Arbovirology and Hemorragic Fever Department, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua, Pará, 67030-000, Brazil
| | - Samira Brito Mendes
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Biology, State University of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, 650-8805, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Claudene Barros
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Biology, State University of Maranhão, Caxias, Maranhão, 65604-380, Brazil
| | - Ana Cecília Ribeiro Cruz
- Arbovirology and Hemorragic Fever Department, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua, Pará, 67030-000, Brazil.
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19
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Hemnani M, da Silva PG, Thompson G, Poeta P, Rebelo H, Mesquita JR. Presence of Alphacoronavirus in Tree- and Crevice-Dwelling Bats from Portugal. Viruses 2024; 16:434. [PMID: 38543799 PMCID: PMC10976264 DOI: 10.3390/v16030434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs) are RNA viruses capable of infecting a wide range of hosts, including mammals and birds, and have caused significant epidemics such as the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Bats, the second most diverse mammalian order, are hosts for various CoVs due to their unique immune responses and ecological traits. This study investigates CoV prevalence in crevice- and tree-dwelling bats in Portugal, a country with limited prior research on bat CoVs. Using nested RT-PCR and sequencing, we screened 87 stool samples from bats, identifying one sample (1.15%) that was positive for Alphacoronavirus, belonging to Pipistrellus pipistrellus. Phylogenetic analysis revealed close genetic relationships with Alphacoronavirus strains from the same bat species in Europe. The low prevalence suggests habitat-specific differences in viral transmission, with cave-dwelling bats exhibiting higher CoV prevalence due to population density and behaviour. These findings underscore the necessity for sustained surveillance efforts aimed at comprehending CoV dynamics within bat populations, especially concerning the risk of spillover events and viral evolution. Vital to this understanding is the monitoring of bat migration patterns, which serves as a crucial tool for elucidating CoV ecology and epidemiology. Such efforts are essential for ongoing research endeavours aimed at mitigating the potential for future zoonotic disease outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahima Hemnani
- School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Porto University, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (M.H.); (P.G.d.S.); (G.T.)
| | - Priscilla Gomes da Silva
- School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Porto University, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (M.H.); (P.G.d.S.); (G.T.)
- Epidemiology Research Unit (EPIunit), Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal
- Laboratório Para a Investigação Integrativa e Translacional em Saúde Populacional (ITR), 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE—Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal
| | - Gertrude Thompson
- School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Porto University, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (M.H.); (P.G.d.S.); (G.T.)
- Biopolis-CIBIO/InBIO Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal;
| | - Patrícia Poeta
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV), Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, University NOVA of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Hugo Rebelo
- Biopolis-CIBIO/InBIO Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal;
- cE3c—Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE—Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João R. Mesquita
- School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Porto University, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (M.H.); (P.G.d.S.); (G.T.)
- Epidemiology Research Unit (EPIunit), Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal
- Laboratório Para a Investigação Integrativa e Translacional em Saúde Populacional (ITR), 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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20
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Do HQ, Yeom M, Moon S, Lee H, Chung CU, Chung HC, Park JW, Na W, Song D. Genetic characterization and pathogenicity in a mouse model of newly isolated bat-originated mammalian orthoreovirus in South Korea. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0176223. [PMID: 38289932 PMCID: PMC10913406 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01762-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Mammalian orthoreoviruses (MRVs) infect a wide range of hosts, including humans, livestock, and wildlife. In the present study, we isolated a novel Mammalian orthoreovirus from the intestine of a microbat (Myotis aurascens) and investigated its biological and pathological characteristics. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the new isolate was serotype 2, sharing the segments with those from different hosts. Our results showed that it can infect a wide range of cell lines from different mammalian species, including human, swine, and non-human primate cell lines. Additionally, media containing trypsin, yeast extract, and tryptose phosphate broth promoted virus propagation in primate cell lines and most human cell lines, but not in A549 and porcine cell lines. Mice infected with this strain via the intranasal route, but not via the oral route, exhibited weight loss and respiratory distress. The virus is distributed in a broad range of organs and causes lung damage. In vitro and in vivo experiments also suggested that the new virus could be a neurotropic infectious strain that can infect a neuroblastoma cell line and replicate in the brains of infected mice. Additionally, it caused a delayed immune response, as indicated by the high expression levels of cytokines and chemokines only at 14 days post-infection (dpi). These data provide an important understanding of the genetics and pathogenicity of mammalian orthoreoviruses in bats at risk of spillover infections.IMPORTANCEMammalian orthoreoviruses (MRVs) have a broad range of hosts and can cause serious respiratory and gastroenteritis diseases in humans and livestock. Some strains infect the central nervous system, causing severe encephalitis. In this study, we identified BatMRV2/SNU1/Korea/2021, a reassortment of MRV serotype 2, isolated from bats with broad tissue tropism, including the neurological system. In addition, it has been shown to cause respiratory syndrome in mouse models. The given data will provide more evidence of the risk of mammalian orthoreovirus transmission from wildlife to various animal species and the sources of spillover infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Quynh Do
- Department of Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Minjoo Yeom
- Department of Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Suyun Moon
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Hanbyeul Lee
- Department of Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chul-un Chung
- Department of Life Science, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, South Korea
| | - Hee-chun Chung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jun Won Park
- Division of Biomedical Convergence, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Woonsung Na
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Daesub Song
- Department of Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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21
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Torres JM, de Oliveira CE, Santos FM, Sano NY, Martinez ÉV, Alves FM, Tavares LER, Roque ALR, Jansen AM, Herrera HM. Trypanosomatid diversity in a bat community of an urban area in Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2024; 118:105563. [PMID: 38301855 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2024.105563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Bats have a long evolutionary history with trypanosomatids, but the role of these flying mammals on parasite transmission cycles in urban areas, especially for Trypanosoma and Leishmania species, remains poorly known. The objective of this study was to evaluate the species richness of trypanosomatids parasitizing a bat community in Campo Grande (CG), a state capital within the Cerrado of the Brazilian Midwest. We evaluated 237 bats of 13 species by means of hemoculture and molecular detection in spleen samples. The bat community of CG appears to participate in the transmission cycles of various species of trypanosomatids. We report an overall trypanosomatid detection rate of 34.2% (n = 81), involving 11 out of 13 sampled bat species. We identified six species of trypanosomatids from 61 bats by analyzing SSU rRNA and/or kDNA: Trypanosoma cruzi DTU TcI, T. c. marinkellei, T. dionisii, Leishmania infantum, L. amazonensis, and T. janseni, with this latter being detected by hemoculture for the first time in a bat species. We also detected a Molecular Operational Taxonomic Unit, Trypanosoma sp. DID, in the phyllostomids Glossophaga soricina and Platyrrhinus lineatus. The highest trypanosomatid richness was observed for Sturnira lilium, which hosted three species: L. infantum, T. dionisii and T. janseni. Given that visceral leishmaniasis is endemic in CG, special focus should be placed on L. infantum. Moreover, L. amazonensis and T. cruzi warrant attention, since these are zoonotic parasites responsible for human cases of tegumentary leishmaniasis and Chagas disease, respectively. In this respect, we discuss how bat communities may influence the Leishmania spp. transmission in endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaire Marinho Torres
- Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Av. Tamandaré, 6000 - Jardim Seminário, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | | | - Filipe Martins Santos
- Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Av. Tamandaré, 6000 - Jardim Seminário, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Nayara Yoshie Sano
- Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Av. Tamandaré, 6000 - Jardim Seminário, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Érica Verneque Martinez
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Cidade Universitária, Av. Costa e Silva s/n - Pioneiros, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Moreira Alves
- Laboratório de Biologia de Tripanossomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil, Manguinhos Rio de Janeiro 4365, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luiz Eduardo Roland Tavares
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Cidade Universitária, Av. Costa e Silva s/n - Pioneiros, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - André Luiz Rodrigues Roque
- Laboratório de Biologia de Tripanossomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil, Manguinhos Rio de Janeiro 4365, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Jansen
- Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Av. Tamandaré, 6000 - Jardim Seminário, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil; Laboratório de Biologia de Tripanossomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil, Manguinhos Rio de Janeiro 4365, RJ, Brazil
| | - Heitor Miraglia Herrera
- Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Av. Tamandaré, 6000 - Jardim Seminário, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
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22
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Antúnez MP, Marín Montesinos JC, Corduneanu A, Obregón D, Moutailler S, Cabezas-Cruz A. Tick-borne viruses and their risk to public health in the Caribbean: Spotlight on bats as reservoirs in Cuba. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26118. [PMID: 38375245 PMCID: PMC10875593 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, tick-borne diseases (TBDs) have surged and expanded globally due to factors like changes in human activities, land use patterns, and climate change, and it have been associated with the emergence of zoonotic diseases. Cuba faces the impact of ticks on human health and the economy. Although Cuba has studied TBDs extensively for the past 50 years, focus on tick-borne viral pathogens affecting humans remains scant. Despite TBDs not currently being a major health concern in Cuba, factors like inadequate clinician awareness, climate conditions, global tick emergence, and evidence of zoonotic pathogens in ticks underscore the importance of enhanced TBD surveillance in the country. Here we revised the available information on ticks as vectors of pathogenic viruses to humans, spotlighting bats as potential reservoirs of tick-borne viruses (TBVs). Ticks on bats have gained interest as potential reservoirs of pathogenic viruses to humans in Cuba and worldwide. Understanding their role in maintaining viruses and their potential transmission to humans is crucial for the implementation of surveillance and control programs to reduce the risk of tick-borne viral diseases and public health management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maritza Pupo Antúnez
- Laboratorio de Virología. Departamento de Microbiología y Virología. Facultad de Biología, Universidad de la Habana, C.P. 10400, Plaza de la Revolución, Cuba
| | - José Carlos Marín Montesinos
- Laboratorio de Virología. Departamento de Microbiología y Virología. Facultad de Biología, Universidad de la Habana, C.P. 10400, Plaza de la Revolución, Cuba
| | - Alexandra Corduneanu
- Department of Animal Breeding and Animal Production, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca-Napoca, Romania
| | - Dasiel Obregón
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Sara Moutailler
- Anses, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, UMR BIPAR, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Maisons-Alfort, F-94700, France
| | - Alejandro Cabezas-Cruz
- Anses, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, UMR BIPAR, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Maisons-Alfort, F-94700, France
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23
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Eskew EA, Olival KJ, Mazet JAK, Daszak P, PREDICT Consortium. A global-scale dataset of bat viral detection suggests that pregnancy reduces viral shedding. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.25.581969. [PMID: 38464184 PMCID: PMC10925100 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.25.581969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Understanding viral infection dynamics in wildlife hosts can help forecast zoonotic pathogen spillover and human disease risk. Bats are particularly important reservoirs of zoonotic viruses, including some of major public health concern such as Nipah virus, Hendra virus, and SARS-related coronaviruses. Previous work has suggested that metapopulation dynamics, seasonal reproductive patterns, and other bat life history characteristics might explain temporal variation in spillover of bat-associated viruses into people. Here, we analyze viral dynamics in free-ranging bat hosts, leveraging a multi-year, global-scale viral detection dataset that spans eight viral families and 96 bat species from 14 countries. We fit hierarchical Bayesian models that explicitly control for important sources of variation, including geographic region, specimen type, and testing protocols, while estimating the influence of reproductive status on viral detection in female bats. Our models revealed that late pregnancy had a negative effect on viral shedding across multiple data subsets, while lactation had a weaker influence that was inconsistent across data subsets. These results are unusual for mammalian hosts, but given recent findings that bats may have high individual viral loads and population-level prevalence due to dampening of antiviral immunity, we propose that it would be evolutionarily advantageous for pregnancy to either not further reduce immunity or actually increase the immune response, reducing viral load, shedding, and risk of fetal infection. This novel hypothesis would be valuable to test given its potential to help monitor, predict, and manage viral spillover risk from bats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan A. Eskew
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY 10018, USA
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Data Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
| | | | - Jonna A. K. Mazet
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | | | - PREDICT Consortium
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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24
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Clayton E, Atasoy MO, Naggar RFE, Franco AC, Rohaim MA, Munir M. Interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 5 of black fruit bat ( Pteropus alecto) displays a broad inhibition of RNA viruses. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1284056. [PMID: 38440728 PMCID: PMC10909918 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1284056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Bats are natural host reservoirs and have adapted a unique innate immune system that permits them to host many viruses without exhibiting symptoms. Notably, bat interferon stimulated genes (ISGs) have been shown to play antiviral roles. Interferon induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 5 (IFIT5) is a well-characterised ISG in humans with antiviral activities against negative-sense RNA viruses via inhibiting viral transcription. Here, we aim to investigate if Pteropus alecto (pa) IFIT5 (paIFIT5) possess the ability to inhibit negative-sense RNA viruses. Initially, gene syntenic and comparative structural analyses of multiple animals highlighted a high level of similarity between Pteropus alecto and human IFIT5 proteins. Our results showed that paIFIT5 was significantly inducible by viral and dsRNA stimulation. Transient overexpression of paIFIT5 inhibited the replication of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). Using minireplicon and transcription reporter assays, we demonstrated the ability of paIFIT5 specifically to inhibit H17N10 polymerase activity. Mechanistically, we noticed that the antiviral potential of paIFIT5 against negative sense RNA viruses was retributed to its interaction with 5'ppp containing RNA. Taken together, these findings highlight the genetic and functional conservation of IFIT5 among mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Muhammad Munir
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
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25
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Foley NM, Harris AJ, Bredemeyer KR, Ruedi M, Puechmaille SJ, Teeling EC, Criscitiello MF, Murphy WJ. Karyotypic stasis and swarming influenced the evolution of viral tolerance in a species-rich bat radiation. CELL GENOMICS 2024; 4:100482. [PMID: 38237599 PMCID: PMC10879000 DOI: 10.1016/j.xgen.2023.100482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The emergence of COVID-19 and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) has prioritized understanding bats' viral tolerance. Myotis bats are exceptionally species rich and have evolved viral tolerance. They also exhibit swarming, a cryptic behavior where large, multi-species assemblages gather for mating, which has been hypothesized to promote interspecific hybridization. To resolve the coevolution of genome architecture and their unusual antiviral tolerance, we undertook a phylogenomic analysis of 60 Old World Myotis genomes. We demonstrate an extensive history of introgressive hybridization that has replaced the species phylogeny across 17%-93% of the genome except for pericentromeric regions of macrochromosomes. Introgression tracts were enriched on microchromosome regions containing key antiviral pathway genes overexpressed during viral challenge experiments. Together, these results suggest that the unusual Myotis karyotype may have evolved to selectively position immune-related genes in high recombining genomic regions prone to introgression of divergent alleles, including a diversity of interleukin loci responsible for the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Foley
- Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
| | - Andrew J Harris
- Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA; Interdisciplinary Program in Genetics & Genomics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Kevin R Bredemeyer
- Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA; Interdisciplinary Program in Genetics & Genomics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Manuel Ruedi
- Department of Mammalogy and Ornithology, Natural History Museum of Geneva, Route de Malagnou 1, BP 6434, 1211 Geneva 6, Switzerland
| | - Sebastien J Puechmaille
- Institut des Sciences de l'Évolution, Montpellier (ISEM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France; Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - Emma C Teeling
- School of Biology and Environmental, Science, Science Centre West, University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland
| | - Michael F Criscitiello
- Interdisciplinary Program in Genetics & Genomics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA; Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - William J Murphy
- Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA; Interdisciplinary Program in Genetics & Genomics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
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26
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Laine VN, Pulliainen AT, Lilley TM. Reference genome for the Northern bat (Eptesicus nilssonii), a most northern bat species. J Hered 2024; 115:149-154. [PMID: 37791665 PMCID: PMC10838120 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esad056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The northern bat (Eptesicus nilssonii) is the most northern bat species in the world. Its distribution covers whole Eurasia, and the species is thus well adapted to different habitat types. However, recent population declines have been reported and rapid conservation efforts are needed. Here we present a high-quality de novo genome assembly of a female northern bat from Finland (BLF_Eptnil_asm_v1.0). The assembly was generated using a combination of Pacbio and Omni-C technologies. The primary assembly comprises 726 scaffolds spanning 2.0 Gb, represented by a scaffold N50 of 102 Mb, a contig N50 of 66.2 Mb, and a BUSCO completeness score of 93.73%. Annotation of the assembly identified 20,250 genes. This genome will be an important resource for the conservation and evolutionary genomic studies especially in understanding how rapid environmental changes affect northern species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika N Laine
- BatLab Finland, Zoology unit, Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Thomas M Lilley
- BatLab Finland, Zoology unit, Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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27
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Al-Eitan L, Mihyar A. The controversy of SARS-CoV-2 integration into the human genome. Rev Med Virol 2024; 34:e2511. [PMID: 38282406 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Bat borne disease have attracted many researchers for years. The ability of the bat to host several exogenous viruses has been a focal point in research lately. The latest pandemic shifted the focus of scholars towards understanding the difference in response to viral infection between humans and bats. In a way to understand the basis of the interaction and behaviour between SARS-CoV-2 and the environment, a conflict between different researchers across the globe arose. This conflict asked many questions about the truth of virus-host integration, whether an interaction between RNA viruses and human genomes has ever been reported, the possible route and mechanism that could lead to genomic integration of viral sequences and the methods used to detect integration. This article highlights those questions and will discuss the diverse opinions of the controversy and provide examples on reported integration mechanisms and possible detection techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laith Al-Eitan
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ahmad Mihyar
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
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28
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Chan TTY, Chow FWN, Fung J, Cheng FKK, Lo GCS, Tsang CC, Luk HKH, Wong ACP, He Z, Aw-Yong KL, Liu X, Yuen KY, Woo PCY, Lau SKP. A sensitive and simple RT-LAMP assay for sarbecovirus screening in bats. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0259123. [PMID: 37971222 PMCID: PMC10715088 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02591-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE We report the application of a colorimetric and fluorescent reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) assay to facilitate mass screening for sarbecoviruses in bats. The assay was evaluated using a total of 838 oral and alimentary samples from bats and demonstrated comparable sensitivity and specificity to quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR), with a simple setup. The addition of SYTO9, a fluorescent nucleic acid stain, also allows for quantitative analysis. The scalability and simplicity of the assay are believed to contribute to improving preparedness for detecting emerging coronaviruses by applying it to field studies and surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Tat-Yin Chan
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Franklin Wang-Ngai Chow
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Joshua Fung
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Flora Ka-Kei Cheng
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - George Chi-Shing Lo
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chi-Ching Tsang
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Tung Wah College, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hayes Kam-Hei Luk
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Antonio Cheuk-Pui Wong
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zirong He
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kam Leng Aw-Yong
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xueyan Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kwok-Yung Yuen
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Patrick Chiu-Yat Woo
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Doctoral Program in Translational Medicine and Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Research Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Susanna Kar-Pui Lau
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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29
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Dhivahar J, Parthasarathy A, Krishnan K, Kovi BS, Pandian GN. Bat-associated microbes: Opportunities and perils, an overview. Heliyon 2023; 9:e22351. [PMID: 38125540 PMCID: PMC10730444 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential biotechnological uses of bat-associated bacteria are discussed briefly, indicating avenues for biotechnological applications of bat-associated microbes. The uniqueness of bats in terms of their lifestyle, genomes and molecular immunology may predispose bats to act as disease reservoirs. Molecular phylogenetic analysis has shown several instances of bats harbouring the ancestral lineages of bacterial (Bartonella), protozoal (Plasmodium, Trypanosoma cruzi) and viral (SARS-CoV2) pathogens infecting humans. Along with the transmission of viruses from bats, we also discuss the potential roles of bat-associated bacteria, fungi, and protozoan parasites in emerging diseases. Current evidence suggests that environmental changes and interactions between wildlife, livestock, and humans contribute to the spill-over of infectious agents from bats to other hosts. Domestic animals including livestock may act as intermediate amplifying hosts for bat-origin pathogens to transmit to humans. An increasing number of studies investigating bat pathogen diversity and infection dynamics have been published. However, whether or how these infectious agents are transmitted both within bat populations and to other hosts, including humans, often remains unknown. Metagenomic approaches are uncovering the dynamics and distribution of potential pathogens in bat microbiomes, which might improve the understanding of disease emergence and transmission. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on bat zoonoses of public health concern and flag the gaps in the knowledge to enable further research and allocation of resources for tackling future outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Dhivahar
- Research Department of Zoology, St. Johns College, Palayamkottai, 627002, India
- Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Microbial Ecology, Loyola College, Chennai, 600034, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Laboratory of Virology, University of Madras, Chennai, 600025, India
| | - Anutthaman Parthasarathy
- Department of Chemistry and Biosciences, Richmond Building, University of Bradford, Bradford, West Yorkshire, BD7 1DP, United Kingdom
| | - Kathiravan Krishnan
- Department of Biotechnology, Laboratory of Virology, University of Madras, Chennai, 600025, India
| | - Basavaraj S. Kovi
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Yoshida Ushinomiyacho, 69, Sakyo Ward, 606-8501, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ganesh N. Pandian
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Yoshida Ushinomiyacho, 69, Sakyo Ward, 606-8501, Kyoto, Japan
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30
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Choo J, Nghiem LTP, Benítez-López A, Carrasco LR. Range area and the fast-slow continuum of life history traits predict pathogen richness in wild mammals. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20191. [PMID: 37980452 PMCID: PMC10657380 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47448-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Surveillance of pathogen richness in wildlife is needed to identify host species with a high risk of zoonotic disease spillover. While several predictors of pathogen richness in wildlife hosts have been proposed, their relative importance has not been formally examined. This hampers our ability to identify potential disease reservoirs, particularly in remote areas with limited surveillance efforts. Here we analyzed 14 proposed predictors of pathogen richness using ensemble modeling and a dataset of 1040 host species to identify the most important predictors of pathogen richness in wild mammal species. After controlling for research effort, larger species geographic range area was identified to be associated with higher pathogen richness. We found evidence of duality in the relationship between the fast-slow continuum of life-history traits and pathogen richness, where pathogen richness increases near the extremities. Taxonomic orders Carnivora, Proboscidea, Artiodactyla, and Perissodactyla were predicted to host high pathogen richness. The top three species with the highest pathogen richness predicted by our ensemble model were Canis lupus, Sus scrofa, and Alces alces. Our results can help support evidence-informed pathogen surveillance and disease reservoir management to prevent the emergence of future zoonotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Choo
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
| | | | - Ana Benítez-López
- Department of Biogeography and Global Change, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN-CSIC), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Luis R Carrasco
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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31
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Bornstein K, Gryan G, Chang ES, Marchler-Bauer A, Schneider VA. The NIH Comparative Genomics Resource: addressing the promises and challenges of comparative genomics on human health. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:575. [PMID: 37759191 PMCID: PMC10523801 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09643-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Comparative genomics is the comparison of genetic information within and across organisms to understand the evolution, structure, and function of genes, proteins, and non-coding regions (Sivashankari and Shanmughavel, Bioinformation 1:376-8, 2007). Advances in sequencing technology and assembly algorithms have resulted in the ability to sequence large genomes and provided a wealth of data that are being used in comparative genomic analyses. Comparative analysis can be leveraged to systematically explore and evaluate the biological relationships and evolution between species, aid in understanding the structure and function of genes, and gain a better understanding of disease and potential drug targets. As our knowledge of genetics expands, comparative genomics can help identify emerging model organisms among a broader span of the tree of life, positively impacting human health. This impact includes, but is not limited to, zoonotic disease research, therapeutics development, microbiome research, xenotransplantation, oncology, and toxicology. Despite advancements in comparative genomics, new challenges have arisen around the quantity, quality assurance, annotation, and interoperability of genomic data and metadata. New tools and approaches are required to meet these challenges and fulfill the needs of researchers. This paper focuses on how the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Comparative Genomics Resource (CGR) can address both the opportunities for comparative genomics to further impact human health and confront an increasingly complex set of challenges facing researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gary Gryan
- The MITRE Corporation, 7525 Colshire Dr, McLean, VA, USA
| | - E Sally Chang
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20894, USA
| | - Aron Marchler-Bauer
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20894, USA
| | - Valerie A Schneider
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20894, USA.
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32
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Temmam S, Tu TC, Regnault B, Bonomi M, Chrétien D, Vendramini L, Duong TN, Phong TV, Yen NT, Anh HN, Son TH, Anh PT, Amara F, Bigot T, Munier S, Thong VD, van der Werf S, Nam VS, Eloit M. Genotype and Phenotype Characterization of Rhinolophus sp. Sarbecoviruses from Vietnam: Implications for Coronavirus Emergence. Viruses 2023; 15:1897. [PMID: 37766303 PMCID: PMC10536463 DOI: 10.3390/v15091897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Bats are a major reservoir of zoonotic viruses, including coronaviruses. Since the emergence of SARS-CoV in 2002/2003 in Asia, important efforts have been made to describe the diversity of Coronaviridae circulating in bats worldwide, leading to the discovery of the precursors of epidemic and pandemic sarbecoviruses in horseshoe bats. We investigated the viral communities infecting horseshoe bats living in Northern Vietnam, and report here the first identification of sarbecoviruses in Rhinolophus thomasi and Rhinolophus siamensis bats. Phylogenetic characterization of seven strains of Vietnamese sarbecoviruses identified at least three clusters of viruses. Recombination and cross-species transmission between bats seemed to constitute major drivers of virus evolution. Vietnamese sarbecoviruses were mainly enteric, therefore constituting a risk of spillover for guano collectors or people visiting caves. To evaluate the zoonotic potential of these viruses, we analyzed in silico and in vitro the ability of their RBDs to bind to mammalian ACE2s and concluded that these viruses are likely restricted to their bat hosts. The workflow applied here to characterize the spillover potential of novel sarbecoviruses is of major interest for each time a new virus is discovered, in order to concentrate surveillance efforts on high-risk interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Temmam
- Pathogen Discovery Laboratory, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, 75015 Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, The OIE Collaborating Center for the Detection and Identification in Humans of Emerging Animal Pathogens, Université Paris Cité, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Tran Cong Tu
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Béatrice Regnault
- Pathogen Discovery Laboratory, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, 75015 Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, The OIE Collaborating Center for the Detection and Identification in Humans of Emerging Animal Pathogens, Université Paris Cité, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Massimiliano Bonomi
- Structural Bioinformatics Unit, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR3528, Université Paris Cité, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Delphine Chrétien
- Pathogen Discovery Laboratory, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, 75015 Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, The OIE Collaborating Center for the Detection and Identification in Humans of Emerging Animal Pathogens, Université Paris Cité, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Léa Vendramini
- Pathogen Discovery Laboratory, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, 75015 Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, The OIE Collaborating Center for the Detection and Identification in Humans of Emerging Animal Pathogens, Université Paris Cité, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Tran Nhu Duong
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Tran Vu Phong
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thi Yen
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Hoang Ngoc Anh
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Tran Hai Son
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Pham Tuan Anh
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Faustine Amara
- Institut Pasteur, G5 Evolutionary Genomics of RNA Viruses, Université Paris Cité, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Thomas Bigot
- Pathogen Discovery Laboratory, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, 75015 Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Hub, Université Paris Cité, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Sandie Munier
- Institut Pasteur, G5 Evolutionary Genomics of RNA Viruses, Université Paris Cité, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Vu Dinh Thong
- Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Hanoi 70072, Vietnam
| | - Sylvie van der Werf
- Molecular Genetics of RNA Viruses Unit, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3569, Université Paris Cité, 75015 Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, National Reference Center for Respiratory Viruses, Université Paris Cité, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Vu Sinh Nam
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Marc Eloit
- Pathogen Discovery Laboratory, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, 75015 Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, The OIE Collaborating Center for the Detection and Identification in Humans of Emerging Animal Pathogens, Université Paris Cité, 75015 Paris, France
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, University of Paris-Est, 77420 Maisons-Alfort, France
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33
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Brook CE, Rozins C, Guth S, Boots M. Reservoir host immunology and life history shape virulence evolution in zoonotic viruses. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3002268. [PMID: 37676899 PMCID: PMC10484437 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The management of future pandemic risk requires a better understanding of the mechanisms that determine the virulence of emerging zoonotic viruses. Meta-analyses suggest that the virulence of emerging zoonoses is correlated with but not completely predictable from reservoir host phylogeny, indicating that specific characteristics of reservoir host immunology and life history may drive the evolution of viral traits responsible for cross-species virulence. In particular, bats host viruses that cause higher case fatality rates upon spillover to humans than those derived from any other mammal, a phenomenon that cannot be explained by phylogenetic distance alone. In order to disentangle the fundamental drivers of these patterns, we develop a nested modeling framework that highlights mechanisms that underpin the evolution of viral traits in reservoir hosts that cause virulence following cross-species emergence. We apply this framework to generate virulence predictions for viral zoonoses derived from diverse mammalian reservoirs, recapturing trends in virus-induced human mortality rates reported in the literature. Notably, our work offers a mechanistic hypothesis to explain the extreme virulence of bat-borne zoonoses and, more generally, demonstrates how key differences in reservoir host longevity, viral tolerance, and constitutive immunity impact the evolution of viral traits that cause virulence following spillover to humans. Our theoretical framework offers a series of testable questions and predictions designed to stimulate future work comparing cross-species virulence evolution in zoonotic viruses derived from diverse mammalian hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara E. Brook
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Carly Rozins
- Department of Science, Technology, and Society, York University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sarah Guth
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Mike Boots
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, United Kingdom
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34
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Muzeniek T, Perera T, Siriwardana S, Bas D, Bayram F, Öruc M, Becker-Ziaja B, Perera I, Weerasena J, Handunnetti S, Schwarz F, Premawansa G, Premawansa S, Yapa W, Nitsche A, Kohl C. Comparative virome analysis of individual shedding routes of Miniopterus phillipsi bats inhabiting the Wavul Galge cave, Sri Lanka. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12859. [PMID: 37553373 PMCID: PMC10409741 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39534-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Bats are described as the natural reservoir host for a wide range of viruses. Although an increasing number of bat-associated, potentially human pathogenic viruses were discovered in the past, the full picture of the bat viromes is not explored yet. In this study, the virome composition of Miniopterus phillipsi bats (formerly known as Miniopterus fuliginosus bats in Sri Lanka) inhabiting the Wavul Galge cave, Sri Lanka, was analyzed. To assess different possible excretion routes, oral swabs, feces and urine were collected and analyzed individually by using metagenomic NGS. The data obtained was further evaluated by using phylogenetic reconstructions, whereby a special focus was set on RNA viruses that are typically associated with bats. Two different alphacoronavirus strains were detected in feces and urine samples. Furthermore, a paramyxovirus was detected in urine samples. Sequences related to Picornaviridae, Iflaviridae, unclassified Riboviria and Astroviridae were identified in feces samples and further sequences related to Astroviridae in urine samples. No viruses were detected in oral swab samples. The comparative virome analysis in this study revealed a diversity in the virome composition between the collected sample types which also represent different potential shedding routes for the detected viruses. At the same time, several novel viruses represent first reports of these pathogens from bats in Sri Lanka. The detection of two different coronaviruses in the samples indicates the potential general persistence of this virus species in M. phillipsi bats. Based on phylogenetics, the identified viruses are closely related to bat-associated viruses with comparably low estimation of human pathogenic potential. In further studies, the seasonal variation of the virome will be analyzed to identify possible shedding patterns for particular viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese Muzeniek
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Highly Pathogenic Viruses (ZBS 1), Robert Koch Institute, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thejanee Perera
- Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Colombo, Colombo, 00300, Sri Lanka
| | - Sahan Siriwardana
- IDEA (Identification of Emerging Agents) Laboratory, Department of Zoology and Environment Sciences, University of Colombo, Colombo, 00300, Sri Lanka
| | - Dilara Bas
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Highly Pathogenic Viruses (ZBS 1), Robert Koch Institute, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Fatimanur Bayram
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Highly Pathogenic Viruses (ZBS 1), Robert Koch Institute, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mizgin Öruc
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Highly Pathogenic Viruses (ZBS 1), Robert Koch Institute, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Beate Becker-Ziaja
- Centre for International Health Protection, Public Health Laboratory Support (ZIG 4), Robert Koch Institute, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Inoka Perera
- IDEA (Identification of Emerging Agents) Laboratory, Department of Zoology and Environment Sciences, University of Colombo, Colombo, 00300, Sri Lanka
| | - Jagathpriya Weerasena
- Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Colombo, Colombo, 00300, Sri Lanka
| | - Shiroma Handunnetti
- Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Colombo, Colombo, 00300, Sri Lanka
| | - Franziska Schwarz
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Highly Pathogenic Viruses (ZBS 1), Robert Koch Institute, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Sunil Premawansa
- IDEA (Identification of Emerging Agents) Laboratory, Department of Zoology and Environment Sciences, University of Colombo, Colombo, 00300, Sri Lanka
| | - Wipula Yapa
- IDEA (Identification of Emerging Agents) Laboratory, Department of Zoology and Environment Sciences, University of Colombo, Colombo, 00300, Sri Lanka
| | - Andreas Nitsche
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Highly Pathogenic Viruses (ZBS 1), Robert Koch Institute, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Kohl
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Highly Pathogenic Viruses (ZBS 1), Robert Koch Institute, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
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35
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Hemnani M, da Silva PG, Thompson G, Poeta P, Rebelo H, Mesquita JR. First Report of Alphacoronavirus Circulating in Cavernicolous Bats from Portugal. Viruses 2023; 15:1521. [PMID: 37515207 PMCID: PMC10384150 DOI: 10.3390/v15071521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of novel coronaviruses (CoVs) has emphasized the need to understand their diversity and distribution in animal populations. Bats have been identified as crucial reservoirs for CoVs, and they are found in various bat species worldwide. In this study, we investigated the presence of CoVs of four cavernicolous bats in six locations in the centre and south of Portugal. We collected faeces, anal, and buccal swab samples, as well as air samples from the locations using a Coriolis air sampler. Our results indicate that CoVs were more readily detected in faecal samples compared to anal and buccal swab samples. No CoVs were detected in the air samples. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the detected viruses belong to the Alphacoronavirus genus. This study represents the first report of Alphacoronaviruses circulating in bats in Portugal and highlights the importance of continuous surveillance for novel CoVs in bat populations globally. Ongoing surveillance for CoVs in bat populations is essential as they are a vital source of these viruses. It is crucial to understand the ecological relationships between animals, humans, and the environment to prevent and control the emergence and transmission of infectious diseases. Further ecological studies are needed to investigate the factors contributing to the emergence and transmission of zoonotic viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahima Hemnani
- School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Porto University, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (M.H.); (P.G.d.S.); (G.T.)
| | - Priscilla Gomes da Silva
- School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Porto University, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (M.H.); (P.G.d.S.); (G.T.)
- Epidemiology Research Unit (EPIunit), Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal
- Laboratório Para a Investigação Integrativa e Translacional em Saúde Populacional (ITR), 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnotlogy and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE—Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal
| | - Gertrude Thompson
- School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Porto University, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (M.H.); (P.G.d.S.); (G.T.)
- Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal;
| | - Patricia Poeta
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisbon, 1099-085 Caparica, Portugal
- Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Veterinary and Animal Research Centre, Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Hugo Rebelo
- Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal;
- ESS, Instituto Politécnico de Setúbal, 2910-761 Setúbal, Portugal
| | - João R. Mesquita
- School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Porto University, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (M.H.); (P.G.d.S.); (G.T.)
- Epidemiology Research Unit (EPIunit), Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal
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36
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Klestova Z. Possible spread of SARS-CoV-2 in domestic and wild animals and body temperature role. Virus Res 2023; 327:199066. [PMID: 36754290 PMCID: PMC9911306 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic was officially announced in March 2020 and is still moving around the world. Virus strains, their pathogenicity and infectivity are changing, but the ability is fast to spread and harm people's health remained, despite the seasonality seasons and other circumstances. Most likely, humanity is doomed for a long time to coexistence with this emergent pathogen, since it is already circulating not only among the human population, but and among fauna, especially among wild animals in different regions of the planet. Thus, the range the virus has expanded, the material and conditions for its evolution are more than enough. The detection of SARS-CoV-2 in known infected fauna species is analyzed and possible spread and ongoing circulation of the virus in domestic and wild animals are discussed. One of the main focus of the article is the role of animal body temperature, its fluctuations and the presence of entry receptors in the susceptibility of different animal species to SARS-CoV-2 infection and virus spreading in possible new ecological niches. The possibility of long-term circulation of the pathogen among susceptible organisms is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zinaida Klestova
- Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Straße 6, Tübingen 72076, Germany.
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37
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Déjosez M, Marin A, Hughes GM, Morales AE, Godoy-Parejo C, Gray JL, Qin Y, Singh AA, Xu H, Juste J, Ibáñez C, White KM, Rosales R, Francoeur NJ, Sebra RP, Alcock D, Volkert TL, Puechmaille SJ, Pastusiak A, Frost SDW, Hiller M, Young RA, Teeling EC, García-Sastre A, Zwaka TP. Bat pluripotent stem cells reveal unusual entanglement between host and viruses. Cell 2023; 186:957-974.e28. [PMID: 36812912 PMCID: PMC10085545 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Bats are distinctive among mammals due to their ability to fly, use laryngeal echolocation, and tolerate viruses. However, there are currently no reliable cellular models for studying bat biology or their response to viral infections. Here, we created induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from two species of bats: the wild greater horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum) and the greater mouse-eared bat (Myotis myotis). The iPSCs from both bat species showed similar characteristics and had a gene expression profile resembling that of cells attacked by viruses. They also had a high number of endogenous viral sequences, particularly retroviruses. These results suggest that bats have evolved mechanisms to tolerate a large load of viral sequences and may have a more intertwined relationship with viruses than previously thought. Further study of bat iPSCs and their differentiated progeny will provide insights into bat biology, virus host relationships, and the molecular basis of bats' special traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Déjosez
- Huffington Center for Cell-Based Research in Parkinson's disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10502, USA; Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, and Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10502, USA; Paratus Sciences, 430 East 29th Street, Suite 600, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Arturo Marin
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Graham M Hughes
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ariadna E Morales
- Senckenberg Research Institute, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt, Germany; Faculty of Biosciences, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Carlos Godoy-Parejo
- Huffington Center for Cell-Based Research in Parkinson's disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10502, USA; Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, and Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10502, USA
| | - Jonathan L Gray
- Huffington Center for Cell-Based Research in Parkinson's disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10502, USA; Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, and Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10502, USA
| | - Yiren Qin
- Huffington Center for Cell-Based Research in Parkinson's disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10502, USA; Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, and Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10502, USA
| | - Arun A Singh
- Huffington Center for Cell-Based Research in Parkinson's disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10502, USA; Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, and Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10502, USA
| | - Hui Xu
- Huffington Center for Cell-Based Research in Parkinson's disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10502, USA; Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, and Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10502, USA
| | - Javier Juste
- Estación biológica de doñana (CSIC), Avda. Américo Vespucio 26, Seville 41092, Spain; CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health, CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Ibáñez
- Estación biológica de doñana (CSIC), Avda. Américo Vespucio 26, Seville 41092, Spain
| | - Kris M White
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Romel Rosales
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | | | - Robert P Sebra
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Icahn Institute for Genomics, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dominic Alcock
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Thomas L Volkert
- Paratus Sciences, 430 East 29th Street, Suite 600, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | | | - Andrzej Pastusiak
- Microsoft Premonition, Microsoft Building 99, 14820 NE 36th Street, Redmond, WA 98052, USA
| | - Simon D W Frost
- Microsoft Premonition, Microsoft Building 99, 14820 NE 36th Street, Redmond, WA 98052, USA; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Michael Hiller
- LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt, Germany; Senckenberg Research Institute, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt, Germany; Faculty of Biosciences, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Richard A Young
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Emma C Teeling
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Thomas P Zwaka
- Huffington Center for Cell-Based Research in Parkinson's disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10502, USA; Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, and Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10502, USA; Paratus Sciences, 430 East 29th Street, Suite 600, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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Rahman S, Ullah S, Shinwari ZK, Ali M. Bats-associated beta-coronavirus detection and characterization: First report from Pakistan. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2023; 108:105399. [PMID: 36584905 PMCID: PMC9793958 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2022.105399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Bats remains as reservoirs for highly contagious and pathogenic viral families including the Coronaviridae, Filoviridae, Paramyxoviruses, and Rhabdoviridae. Spill over of viral species (SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV & SARS-CoV2) from bats (as a possible potential reservoirs) have recently caused worst outbreaks. Early detection of viral species of pandemic potential in bats is of great importance. We detected beta coronaviruses in the studied bats population (positive samples from Rousettus leschenaultia) and performed the evolutionary analysis, amino acid sequence alignment, and analysed the 3-Dimentional protein structure. We detected the coronaviruses for the first time in bats from Pakistan. Our analysis based on RdRp partial gene sequencing suggest that the studied viral strains are closely related to MERS-CoV-like viruses as they exhibit close structure similarities (with few substitutions) and also observed a substitution in highly conserved SDD in the palm subdomain of motif C to ADD, when compared with earlier reported viral strains. It could be concluded from our study that coronaviruses are circulating among the bat's population in Pakistan. Based on the current findings, we suggest large scale screening procedures of bat virome across the country to detect potential pathogenic viral species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidra Rahman
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Sana Ullah
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan; Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Oman.
| | | | - Muhammad Ali
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
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Escudero-Pérez B, Lalande A, Mathieu C, Lawrence P. Host–Pathogen Interactions Influencing Zoonotic Spillover Potential and Transmission in Humans. Viruses 2023; 15:v15030599. [PMID: 36992308 PMCID: PMC10060007 DOI: 10.3390/v15030599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging infectious diseases of zoonotic origin are an ever-increasing public health risk and economic burden. The factors that determine if and when an animal virus is able to spill over into the human population with sufficient success to achieve ongoing transmission in humans are complex and dynamic. We are currently unable to fully predict which pathogens may appear in humans, where and with what impact. In this review, we highlight current knowledge of the key host–pathogen interactions known to influence zoonotic spillover potential and transmission in humans, with a particular focus on two important human viruses of zoonotic origin, the Nipah virus and the Ebola virus. Namely, key factors determining spillover potential include cellular and tissue tropism, as well as the virulence and pathogenic characteristics of the pathogen and the capacity of the pathogen to adapt and evolve within a novel host environment. We also detail our emerging understanding of the importance of steric hindrance of host cell factors by viral proteins using a “flytrap”-type mechanism of protein amyloidogenesis that could be crucial in developing future antiviral therapies against emerging pathogens. Finally, we discuss strategies to prepare for and to reduce the frequency of zoonotic spillover occurrences in order to minimize the risk of new outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Escudero-Pérez
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Arbovirus and Haemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Luebeck-Borstel-Reims, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Alexandre Lalande
- CIRI (Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie), Team Neuro-Invasion, TROpism and VIRal Encephalitis, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Cyrille Mathieu
- CIRI (Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie), Team Neuro-Invasion, TROpism and VIRal Encephalitis, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Philip Lawrence
- CONFLUENCE: Sciences et Humanités (EA 1598), Université Catholique de Lyon (UCLy), 69002 Lyon, France
- Correspondence:
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40
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Jain S, Khaiboullina S, Martynova E, Morzunov S, Baranwal M. Epidemiology of Ebolaviruses from an Etiological Perspective. Pathogens 2023; 12:248. [PMID: 36839520 PMCID: PMC9963726 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12020248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the inception of the ebolavirus in 1976, 32 outbreaks have resulted in nearly 15,350 deaths in more than ten countries of the African continent. In the last decade, the largest (2013-2016) and second largest (2018-2020) ebolavirus outbreaks have occurred in West Africa (mainly Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone) and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, respectively. The 2013-2016 outbreak indicated an alarming geographical spread of the virus and was the first to qualify as an epidemic. Hence, it is imperative to halt ebolavirus progression and develop effective countermeasures. Despite several research efforts, ebolaviruses' natural hosts and secondary reservoirs still elude the scientific world. The primary source responsible for infecting the index case is also unknown for most outbreaks. In this review, we summarize the history of ebolavirus outbreaks with a focus on etiology, natural hosts, zoonotic reservoirs, and transmission mechanisms. We also discuss the reasons why the African continent is the most affected region and identify steps to contain this virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahil Jain
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala 147004, Punjab, India
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Svetlana Khaiboullina
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Martynova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia
| | - Sergey Morzunov
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Manoj Baranwal
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala 147004, Punjab, India
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Li J, Tian F, Zhang S, Liu SS, Kang XP, Li YD, Wei JQ, Lin W, Lei Z, Feng Y, Jiang JF, Jiang T, Tong Y. Genomic representation predicts an asymptotic host adaptation of bat coronaviruses using deep learning. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1157608. [PMID: 37213516 PMCID: PMC10198438 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1157608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Coronaviruses (CoVs) are naturally found in bats and can occasionally cause infection and transmission in humans and other mammals. Our study aimed to build a deep learning (DL) method to predict the adaptation of bat CoVs to other mammals. Methods The CoV genome was represented with a method of dinucleotide composition representation (DCR) for the two main viral genes, ORF1ab and Spike. DCR features were first analyzed for their distribution among adaptive hosts and then trained with a DL classifier of convolutional neural networks (CNN) to predict the adaptation of bat CoVs. Results and discussion The results demonstrated inter-host separation and intra-host clustering of DCR-represented CoVs for six host types: Artiodactyla, Carnivora, Chiroptera, Primates, Rodentia/Lagomorpha, and Suiformes. The DCR-based CNN with five host labels (without Chiroptera) predicted a dominant adaptation of bat CoVs to Artiodactyla hosts, then to Carnivora and Rodentia/Lagomorpha mammals, and later to primates. Moreover, a linear asymptotic adaptation of all CoVs (except Suiformes) from Artiodactyla to Carnivora and Rodentia/Lagomorpha and then to Primates indicates an asymptotic bats-other mammals-human adaptation. Conclusion Genomic dinucleotides represented as DCR indicate a host-specific separation, and clustering predicts a linear asymptotic adaptation shift of bat CoVs from other mammals to humans via deep learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, AMMS, Beijing, China
| | - Fengjuan Tian
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering (BAIC-SM), College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Sen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, AMMS, Beijing, China
| | - Shun-Shuai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, AMMS, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, AMMS, Beijing, China
| | - Ya-Dan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, AMMS, Beijing, China
| | - Jun-Qing Wei
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering (BAIC-SM), College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Lin
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering (BAIC-SM), College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongyi Lei
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering (BAIC-SM), College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Ye Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, AMMS, Beijing, China
| | - Jia-Fu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, AMMS, Beijing, China
- Jia-Fu Jiang
| | - Tao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, AMMS, Beijing, China
- Tao Jiang
| | - Yigang Tong
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering (BAIC-SM), College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yigang Tong
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Mubareka S, Amuasi J, Banerjee A, Carabin H, Copper Jack J, Jardine C, Jaroszewicz B, Keefe G, Kotwa J, Kutz S, McGregor D, Mease A, Nicholson L, Nowak K, Pickering B, Reed MG, Saint-Charles J, Simonienko K, Smith T, Scott Weese J, Jane Parmley E. Strengthening a One Health approach to emerging zoonoses. Facets (Ott) 2023. [DOI: 10.1139/facets-2021-0190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Given the enormous global impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza in Canada, and manifold other zoonotic pathogen activity, there is a pressing need for a deeper understanding of the human-animal-environment interface and the intersecting biological, ecological, and societal factors contributing to the emergence, spread, and impact of zoonotic diseases. We aim to apply a One Health approach to pressing issues related to emerging zoonoses, and propose a functional framework of interconnected but distinct groups of recommendations around strategy and governance, technical leadership (operations), equity, education and research for a One Health approach and Action Plan for Canada. Change is desperately needed, beginning by reorienting our approach to health and recalibrating our perspectives to restore balance with the natural world in a rapid and sustainable fashion. In Canada, a major paradigm shift in how we think about health is required. All of society must recognize the intrinsic value of all living species and the importance of the health of humans, other animals, and ecosystems to health for all.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John Amuasi
- Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ashanti Region, Ghana
| | | | | | - Joe Copper Jack
- Indigenous Knowledge Holder, Whitehorse, Yukon Territory, Canada
| | | | | | - Greg Keefe
- University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | | | - Susan Kutz
- University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Anne Mease
- Selkirk First Nation Citizen, Selkirk First Nation, Yukon Territory, Canada
| | | | | | - Brad Pickering
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Viola MF, Gerardo Herrera M L, da Cruz-Neto AP. The acute phase response in bats (Carollia perspicillata) varies with time and dose of the immune challenge. J Exp Biol 2022; 225:286160. [PMID: 36448935 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.244583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The acute phase response (APR) is a core component of the innate immune response and represents the first line of immune defense used in response to infections. Although several studies with vertebrates reported fever, a decrease in food intake and body mass, and an increase in neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio and total white blood cell count after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) inoculation, there was great variability in the magnitude of these responses. Some of these differences might reflect, to some extent, differences in the time of endotoxin inoculation (during active or rest periods) and dose. Therefore, our study tested the interplay between LPS dose and time of injection on selected physiological (fever and increase in total white blood cell count and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio) and behavioral (food intake) components of the APR using a Neotropical fruit-eating bat (Carollia perspicillata) as a model organism. We predicted that LPS would trigger a dose- and time-dependent response in APR components. APR components were assessed in rest and active periods after injection of three doses of LPS (5, 10 and 15 mg kg-1 LPS). The results indicate a more robust decrease in food intake at higher doses during the active period, while increased neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio was more robust during the active period regardless of dose. Furthermore, the skin temperature increase lasted longer at higher doses regardless of the timing of injections. Our study offers important insights into the dependence of time as well as the LPS dosage effect in the APR of bats, and how they deal with the magnitude of infections at different times of day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus F Viola
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Animal (LaFA), Departamento de Biodiversidade, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, 13506-900 Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - L Gerardo Herrera M
- Estación de Biología Chamela, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional, Autónoma de México, 48980 San Patricio, Jalisco, México
| | - Ariovaldo P da Cruz-Neto
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Animal (LaFA), Departamento de Biodiversidade, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, 13506-900 Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
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Pan W, Li W, Liu L, Zhang H. Antiviral strategies: What can we learn from natural reservoirs? JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 64:1849-1855. [PMID: 36103243 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Viruses cause many severe diseases in both plants and animals, urging us to explore new antiviral strategies. In their natural reservoirs, viruses live and replicate while causing mild or no symptoms. Some animals, such as bats, are the predicted natural reservoir of multiple viruses, indicating that they possess broad-spectrum antiviral capabilities. Mechanisms of host defenses against viruses are generally studied independently in plants and animals. In this article, we speculate that some antiviral strategies of natural reservoirs are conserved between kingdoms. To verify this hypothesis, we created null mutants of 10-formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase (AtTHFS), an Arabidopsis thaliana homologue of methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase, cyclohydrolase and formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase 1 (MTHFD1), which encodes a positive regulator of viral replication in bats. We found that disruption of AtTHFS enhanced plant resistance to three different types of plant viruses, including the tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), the cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and the beet severe curly top virus (BSCTV). These results demonstrate a novel antiviral strategy for plant breeding. We further discuss the approaches used to identify and study natural reservoirs of plant viruses, especially those hosting many viruses, and highlight the possibility of discovering new antiviral strategies from them for plant molecular breeding and antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Pan
- Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Weifang, 261325, China
| | - Weiwei Li
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Lijing Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Huawei Zhang
- Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Weifang, 261325, China
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Raza MT, Mizan S. A systemic study on the vulnerability and fatality of prostate cancer patients towards COVID-19 through analysis of the TMPRSS2, CXCL10 and their co-expressed genes. Genomics Inform 2022; 20:e31. [PMID: 36239108 PMCID: PMC9576478 DOI: 10.5808/gi.22012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A pandemic of respiratory disease named coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by a novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). It is reported prostate cancer patients are susceptible to COVID-19 infection. To understand the possible causes of prostate cancer patients' increased vulnerability and mortality from COVID-19 infection, we focused on the two most important agents, transmembrane protease serine subtype 2 (TMPRSS2) and the C-X-C motif 10 (CXCL10). When SARS-CoV-2 binds to the host cell via S protein–angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 receptor interaction, TMPRSS2 contributes in the proteolytic cleavage of the S protein, allowing the viral and cellular membranes to fuse. CXCL10 is a cytokine found in elevated level in both COVID-19 and cancer-causing cytokine storm. We discovered that TMPRSS2 and CXCL10 are overexpressed in prostate cancer and COVID-19 using the UALCAN and GEPIA2 datasets. The functional importance of TMPRSS2 and CXCL10 in prostate cancer development was then determined by analyzing the frequency of genetic changes in their amino acid sequences using the cBioPortal online portal. Finally, we used the PANTHER database to examine the pathology of the targeted genes. We observed that TMPRSS2 and CXCL10, together with their often co-expressed genes, are important in the binding activity and immune responses in prostate cancer and COVID-19 infection, respectively. Finally, we found that TMPRSS2 and CXCL10 are two putative biomarkers responsible for the increased vulnerability and fatality of prostate cancer patients to COVID-19.
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Abstract
Bats are recognized as important reservoirs of viruses deadly to other mammals, including humans. These infections are typically nonpathogenic in bats, raising questions about host response differences that might exist between bats and other mammals. Tetherin is a restriction factor which inhibits the release of a diverse range of viruses from host cells, including retroviruses, coronaviruses, filoviruses, and paramyxoviruses, some of which are deadly to humans and transmitted by bats. Here, we characterize the tetherin genes from 27 bat species, revealing that they have evolved under strong selective pressure, and that fruit bats and vesper bats express unique structural variants of the tetherin protein. Tetherin was widely and variably expressed across fruit bat tissue types and upregulated in spleen tissue when stimulated with Toll-like receptor agonists. The expression of two computationally predicted splice isoforms of fruit bat tetherin was verified. We identified an additional third unique splice isoform which includes a C-terminal region that is not homologous to known mammalian tetherin variants but was functionally capable of restricting the release of filoviral virus-like particles. We also report that vesper bats possess and express at least five tetherin genes, including structural variants, more than any other mammal reported to date. These findings support the hypothesis of differential antiviral gene evolution in bats relative to other mammals. IMPORTANCE Bats are an important host of various viruses which are deadly to humans and other mammals but do not cause outward signs of illness in bats. Furthering our understanding of the unique features of the immune system of bats will shed light on how they tolerate viral infections, potentially informing novel antiviral strategies in humans and other animals. This study examines the antiviral protein tetherin, which prevents viral particles from escaping their host cell. Analysis of tetherin from 27 bat species reveals that it is under strong evolutionary pressure, and we show that multiple bat species have evolved to possess more tetherin genes than other mammals, some of which encode structurally unique tetherins capable of activity against different viral particles. These data suggest that bat tetherin plays a potentially broad and important role in the management of viral infections in bats.
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Rissmann M, Friedrichs V, Kley N, Straube M, Sadeghi B, Balkema-Buschmann A. Baseline of Physiological Body Temperature and Hematological Parameters in Captive Rousettus aegyptiacus and Eidolon helvum Fruit Bats. Front Physiol 2022; 13:910157. [PMID: 36105294 PMCID: PMC9465388 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.910157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of bats as reservoir hosts for a number of highly pathogenic zoonotic agents has led to an increasing interest of infectious disease research in experimental studies with bats. Therefore, we established breeding colonies of Rousettus aegyptiacus and Eidolon helvum fruit bats, which both have been identified as reservoir hosts for relevant zoonotic disease agents, such as Marburg virus and Lagos bat virus. Since 2013, individuals of both species have been recruited to the Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI) from zoological gardens in Europe, to where these species had been introduced from the wild several decades ago. The aviaries have been designed according to national recommendations published by the Federal Ministry of Agriculture. Under these conditions, both species have been reproducing for years. To better understand the physiology of these animals, and to generate baseline knowledge for infection experiments, we monitored the body core temperatures of R. aegyptiacus bats in the aviaries, and found a circadian variation between 34°C and 41.5°C. We also determined the hematological parameters of both species, and detected specific differences between both bat species. For values of clinical chemistry, no correlation to age or sex was observed. However, species-specific differences were detected since ALT, BUN and CREA were found to be significantly higher in R. aegyptiacus and GLU and TP were significantly higher in E. helvum bats. A higher hematocrit, hemoglobin and red blood cell level was observed in subadult R. aegyptiacus, with hemoglobin and red blood cells also being significantly increased compared to E. helvum. Lymphocytes were found to be the dominant white blood cells in both species and are higher in female E. helvum. Neutrophil granulocytes were significantly higher in E. helvum bats. This underlines the necessity to define baseline profiles for each bat species prior to their use in experimental challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Rissmann
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald, Germany
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Nils Kley
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Martin Straube
- Landratsamt Ortenaukreis, Amt für Veterinärwesen und Lebensmittelüberwachung, Offenburg, Germany
| | - Balal Sadeghi
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Anne Balkema-Buschmann
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald, Germany
- *Correspondence: Anne Balkema-Buschmann,
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Virus Diversity, Abundance, and Evolution in Three Different Bat Colonies in Switzerland. Viruses 2022; 14:v14091911. [PMID: 36146717 PMCID: PMC9505930 DOI: 10.3390/v14091911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bats are increasingly recognized as reservoirs for many different viruses that threaten public health, such as Hendravirus, Ebolavirus, Nipahvirus, and SARS- and MERS-coronavirus. To assess spillover risk, viromes of bats from different parts of the world have been investigated in the past. As opposed to most of these prior studies, which determined the bat virome at a single time point, the current work was performed to monitor changes over time. Specifically, fecal samples of three endemic Swiss bat colonies consisting of three different bat species were collected over three years and analyzed using next-generation sequencing. Furthermore, single nucleotide variants of selected DNA and RNA viruses were analyzed to investigate virus genome evolution. In total, sequences of 22 different virus families were found, of which 13 are known to infect vertebrates. Most interestingly, in a Vespertilio murinus colony, sequences from a MERS-related beta-coronavirus were consistently detected over three consecutive years, which allowed us to investigate viral genome evolution in a natural reservoir host.
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Abstract
Bats perform important ecological roles in our ecosystem. However, recent studies have demonstrated that bats are reservoirs of emerging viruses that have spilled over into humans and agricultural animals to cause severe diseases. These viruses include Hendra and Nipah paramyxoviruses, Ebola and Marburg filoviruses, and coronaviruses that are closely related to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and the recently emerged SARS-CoV-2. Intriguingly, bats that are naturally or experimentally infected with these viruses do not show clinical signs of disease. Here we have reviewed ecological, behavioral, and molecular factors that may influence the ability of bats to harbor viruses. We have summarized known zoonotic potential of bat-borne viruses and stress on the need for further studies to better understand the evolutionary relationship between bats and their viruses, along with discovering the intrinsic and external factors that facilitate the successful spillover of viruses from bats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Gonzalez
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Arinjay Banerjee
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
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Cholleti H, de Jong J, Blomström AL, Berg M. Characterization of Pipistrellus pygmaeus Bat Virome from Sweden. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081654. [PMID: 36016275 PMCID: PMC9415950 DOI: 10.3390/v14081654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing amounts of data indicate that bats harbor a higher viral diversity relative to other mammalian orders, and they have been recognized as potential reservoirs for pathogenic viruses, such as the Hendra, Nipah, Marburg, and SARS-CoV viruses. Here, we present the first viral metagenomic analysis of Pipistrellus pygmaeus from Uppsala, Sweden. Total RNA was extracted from the saliva and feces of individual bats and analyzed using Illumina sequencing. The results identified sequences related to 51 different viral families, including vertebrate, invertebrate, and plant viruses. These viral families include Coronaviridae, Picornaviridae, Dicistroviridae, Astroviridae, Hepeviridae, Reoviridae, Botourmiaviridae, Lispviridae, Totiviridae, Botoumiaviridae, Parvoviridae, Retroviridae, Adenoviridae, and Partitiviridae, as well as different unclassified viruses. We further characterized three near full-length genome sequences of bat coronaviruses. A phylogenetic analysis showed that these belonged to alphacoronaviruses with the closest similarity (78–99% at the protein level) to Danish and Finnish bat coronaviruses detected in Pipistrellus and Myotis bats. In addition, the full-length and the near full-length genomes of picornavirus were characterized. These showed the closest similarity (88–94% at the protein level) to bat picornaviruses identified in Chinese bats. Altogether, the results of this study show that Swedish Pipistrellus bats harbor a great diversity of viruses, some of which are closely related to mammalian viruses. This study expands our knowledge on the bat population virome and improves our understanding of the evolution and transmission of viruses among bats and to other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harindranath Cholleti
- Section of Virology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), P.O. Box 7028, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden; (A.-L.B.); (M.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Johnny de Jong
- Swedish Biodiversity Centre (CBM), Department of Urban and Rural Development, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), P.O. Box 7016, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Anne-Lie Blomström
- Section of Virology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), P.O. Box 7028, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden; (A.-L.B.); (M.B.)
| | - Mikael Berg
- Section of Virology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), P.O. Box 7028, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden; (A.-L.B.); (M.B.)
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