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Letko M. Functional assessment of cell entry and receptor use for merbecoviruses. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.13.584892. [PMID: 38559009 PMCID: PMC10980018 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.13.584892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The merbecovirus subgenus of coronaviruses includes Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV), which is a zoonotic respiratory pathogen that transmits from dromedary camels to humans and causes severe respiratory disease. Viral discovery efforts have uncovered hundreds of merbecoviruses in different species across multiple continents, but few of these viruses have been isolated or studied under laboratory conditions, leaving basic questions regarding their threat to humans unresolved. Viral entry into host cells is considered an early and critical step for transmission between hosts. In this study, a scalable approach to assessing novel merbecovirus cell entry was developed and used to measure receptor use across the entire merbecovirus subgenus. Merbecoviruses are sorted into four clades based on the receptor binding domain of the spike glycoprotein. Receptor tropism is clade-specific, with only one clade using DPP4 and multiple clades using ACE2, including the entire HKU5 cluster of bat coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Letko
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99163
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2
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Youssef M, El-Tanany SS, Moatasim Y, Moniem SMA, Hemdan BA, Ammar NS, El-Taweel GE, Ashmawy AM, Badawy MI, Lasheen MR, Ibrahim HS, Ali MEM. Assessment of toxicity and antimicrobial performance of polymeric inorganic coagulant and evaluation for eutrophication reduction. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3391. [PMID: 38336908 PMCID: PMC10858282 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53714-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, the efficacy of the promising iron-based polymeric inorganic coagulant (POFC) was assessed for the reduction of eutrophication effect (freshwater toxicity) and the microbial loads from wastewater. Toxicity assessment for POFC was conducted on mice and skin cell lines. The results confirm the lower toxicity level of POFC. The POFC showed excellent antibacterial efficacy against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Moreover, it demonstrated a remarkable effectiveness against black fungus such as Aspergillus niger and Rhizopus oryzae. Additionally, POFC showed antiviral effectiveness against the highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus as well as Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). POFC-based treatment gives excellent removal percentages for phosphate, and phosphorus at doses below 60 ppm with a low produced sludge volume that leads to 84% decrease in the rate of eutrophication and freshwater toxicity. At a POFC concentration of 60 ppm, remarkable reduction rates for total coliforms, fecal coliforms, and E. coli were achieved. After POFC-based coagulation, the produced sludge retains a lower bacterial density due to the antibacterial activity of POFC. Furthermore, it revealed that the observed removal efficiencies for fungi and yeasts in the produced sludge reached 85% at a POFC dose of 60 ppm. Overall, our research indicates that POFC has potential for application in pre-treatment of wastewater and serves as an antimicrobial agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Youssef
- Water Pollution Research Department, Environmental and Climate Changes Institute, National Research Centre, El-Buhouth St., Dokki, P.O. 12622, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sara S El-Tanany
- Environmental and Occupational Medicine Department, Environmental and Climate Changes Institute, National Research Centre, El-Buhouth St., Dokki, P.O. 12622, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Yassmin Moatasim
- Centre of Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, El-Buhouth St., Dokki, P.O. 12622, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Shimaa M Abdel Moniem
- Water Pollution Research Department, Environmental and Climate Changes Institute, National Research Centre, El-Buhouth St., Dokki, P.O. 12622, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Bahaa A Hemdan
- Water Pollution Research Department, Environmental and Climate Changes Institute, National Research Centre, El-Buhouth St., Dokki, P.O. 12622, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Nabila S Ammar
- Water Pollution Research Department, Environmental and Climate Changes Institute, National Research Centre, El-Buhouth St., Dokki, P.O. 12622, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Gamila E El-Taweel
- Water Pollution Research Department, Environmental and Climate Changes Institute, National Research Centre, El-Buhouth St., Dokki, P.O. 12622, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Azza M Ashmawy
- Water Pollution Research Department, Environmental and Climate Changes Institute, National Research Centre, El-Buhouth St., Dokki, P.O. 12622, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed I Badawy
- Water Pollution Research Department, Environmental and Climate Changes Institute, National Research Centre, El-Buhouth St., Dokki, P.O. 12622, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed R Lasheen
- Water Pollution Research Department, Environmental and Climate Changes Institute, National Research Centre, El-Buhouth St., Dokki, P.O. 12622, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hanan S Ibrahim
- Water Pollution Research Department, Environmental and Climate Changes Institute, National Research Centre, El-Buhouth St., Dokki, P.O. 12622, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Eid M Ali
- Water Pollution Research Department, Environmental and Climate Changes Institute, National Research Centre, El-Buhouth St., Dokki, P.O. 12622, Cairo, Egypt
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Xiong Q, Ma C, Liu C, Tong F, Huang M, Yan H. ACE2-using merbecoviruses: Further evidence of convergent evolution of ACE2 recognition by NeoCoV and other MERS-CoV related viruses. CELL INSIGHT 2024; 3:100145. [PMID: 38476250 PMCID: PMC10928290 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellin.2023.100145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) was recognized as an entry receptor shared by coronaviruses from Sarbecovirus and Setracovirus subgenera, including three human coronaviruses: SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, and NL63. We recently disclosed that NeoCoV and three other merbecoviruses (PDF-2180, MOW15-22, PnNL 2018B), which are MERS-CoV relatives found in African and European bats, also utilize ACE2 as their functional receptors through unique receptor binding mechanisms. This unexpected receptor usage assumes significance, particularly in light of the prior recognition of Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) as the only known protein receptor for merbecoviruses. In contrast to other ACE2-using coronaviruses, NeoCoV and PDF-2180 engage a distinct and relatively compact binding surface on ACE2, facilitated by protein-glycan interactions, which is demonstrated by the Cryo-EM structures of the receptor binding domains (RBDs) of these viruses in complex with a bat ACE2 orthologue. These findings further support the hypothesis that phylogenetically distant coronaviruses, characterized by distinct RBD structures, can independently evolve to acquire ACE2 affinity during inter-species transmission and adaptive evolution. To date, these viruses have exhibited limited efficiency in entering human cells, although single mutations like T510F in NeoCoV can overcome the incompatibility with human ACE2. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of ACE2-using merbecoviruses, summarize our current knowledge regarding receptor usage and host tropism determination, and deliberate on potential strategies for prevention and intervention, with the goal of mitigating potential future outbreaks caused by spillover of these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute for Vaccine Research and Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, China
| | - Chengbao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute for Vaccine Research and Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, China
| | - Chen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute for Vaccine Research and Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, China
| | - Fei Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute for Vaccine Research and Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, China
| | - Meiling Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute for Vaccine Research and Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, China
| | - Huan Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute for Vaccine Research and Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, China
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Abdelazim M, Abdelkader R, Ali A, Shahein MA, Tadesse Z, Saad A, Mansour A, Ali SF, Atea M, Gardner E, VonDobschuetz S, Morzaria S, Makonnen Y, Lubroth J, Sumption K, ElMasry I, Zakaria T, Eid S, Hatab EA, Hagag NM, Yousef HMY, Emara M, Abdelwahed DA, Abdelmegeed HK, Hamdy ME, Mansour ONO, Guitian J. A longitudinal study of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in dromedary camels. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:228. [PMID: 37919680 PMCID: PMC10621169 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03769-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was identified in humans in 2012. Since then, 2605 cases and 937 associated deaths have been reported globally. Camels are the natural host for MERS-CoV and camel to human transmission has been documented. The relationship between MERS-CoV shedding and presence of neutralizing antibodies in camels is critical to inform surveillance and control, including future deployment of camel vaccines. However, it remains poorly understood. The longitudinal study conducted in a closed camel herd in Egypt between December 2019 and March 2020 helped to characterize the kinetics of MERS-CoV neutralizing antibodies and its relation with viral shedding. RESULTS During the 100-day longitudinal study, 27 out of 54 camels (50%) consistently tested negative for presence of antibodies against MERS-CoV, 19 (35.2%) tested positive and 8 (14.8%) had both, positive and negative test results. Fourteen events that could be interpreted as serological indication of probable infection (two seroconversions and twelve instances of positive camels more than doubling their optical density ratio (OD ratio) in consecutive samples) were identified. Observed times between the identified events provided strong evidence (p = 0.002) against the null hypothesis that they occurred with constant rate during the study, as opposed to clustering at certain points in time. A generalized additive model showed that optical density ratio (OD ratio) is positively associated with being an adult and varies across individual camels and days, peaking at around days 20 and 90 of the study. Despite serological indication of probable virus circulation and intense repeated sampling, none of the tested nasal swab samples were positive for MERS-CoV RNA, suggesting that, if the identified serological responses are the result of virus circulation, the virus may be present in nasal tissue of infected camels during a very narrow time window. CONCLUSIONS Longitudinal testing of a closed camel herd with past history of MERS-CoV infection is compatible with the virus continuing to circulate in the herd despite lack of contact with other camels. It is likely that episodes of MERS-CoV infection in camels can take place with minimal presence of the virus in their nasal tissues, which has important implications for future surveillance and control of MERS-CoV in camel herds and prevention of its zoonotic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Abdelhakim Ali
- General Organization for Veterinary Service, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Momtaz A Shahein
- Agriculture Research Center, Animal Health Research Institute, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Zelalem Tadesse
- Food and Agriculture Organizations of the United Nations (FAO), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Saad
- Food and Agriculture Organizations of the United Nations (FAO), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amal Mansour
- Food and Agriculture Organizations of the United Nations (FAO), Regional Office for the Middle East and North Africa, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Samah F Ali
- Agriculture Research Center, Animal Health Research Institute, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Atea
- General Organization for Veterinary Service, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Emma Gardner
- Food and Agriculture Organizations of the United Nations (FAO), Rome, Italy
| | | | - Subhash Morzaria
- Institute for Infectious Animal Diseases, Texas A & M University, College Station, USA
| | - Yilma Makonnen
- Food and Agriculture Organizations of the United Nations (FAO), Sub-regional Office for Eastern Africa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Keith Sumption
- Food and Agriculture Organizations of the United Nations (FAO), Rome, Italy
| | - Ihab ElMasry
- Food and Agriculture Organizations of the United Nations (FAO), Rome, Italy
| | - Tarek Zakaria
- General Organization for Veterinary Service, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Samah Eid
- Agriculture Research Center, Animal Health Research Institute, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Eman Abo Hatab
- Agriculture Research Center, Animal Health Research Institute, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Naglaa M Hagag
- Agriculture Research Center, Animal Health Research Institute, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Mervate Emara
- General Organization for Veterinary Service, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Dina A Abdelwahed
- Agriculture Research Center, Animal Health Research Institute, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hala K Abdelmegeed
- Agriculture Research Center, Animal Health Research Institute, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mervat E Hamdy
- Agriculture Research Center, Animal Health Research Institute, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Othman N O Mansour
- Agriculture Research Center, Animal Health Research Institute, Cairo, Egypt
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Sessions Z, Bobrowski T, Martin HJ, Beasley JMT, Kothari A, Phares T, Li M, Alves VM, Scotti MT, Moorman NJ, Baric R, Tropsha A, Muratov EN. Praemonitus praemunitus: can we forecast and prepare for future viral disease outbreaks? FEMS Microbiol Rev 2023; 47:fuad048. [PMID: 37596064 PMCID: PMC10532129 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuad048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the origins of past and present viral epidemics is critical in preparing for future outbreaks. Many viruses, including SARS-CoV-2, have led to significant consequences not only due to their virulence, but also because we were unprepared for their emergence. We need to learn from large amounts of data accumulated from well-studied, past pandemics and employ modern informatics and therapeutic development technologies to forecast future pandemics and help minimize their potential impacts. While acknowledging the complexity and difficulties associated with establishing reliable outbreak predictions, herein we provide a perspective on the regions of the world that are most likely to be impacted by future outbreaks. We specifically focus on viruses with epidemic potential, namely SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, DENV, ZIKV, MAYV, LASV, noroviruses, influenza, Nipah virus, hantaviruses, Oropouche virus, MARV, and Ebola virus, which all require attention from both the public and scientific community to avoid societal catastrophes like COVID-19. Based on our literature review, data analysis, and outbreak simulations, we posit that these future viral epidemics are unavoidable, but that their societal impacts can be minimized by strategic investment into basic virology research, epidemiological studies of neglected viral diseases, and antiviral drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Sessions
- Laboratory for Molecular Modeling, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, 301 Pharmacy Ln, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Tesia Bobrowski
- Laboratory for Molecular Modeling, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, 301 Pharmacy Ln, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Holli-Joi Martin
- Laboratory for Molecular Modeling, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, 301 Pharmacy Ln, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Jon-Michael T Beasley
- Laboratory for Molecular Modeling, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, 301 Pharmacy Ln, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Aneri Kothari
- Laboratory for Molecular Modeling, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, 301 Pharmacy Ln, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Trevor Phares
- Laboratory for Molecular Modeling, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, 301 Pharmacy Ln, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
- School of Chemistry, University of Louisville, 2320 S Brook St, Louisville, KY 40208, United States
| | - Michael Li
- Laboratory for Molecular Modeling, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, 301 Pharmacy Ln, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Vinicius M Alves
- Laboratory for Molecular Modeling, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, 301 Pharmacy Ln, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Marcus T Scotti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, Campus I Lot. Cidade Universitaria, PB, 58051-900, Brazil
| | - Nathaniel J Moorman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, 116 Manning Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Ralph Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, 401 Pittsboro St, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Alexander Tropsha
- Laboratory for Molecular Modeling, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, 301 Pharmacy Ln, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Eugene N Muratov
- Laboratory for Molecular Modeling, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, 301 Pharmacy Ln, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
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Khan W, Ahmad U, Ali M, Masood Z, Sarwar S, Sabir M, Rafiq N, Kabir M, Al-Misned FA, Ahmed D, De Los Ríos Escalante P, El-Serehy HA. The 21st century disaster: The COVID-19 epidemiology, risk factors and control. JOURNAL OF KING SAUD UNIVERSITY. SCIENCE 2023; 35:102603. [PMID: 36844755 PMCID: PMC9940481 DOI: 10.1016/j.jksus.2023.102603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The 21st century will be indelible in the world as ruin of the outbreak of COVID-19 was arose in Wuhan, China has now spread all over the world, up to August 2020. This study was based on the factors affecting the epidemiology of this virus in human societies of global concern. We studied the articles published in journals on various aspects of nCoVID19. The Wikipedia and WHO situation reports have also been searched out for related information. Outcomes were followed up until 2020. The COVID-19 is a virus with pandemic potential which may continue to cause regular infection in human. The pandemic outbreak of COVID-19 threatened public health across the globe in form of system as reflected in the shape of emergency. Approximately 21 million humans are infected and 759,400 have lost their lives till 2020 in all over the world. We have described epidemiological features, reservoirs, transmission, incubation period, rate of fatality, management including recent clinical chemotherapeutic approach and preventive measurements and masses which are at risk of COVID19. This virus causes viral pneumonia when it attacks on respiratory system and multiple failure which can leads to life threatening complications. It is believed to be zoonotic importance although it is not clear from which animal and how it is transmitted. Zoonotic transmission of COVID-19 has not yet known by science. The current study will help to establish a baseline for early effective control of this rapidly spreading severe viral illness. The available data on COVID-19 indicates that older males with comorbidities would have been more infected, which can result in severe respiratory complications. Implementation of preventive measurements, investigation of proper chemotherapeutics and detection of cross species transmission agents must be ensured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wali Khan
- Department of Zoology, University of Malakand, Chkdara, Lowetr Dir, Pakistan
| | - Umair Ahmad
- Department of Zoology, University of Malakand, Chkdara, Lowetr Dir, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ali
- Department of Zoology, University of Baltistan Skardu, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan
| | - Zubia Masood
- Department of Zoology, Sardar Bahadur Khan Women's University, Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Sumaira Sarwar
- Department of Biochemistry, Islamabad Medical and Dental College, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Maimoona Sabir
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Haripur, Pakistan
| | - Nasim Rafiq
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Kabir
- Department of Biological Sciences, Thal University Bhakkar (University of Sargodha, Ex Sub-campus Bhakkar), Bhakkar-30000, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Fahad A Al-Misned
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dawood Ahmed
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Technology, The University of Haripur K.P.K, Pakistan
| | - Prios De Los Ríos Escalante
- Universidad Católica de Temuco, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Químicas, Temuco, Chile
- Núcleo de Estudios Ambientales UC Temuco, Casilla, Temuco, Chile
| | - Hamed A El-Serehy
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Rodon J, Mykytyn AZ, Te N, Okba NMA, Lamers MM, Pailler-García L, Cantero G, Albulescu I, Bosch BJ, Peiris M, Bensaid A, Vergara-Alert J, Haagmans BL, Segalés J. Extended Viral Shedding of MERS-CoV Clade B Virus in Llamas Compared with African Clade C Strain. Emerg Infect Dis 2023; 29:585-589. [PMID: 36823022 PMCID: PMC9973703 DOI: 10.3201/eid2903.220986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) clade B viruses are found in camelids and humans in the Middle East, but clade C viruses are not. We provide experimental evidence for extended shedding of MERS-CoV clade B viruses in llamas, which might explain why they outcompete clade C strains in the Arabian Peninsula.
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Kane Y, Wong G, Gao GF. Animal Models, Zoonotic Reservoirs, and Cross-Species Transmission of Emerging Human-Infecting Coronaviruses. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2023; 11:1-31. [PMID: 36790890 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-020420-025011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Over the past three decades, coronavirus (CoV) diseases have impacted humans more than any other emerging infectious disease. The recent emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019), has resulted in huge economic disruptions and loss of human lives. The SARS-CoV-2 genome was found to mutate more rapidly due to sustained transmission in humans and potentially animals, resulting in variants of concern (VOCs) that threaten global human health. However, the primary difficulties are filling in the current knowledge gaps in terms of the origin and modalities of emergence for these viruses. Because many CoVs threatening human health are suspected to have a zoonotic origin, identifying the animal hosts implicated in the spillover or spillback events would be beneficial for current pandemic management and to prevent future outbreaks. In this review, wesummarize the animal models, zoonotic reservoirs, and cross-species transmission of the emerging human CoVs. Finally, we comment on potential sources of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron VOCs and the new SARS-CoV-2 recombinants currently under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yakhouba Kane
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Research Unit, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; , .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Gary Wong
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Research Unit, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; ,
| | - George F Gao
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; .,Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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9
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Dastjerdi A, Floyd T, Swinson V, Davies H, Barber A, Wight A. Parainfluenza and corona viruses in a fallow deer ( Dama dama) with fatal respiratory disease. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1059681. [PMID: 36561391 PMCID: PMC9763933 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1059681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Parainfluenza virus type 3 (PIV-3) and coronaviruses (CoV) are commonly found in respiratory tracts of ruminants and capable of causing clinical disease. Here, we investigated the cause of ill-thrift and sudden death in a five-month-old male fallow deer which occurred in December 2019. The calf was one of the five calves in a herd of 170 deer that, along with three adult hinds, died during a 2-week period. The deer calves were in a shed, sharing airspace with young cattle that had been reported to be coughing. Significant gross pathology was observed in the respiratory and alimentary tracts of the deer calf and histopathology of the lung and trachea was suggestive of likely involvement of PIV-3. Strong and specific cytoplasmic labeling of bronchiolar epithelium and terminal airway, alike those seen with PIV-3 pneumonia in cattle, was observed using a polyclonal bovine PIV-3 antibody. Metagenomic analysis detected a PIV-3 and a CoV in the lung tissue. The PIV-3 L protein gene had the highest sequence identity with those of bovine PIV-3 (83.1 to 98.4%) and phylogenetically clustered with bovine PIV-3 in the genotype C. The CoV spike protein gene shared 96.7% to 97.9% sequence identity with those of bovine CoVs, but only 53.1% identity with SARS-CoV-2 reference virus. We believe this is the first report of PIV-3 and CoV co-infection in fallow deer and their association with fatal pneumonia; major pathology caused by PIV-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akbar Dastjerdi
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA)–Weybridge, Addlestone, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Akbar Dastjerdi
| | - Tobias Floyd
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA)–Weybridge, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | | | - Hannah Davies
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA)–Weybridge, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Barber
- Clevedale Vets, Upleatham Veterinary Surgery, Home Farm, Redcar, United Kingdom
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10
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Mostafavi E, Ghasemian A, Abdinasir A, Nematollahi Mahani SA, Rawaf S, Salehi Vaziri M, Gouya MM, Minh Nhu Nguyen T, Al Awaidy S, Al Ariqi L, Islam MM, Abu Baker Abd Farag E, Obtel M, Omondi Mala P, Matar GM, Asghar RJ, Barakat A, Sahak MN, Abdulmonem Mansouri M, Swaka A. Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region, 2001-2018. Int J Health Policy Manag 2022; 11:1286-1300. [PMID: 33904695 PMCID: PMC9808364 DOI: 10.34172/ijhpm.2021.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Countries in the World Health Organization (WHO) Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) are predisposed to highly contagious, severe and fatal, emerging infectious diseases (EIDs), and re-emerging infectious diseases (RIDs). This paper reviews the epidemiological situation of EIDs and RIDs of global concern in the EMR between 2001 and 2018. METHODS To do a narrative review, a complete list of studies in the field was we prepared following a systematic search approach. Studies that were purposively reviewed were identified to summarize the epidemiological situation of each targeted disease. A comprehensive search of all published studies on EIDs and RIDs between 2001 and 2018 was carried out through search engines including Medline, Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect. RESULTS Leishmaniasis, hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis E virus (HEV) are reported from all countries in the region. Chikungunya, Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF), dengue fever, and H5N1 have been increasing in number, frequency, and expanding in their geographic distribution. Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), which was reported in this region in 2012 is still a public health concern. There are challenges to control cholera, diphtheria, leishmaniasis, measles, and poliomyelitis in some of the countries. Moreover, Alkhurma hemorrhagic fever (AHF), and Rift Valley fever (RVF) are limited to some countries in the region. Also, there is little information about the real situation of the plague, Q fever, and tularemia. CONCLUSION EIDs and RIDs are prevalent in most countries in the region and could further spread within the region. It is crucial to improve regional capacities and capabilities in preventing and responding to disease outbreaks with adequate resources and expertise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Mostafavi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Research Centre for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdolmajid Ghasemian
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Research Centre for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abubakar Abdinasir
- Infectious Hazards Management, World Health Organization, Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Seyed Alireza Nematollahi Mahani
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Research Centre for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Salman Rawaf
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Mostafa Salehi Vaziri
- Department of Arboviruses and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers, Research Centre for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mahdi Gouya
- Centre for Communicable Disease Control, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tran Minh Nhu Nguyen
- Infectious Hazards Management, World Health Organization, Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Lubna Al Ariqi
- Infectious Hazards Management, World Health Organization, Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Md. Mazharul Islam
- Department of Animal Resources, Ministry of Municipality and Environment, Doha, Qatar
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | | | - Majdouline Obtel
- Laboratory of Community Medicine, Preventive Medicine and Hygiene, Public Health Department, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Clinical Research, Public Health Department, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Peter Omondi Mala
- Infectious Hazards Management, World Health Organization, Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ghassan M. Matar
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology Center for Infectious Diseases Research, American University of Beirut & Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rana Jawad Asghar
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Global Health Strategists & Implementers (GHSI), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Amal Barakat
- Infectious Hazards Management, World Health Organization, Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohammad Nadir Sahak
- Infectious Hazard Management Department, World Health Organization, Kabul, Afghanistan
| | - Mariam Abdulmonem Mansouri
- Communicable Diseases Control Department, Public Health Directorate Unit, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait
- Centre for Public Health, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Alexandra Swaka
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
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11
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Robust antiviral activity of commonly prescribed antidepressants against emerging coronaviruses: in vitro and in silico drug repurposing studies. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12920. [PMID: 35902647 PMCID: PMC9331004 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17082-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
During the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, symptoms of depression are commonly documented among both symptomatic and asymptomatic quarantined COVID-19 patients. Despite that many of the FDA-approved drugs have been showed anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity in vitro and remarkable efficacy against COVID-19 in clinical trials, no pharmaceutical products have yet been declared to be fully effective for treating COVID-19. Antidepressants comprise five major drug classes for the treatment of depression, neuralgia, migraine prophylaxis, and eating disorders which are frequently reported symptoms in COVID-19 patients. Herein, the efficacy of eight frequently prescribed FDA-approved antidepressants on the inhibition of both SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV was assessed. Additionally, the in vitro anti-SARS-CoV-2 and anti-MERS-CoV activities were evaluated. Furthermore, molecular docking studies have been performed for these drugs against the spike (S) and main protease (Mpro) pockets of both SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV. Results showed that Amitriptyline, Imipramine, Paroxetine, and Sertraline had potential anti-viral activities. Our findings suggested that the aforementioned drugs deserve more in vitro and in vivo studies targeting COVID-19 especially for those patients suffering from depression.
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12
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Genomic Comparisons of Alphacoronaviruses and Betacoronaviruses from Korean Bats. Viruses 2022; 14:v14071389. [PMID: 35891370 PMCID: PMC9320528 DOI: 10.3390/v14071389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses are well known as a diverse family of viruses that affect a wide range of hosts. Since the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome, a variety of bat-associated coronaviruses have been identified in many countries. However, they do not represent all the specific geographic locations of their hosts. In this study, full-length genomes representing newly identified bat coronaviruses in South Korea were obtained using an RNA sequencing approach. The analysis, based on genome structure, conserved replicase domains, spike gene, and nucleocapsid genes revealed that bat Alphacoronaviruses are from three different viral species. Among them, the newly identified B20-97 strain may represent a new putative species, closely related to PEDV. In addition, the newly-identified MERS-related coronavirus exhibited shared genomic nucleotide identities of less than 76.4% with other Merbecoviruses. Recombination analysis and multiple alignments of spike and RBD amino acid sequences suggested that this strain underwent recombination events and could possibly use hDPP4 molecules as its receptor. The bat SARS-related CoV B20-50 is unlikely to be able to use hACE2 as its receptor and lack of an open reading frame in ORF8 gene region. Our results illustrate the diversity of coronaviruses in Korean bats and their evolutionary relationships. The evolution of the bat coronaviruses related ORF8 accessory gene is also discussed.
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13
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Establishment of well-differentiated camelid airway cultures to study Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10340. [PMID: 35725865 PMCID: PMC9208254 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13777-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2012, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) emerged in Saudi Arabia and was mostly associated with severe respiratory illness in humans. Dromedary camels are the zoonotic reservoir for MERS-CoV. To investigate the biology of MERS-CoV in camelids, we developed a well-differentiated airway epithelial cell (AEC) culture model for Llama glama and Camelus bactrianus. Histological characterization revealed progressive epithelial cellular differentiation with well-resemblance to autologous ex vivo tissues. We demonstrate that MERS-CoV displays a divergent cell tropism and replication kinetics profile in both AEC models. Furthermore, we observed that in the camelid AEC models MERS-CoV replication can be inhibited by both type I and III interferons (IFNs). In conclusion, we successfully established camelid AEC cultures that recapitulate the in vivo airway epithelium and reflect MERS-CoV infection in vivo. In combination with human AEC cultures, this system allows detailed characterization of the molecular basis of MERS-CoV cross-species transmission in respiratory epithelium.
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14
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Ruiz-Aravena M, McKee C, Gamble A, Lunn T, Morris A, Snedden CE, Yinda CK, Port JR, Buchholz DW, Yeo YY, Faust C, Jax E, Dee L, Jones DN, Kessler MK, Falvo C, Crowley D, Bharti N, Brook CE, Aguilar HC, Peel AJ, Restif O, Schountz T, Parrish CR, Gurley ES, Lloyd-Smith JO, Hudson PJ, Munster VJ, Plowright RK. Ecology, evolution and spillover of coronaviruses from bats. Nat Rev Microbiol 2022; 20:299-314. [PMID: 34799704 PMCID: PMC8603903 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-021-00652-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In the past two decades, three coronaviruses with ancestral origins in bats have emerged and caused widespread outbreaks in humans, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Since the first SARS epidemic in 2002-2003, the appreciation of bats as key hosts of zoonotic coronaviruses has advanced rapidly. More than 4,000 coronavirus sequences from 14 bat families have been identified, yet the true diversity of bat coronaviruses is probably much greater. Given that bats are the likely evolutionary source for several human coronaviruses, including strains that cause mild upper respiratory tract disease, their role in historic and future pandemics requires ongoing investigation. We review and integrate information on bat-coronavirus interactions at the molecular, tissue, host and population levels. We identify critical gaps in knowledge of bat coronaviruses, which relate to spillover and pandemic risk, including the pathways to zoonotic spillover, the infection dynamics within bat reservoir hosts, the role of prior adaptation in intermediate hosts for zoonotic transmission and the viral genotypes or traits that predict zoonotic capacity and pandemic potential. Filling these knowledge gaps may help prevent the next pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Ruiz-Aravena
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Clifton McKee
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Amandine Gamble
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tamika Lunn
- Centre for Planetary Health and Food Security, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
| | - Aaron Morris
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Celine E Snedden
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Claude Kwe Yinda
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Julia R Port
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - David W Buchholz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Yao Yu Yeo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Christina Faust
- Department of Biology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Elinor Jax
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lauren Dee
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Devin N Jones
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Maureen K Kessler
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
- Department of Ecology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Caylee Falvo
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Daniel Crowley
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Nita Bharti
- Department of Biology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Cara E Brook
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Hector C Aguilar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Alison J Peel
- Centre for Planetary Health and Food Security, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
| | - Olivier Restif
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tony Schountz
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Colin R Parrish
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Emily S Gurley
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - James O Lloyd-Smith
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Peter J Hudson
- Department of Biology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Vincent J Munster
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Raina K Plowright
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA.
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15
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Peiris M, Perlman S. Unresolved questions in the zoonotic transmission of MERS. Curr Opin Virol 2022; 52:258-264. [PMID: 34999369 PMCID: PMC8734234 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2021.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The Middle East Respiratory Syndrome-coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is the second of three zoonotic coronaviruses to infect humans since 2002, causing severe pneumonia. Unlike SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2, the causes of the severe acute respiratory syndrome and Covid-19, respectively, MERS-CoV is enzootic in dromedary camels, a domestic/companion animal present across Africa, the Middle East and Central or South Asia and is sporadically transmitted to humans. However, it does not transmit readily from human to human except in hospital and household settings. Human MERS disease is reported only from the Arabian Peninsula (and only since 2012 even though the virus was detected in camels from at least the early 1990's) and in travelers from this region. Remarkably, no zoonotic MERS disease has been detected in Africa or Asia, even in areas of high density of MERS-CoV infected dromedaries. Here, we review aspects of MERS biology and epidemiology that might contribute to this lack of correlation between sites of camel infection and human zoonotic disease. Since MERS-CoV or MERS-like CoV have pandemic potential, further investigations into this disparity is critical, to forestall pandemics caused by this virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malik Peiris
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, P.R. China; School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong (HKU), Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, P.R. China.
| | - Stanley Perlman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States.
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16
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Li CX, Noreen S, Zhang LX, Saeed M, Wu PF, Ijaz M, Dai DF, Maqbool I, Madni A, Akram F, Naveed M, Li JH. A critical analysis of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) complexities, emerging variants, and therapeutic interventions and vaccination strategies. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 146:112550. [PMID: 34959116 PMCID: PMC8673752 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus is a family of viruses that can cause diseases such as the common cold, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS). The universal outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by SARS coronaviruses 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has become a global pandemic. The β-Coronaviruses, which caused SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19), have spread in more than 213 countries, infected over 81 million people, and caused more than 1.79 million deaths. COVID-19 symptoms vary from mild fever, flu to severe pneumonia in severely ill patients. Difficult breathing, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), acute kidney disease, liver damage, and multi-organ failure ultimately lead to death. Researchers are working on different pre-clinical and clinical trials to prevent this deadly pandemic by developing new vaccines. Along with vaccines, therapeutic intervention is an integral part of healthcare response to address the ongoing threat posed by COVID-19. Despite the global efforts to understand and fight against COVID-19, many challenges need to be addressed. This article summarizes the current pandemic, different strains of SARS-CoV-2, etiology, complexities, surviving medications of COVID-19, and so far, vaccination for the treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Xing Li
- Department of Human Anatomy, Medical College of Qinghai University, 810000 Xining, China
| | - Sobia Noreen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan
| | - Li-Xue Zhang
- School of Medicine, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Muhammad Saeed
- The Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur 6300, Pakistan
| | - Pei-Feng Wu
- School of Medicine, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Muhammad Ijaz
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Dong-Fang Dai
- Department of Human Anatomy, Medical College of Qinghai University, 810000 Xining, China
| | - Irsah Maqbool
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan
| | - Asadullah Madni
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan
| | - Faizan Akram
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Naveed
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
| | - Jian-Hua Li
- Department of Human Anatomy, Medical College of Qinghai University, 810000 Xining, China.
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17
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Shaheen MNF. The concept of one health applied to the problem of zoonotic diseases. Rev Med Virol 2022; 32:e2326. [PMID: 35060214 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Zoonotic diseases are a burden on healthcare systems globally, particularly underdeveloped nations. Numerous vertebrate animals (e.g., birds, mammals and reptiles) serve as amplifier hosts or reservoirs for viral zoonoses. The spread of zoonotic disease is associated with environmental factors, climate change, animal health as well as other human activities including globalization, urbanization and travel. Diseases at the human-animal environment interface (e.g., zoonotic diseases, vector-borne diseases, food/water borne diseases) continue to pose risk to animals and humans with a great significant mortality and morbidity. It is estimated that of 1400 infectious diseases known to affect humans, 60% of them are of animal origin. In addition, 75% of the emerging infectious diseases have a zoonotic nature, worldwide. The one health concept plays an important role in the control and prevention of zoonoses by integrating animal, human, and environmental health through collaboration and communication among osteopaths, wildlife, physicians, veterinarians professionals, public health and environmental experts, nurses, dentists, physicists, biomedical engineers, plant pathologists, biochemists, and others. No one sector, organization, or person can address issues at the animal-human-ecosystem interface alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed N F Shaheen
- Environmental Virology Laboratory, Water Pollution Research Department, Environment and Climate Change Research Institute, National Research Center, Giza, Egypt
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18
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Te N, Ciurkiewicz M, van den Brand JMA, Rodon J, Haverkamp AK, Vergara-Alert J, Bensaid A, Haagmans BL, Baumgartner W, Segalés J. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in camelids. Vet Pathol 2022; 59:546-555. [PMID: 35001773 DOI: 10.1177/03009858211069120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is the cause of a severe respiratory disease with a high case fatality rate in humans. Since its emergence in mid-2012, 2578 laboratory-confirmed cases in 27 countries have been reported by the World Health Organization, leading to 888 known deaths due to the disease and related complications. Dromedary camels are considered the major reservoir host for this virus leading to zoonotic infection in humans. Dromedary camels, llamas, and alpacas are susceptible to MERS-CoV, developing a mild-to-moderate upper respiratory tract infection characterized by epithelial hyperplasia as well as infiltration of neutrophils, lymphocytes, and some macrophages within epithelium, lamina propria, in association with abundant viral antigen. The very mild lesions in the lower respiratory tract of these camelids correlate with absence of overt illness following MERS-CoV infection. Unfortunately, there is no approved antiviral treatment or vaccine for MERS-CoV infection in humans. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop intervention strategies in camelids, such as vaccination, to minimize virus spillover to humans. Therefore, the development of camelid models of MERS-CoV infection is key not only to assess vaccine prototypes but also to understand the biologic mechanisms by which the infection can be naturally controlled in these reservoir species. This review summarizes information on virus-induced pathological changes, pathogenesis, viral epidemiology, and control strategies in camelids, as the intermediate hosts and primary source of MERS-CoV infection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigeer Te
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | | | | | - Jordi Rodon
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | | | - Júlia Vergara-Alert
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Albert Bensaid
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Bart L Haagmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Joaquim Segalés
- UAB, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.,Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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19
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Abstract
The arrival of the most recent coronavirus in 2019, SARS-CoV-2, caught the entire world by surprise, and as a result has caused more anguish due to its rapid spread and serious health consequences for the elderly and those with underlying health conditions, and its ability to generate variants of ever increasing contagiousness. But this was not the first coronavirus to infect humans. This chapter explores the history of this virus family, the emergence of the first serious infection in 2003–04 (SARS-CoV), and the related virus MERS in 2012, and the possible origins of SARS-CoV-2. The lessons of those two outbreaks that never developed into pandemics may not all have been learnt by the world health leaders of today. Nevertheless, the rapidity of vaccine development and the conventional health measure introduced during 2020, not always in good time, has almost certainly led to lower morbidities and mortalities that would otherwise have been the case. This chapter will inevitably be out of date by time this book goes to press. Nevertheless, it is to be hoped that the origin of SARS-CoV-2 will eventually be established, but sadly not without the cooperation of the major countries having the resources to carry out such complex investigations. If such a cooperation did happen, maybe future pandemics of this will be more controllable, and even never progress beyond local outbreaks.
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20
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Madani TA, Abuelzein ETME, Hussien HS, Bashri MA, Hassan AM, Azhar EI. Monitoring of the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Activity in a Secluded Herd of Camels Kept Under Field Conditions. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2021; 21:994-1002. [PMID: 34958265 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2021.0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Camel-to-human transmission of the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was confirmed as a cause of primary infection in humans. There is a dearth of information regarding the behavior of the virus in camels and the mode of spread among them under natural conditions. The aim of this study was to monitor exposure of camels to the MERS-CoV under field conditions. Methods: From January 1 to November 30, 2015, a secluded herd of 20 pregnant female camels and their neonate calves was established. Nasal and rectal swabs were collected from calves daily for 90 days after birth, then weekly until the end of the study. Nasal and rectal samples were collected from the dams at outset and then weekly until the end of the study. The samples were tested with rtRT-PCR to detect the MERS-CoV RNA. Results: All purchased pregnant camels were MERS-CoV RNA negative at outset. Nineteen dams and 15 calves completed the study. Seven (46.7%) of the 15 calves developed a rise in rectal temperature (39-40°C), shivering, rhinitis, anorexia, and general weakness at a mean ± standard deviation of 18.9 ± 4.9 days of age and their MERS-CoV RNA test was positive on the first day of illness. Three of the seven infected calves died 14 ± 9.1 days postonset of illness at age 17, 14, and 46 days, respectively. The remaining four infected calves fully recovered and they were MERS-CoV RNA positive for 17.5 ± 8.8 days. Four (21.1%) of the 19 dams had positive tests; three dams had no clinical signs, whereas the fourth dam exhibited signs not compatible with MERS-CoV infection and died three days after the positive test, 33 days after parturition. All MERS-CoV infections occurred within 22 days. Conclusions: This study has expanded our understanding of the MERS-CoV epidemiology among camels, which is an important step forward to device effective preventive measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tariq A Madani
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Ministry of Health, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Scientific Chair of Sheikh Mohammad Hussein Alamoudi for Viral Hemorrhagic Fever, King Fahad Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - El-Tayb M E Abuelzein
- Ministry of Health, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Scientific Chair of Sheikh Mohammad Hussein Alamoudi for Viral Hemorrhagic Fever, King Fahad Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hashem S Hussien
- Scientific Chair of Sheikh Mohammad Hussein Alamoudi for Viral Hemorrhagic Fever, King Fahad Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad A Bashri
- Scientific Chair of Sheikh Mohammad Hussein Alamoudi for Viral Hemorrhagic Fever, King Fahad Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed M Hassan
- Scientific Chair of Sheikh Mohammad Hussein Alamoudi for Viral Hemorrhagic Fever, King Fahad Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Esam I Azhar
- Ministry of Health, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Scientific Chair of Sheikh Mohammad Hussein Alamoudi for Viral Hemorrhagic Fever, King Fahad Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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21
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van Doremalen N, Letko M, Fischer RJ, Bushmaker T, Schulz J, Yinda CK, Seifert SN, Kim NJ, Hemida MG, Kayali G, Park WB, Perera RA, Tamin A, Thornburg NJ, Tong S, Queen K, van Kerkhove MD, Choi YK, Oh MD, Assiri AM, Peiris M, Gerber SI, Munster VJ. Surface‒Aerosol Stability and Pathogenicity of Diverse Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Strains, 2012‒2018. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 27:3052-3062. [PMID: 34808078 PMCID: PMC8632154 DOI: 10.3201/eid2712.210344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infects humans and dromedary camels and is responsible for an ongoing outbreak of severe respiratory illness in humans in the Middle East. Although some mutations found in camel-derived MERS-CoV strains have been characterized, most natural variation found across MERS-CoV isolates remains unstudied. We report on the environmental stability, replication kinetics, and pathogenicity of several diverse isolates of MERS-CoV, as well as isolates of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, to serve as a basis of comparison with other stability studies. Although most MERS-CoV isolates had similar stability and pathogenicity in our experiments, the camel-derived isolate C/KSA/13 had reduced surface stability, and another camel isolate, C/BF/15, had reduced pathogenicity in a small animal model. These results suggest that although betacoronaviruses might have similar environmental stability profiles, individual variation can influence this phenotype, underscoring the need for continual global viral surveillance.
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22
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Zhou Z, Qiu Y, Ge X. The taxonomy, host range and pathogenicity of coronaviruses and other viruses in the Nidovirales order. ANIMAL DISEASES 2021; 1:5. [PMID: 34778878 PMCID: PMC8062217 DOI: 10.1186/s44149-021-00005-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The frequent emergence of coronavirus (CoV) epidemics has seriously threatened public health and stock farming. The major hosts for CoVs are birds and mammals. Although most CoVs inhabit their specific natural hosts, some may occasionally cross the host barrier to infect livestock and even people, causing a variety of diseases. Since the beginning of the new century, increasing attention has been given to research on CoVs due to the emergence of highly pathogenic and genetically diverse CoVs that have caused several epidemics, including the recent COVID-19 pandemic. CoVs belong to the Coronaviridae family of the Nidovirales order. Recently, advanced techniques for viral detection and viral genome analyses have enabled characterization of many new nidoviruses than ever and have greatly expanded the Nidovirales order with new classification and nomenclature. Here, we first provide an overview of the latest research progress in the classification of the Nidovirales order and then introduce the host range, genetic variation, genomic pattern and pathogenic features of epidemic CoVs and other epidemic viruses. This information will promote understanding of the phylogenetic relationship and infectious transmission of various pathogenic nidoviruses, including epidemic CoVs, which will benefit virological research and viral disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijian Zhou
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, College of Biology, Hunan University, 27 Tianma Rd., Changsha, Hunan China
| | - Ye Qiu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, College of Biology, Hunan University, 27 Tianma Rd., Changsha, Hunan China
| | - Xingyi Ge
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, College of Biology, Hunan University, 27 Tianma Rd., Changsha, Hunan China
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23
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da Costa Ferreira CP, Marques KR, de Mattos GHF, de Campos T. Acute pancreatitis in a COVID-19 patient in Brazil: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2021; 15:541. [PMID: 34702363 PMCID: PMC8547721 DOI: 10.1186/s13256-021-02911-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The consequences of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic have already exceeded 10 million infected and more than 560,000 deaths worldwide since its inception. Currently, it is known that the disease affects mainly the respiratory system; however, recent studies have shown an increase in the number of patients with manifestations in other systems, including gastrointestinal manifestations. There is a lack of literature regarding the development of acute pancreatitis as a complication of coronavirus disease 2019. Case report We report a case of acute pancreatitis in a white male patient with coronavirus disease 2019. A 35-year-old man (body mass index 31.5) had acute epigastric pain radiating to his back, dyspnea, nausea, and vomiting for 2 days. The patient was diagnosed with severe acute pancreatitis (AP)-APACHE II: 5, SOFA: 3, Marshall: 0; then he was transferred from ED to the semi-intensive care unit. He tested positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 on reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and his chest computed tomography findings were compatible with coronavirus disease 2019. Treatment was based on bowel rest, fluid resuscitation, analgesia, and empiric antibiotic therapy. At day 12, with resolution of abdominal pain and improvement of the respiratory condition, the patient was discharged. Conclusion Since there is still limited evidence of pancreatic involvement in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection, no definite conclusion can be made. Given the lack of other etiology, we consider the possibility that the patient’s acute pancreatitis could be secondary to coronavirus disease 2019 infection, and we suggest investigation of pancreas-specific plasma amylase in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 and abdominal pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Petersen da Costa Ferreira
- Hospital Estadual de Francisco Morato Prof. Carlos da Silva Lacaz, Rod. Manoel Silverio Pinto, 125. Belém, Francisco Morato, SP, Brazil. .,Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, Rua Cesário Mota Junior 112. Vila Buarque, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Kalynne Rodrigues Marques
- Centro Universitário Uninovafapi, Rua Vitorino Orthiges Fernandes, 6123, Planalto Uruguai, Teresina, PI, Brazil
| | | | - Tércio de Campos
- Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, Rua Cesário Mota Junior 112. Vila Buarque, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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24
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Nova N. Cross-Species Transmission of Coronaviruses in Humans and Domestic Mammals, What Are the Ecological Mechanisms Driving Transmission, Spillover, and Disease Emergence? Front Public Health 2021; 9:717941. [PMID: 34660513 PMCID: PMC8514784 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.717941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses cause respiratory and digestive diseases in vertebrates. The recent pandemic, caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus 2, is taking a heavy toll on society and planetary health, and illustrates the threat emerging coronaviruses can pose to the well-being of humans and other animals. Coronaviruses are constantly evolving, crossing host species barriers, and expanding their host range. In the last few decades, several novel coronaviruses have emerged in humans and domestic animals. Novel coronaviruses have also been discovered in captive wildlife or wild populations, raising conservation concerns. The evolution and emergence of novel viruses is enabled by frequent cross-species transmission. It is thus crucial to determine emerging coronaviruses' potential for infecting different host species, and to identify the circumstances under which cross-species transmission occurs in order to mitigate the rate of disease emergence. Here, I review (broadly across several mammalian host species) up-to-date knowledge of host range and circumstances concerning reported cross-species transmission events of emerging coronaviruses in humans and common domestic mammals. All of these coronaviruses had similar host ranges, were closely related (indicative of rapid diversification and spread), and their emergence was likely associated with high-host-density environments facilitating multi-species interactions (e.g., shelters, farms, and markets) and the health or well-being of animals as end- and/or intermediate spillover hosts. Further research is needed to identify mechanisms of the cross-species transmission events that have ultimately led to a surge of emerging coronaviruses in multiple species in a relatively short period of time in a world undergoing rapid environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Nova
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
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25
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Islam A, Ferdous J, Islam S, Sayeed MA, Dutta Choudhury S, Saha O, Hassan MM, Shirin T. Evolutionary Dynamics and Epidemiology of Endemic and Emerging Coronaviruses in Humans, Domestic Animals, and Wildlife. Viruses 2021; 13:1908. [PMID: 34696338 PMCID: PMC8537103 DOI: 10.3390/v13101908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Diverse coronavirus (CoV) strains can infect both humans and animals and produce various diseases. CoVs have caused three epidemics and pandemics in the last two decades, and caused a severe impact on public health and the global economy. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to understand the emergence and evolution of endemic and emerging CoV diversity in humans and animals. For diverse bird species, the Infectious Bronchitis Virus is a significant one, whereas feline enteric and canine coronavirus, recombined to produce feline infectious peritonitis virus, infects wild cats. Bovine and canine CoVs have ancestral relationships, while porcine CoVs, especially SADS-CoV, can cross species barriers. Bats are considered as the natural host of diverse strains of alpha and beta coronaviruses. Though MERS-CoV is significant for both camels and humans, humans are nonetheless affected more severely. MERS-CoV cases have been reported mainly in the Arabic peninsula since 2012. To date, seven CoV strains have infected humans, all descended from animals. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronaviruses (SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2) are presumed to be originated in Rhinolopoid bats that severely infect humans with spillover to multiple domestic and wild animals. Emerging alpha and delta variants of SARS-CoV-2 were detected in pets and wild animals. Still, the intermediate hosts and all susceptible animal species remain unknown. SARS-CoV-2 might not be the last CoV to cross the species barrier. Hence, we recommend developing a universal CoV vaccine for humans so that any future outbreak can be prevented effectively. Furthermore, a One Health approach coronavirus surveillance should be implemented at human-animal interfaces to detect novel coronaviruses before emerging to humans and to prevent future epidemics and pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariful Islam
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY 10001-2320, USA; (J.F.); (S.I.); (M.A.S.); (S.D.C.)
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Science, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC 3216, Australia
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh;
| | - Jinnat Ferdous
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY 10001-2320, USA; (J.F.); (S.I.); (M.A.S.); (S.D.C.)
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh;
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
| | - Shariful Islam
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY 10001-2320, USA; (J.F.); (S.I.); (M.A.S.); (S.D.C.)
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh;
| | - Md. Abu Sayeed
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY 10001-2320, USA; (J.F.); (S.I.); (M.A.S.); (S.D.C.)
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh;
| | - Shusmita Dutta Choudhury
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY 10001-2320, USA; (J.F.); (S.I.); (M.A.S.); (S.D.C.)
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh;
| | - Otun Saha
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh;
| | - Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram 4225, Bangladesh;
| | - Tahmina Shirin
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh;
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26
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Dowarah J, Marak BN, Yadav UCS, Singh VP. Potential drug development and therapeutic approaches for clinical intervention in COVID-19. Bioorg Chem 2021; 114:105016. [PMID: 34144277 PMCID: PMC8143914 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
While the vaccination is now available to many countries and will slowly dissipate to others, effective therapeutics for COVID-19 is still illusive. The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has posed an unprecedented challenge to researchers, scientists, and clinicians and affected the wellbeing of millions of people worldwide. Since the beginning of the pandemic, a multitude of existing anti-viral, antibiotic, antimalarial, and anticancer drugs have been tested, and some have shown potency in the treatment and management of COVID-19, albeit others failed to leave any positive impact and a few also became controversial as they showed mixed clinical outcomes. In the present article, we have brought together some of the candidate therapeutic drugs being repurposed or used in the clinical trials and discussed their clinical efficacy and safety for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayanta Dowarah
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, Mizoram University, Aizawl 796004, Mizoram, India
| | - Brilliant N Marak
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, Mizoram University, Aizawl 796004, Mizoram, India
| | | | - Ved Prakash Singh
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, Mizoram University, Aizawl 796004, Mizoram, India; Department of Industrial Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, Mizoram University, Aizawl 796004, Mizoram, India.
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27
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Jamwal VL, Kumar N, Bhat R, Jamwal PS, Singh K, Dogra S, Kulkarni A, Bhadra B, Shukla MR, Saran S, Dasgupta S, Vishwakarma RA, Gandhi SG. Optimization and validation of RT-LAMP assay for diagnosis of SARS-CoV2 including the globally dominant Delta variant. Virol J 2021; 18:178. [PMID: 34461941 PMCID: PMC8404189 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01642-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of COVID-19 pandemic, has infected more than 179 million people worldwide. Testing of infected individuals is crucial for identification and isolation, thereby preventing further spread of the disease. Presently, Taqman™ Reverse Transcription Real Time PCR is considered gold standard, and is the most common technique used for molecular testing of COVID-19, though it requires sophisticated equipments, expertise and is also relatively expensive. Objective Development and optimization of an alternate molecular testing method for the diagnosis of COVID-19, through a two step Reverse Transcription Loop-mediated isothermal AMPlification (RT-LAMP). Results Primers for LAMP were carefully designed for discrimination from other closely related human pathogenic coronaviruses. Care was also taken that primer binding sites are present in conserved regions of SARS-CoV2. Our analysis shows that the primer binding sites are well conserved in all the variants of concern (VOC) and variants of interest (VOI), notified by World Health Organization (WHO). These lineages include B.1.1.7, B.1.351, P.1, B.1.617.2, B.1.427/B.1.429, P.2, B.1.525, P.3, B.1.526 and B.1.617.1. Various DNA polymerases with strand displacement activity were evaluated and conditions were optimized for LAMP amplification and visualization. Different LAMP primer sets were also evaluated using synthetic templates as well as patient samples. Conclusion In a double blind study, the RT-LAMP assay was validated on more than 150 patient samples at two different sites. The RT-LAMP assay appeared to be 89.2% accurate when compared to the Taqman™ rt-RT-PCR assay. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12985-021-01642-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Lakshmi Jamwal
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, 180001, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Natish Kumar
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, 180001, India
| | - Rahul Bhat
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, 180001, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Piyush Singh Jamwal
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, 180001, India
| | - Kaurab Singh
- Higher Education Department, Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir, Jammu, India
| | - Sandeep Dogra
- Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College, Jammu, 180001, India
| | - Abhishek Kulkarni
- A2O - Biology, Reliance Technology Group, Reliance Industries Limited, RCP, Navi Mumbai, 400701, India
| | - Bhaskar Bhadra
- A2O - Biology, Reliance Technology Group, Reliance Industries Limited, RCP, Navi Mumbai, 400701, India
| | - Manish R Shukla
- A2O - Biology, Reliance Technology Group, Reliance Industries Limited, RCP, Navi Mumbai, 400701, India
| | - Saurabh Saran
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, 180001, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Santanu Dasgupta
- A2O - Biology, Reliance Technology Group, Reliance Industries Limited, RCP, Navi Mumbai, 400701, India
| | - Ram A Vishwakarma
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, 180001, India
| | - Sumit G Gandhi
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, 180001, India. .,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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28
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Ekstrand K, Flanagan AJ, Lin IE, Vejseli B, Cole A, Lally AP, Morris RL, Morgan KN. Animal Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and the Welfare of Animals during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:2044. [PMID: 34359172 PMCID: PMC8300090 DOI: 10.3390/ani11072044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The accelerated pace of research into Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) necessitates periodic summaries of current research. The present paper reviews virus susceptibilities in species with frequent human contact, and factors that are best predictors of virus susceptibility. Species reviewed were those in contact with humans through entertainment, pet, or agricultural trades, and for whom reports (either anecdotal or published) exist regarding the SARS-CoV-2 virus and/or the resulting disease state COVID-19. Available literature was searched using an artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted engine, as well as via common databases, such as Web of Science and Medline. The present review focuses on susceptibility and transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2, and polymorphisms in transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) that contribute to species differences. Dogs and pigs appear to have low susceptibility, while ferrets, mink, some hamster species, cats, and nonhuman primates (particularly Old World species) have high susceptibility. Precautions may therefore be warranted in interactions with such species, and more selectivity practiced when choosing appropriate species to serve as models for research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amanda J. Flanagan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA;
| | - Ilyan E. Lin
- Department of Biology, Wheaton College, Norton, MA 02766, USA; (I.E.L.); (B.V.); (R.L.M.)
| | - Brendon Vejseli
- Department of Biology, Wheaton College, Norton, MA 02766, USA; (I.E.L.); (B.V.); (R.L.M.)
| | - Allicyn Cole
- Program in Neuroscience, Wheaton College, Norton, MA 02766, USA; (A.C.); (A.P.L.)
| | - Anna P. Lally
- Program in Neuroscience, Wheaton College, Norton, MA 02766, USA; (A.C.); (A.P.L.)
| | - Robert L. Morris
- Department of Biology, Wheaton College, Norton, MA 02766, USA; (I.E.L.); (B.V.); (R.L.M.)
| | - Kathleen N. Morgan
- Program in Neuroscience, Wheaton College, Norton, MA 02766, USA; (A.C.); (A.P.L.)
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29
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Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus Spike protein variants exhibit geographic differences in virulence. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2102983118. [PMID: 34099556 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2102983118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Human Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) cases were detected primarily in the Middle East before a major outbreak occurred in South Korea in 2015. The Korean outbreak was initiated by a single infected individual, allowing studies of virus evolution in the absence of further MERS-CoV introduction into human populations. In contrast, MERS is primarily a camel disease on the Arabian Peninsula and in Africa, with clinical disease in humans only in the former location. Previous work identified two mutations in the South Korean MERS-CoV, D510G and I529T on the Spike (S) protein, that led to impaired binding to the receptor. However, whether these mutations affected virulence is unknown. To address this question, we constructed isogenic viruses expressing mutations found in the S protein from Korean isolates and showed that isogenic viruses carrying the Korean MERS-CoV mutations, D510G or I529T, were attenuated in mice, resulting in greater survival, less induction of inflammatory cytokines, and less severe lung injury. In contrast, isogenic viruses expressing S proteins from African isolates were nearly fully virulent; other studies showed that West African camel isolates carry mutations in MERS-CoV accessory proteins, which may limit human transmission. These data indicate that following a single-point introduction of the virus, MERS-CoV S protein evolved rapidly in South Korea to adapt to human populations, with consequences on virulence. In contrast, the mutations in S proteins of African isolates did not change virulence, indicating that S protein variation likely does not play a major role in the lack of camel-to-human transmission in Africa.
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30
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Ellwanger JH, Chies JAB. Zoonotic spillover: Understanding basic aspects for better prevention. Genet Mol Biol 2021; 44:e20200355. [PMID: 34096963 PMCID: PMC8182890 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2020-0355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The transmission of pathogens from wild animals to humans is called “zoonotic spillover”. Most human infectious diseases (60-75%) are derived from pathogens that originally circulated in non-human animal species. This demonstrates that spillover has a fundamental role in the emergence of new human infectious diseases. Understanding the factors that facilitate the transmission of pathogens from wild animals to humans is essential to establish strategies focused on the reduction of the frequency of spillover events. In this context, this article describes the basic aspects of zoonotic spillover and the main factors involved in spillover events, considering the role of the inter-species interactions, phylogenetic distance between host species, environmental drivers, and specific characteristics of the pathogens, animals, and humans. As an example, the factors involved in the emergence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic are discussed, indicating what can be learned from this public health emergency, and what can be applied to the Brazilian scenario. Finally, this article discusses actions to prevent or reduce the frequency of zoonotic spillover events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Henrique Ellwanger
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Departamento de Genética, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - José Artur Bogo Chies
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Departamento de Genética, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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31
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Jelinek HF, Mousa M, Alefishat E, Osman W, Spence I, Bu D, Feng SF, Byrd J, Magni PA, Sahibzada S, Tay GK, Alsafar HS. Evolution, Ecology, and Zoonotic Transmission of Betacoronaviruses: A Review. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:644414. [PMID: 34095271 PMCID: PMC8173069 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.644414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus infections have been a part of the animal kingdom for millennia. The difference emerging in the twenty-first century is that a greater number of novel coronaviruses are being discovered primarily due to more advanced technology and that a greater number can be transmitted to humans, either directly or via an intermediate host. This has a range of effects from annual infections that are mild to full-blown pandemics. This review compares the zoonotic potential and relationship between MERS, SARS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2. The role of bats as possible host species and possible intermediate hosts including pangolins, civets, mink, birds, and other mammals are discussed with reference to mutations of the viral genome affecting zoonosis. Ecological, social, cultural, and environmental factors that may play a role in zoonotic transmission are considered with reference to SARS-CoV, MERS, and SARS-CoV-2 and possible future zoonotic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert F. Jelinek
- Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Center of Heath Engineering Innovation, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mira Mousa
- Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproduction Health, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Eman Alefishat
- Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Wael Osman
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ian Spence
- Discipline of Pharmacology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Dengpan Bu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, China
| | - Samuel F. Feng
- Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Mathematics, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jason Byrd
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Paola A. Magni
- Discipline of Medical, Molecular and Forensic Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
- Murdoch University Singapore, King's Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shafi Sahibzada
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Guan K. Tay
- Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Division of Psychiatry, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Habiba S. Alsafar
- Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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Abstract
The origin of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus causing the global coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic, remains a mystery. Current evidence suggests a likely spillover into humans from an animal reservoir. Understanding the host range and identifying animal species that are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection may help to elucidate the origin of the virus and the mechanisms underlying cross-species transmission to humans. Here we demonstrated that white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), an animal species in which the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) - the SARS-CoV-2 receptor - shares a high degree of similarity to humans, are highly susceptible to infection. Intranasal inoculation of deer fawns with SARS-CoV-2 resulted in established subclinical viral infection and shedding of infectious virus in nasal secretions. Notably, infected animals transmitted the virus to non-inoculated contact deer. Viral RNA was detected in multiple tissues 21 days post-inoculation (pi). All inoculated and indirect contact animals seroconverted and developed neutralizing antibodies as early as day 7 pi. The work provides important insights into the animal host range of SARS-CoV-2 and identifies white-tailed deer as a susceptible wild animal species to the virus.IMPORTANCEGiven the presumed zoonotic origin of SARS-CoV-2, the human-animal-environment interface of COVID-19 pandemic is an area of great scientific and public- and animal-health interest. Identification of animal species that are susceptible to infection by SARS-CoV-2 may help to elucidate the potential origin of the virus, identify potential reservoirs or intermediate hosts, and define the mechanisms underlying cross-species transmission to humans. Additionally, it may also provide information and help to prevent potential reverse zoonosis that could lead to the establishment of a new wildlife hosts. Our data show that upon intranasal inoculation, white-tailed deer became subclinically infected and shed infectious SARS-CoV-2 in nasal secretions and feces. Importantly, indirect contact animals were infected and shed infectious virus, indicating efficient SARS-CoV-2 transmission from inoculated animals. These findings support the inclusion of wild cervid species in investigations conducted to assess potential reservoirs or sources of SARS-CoV-2 of infection.
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Pan YQ, Guo F, Bahoussi AN, Shi RZ, Li YQ, Xing L. Genetic drift of MERS-CoV in Saudi Arabia during 2012-2019. Zoonoses Public Health 2021; 68:527-532. [PMID: 33966359 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) is caused by MERS-CoV that infects both human and camel. Camel is supposed to be the natural reservoir for human infection while the sources for most of the primary human infection cases are still not known. We identified two conserved pyrimidine nucleotides that flank UAAU element in MERS-CoV 5'-UTR. These conserved pyrimidine nucleotides distinguish MERS-CoVs into 3 types, that is, UUAAUU, CUAAUU and CUAAUC (referred to as U----U, C----U, and C----C types, respectively). Human MERS-CoV displays a genetic drift from U----U, C----U, to C----C from 2012 to 2019. Camel virus displays a genetic drift from U----U to C----U with a time lag when compared with human virus. The discrepancy in genetic drift seems not to support the notion that camel serves as the only natural reservoir for human infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Qing Pan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Fan Guo
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | | | - Rui-Zhu Shi
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Ya-Qian Li
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Li Xing
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China.,Key laboratory of Medical Molecular Cell Biology of Shanxi Province, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China.,Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Major Infectious Diseases, Taiyuan, China
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Zhang AR, Shi WQ, Liu K, Li XL, Liu MJ, Zhang WH, Zhao GP, Chen JJ, Zhang XA, Miao D, Ma W, Liu W, Yang Y, Fang LQ. Epidemiology and evolution of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, 2012-2020. Infect Dis Poverty 2021; 10:66. [PMID: 33964965 PMCID: PMC8105704 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-021-00853-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ongoing transmission of the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in the Middle East and its expansion to other regions are raising concerns of a potential pandemic. An in-depth analysis about both population and molecular epidemiology of this pathogen is needed. METHODS MERS cases reported globally as of June 2020 were collected mainly from World Health Organization official reports, supplemented by other reliable sources. Determinants for case fatality and spatial diffusion of MERS were assessed with Logistic regressions and Cox proportional hazard models, respectively. Phylogenetic and phylogeographic analyses were performed to examine the evolution and migration history of MERS-CoV. RESULTS A total of 2562 confirmed MERS cases with 150 case clusters were reported with a case fatality rate of 32.7% (95% CI: 30.9‒34.6%). Saudi Arabia accounted for 83.6% of the cases. Age of ≥ 65 years old, underlying conditions and ≥ 5 days delay in diagnosis were independent risk factors for death. However, a history of animal contact was associated with a higher risk (adjusted OR = 2.97, 95% CI: 1.10-7.98) among female cases < 65 years but with a lower risk (adjusted OR = 0.31, 95% CI: 0.18-0.51) among male cases ≥ 65 years old. Diffusion of the disease was fastest from its origin in Saudi Arabia to the east, and was primarily driven by the transportation network. The most recent sub-clade C5.1 (since 2013) was associated with non-synonymous mutations and a higher mortality rate. Phylogeographic analyses pointed to Riyadh of Saudi Arabia and Abu Dhabi of the United Arab Emirates as the hubs for both local and international spread of MERS-CoV. CONCLUSIONS MERS-CoV remains primarily locally transmitted in the Middle East, with opportunistic exportation to other continents and a potential of causing transmission clusters of human cases. Animal contact is associated with a higher risk of death, but the association differs by age and sex. Transportation network is the leading driver for the spatial diffusion of the disease. These findings how this pathogen spread are helpful for targeting public health surveillance and interventions to control endemics and to prevent a potential pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Ran Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 20 Dong-Da Street, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071, People's Republic of China.,Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health and Health Professions, and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Wen-Qiang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 20 Dong-Da Street, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Lou Li
- Department of Medical Research, Key Laboratory of Environmental Sense Organ Stress and Health of the Ministry of Environmental Protection, PLA Stragetic Support Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Jin Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health and Health Professions, and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Wen-Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 20 Dong-Da Street, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Ping Zhao
- Logistics College of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Jin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 20 Dong-Da Street, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Ai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 20 Dong-Da Street, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 20 Dong-Da Street, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Ma
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 20 Dong-Da Street, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health and Health Professions, and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Li-Qun Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 20 Dong-Da Street, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071, People's Republic of China.
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Tabur A, Arslanoğlu A. A 50-Year Overview of the Coronavirus Family with Science Mapping Techniques: A Review. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 50:649-664. [PMID: 34183915 PMCID: PMC8219623 DOI: 10.18502/ijph.v50i4.5990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background The COVID-19 pandemic from the coronavirus family is the most important agenda of today's world, also called the "New World". In this outbreak period, declared a pandemic by WHO and affected the whole world and humanity on a global scale, all kinds of scientific information and evidence-based sharing on the subject gained great importance. Methods Overall, 12,301 articles from the web of Science (WOS) Core Collection database were analyzed using SciMAT software, conducted to examine the development of coronavirus publications in the process and to reveal the scientific mapping related to the subject. To analyze the development in the process based on periods, the articles covering the 50 years were compared as five periods of 10 years. Results The most publications with the Coronavirus theme were made between 2010 and 2020 (n=1020), the total number of citations of these articles was 15,966 and the h-index value was 54. The theme "Coronavirus" was associated with the themes "infection" (w=0.04), "SARS" (w=0.03), "virus" (w=0.04), "identification" (w=0.05) and "swine" (w=0.03). Due to the recent emergence of the COVID-19 theme, it was found to be directly related to the "outbreak" theme (w=0.01). In terms of the distribution of the articles on coronavirus by country, most articles were published by the USA. This country is followed by China, Germany, England and the Netherlands. Conclusion This research on the coronavirus family can offer a holistic view of the virus family in the scientific world and can make a scientific contribution to the fight against the virus by creating awareness on this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayhan Tabur
- Emergency Medical Specialist, SBÜ Diyarbakır Gazi Yaşargil Eğt.ve Araş.Hst., Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Ali Arslanoğlu
- Department of Health Management, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
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Delahay RJ, de la Fuente J, Smith GC, Sharun K, Snary EL, Flores Girón L, Nziza J, Fooks AR, Brookes SM, Lean FZX, Breed AC, Gortazar C. Assessing the risks of SARS-CoV-2 in wildlife. ONE HEALTH OUTLOOK 2021; 3:7. [PMID: 33834160 PMCID: PMC8024038 DOI: 10.1186/s42522-021-00039-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 likely emerged from a wildlife source with transmission to humans followed by rapid geographic spread throughout the globe and severe impacts on both human health and the global economy. Since the onset of the pandemic, there have been many instances of human-to-animal transmission involving companion, farmed and zoo animals, and limited evidence for spread into free-living wildlife. The establishment of reservoirs of infection in wild animals would create significant challenges to infection control in humans and could pose a threat to the welfare and conservation status of wildlife. We discuss the potential for exposure, onward transmission and persistence of SARS-CoV-2 in an initial selection of wild mammals (bats, canids, felids, mustelids, great apes, rodents and cervids). Dynamic risk assessment and targeted surveillance are important tools for the early detection of infection in wildlife, and here we describe a framework for collating and synthesising emerging information to inform targeted surveillance for SARS-CoV-2 in wildlife. Surveillance efforts should be integrated with information from public and veterinary health initiatives to provide insights into the potential role of wild mammals in the epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. J. Delahay
- National Wildlife Management Centre, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Sand Hutton, York, YO41 1LZ UK
| | - J. de la Fuente
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA
| | - G. C. Smith
- National Wildlife Management Centre, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Sand Hutton, York, YO41 1LZ UK
| | - K. Sharun
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - E. L. Snary
- Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB UK
| | - L. Flores Girón
- Centre de Rehabilitation des Primates de Lwiro, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - J. Nziza
- Gorilla Doctors Inc., P.O. Box 115, Musanze, Rwanda
| | - A. R. Fooks
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB UK
| | - S. M. Brookes
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB UK
| | - F. Z. X. Lean
- Pathology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB UK
| | - A. C. Breed
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland Australia
- Epidemiology and One Health Section, Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment, Canberra, Australia
| | - C. Gortazar
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
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Brierley L, Fowler A. Predicting the animal hosts of coronaviruses from compositional biases of spike protein and whole genome sequences through machine learning. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009149. [PMID: 33878118 PMCID: PMC8087038 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has demonstrated the serious potential for novel zoonotic coronaviruses to emerge and cause major outbreaks. The immediate animal origin of the causative virus, SARS-CoV-2, remains unknown, a notoriously challenging task for emerging disease investigations. Coevolution with hosts leads to specific evolutionary signatures within viral genomes that can inform likely animal origins. We obtained a set of 650 spike protein and 511 whole genome nucleotide sequences from 222 and 185 viruses belonging to the family Coronaviridae, respectively. We then trained random forest models independently on genome composition biases of spike protein and whole genome sequences, including dinucleotide and codon usage biases in order to predict animal host (of nine possible categories, including human). In hold-one-out cross-validation, predictive accuracy on unseen coronaviruses consistently reached ~73%, indicating evolutionary signal in spike proteins to be just as informative as whole genome sequences. However, different composition biases were informative in each case. Applying optimised random forest models to classify human sequences of MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV revealed evolutionary signatures consistent with their recognised intermediate hosts (camelids, carnivores), while human sequences of SARS-CoV-2 were predicted as having bat hosts (suborder Yinpterochiroptera), supporting bats as the suspected origins of the current pandemic. In addition to phylogeny, variation in genome composition can act as an informative approach to predict emerging virus traits as soon as sequences are available. More widely, this work demonstrates the potential in combining genetic resources with machine learning algorithms to address long-standing challenges in emerging infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Brierley
- Department of Health Data Science, University of Liverpool, Brownlow Street, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Fowler
- Department of Health Data Science, University of Liverpool, Brownlow Street, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Alnaeem A, Kasem S, Qasim I, Refaat M, Alhufufi AN, Al-Doweriej A, Al-Shabebi A, Hereba AERT, Hemida MG. Scanning Electron Microscopic Findings on Respiratory Organs of Some Naturally Infected Dromedary Camels with the Lineage-B of the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in Saudi Arabia-2018. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10040420. [PMID: 33916036 PMCID: PMC8065699 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10040420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The currently known animal reservoir for MERS-CoV is the dromedary camel. The clinical pattern of the MERS-CoV field infection in dromedary camels is not yet fully studied well. Some pathological changes and the detection of the MERS-CoV antigens by immunohistochemistry have been recently reported. However, the nature of these changes by the scanning electron microscope (SEM) was not revealed. The objective of this study was to document some changes in the respiratory organs induced by the natural MERS-CoV infection using the SEM. We previously identified three positive animals naturally infected with MERS-CoV and two other negative animals. Previous pathological studies on the positive animals showed varying degrees of alterations. MERS-CoV-S and MERS-CoV-Nc proteins were detected in the organs of positive animals. In the current study, we used the same tissues and sections for the SEM examination. We established a histopathology lesion scoring system by the SEM for the nasal turbinate and trachea. Our results showed various degrees of involvement per animal. The main observed characteristic findings are massive ciliary loss, ciliary disorientation, and goblet cell hyperplasia, especially in the respiratory organs, particularly the nasal turbinate and trachea in some animals. The lungs of some affected animals showed signs of marked interstitial pneumonia with damage to the alveolar walls. The partial MERS-CoV-S gene sequencing from the nasal swabs of some dromedary camels admitted to this slaughterhouse confirms the circulating strains belong to clade-B of MERS-CoV. These results confirm the respiratory tropism of the virus and the detection of the virus in the nasal cavity. Further studies are needed to explore the pathological alterations induced by MERS-CoV infection in various body organs of the MERS-CoV naturally infected dromedary camels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelmohsen Alnaeem
- Department of Clinical Studies, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Haa 400, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Samy Kasem
- Veterinary Health and Monitoring, Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture, Riyadh 11195, Saudi Arabia; (S.K.); (I.Q.); (M.R.); (A.N.A.); (A.A.-D.)
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt;
| | - Ibrahim Qasim
- Veterinary Health and Monitoring, Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture, Riyadh 11195, Saudi Arabia; (S.K.); (I.Q.); (M.R.); (A.N.A.); (A.A.-D.)
| | - Mohamed Refaat
- Veterinary Health and Monitoring, Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture, Riyadh 11195, Saudi Arabia; (S.K.); (I.Q.); (M.R.); (A.N.A.); (A.A.-D.)
- Department of Pathology, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, Cairo 12618, Egypt
| | - Ali Nasser Alhufufi
- Veterinary Health and Monitoring, Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture, Riyadh 11195, Saudi Arabia; (S.K.); (I.Q.); (M.R.); (A.N.A.); (A.A.-D.)
| | - Ali Al-Doweriej
- Veterinary Health and Monitoring, Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture, Riyadh 11195, Saudi Arabia; (S.K.); (I.Q.); (M.R.); (A.N.A.); (A.A.-D.)
| | - Abdulkareem Al-Shabebi
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Haa 400, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Abd-El Rahman Taha Hereba
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt;
| | - Maged Gomaa Hemida
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt;
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Haa 400, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence:
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Exploring Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Microbiomes Helps in Detecting Tick-Borne Infectious Agents in the Blood of Camels. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10030351. [PMID: 33809738 PMCID: PMC8002256 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10030351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) are widely distributed in Africa, the Middle East and northern India. In this study, we aimed to detect tick-borne pathogens through investigating prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms in camel blood based on a metagenomic approach and then to characterize potentially pathogenic organisms using traditional molecular techniques. We showed that the bacteria circulating in the blood of camels is dominated by Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and Actinobacteria. At the genus level, Sediminibacterium, Hydrotalea, Bradyrhizobium and Anaplasma were the most abundant taxa. Eukaryotic profile was dominated by Fungi, Charophyta and Apicomplexa. At the genus level, Theileria was detected in 10 out of 18 samples, while Sarcocystis, Hoplorhynchus and Stylocephalus were detected in one sample each. Our metagenomic approach was successful in the detection of several pathogens or potential pathogens including Anaplasma sp., Theileria ovis, Th. separata, Th. annulate, Th. mutans-like and uncharacterized Theileria sp. For further characterization, we provided the partial sequences of citrate synthase (gltA) and heat-shock protein (groEL) genes of Candidatus Anaplasma camelii. We also detected Trypanosoma evansi type A using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) region. This combined metagenomic and traditional approach will contribute to a better understanding of the epidemiology of pathogens including tick-borne bacteria and protozoa in animals.
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Frutos R, Serra-Cobo J, Pinault L, Lopez Roig M, Devaux CA. Emergence of Bat-Related Betacoronaviruses: Hazard and Risks. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:591535. [PMID: 33790874 PMCID: PMC8005542 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.591535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The current Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, with more than 111 million reported cases and 2,500,000 deaths worldwide (mortality rate currently estimated at 2.2%), is a stark reminder that coronaviruses (CoV)-induced diseases remain a major threat to humanity. COVID-19 is only the latest case of betacoronavirus (β-CoV) epidemics/pandemics. In the last 20 years, two deadly CoV epidemics, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS; fatality rate 9.6%) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS; fatality rate 34.7%), plus the emergence of HCoV-HKU1 which causes the winter common cold (fatality rate 0.5%), were already a source of public health concern. Betacoronaviruses can also be a threat for livestock, as evidenced by the Swine Acute Diarrhea Syndrome (SADS) epizootic in pigs. These repeated outbreaks of β-CoV-induced diseases raise the question of the dynamic of propagation of this group of viruses in wildlife and human ecosystems. SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, and HCoV-HKU1 emerged in Asia, strongly suggesting the existence of a regional hot spot for emergence. However, there might be other regional hot spots, as seen with MERS-CoV, which emerged in the Arabian Peninsula. β-CoVs responsible for human respiratory infections are closely related to bat-borne viruses. Bats are present worldwide and their level of infection with CoVs is very high on all continents. However, there is as yet no evidence of direct bat-to-human coronavirus infection. Transmission of β-CoV to humans is considered to occur accidentally through contact with susceptible intermediate animal species. This zoonotic emergence is a complex process involving not only bats, wildlife and natural ecosystems, but also many anthropogenic and societal aspects. Here, we try to understand why only few hot spots of β-CoV emergence have been identified despite worldwide bats and bat-borne β-CoV distribution. In this work, we analyze and compare the natural and anthropogenic environments associated with the emergence of β-CoV and outline conserved features likely to create favorable conditions for a new epidemic. We suggest monitoring South and East Africa as well as South America as these regions bring together many of the conditions that could make them future hot spots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Frutos
- Centre de coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, UMR 17, Intertryp, Montpellier, France.,Institut d'Électronique et des Systèmes, UMR 5214, Université de Montpellier-CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Jordi Serra-Cobo
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, University of Barcelona, Biodiversity Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lucile Pinault
- Aix Marseille University, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Marc Lopez Roig
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, University of Barcelona, Biodiversity Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Christian A Devaux
- Aix Marseille University, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Marseille, France
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Chouchane L, Grivel JC, Farag EABA, Pavlovski I, Maacha S, Sathappan A, Al-Romaihi HE, Abuaqel SW, Ata MMA, Chouchane AI, Remadi S, Halabi N, Rafii A, Al-Thani MH, Marr N, Subramanian M, Shan J. Dromedary camels as a natural source of neutralizing nanobodies against SARS-CoV-2. JCI Insight 2021; 6:145785. [PMID: 33529170 PMCID: PMC8021111 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.145785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of prophylactic and therapeutic agents for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a current global health priority. Here, we investigated the presence of cross-neutralizing antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in dromedary camels that were Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) seropositive but MERS-CoV free. The tested 229 dromedaries had anti–MERS-CoV camel antibodies with variable cross-reactivity patterns against SARS-CoV-2 proteins, including the S trimer and M, N, and E proteins. Using SARS-CoV-2 competitive immunofluorescence immunoassays and pseudovirus neutralization assays, we found medium-to-high titers of cross-neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in these animals. Through linear B cell epitope mapping using phage immunoprecipitation sequencing and a SARS-CoV-2 peptide/proteome microarray, we identified a large repertoire of Betacoronavirus cross-reactive antibody specificities in these dromedaries and demonstrated that the SARS-CoV-2–specific VHH antibody repertoire is qualitatively diverse. This analysis revealed not only several SARS-CoV-2 epitopes that are highly immunogenic in humans, including a neutralizing epitope, but also epitopes exclusively targeted by camel antibodies. The identified SARS-CoV-2 cross-neutralizing camel antibodies are not proposed as a potential treatment for COVID-19. Rather, their presence in nonimmunized camels supports the development of SARS-CoV-2 hyperimmune camels, which could be a prominent source of therapeutic agents for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotfi Chouchane
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA.,Genetic Intelligence Laboratory, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar.,Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Igor Pavlovski
- Deep Phenotyping Core, Research Branch, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Selma Maacha
- Deep Phenotyping Core, Research Branch, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Hamad Eid Al-Romaihi
- Department of Communicable Diseases Control, Ministry of Public Health, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sirin Wj Abuaqel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA.,Genetic Intelligence Laboratory, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar.,Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | | | | | | | - Najeeb Halabi
- Genetic Intelligence Laboratory, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar.,Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Arash Rafii
- Genetic Intelligence Laboratory, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar.,Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Nico Marr
- Department of Immunology, Research Branch, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Murugan Subramanian
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA.,Genetic Intelligence Laboratory, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Jingxuan Shan
- Genetic Intelligence Laboratory, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar.,Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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van Doremalen N, Letko M, Fischer RJ, Bushmaker T, Yinda CK, Schulz J, Seifert SN, Kim NJ, Hemida MG, Kayali G, Park WB, Perera RAPM, Tamin A, Thornburg NJ, Tong S, Queen K, van Kerkhove MD, Choi YK, Oh MD, Assiri AM, Peiris M, Gerber SI, Munster VJ. Surface-aerosol stability and pathogenicity of diverse MERS-CoV strains from 2012 - 2018. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021:2021.02.11.429193. [PMID: 33594367 PMCID: PMC7885919 DOI: 10.1101/2021.02.11.429193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a coronavirus that infects both humans and dromedary camels and is responsible for an ongoing outbreak of severe respiratory illness in humans in the Middle East. While some mutations found in camel-derived MERS-CoV strains have been characterized, the majority of natural variation found across MERS-CoV isolates remains unstudied. Here we report on the environmental stability, replication kinetics and pathogenicity of several diverse isolates of MERS-CoV as well as SARS-CoV-2 to serve as a basis of comparison with other stability studies. While most of the MERS-CoV isolates exhibited similar stability and pathogenicity in our experiments, the camel derived isolate, C/KSA/13, exhibited reduced surface stability while another camel isolate, C/BF/15, had reduced pathogenicity in a small animal model. These results suggest that while betacoronaviruses may have similar environmental stability profiles, individual variation can influence this phenotype, underscoring the importance of continual, global viral surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeltje van Doremalen
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Michael Letko
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
- Paul G. Allen School of Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99111, USA
- Corresponding author: Dr. Michael Letko, Paul G. Allen School of Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, Tel: (509) 335-4058,
| | - Robert J. Fischer
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Trenton Bushmaker
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Claude Kwe Yinda
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Jonathan Schulz
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Stephanie N. Seifert
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
- Paul G. Allen School of Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99111, USA
| | - Nam Joong Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Maged G Hemida
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Hasa, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Ghazi Kayali
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, Houston, Texas
| | - Wan Beom Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - Azaibi Tamin
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Natalie J. Thornburg
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Suxiang Tong
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Krista Queen
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Maria D. van Kerkhove
- Department of Infectious Hazards Management, Health Emergencies Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Young Ki Choi
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju City, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung-don Oh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Abdullah M. Assiri
- Infection Prevention and Control, Assistant Deputy Minister, Preventive Health, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Malik Peiris
- School of Public Health, University of Hong-Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Susan I. Gerber
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Vincent J. Munster
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
- Corresponding author: Dr. Michael Letko, Paul G. Allen School of Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, Tel: (509) 335-4058,
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Rabaan AA, Al-Ahmed SH, Sah R, Alqumber MA, Haque S, Patel SK, Pathak M, Tiwari R, Yatoo MI, Haq AU, Bilal M, Dhama K, Rodriguez-Morales AJ. MERS-CoV: epidemiology, molecular dynamics, therapeutics, and future challenges. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2021; 20:8. [PMID: 33461573 PMCID: PMC7812981 DOI: 10.1186/s12941-020-00414-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Severe Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has gained research attention worldwide, given the current pandemic. Nevertheless, a previous zoonotic and highly pathogenic coronavirus, the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), is still causing concern, especially in Saudi Arabia and neighbour countries. The MERS-CoV has been reported from respiratory samples in more than 27 countries, and around 2500 cases have been reported with an approximate fatality rate of 35%. After its emergence in 2012 intermittent, sporadic cases, nosocomial infections and many community clusters of MERS continued to occur in many countries. Human-to-human transmission resulted in the large outbreaks in Saudi Arabia. The inherent genetic variability among various clads of the MERS-CoV might have probably paved the events of cross-species transmission along with changes in the inter-species and intra-species tropism. The current review is drafted using an extensive review of literature on various databases, selecting of publications irrespective of favouring or opposing, assessing the merit of study, the abstraction of data and analysing data. The genome of MERS-CoV contains around thirty thousand nucleotides having seven predicted open reading frames. Spike (S), envelope (E), membrane (M), and nucleocapsid (N) proteins are the four main structural proteins. The surface located spike protein (S) of betacoronaviruses has been established to be one of the significant factors in their zoonotic transmission through virus-receptor recognition mediation and subsequent initiation of viral infection. Three regions in Saudi Arabia (KSA), Eastern Province, Riyadh and Makkah were affected severely. The epidemic progression had been the highest in 2014 in Makkah and Riyadh and Eastern Province in 2013. With a lurking epidemic scare, there is a crucial need for effective therapeutic and immunological remedies constructed on sound molecular investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali A Rabaan
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shamsah H Al-Ahmed
- Specialty Paediatric Medicine, Qatif Central Hospital, Qatif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ranjit Sah
- Tribhuvan University Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Mohammed A Alqumber
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Albaha University, Albaha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shafiul Haque
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing & Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shailesh Kumar Patel
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243 122, India
| | - Mamta Pathak
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243 122, India
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, UP Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalay Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, 281001, India
| | - Mohd Iqbal Yatoo
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Complex, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-E-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shuhama, Alusteng Srinagar, Shalimar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190006, India
| | - Abrar Ul Haq
- Division of Clinical Veterinary Medicine Ethics & Jurisprudence, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher E Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Kashmir, Shuhama, Srinagar, 190006, India
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, 223003, China
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243 122, India.
| | - Alfonso J Rodriguez-Morales
- Public Health and Infection Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnologica de Pereira, Pereira, Colombia. .,Grupo de Investigación Biomedicina, Faculty of Medicine, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Americas, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. .,School of Medicine, Universidad Privada Franz Tamayo (UNIFRANZ), Cochabamba, Bolivia.
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44
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Al-Salihi KA, Khalaf JM. The emerging SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2: An insight into the viruses zoonotic aspects. Vet World 2021; 14:190-199. [PMID: 33642804 PMCID: PMC7896889 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.190-199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Zoonotic coronavirus disease (COVID) has emerged in the past two decades and caused a pandemic that has produced a significant universal health alarm. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome-CoV (MERS-CoV) emerged in 2002 and 2012, respectively, provoking severe lower respiratory infection and deadly pneumonia. COVID-19 is a severe respiratory disease caused by the new strain of novel CoV (SARS-CoV-2). The zoonotic aspects of the SARS-CoV-2 in comparison to SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV are highlighted in this article. COVID-19 has rapidly become a pandemic and has spread and infected millions of people worldwide. As of November 19, 2020, the date of submitting this review, the total CoV cases, deaths, and recovered patients are 56,828,218, 1,359,320, and 39,548,923, respectively. In conclusion, COVID-19 has particularly altered the opinion of the significance of zoonotic diseases and their animal origins and the intermediate reservoirs, which may be unknown wild animals. Genetically, the SARS-CoV-2 is related to the SARS-like bat CoVs and shares 85% identity with the SARS-CoV that is derived from the SARS-like bat CoVs. However, the virus is related to a lesser extent to the MERS-CoV. The SARS-CoV-2 uses the same receptor-binding domain receptor of the SARS-CoV - the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2; conversely, DPP4 (CD26). It has not been proved that the MERS-CoVs primary receptor is the receptor of the SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karima A. Al-Salihi
- Department of Internal Medicine and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Al-Muthanna University, Al-Muthanna Province, Iraq
| | - Jenan Mahmood Khalaf
- Department of Internal and Preventive Medicine, Unit of Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
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45
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Hadisi Z, Walsh T, Dabiri SMH, Seyfoori A, Hamdi D, Mirani B, Pagan E, Jardim A, Akbari M. Management of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic: From Diagnosis to Treatment Strategies. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2020; 4:2000173. [PMID: 33614905 PMCID: PMC7883285 DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202000173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Following the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2002 and the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) in 2012, the world is now combating a third large‐scale outbreak caused by a coronavirus, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19). After the rapid spread of SARS‐coronavirus (CoV)‐2 (the virus causing COVID‐19) from its origin in China, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) on January 30, 2020. From the beginning of the COVID‐19 pandemic, a significant number of studies have been conducted to better understand the biology and pathogenesis of the novel coronavirus, and to aid in developing effective treatment regimens, therapeutics, and vaccines. This review focuses on the recent advancements in the rapidly evolving areas of clinical care and management of COVID‐19. The emerging strategies for the diagnosis and treatment of this disease are explored, and the development of effective vaccines is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhina Hadisi
- Laboratory for Innovation in Microengineering (LiME), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Center for Biomedical Research University of Victoria 3800 Finnerty Rd. Victoria BC V8P 2C5 Canada
| | - Tavia Walsh
- Laboratory for Innovation in Microengineering (LiME), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Center for Biomedical Research University of Victoria 3800 Finnerty Rd. Victoria BC V8P 2C5 Canada
| | - Seyed Mohammad Hossein Dabiri
- Laboratory for Innovation in Microengineering (LiME), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Center for Biomedical Research University of Victoria 3800 Finnerty Rd. Victoria BC V8P 2C5 Canada
| | - Amir Seyfoori
- Laboratory for Innovation in Microengineering (LiME), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Center for Biomedical Research University of Victoria 3800 Finnerty Rd. Victoria BC V8P 2C5 Canada
| | - David Hamdi
- Laboratory for Innovation in Microengineering (LiME), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Center for Biomedical Research University of Victoria 3800 Finnerty Rd. Victoria BC V8P 2C5 Canada
| | - Bahram Mirani
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering University of Toronto Toronto ON M5S 3G8 Canada.,Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering (IBBME) University of Toronto Toronto ON M5S 3G9 Canada.,Institute of Biomedical Engineering (BME) Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research University of Toronto Toronto ON M5G 1M1 Canada
| | - Erik Pagan
- Laboratory for Innovation in Microengineering (LiME), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Center for Biomedical Research University of Victoria 3800 Finnerty Rd. Victoria BC V8P 2C5 Canada
| | - Armando Jardim
- Laboratory for Innovation in Microengineering (LiME), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Center for Biomedical Research University of Victoria 3800 Finnerty Rd. Victoria BC V8P 2C5 Canada
| | - Mohsen Akbari
- Laboratory for Innovation in Microengineering (LiME), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Center for Biomedical Research University of Victoria 3800 Finnerty Rd. Victoria BC V8P 2C5 Canada.,Center for Biomedical Research University of Victoria 3800 Finnerty Rd. Victoria BC V8P 2C5 Canada.,Centre for Advanced Materials and Related Technology (CAMTEC) University of Victoria 3800 Finnerty Rd. Victoria BC V8P 2C5 Canada
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46
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AL-Eitan LN, Tarkhan AH, Alghamdi MA, Marston DA, Wu G, McElhinney LM, Brown IH, Fooks AR. Bat-Borne Coronaviruses in Jordan and Saudi Arabia: A Threat to Public Health? Viruses 2020; 12:E1413. [PMID: 33316899 PMCID: PMC7764733 DOI: 10.3390/v12121413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging infectious diseases are of great concern to public health, as highlighted by the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Such diseases are of particular danger during mass gathering and mass influx events, as large crowds of people in close proximity to each other creates optimal opportunities for disease transmission. The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia are two countries that have witnessed mass gatherings due to the arrival of Syrian refugees and the annual Hajj season. The mass migration of people not only brings exotic diseases to these regions but also brings new diseases back to their own countries, e.g., the outbreak of MERS in South Korea. Many emerging pathogens originate in bats, and more than 30 bat species have been identified in these two countries. Some of those bat species are known to carry viruses that cause deadly diseases in other parts of the world, such as the rabies virus and coronaviruses. However, little is known about bats and the pathogens they carry in Jordan and Saudi Arabia. Here, the importance of enhanced surveillance of bat-borne infections in Jordan and Saudi Arabia is emphasized, promoting the awareness of bat-borne diseases among the general public and building up infrastructure and capability to fill the gaps in public health preparedness to prevent future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laith N. AL-Eitan
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan;
| | - Amneh H. Tarkhan
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan;
| | - Mansour A. Alghamdi
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia;
- Genomics and Personalized Medicine Unit, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Denise A. Marston
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA, Weybridge), Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (D.A.M.); (G.W.); (L.M.M.); (I.H.B.); (A.R.F.)
| | - Guanghui Wu
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA, Weybridge), Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (D.A.M.); (G.W.); (L.M.M.); (I.H.B.); (A.R.F.)
| | - Lorraine M. McElhinney
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA, Weybridge), Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (D.A.M.); (G.W.); (L.M.M.); (I.H.B.); (A.R.F.)
| | - Ian H. Brown
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA, Weybridge), Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (D.A.M.); (G.W.); (L.M.M.); (I.H.B.); (A.R.F.)
| | - Anthony R. Fooks
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA, Weybridge), Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (D.A.M.); (G.W.); (L.M.M.); (I.H.B.); (A.R.F.)
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47
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Yu H, Sun T, Feng J. Complications and Pathophysiology of COVID-19 in the Nervous System. Front Neurol 2020; 11:573421. [PMID: 33343486 PMCID: PMC7746805 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.573421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has become a global public health threat. Majority of the patients with COVID-19 have fever, cough, and fatigue. Critically ill patients can develop dyspnea and acute respiratory distress syndrome. In addition to respiratory symptoms, neurological damage also occurs in some patients. However, the mechanisms by which SARS-CoV-2 invades the nervous system have not been elucidated yet. In order to provide some reference for designing optimal therapeutic strategies, we have discussed the complications and potential mechanisms of COVID-19 in the nervous system in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Yu
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Tong Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Juan Feng
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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48
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Uhteg K, Carroll KC, Mostafa HH. Coronavirus Detection in the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory: Are We Ready for Identifying and Diagnosing a Novel Virus? Clin Lab Med 2020; 40:459-472. [PMID: 33121615 PMCID: PMC7414311 DOI: 10.1016/j.cll.2020.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Endemic species of coronavirus (HCoV-OC43, HCoV-229E, HCoV-NL63, and HCoV-HKU1) are frequent causes of upper respiratory tract infections. Three highly pathogenic coronaviruses have been associated with outbreaks and epidemics and have challenged clinical microbiology laboratories to quickly develop assays for diagnosis. Their initial characterization was achieved by molecular methods. With the great advance in metagenomic whole-genome sequencing directly from clinical specimens, diagnosis of novel coronaviruses could be quickly implemented into the workflow of managing cases of pneumonia of unknown cause, which will markedly affect the time of the initial characterization and accelerate the initiation of outbreak control measures.
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49
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Bonilla-Aldana DK, Holguin-Rivera Y, Perez-Vargas S, Trejos-Mendoza AE, Balbin-Ramon GJ, Dhama K, Barato P, Lujan-Vega C, Rodriguez-Morales AJ. Importance of the One Health approach to study the SARS-CoV-2 in Latin America. One Health 2020; 10:100147. [PMID: 32665970 PMCID: PMC7315149 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2020.100147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- D. Katterine Bonilla-Aldana
- Semillero de Investigacion en Zoonosis (SIZOO), Grupo de Investigacion BIOECOS, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas, Sede Pereira, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
- Public Health and Infection Research Group and Incubator, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
| | - Yeimer Holguin-Rivera
- Public Health and Infection Research Group and Incubator, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
| | - Soffia Perez-Vargas
- Semillero de Investigacion en Zoonosis (SIZOO), Grupo de Investigacion BIOECOS, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas, Sede Pereira, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
| | - Adrian E. Trejos-Mendoza
- Semillero de Investigacion en Zoonosis (SIZOO), Grupo de Investigacion BIOECOS, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas, Sede Pereira, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
| | - Graciela J. Balbin-Ramon
- Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Cientifica del Sur, Lima, Peru
- Hospital de Emergencias Jose Casimiro Ulloa, Lima, Peru
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243 122, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Paola Barato
- Corporación Patología Veterinaria (Corpavet), MolecularVet SAS, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Charlene Lujan-Vega
- Avi-Vet Servicios, Lima, Peru
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, United States
| | - Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales
- Public Health and Infection Research Group and Incubator, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
- Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Cientifica del Sur, Lima, Peru
- Grupo de Investigación Biomedicina, Faculty of Medicine, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
- Universidad Privada Franz Tamayo, Cochabamba, Bolivia
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Klingelhöfer D, Braun M, Brüggmann D, Groneberg DA. Coronavirus: An insight into global research until outbreak of COVID-19 and its implications for the future. J Glob Health 2020; 10:020508. [PMID: 33110591 PMCID: PMC7567443 DOI: 10.7189/jogh.10.020508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The currently prevailing global threat of COVID-19 caused the publication numbers on coronaviruses to explode. The awareness of the scientific and public community is enormous. But what about the sense of all these undertakings and what can be learned about the future for a better understanding? These questions were answered with established bibliometric analyses of the time until the avalanche of publications unfolded. Methods Chronological, geographical aspects of publication output on coronavirus were also evaluated under the influence of epidemiological and socio-economic parameters. Results The trend in publication and citation numbers shows the strong influence of the past pandemics SARS and MERS with an untypical decline afterward. Research is becoming increasingly multidisciplinary over time. The USA and China, as the countries with the highest number of publications, are being displaced by other countries in the consideration of socio-economic and epidemiological aspects, which shows the effect of regional interest in corona research. A significant correlation was found between the number of SARS cases per country and related publications, while no correlation was found for MERS cases and articles. Conclusions The results underline the need for sustainable and forward-looking approaches that should not end with the containment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Klingelhöfer
- Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Markus Braun
- Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Dörthe Brüggmann
- Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Germany
| | - David A Groneberg
- Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Germany
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