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Munyeku-Bazitama Y, Edidi-Atani F, Takada A. Non-Ebola Filoviruses: Potential Threats to Global Health Security. Viruses 2024; 16:1179. [PMID: 39205153 PMCID: PMC11359311 DOI: 10.3390/v16081179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Filoviruses are negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses often associated with severe and highly lethal hemorrhagic fever in humans and nonhuman primates, with case fatality rates as high as 90%. Of the known filoviruses, Ebola virus (EBOV), the prototype of the genus Orthoebolavirus, has been a major public health concern as it frequently causes outbreaks and was associated with an unprecedented outbreak in several Western African countries in 2013-2016, affecting 28,610 people, 11,308 of whom died. Thereafter, filovirus research mostly focused on EBOV, paying less attention to other equally deadly orthoebolaviruses (Sudan, Bundibugyo, and Taï Forest viruses) and orthomarburgviruses (Marburg and Ravn viruses). Some of these filoviruses have emerged in nonendemic areas, as exemplified by four Marburg disease outbreaks recorded in Guinea, Ghana, Tanzania, and Equatorial Guinea between 2021 and 2023. Similarly, the Sudan virus has reemerged in Uganda 10 years after the last recorded outbreak. Moreover, several novel bat-derived filoviruses have been discovered in the last 15 years (Lloviu virus, Bombali virus, Měnglà virus, and Dehong virus), most of which are poorly characterized but may display a wide host range. These novel viruses have the potential to cause outbreaks in humans. Several gaps are yet to be addressed regarding known and emerging filoviruses. These gaps include the virus ecology and pathogenicity, mechanisms of zoonotic transmission, host range and susceptibility, and the development of specific medical countermeasures. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on non-Ebola filoviruses (Bombali virus, Bundibugyo virus, Reston virus, Sudan virus, Tai Forest virus, Marburg virus, Ravn virus, Lloviu virus, Měnglà virus, and Dehong virus) and suggest some strategies to accelerate specific countermeasure development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Munyeku-Bazitama
- Division of Global Epidemiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan; (Y.M.-B.); (F.E.-A.)
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa P.O. Box 1197, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Département de Biologie Médicale, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Kinshasa, Kinshasa P.O. Box 123, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Francois Edidi-Atani
- Division of Global Epidemiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan; (Y.M.-B.); (F.E.-A.)
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa P.O. Box 1197, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Département de Biologie Médicale, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Kinshasa, Kinshasa P.O. Box 123, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Ayato Takada
- Division of Global Epidemiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan; (Y.M.-B.); (F.E.-A.)
- International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
- One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia
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He B, Hu T, Yan X, Pa Y, Liu Y, Liu Y, Li N, Yu J, Zhang H, Liu Y, Chai J, Sun Y, Mi S, Liu Y, Yi L, Tu Z, Wang Y, Sun S, Feng Y, Zhang W, Zhao H, Duan B, Gong W, Zhang F, Tu C. Isolation, characterization, and circulation sphere of a filovirus in fruit bats. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2313789121. [PMID: 38335257 PMCID: PMC10873641 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2313789121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Bats are associated with the circulation of most mammalian filoviruses (FiVs), with pathogenic ones frequently causing deadly hemorrhagic fevers in Africa. Divergent FiVs have been uncovered in Chinese bats, raising concerns about their threat to public health. Here, we describe a long-term surveillance to track bat FiVs at orchards, eventually resulting in the identification and isolation of a FiV, Dehong virus (DEHV), from Rousettus leschenaultii bats. DEHV has a typical filovirus-like morphology with a wide spectrum of cell tropism. Its entry into cells depends on the engagement of Niemann-Pick C1, and its replication is inhibited by remdesivir. DEHV has the largest genome size of filoviruses, with phylogenetic analysis placing it between the genera Dianlovirus and Orthomarburgvirus, suggesting its classification as the prototype of a new genus within the family Filoviridae. The continuous detection of viral RNA in the serological survey, together with the wide host distribution, has revealed that the region covering southern Yunnan, China, and bordering areas is a natural circulation sphere for bat FiVs. These emphasize the need for a better understanding of the pathogenicity and potential risk of FiVs in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao He
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin Province130122, China
| | - Tingsong Hu
- Southern Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province510630, China
| | - Xiaomin Yan
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin Province130122, China
| | - Yanhui Pa
- Ruili Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Ruili, Yunnan Province678600, China
| | - Yuhang Liu
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin Province130122, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin Province130122, China
| | - Nan Li
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin Province130122, China
| | - Jing Yu
- Southern Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province510630, China
| | - Hailin Zhang
- Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Dali, Yunnan Province671000, China
| | - Yonghua Liu
- Ruili Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Ruili, Yunnan Province678600, China
| | - Jun Chai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan Province650201, China
| | - Yue Sun
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin Province130122, China
| | - Shijiang Mi
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin Province130122, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin Province130122, China
| | - Le Yi
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin Province130122, China
| | - Zhongzhong Tu
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin Province130122, China
| | - Yiyin Wang
- Southern Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province510630, China
| | - Sheng Sun
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin Province130122, China
| | - Ye Feng
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin Province130122, China
| | - Wendong Zhang
- Center for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan Province650051, China
| | - Huanyun Zhao
- Center for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan Province650051, China
| | - Bofang Duan
- Center for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan Province650051, China
| | - Wenjie Gong
- Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province130062, China
| | - Fuqiang Zhang
- Southern Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province510630, China
| | - Changchun Tu
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin Province130122, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province225009, China
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Lewis CE, Pinette MM, Lakin SM, Smith G, Fisher M, Moffat E, Embury-Hyatt C, Pickering BS. Domestic pigs are susceptible to experimental infection with non-human primate-derived Reston virus without the need for adaptation. Sci Rep 2024; 14:715. [PMID: 38184728 PMCID: PMC10771446 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51280-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Domestic pigs are a critical component of the food supply and one of the most commonly raised production animals. Pork consumption has driven the intensification of pig production expanding into environments conducive to increased emergence and spread of infectious diseases, including the spillover of pathogens into human populations. One of these emerging viruses, Reston virus (RESTV), is an enigma among the Orthoebolavirus genus in that its lack of human pathogenicity is in stark contrast to the high virulence associated with most other ebolaviruses. RESTV is, however, associated with outbreaks of highly lethal hemorrhagic disease in non-human primates (NHP), as well as poorly understood clinical manifestations of mixed virulence and lethality in naturally and experimentally infected domestic pigs. Our results show it is possible for RESTV derived from an NHP to infect domestic pigs resulting in a spectrum of disease, from asymptomatic to severe respiratory distress. Further, we report on the first experimental transmission of RESTV between infected pigs and a co-housed, naïve animal, as well as the first report of the successful use of group oral fluids for the detection of RESTV RNA and virus-specific IgA antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles E Lewis
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
- Interdepartmental Microbiology Program, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Mathieu M Pinette
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Steven M Lakin
- Scientific Liaison Services Section, Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Orient Point, NY, USA
| | - Greg Smith
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Mathew Fisher
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Estella Moffat
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Carissa Embury-Hyatt
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Brad S Pickering
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
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Recent Developments in NSG and NRG Humanized Mouse Models for Their Use in Viral and Immune Research. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020478. [PMID: 36851692 PMCID: PMC9962986 DOI: 10.3390/v15020478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Humanized mouse models have been widely used in virology, immunology, and oncology in the last decade. With advances in the generation of knockout mouse strains, it is now possible to generate animals in which human immune cells or human tissue can be engrafted. These models have been used for the study of human infectious diseases, cancers, and autoimmune diseases. In recent years, there has been an increase in the use of humanized mice to model human-specific viral infections. A human immune system in these models is crucial to understand the pathogenesis observed in human patients, which allows for better treatment design and vaccine development. Recent advances in our knowledge about viral pathogenicity and immune response using NSG and NRG mice are reviewed in this paper.
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Anderson BD, Barnes AN, Umar S, Guo X, Thongthum T, Gray GC. Reverse Zoonotic Transmission (Zooanthroponosis): An Increasing Threat to Animal Health. ZOONOSES: INFECTIONS AFFECTING HUMANS AND ANIMALS 2023:25-87. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-27164-9_59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2025]
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Yek C, Pacheco AR, Vanaerschot M, Bohl JA, Fahsbender E, Aranda-Díaz A, Lay S, Chea S, Oum MH, Lon C, Tato CM, Manning JE. Metagenomic Pathogen Sequencing in Resource-Scarce Settings: Lessons Learned and the Road Ahead. FRONTIERS IN EPIDEMIOLOGY 2022; 2:926695. [PMID: 36247976 PMCID: PMC9558322 DOI: 10.3389/fepid.2022.926695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) is the process of sequencing all genetic material in a biological sample. The technique is growing in popularity with myriad applications including outbreak investigation, biosurveillance, and pathogen detection in clinical samples. However, mNGS programs are costly to build and maintain, and additional obstacles faced by low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) may further widen global inequities in mNGS capacity. Over the past two decades, several important infectious disease outbreaks have highlighted the importance of establishing widespread sequencing capacity to support rapid disease detection and containment at the source. Using lessons learned from the COVID-19 pandemic, LMICs can leverage current momentum to design and build sustainable mNGS programs, which would form part of a global surveillance network crucial to the elimination of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Yek
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Andrea R. Pacheco
- International Center of Excellence in Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | | | - Jennifer A. Bohl
- Vaccine Immunology Program, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | | | - Andrés Aranda-Díaz
- Chan Zuckerberg Initiative, Redwood City, CA, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Sreyngim Lay
- International Center of Excellence in Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Sophana Chea
- International Center of Excellence in Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Meng Heng Oum
- International Center of Excellence in Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Chanthap Lon
- International Center of Excellence in Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | | | - Jessica E. Manning
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville, MD, United States
- International Center of Excellence in Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
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Sherwood LJ, Hayhurst A. Generating Uniformly Cross-Reactive Ebolavirus spp. Anti-nucleoprotein Nanobodies to Facilitate Forward Capable Detection Strategies. ACS Infect Dis 2022; 8:343-359. [PMID: 34994194 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.1c00478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
It is often challenging for a single monoclonal antibody to cross-react equally with all species of a particular viral genus that are separated by time and geographies to ensure broad long-term global immunodiagnostic use. Here, we set out to isolate nanobodies or single-domain antibodies (sdAbs) with uniform cross-reactivity to the genus Ebolavirus by immunizing a llama with recombinant nucleoprotein (NP) representing the 5 cultivated species to assemble a phage display repertoire for mining. Screening sdAbs for reactivity against the C-terminal domain of NP guided the isolation of clones that could perform as both captor and tracer for polyvalent antigen in sandwich assays. Two promising sdAbs had equivalent reactivities across all 5 species and greatly enhanced the equilibrium concentration at 50% (EC50) for recombinant NP when compared with a differentially cross-reactive nonimmune sdAb isolated previously. Uniform reactivity and enhanced sensitivity were relayed to live virus titrations, resulting in lower limits of detection of 2-5 pfu for the best sdAbs, representing 10-, 20-, and 100-fold improvements for Zaire, Sudan/Reston, and Taï Forest viruses, respectively. Fusions of the sdAbs with ascorbate peroxidase (APEX2) and mNeonGreen generated one-step immunoreagents useful for colorimetric and fluorescent visualization of cellular NP. Both sdAbs were also able to recognize recombinant NPs from the recently discovered Bombali virus, a putative sixth Ebolavirus species unknown at the start of these experiments, validating the forward capabilities of the sdAbs. The simplicity and modularity of these sdAbs should enable advances in antigen-based diagnostic technologies to be retuned toward filoviral detection relatively easily, thereby proactively safeguarding human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Jo Sherwood
- Disease Intervention and Prevention, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas 78227, United States
| | - Andrew Hayhurst
- Disease Intervention and Prevention, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas 78227, United States
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Di Paola N, Sanchez-Lockhart M, Zeng X, Kuhn JH, Palacios G. Viral genomics in Ebola virus research. Nat Rev Microbiol 2020; 18:365-378. [PMID: 32367066 PMCID: PMC7223634 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-020-0354-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Filoviruses such as Ebola virus continue to pose a substantial health risk to humans. Advances in the sequencing and functional characterization of both pathogen and host genomes have provided a wealth of knowledge to clinicians, epidemiologists and public health responders during outbreaks of high-consequence viral disease. Here, we describe how genomics has been historically used to investigate Ebola virus disease outbreaks and how new technologies allow for rapid, large-scale data generation at the point of care. We highlight how genomics extends beyond consensus-level sequencing of the virus to include intra-host viral transcriptomics and the characterization of host responses in acute and persistently infected patients. Similar genomics techniques can also be applied to the characterization of non-human primate animal models and to known natural reservoirs of filoviruses, and metagenomic sequencing can be the key to the discovery of novel filoviruses. Finally, we outline the importance of reverse genetics systems that can swiftly characterize filoviruses as soon as their genome sequences are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Di Paola
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Mariano Sanchez-Lockhart
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Xiankun Zeng
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Jens H Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Gustavo Palacios
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA.
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Devaux CA, Mediannikov O, Medkour H, Raoult D. Infectious Disease Risk Across the Growing Human-Non Human Primate Interface: A Review of the Evidence. Front Public Health 2019; 7:305. [PMID: 31828053 PMCID: PMC6849485 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2019.00305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Most of the human pandemics reported to date can be classified as zoonoses. Among these, there is a long history of infectious diseases that have spread from non-human primates (NHP) to humans. For millennia, indigenous groups that depend on wildlife for their survival were exposed to the risk of NHP pathogens' transmission through animal hunting and wild meat consumption. Usually, exposure is of no consequence or is limited to mild infections. In rare situations, it can be more severe or even become a real public health concern. Since the emergence of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), nobody can ignore that an emerging infectious diseases (EID) might spread from NHP into the human population. In large parts of Central Africa and Asia, wildlife remains the primary source of meat and income for millions of people living in rural areas. However, in the past few decades the risk of exposure to an NHP pathogen has taken on a new dimension. Unprecedented breaking down of natural barriers between NHP and humans has increased exposure to health risks for a much larger population, including people living in urban areas. There are several reasons for this: (i) due to road development and massive destruction of ecosystems for agricultural needs, wildlife and humans come into contact more frequently; (ii) due to ecological awareness, many long distance travelers are in search of wildlife discovery, with a particular fascination for African great apes; (iii) due to the attraction for ancient temples and mystical practices, others travelers visit Asian places colonized by NHP. In each case, there is a risk of pathogen transmission through a bite or another route of infection. Beside the individual risk of contracting a pathogen, there is also the possibility of starting a new pandemic. This article reviews the known cases of NHP pathogens' transmission to humans whether they are hunters, travelers, ecotourists, veterinarians, or scientists working on NHP. Although pathogen transmission is supposed to be a rare outcome, Rabies virus, Herpes B virus, Monkeypox virus, Ebola virus, or Yellow fever virus infections are of greater concern and require quick countermeasures from public health professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian A. Devaux
- Aix-Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Oleg Mediannikov
- Aix-Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Hacene Medkour
- Aix-Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Didier Raoult
- Aix-Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
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Fischer K, Camara A, Troupin C, Fehling SK, Strecker T, Groschup MH, Tordo N, Diederich S. Serological evidence of exposure to ebolaviruses in domestic pigs from Guinea. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 67:724-732. [PMID: 31627257 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The genus Ebolavirus comprises several virus species with zoonotic potential and varying pathogenicity for humans. Ebolaviruses are considered to circulate in wildlife with occasional spillover events into the human population which then often leads to severe disease outbreaks. Several studies indicate a significant role of bats as reservoir hosts in the ebolavirus ecology. However, pigs from the Philippines have been found to be naturally infected with Reston virus (RESTV), an ebolavirus that is thought to only cause asymptomatic infections in humans. The recent report of ebolavirus-specific antibodies in pigs from Sierra Leone further supports natural infection of pigs with ebolaviruses. However, susceptibility of pigs to highly pathogenic Ebola virus (EBOV) was only shown under experimental settings and evidence for natural infection of pigs with EBOV is currently lacking. Between October and December 2017, we collected 308 serum samples from pigs in Guinea, West Africa, and tested for the presence of ebolavirus-specific antibodies with different serological assays. Besides reactivity to EBOV nucleoproteins in ELISA and Western blot for 19 (6.2%) and 13 (4.2%) samples, respectively, four sera recognized Sudan virus (SUDV) NP in Western blot. Furthermore, four samples specifically detected EBOV or SUDV glycoprotein (GP) in an indirect immunofluorescence assay under native conditions. Virus neutralization assay based on EBOV (Mayinga isolate) revealed five weakly neutralizing sera. The finding of (cross-) reactive and weakly neutralizing antibodies suggests the exposure of pigs from Guinea to ebolaviruses or ebola-like viruses with their pathogenicity as well as their zoonotic potential remaining unknown. Future studies should investigate whether pigs can act as an amplifying host for ebolaviruses and whether there is a risk for spillover events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Fischer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | | | | | - Sarah K Fehling
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Strecker
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Martin H Groschup
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Noel Tordo
- Institut Pasteur de Guineé, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Sandra Diederich
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
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Languon S, Quaye O. Filovirus Disease Outbreaks: A Chronological Overview. Virology (Auckl) 2019; 10:1178122X19849927. [PMID: 31258326 PMCID: PMC6589952 DOI: 10.1177/1178122x19849927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Filoviruses cause outbreaks which lead to high fatality in humans and non-human primates, thus tagging them as major threats to public health and species conservation. In this review, we give account of index cases responsible for filovirus disease outbreaks that have occurred over the past 52 years in a chronological fashion, by describing the circumstances that led to the outbreaks, and how each of the outbreaks broke out. Since the discovery of Marburg virus and Ebola virus in 1967 and 1976, respectively, more than 40 filovirus disease outbreaks have been reported; majority of which have occurred in Africa. The chronological presentation of this review is to provide a concise overview of filovirus disease outbreaks since the discovery of the viruses, and highlight the patterns in the occurrence of the outbreaks. This review will help researchers to better appreciate the need for surveillance, especially in areas where there have been no filovirus disease outbreaks. We conclude by summarizing some recommendations that have been proposed by health and policy decision makers over the years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvester Languon
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Osbourne Quaye
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
- Stellenbosch Institute for Advance Study (STIAS), Stellenbosch, South Africa
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Schurer JM, Ramirez V, Kyes P, Tanee T, Patarapadungkit N, Thamsenanupap P, Trufan S, Grant ET, Garland-Lewis G, Kelley S, Nueaitong H, Kyes RC, Rabinowitz P. Long-Tailed Macaques ( Macaca fascicularis) in Urban Landscapes: Gastrointestinal Parasitism and Barriers for Healthy Coexistence in Northeast Thailand. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2019; 100:357-364. [PMID: 30628564 PMCID: PMC6367618 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.18-0241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal parasites have diverse life cycles that can involve people, animals, and the environment (e.g., water and soil), demonstrating the utility of One Health frameworks in characterizing infection risk. Kosumpee Forest Park (Thailand) is home to a dense population of long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) that frequently interact with tourists and local residents. Our study investigated the presence of zoonotic parasites, and barriers to healthy coexistence by conducting stool analysis on macaques (N = 102) and people (N = 115), and by examining risk factors for infection with a household questionnaire (N = 95). Overall, 44% of macaques and 12% of people were infected with one or more gastrointestinal helminths, including Strongyloides spp., Ascaris spp., and Trichuris sp. An adults-only generalized linear mixed model identified three factors significantly associated with human infection: household size, occupational exposure, and contact with macaque feces at home. Participants identified both advantages and disadvantages to living in close contact with macaques, suggesting that interventions to improve human and animal health in Kosumpee Forest Park would be welcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janna M. Schurer
- Center for One Health Research, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Vickie Ramirez
- Center for One Health Research, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Pensri Kyes
- Departments of Psychology and Global Health, Center for Global Field Study, and Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Tawatchai Tanee
- Faculty of Environment and Resource Studies, Mahasarakham University, Kham Riang, Thailand
- Genetics and Environmental Toxicology Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Sila, Thailand
| | - Natcha Patarapadungkit
- Genetics and Environmental Toxicology Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Sila, Thailand
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Khon Kaen University, Sila, Thailand
| | - Penkhae Thamsenanupap
- Faculty of Environment and Resource Studies, Mahasarakham University, Kham Riang, Thailand
- Genetics and Environmental Toxicology Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Sila, Thailand
| | - Sally Trufan
- Center for One Health Research, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Erica T. Grant
- Center for One Health Research, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | | | - Stephen Kelley
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington and Fred Hutch Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | | | - Randall C. Kyes
- Departments of Psychology and Global Health, Center for Global Field Study, and Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Peter Rabinowitz
- Center for One Health Research, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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