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Guito JC, Arnold CE, Schuh AJ, Amman BR, Sealy TK, Spengler JR, Harmon JR, Coleman-McCray JD, Sanchez-Lockhart M, Palacios GF, Towner JS, Prescott JB. Peripheral immune responses to filoviruses in a reservoir versus spillover hosts reveal transcriptional correlates of disease. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1306501. [PMID: 38259437 PMCID: PMC10800976 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1306501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Several filoviruses, including Marburg virus (MARV), cause severe disease in humans and nonhuman primates (NHPs). However, the Egyptian rousette bat (ERB, Rousettus aegyptiacus), the only known MARV reservoir, shows no overt illness upon natural or experimental infection, which, like other bat hosts of zoonoses, is due to well-adapted, likely species-specific immune features. Despite advances in understanding reservoir immune responses to filoviruses, ERB peripheral blood responses to MARV and how they compare to those of diseased filovirus-infected spillover hosts remain ill-defined. We thus conducted a longitudinal analysis of ERB blood gene responses during acute MARV infection. These data were then contrasted with a compilation of published primate blood response studies to elucidate gene correlates of filovirus protection versus disease. Our work expands on previous findings in MARV-infected ERBs by supporting both host resistance and disease tolerance mechanisms, offers insight into the peripheral immunocellular repertoire during infection, and provides the most direct known cross-examination between reservoir and spillover hosts of the most prevalently-regulated response genes, pathways and activities associated with differences in filovirus pathogenesis and pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan C. Guito
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Catherine E. Arnold
- Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Frederick, MD, United States
- RD-CBR, Research and Development Directorate, Chemical and Biological Technologies Directorate, Research Center of Excellence, Defense Threat Reduction Agency, Fort Belvoir, VA, United States
| | - Amy J. Schuh
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Brian R. Amman
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Tara K. Sealy
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jessica R. Spengler
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jessica R. Harmon
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Joann D. Coleman-McCray
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Mariano Sanchez-Lockhart
- Center for Genome Sciences, Molecular Biology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, United States
| | - Gustavo F. Palacios
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jonathan S. Towner
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Joseph B. Prescott
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Center for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
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2
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Dobbs KR, Lobb A, Dent AE. Ebola virus disease in children: epidemiology, pathogenesis, management, and prevention. Pediatr Res 2024; 95:488-495. [PMID: 37903937 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-023-02873-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Ebola disease is a severe disease with extremely high case-fatality rates ranging from 28-100%. Observations made during the 2013-2016 West African epidemic improved our understanding of the clinical course of Ebola disease and accelerated the study of therapeutic and preventative strategies. The epidemic also highlighted the unique challenges associated with providing optimal care for children during Ebola disease outbreaks. In this review, we outline current understanding of Ebola disease epidemiology, pathogenesis, management, and prevention, highlighting data pertinent to the care of children. IMPACT: In this review, we summarize recent advancements in our understanding of Ebola disease epidemiology, clinical presentation, and therapeutic and preventative strategies. We highlight recent data pertinent to the care of children and pregnant women and identify research gaps for this important emerging viral infection in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R Dobbs
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- UH Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Alyssa Lobb
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Arlene E Dent
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
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3
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Vega-Rodriguez W, Ly H. Emergence of deadly viral haemorrhagic fever disease outbreaks in West Africa. Virulence 2023; 14:2176980. [PMID: 36748841 PMCID: PMC10732656 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2023.2176980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF) disease outbreaks caused by Ebola virus (EBOV) and Marburg virus (MARV) in West Africa are unique and alarming. The intents of this editorial are to highlight what is known about these viruses and the disease outbreaks that they cause in the African continent and elsewhere and to raise awareness of a related virus called Lassa virus (LASV) that causes endemic viral hemorrhagic fever infections and frequent outbreaks in West Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Widaliz Vega-Rodriguez
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, St Paul, MN, USA
| | - Hinh Ly
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, St Paul, MN, USA
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Srivastava S, Sharma D, Kumar S, Sharma A, Rijal R, Asija A, Adhikari S, Rustagi S, Sah S, Al-qaim ZH, Bashyal P, Mohanty A, Barboza JJ, Rodriguez-Morales AJ, Sah R. Emergence of Marburg virus: a global perspective on fatal outbreaks and clinical challenges. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1239079. [PMID: 37771708 PMCID: PMC10526840 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1239079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The Marburg virus (MV), identified in 1967, has caused deadly outbreaks worldwide, the mortality rate of Marburg virus disease (MVD) varies depending on the outbreak and virus strain, but the average case fatality rate is around 50%. However, case fatality rates have varied from 24 to 88% in past outbreaks depending on virus strain and case management. Designated a priority pathogen by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), MV induces hemorrhagic fever, organ failure, and coagulation issues in both humans and non-human primates. This review presents an extensive exploration of MVD outbreak evolution, virus structure, and genome, as well as the sources and transmission routes of MV, including human-to-human spread and involvement of natural hosts such as the Egyptian fruit bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus) and other Chiroptera species. The disease progression involves early viral replication impacting immune cells like monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells, followed by damage to the spleen, liver, and secondary lymphoid organs. Subsequent spread occurs to hepatocytes, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and epithelial cells. MV can evade host immune response by inhibiting interferon type I (IFN-1) synthesis. This comprehensive investigation aims to enhance understanding of pathophysiology, cellular tropism, and injury sites in the host, aiding insights into MVD causes. Clinical data and treatments are discussed, albeit current methods to halt MVD outbreaks remain elusive. By elucidating MV infection's history and mechanisms, this review seeks to advance MV disease treatment, drug development, and vaccine creation. The World Health Organization (WHO) considers MV a high-concern filovirus causing severe and fatal hemorrhagic fever, with a death rate ranging from 24 to 88%. The virus often spreads through contact with infected individuals, originating from animals. Visitors to bat habitats like caves or mines face higher risk. We tailored this search strategy for four databases: Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and PubMed. we primarily utilized search terms such as "Marburg virus," "Epidemiology," "Vaccine," "Outbreak," and "Transmission." To enhance comprehension of the virus and associated disease, this summary offers a comprehensive overview of MV outbreaks, pathophysiology, and management strategies. Continued research and learning hold promise for preventing and controlling future MVD outbreaks. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shriyansh Srivastava
- Department of Pharmacology, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University (DPSRU), New Delhi, India
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Deepika Sharma
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Sachin Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University (DPSRU), New Delhi, India
| | - Aditya Sharma
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Rishikesh Rijal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Ankush Asija
- WVU United Hospital Center, Bridgeport, WV, United States
| | | | - Sarvesh Rustagi
- School of Applied and Life Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Sanjit Sah
- Global Consortium for Public Health and Research, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Wardha, India
- Department of Anesthesia Techniques, SR Sanjeevani Hospital, Siraha, Nepal
| | | | - Prashant Bashyal
- Lumbini Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu University Parvas, Palpa, Nepal
| | - Aroop Mohanty
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales
- Master Program on Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru
- Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ranjit Sah
- Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University Teaching Spital, Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, Nepal
- Department of Microbiology, Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Dr. D. Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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5
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Coertse J, Mortlock M, Grobbelaar A, Moolla N, Markotter W, Weyer J. Development of a Pan- Filoviridae SYBR Green qPCR Assay for Biosurveillance Studies in Bats. Viruses 2023; 15:v15040987. [PMID: 37112966 PMCID: PMC10145118 DOI: 10.3390/v15040987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have indicated that bats are hosts to diverse filoviruses. Currently, no pan-filovirus molecular assays are available that have been evaluated for the detection of all mammalian filoviruses. In this study, a two-step pan-filovirus SYBR Green real-time PCR assay targeting the nucleoprotein gene was developed for filovirus surveillance in bats. Synthetic constructs were designed as representatives of nine filovirus species and used to evaluate the assay. This assay detected all synthetic constructs included with an analytical sensitivity of 3-31.7 copies/reaction and was evaluated against the field collected samples. The assay's performance was similar to a previously published probe based assay for detecting Ebola- and Marburgvirus. The developed pan-filovirus SYBR Green assay will allow for more affordable and sensitive detection of mammalian filoviruses in bat samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Coertse
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, A Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa
- Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Marinda Mortlock
- Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Antoinette Grobbelaar
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, A Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa
| | - Naazneen Moolla
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, A Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa
- Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Wanda Markotter
- Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Jacqueline Weyer
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, A Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa
- Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Pathology, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa
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6
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Albakri K, Al-Hajali M, Saleh O, Alkhalil AM, Mohd AB, Samain CA, Abuasad NN, Hasan H, Khaity A, Farahat RA. Marburg virus disease treatments and vaccines: recent gaps and implications. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2023; 85:328-30. [PMID: 36845761 DOI: 10.1097/MS9.0000000000000163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/28/2023] Open
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7
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Reuben RC, Abunike SA. Marburg virus disease: the paradox of Nigeria's preparedness and priority effects in co-epidemics. Bull Natl Res Cent 2023; 47:10. [PMID: 36721499 PMCID: PMC9880916 DOI: 10.1186/s42269-023-00987-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The recent outbreaks of Marburg virus disease (MVD) in Guinea and Ghana have become a major public health concern not only to the West African sub-region but a threat to global health. MAIN BODY OF THE ABSTRACT Given the poorly elucidated ecological and epidemiological dynamics of the Marburg virus, it would be imprudent to preclude the possibility of another pandemic if urgent efforts are not put in place. However, the prior emergence and impact of COVID-19 and other co-occurring epidemics may add 'noise' to the epidemiological dynamics and public health interventions that may be required in the advent of a MVD outbreak in Nigeria. SHORT CONCLUSION Paying attention to the lessons learned from previous (and current) multiple epidemics including Avian Influenza, Yellow fever, Ebola virus disease, Monkeypox, Lassa fever, and COVID-19 could help avoid a potentially devastating public health catastrophe in Nigeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rine Christopher Reuben
- German Centre of Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstraße 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Puschstraße 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Biological Science, Anchor University, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Sarah Adamma Abunike
- Institute for Health and Equity, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA
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8
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Alfson KJ, Goez-Gazi Y, Gazi M, Chou YL, Niemuth NA, Mattix ME, Staples H, Klaffke B, Rodriguez GF, Escareno P, Bartley C, Ticer A, Clemmons EA, Dutton III JW, Griffiths A, Meister GT, Sanford DC, Cirimotich CM, Carrion R. Development of a Well-Characterized Cynomolgus Macaque Model of Sudan Virus Disease for Support of Product Development. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10101723. [PMID: 36298588 PMCID: PMC9611481 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10101723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary objective of this study was to characterize the disease course in cynomolgus macaques exposed to Sudan virus (SUDV), to determine if infection in this species is an appropriate model for the evaluation of filovirus countermeasures under the FDA Animal Rule. Sudan virus causes Sudan virus disease (SVD), with an average case fatality rate of approximately 50%, and while research is ongoing, presently there are no approved SUDV vaccines or therapies. Well characterized animal models are crucial for further developing and evaluating countermeasures for SUDV. Twenty (20) cynomolgus macaques were exposed intramuscularly to either SUDV or sterile phosphate-buffered saline; 10 SUDV-exposed animals were euthanized on schedule to characterize pathology at defined durations post-exposure and 8 SUDV-exposed animals were not part of the scheduled euthanasia cohort. Survival was assessed, along with clinical observations, body weights, body temperatures, hematology, clinical chemistry, coagulation, viral load (serum and tissues), macroscopic observations, and histopathology. There were statistically significant differences between SUDV-exposed animals and mock-exposed animals for 26 parameters, including telemetry body temperature, clinical chemistry parameters, hematology parameters, activated partial thromboplastin time, serum viremia, and biomarkers that characterize the disease course of SUDV in cynomolgus macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra J. Alfson
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 8715 W. Military Dr., San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Yenny Goez-Gazi
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 8715 W. Military Dr., San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Michal Gazi
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 8715 W. Military Dr., San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Ying-Liang Chou
- Battelle Biomedical Research Center (BBRC), 1425 Plain City Georgesville Road, West Jefferson, OH 43162, USA
| | - Nancy A. Niemuth
- Battelle Biomedical Research Center (BBRC), 1425 Plain City Georgesville Road, West Jefferson, OH 43162, USA
| | - Marc E. Mattix
- Nonclinical Pathology Services, LLC, 5920 Clubhouse Pointe Dr., Medina, OH 44256, USA
| | - Hilary Staples
- Current affiliation: National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, 620 Albany St, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Benjamin Klaffke
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 8715 W. Military Dr., San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Gloria F. Rodriguez
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 8715 W. Military Dr., San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Priscilla Escareno
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 8715 W. Military Dr., San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Carmen Bartley
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 8715 W. Military Dr., San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Anysha Ticer
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 8715 W. Military Dr., San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Clemmons
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 8715 W. Military Dr., San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - John W. Dutton III
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 8715 W. Military Dr., San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Anthony Griffiths
- Current affiliation: National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, 620 Albany St, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Gabe T. Meister
- Battelle Biomedical Research Center (BBRC), 1425 Plain City Georgesville Road, West Jefferson, OH 43162, USA
| | - Daniel C. Sanford
- Battelle Biomedical Research Center (BBRC), 1425 Plain City Georgesville Road, West Jefferson, OH 43162, USA
| | - Chris M. Cirimotich
- Battelle Biomedical Research Center (BBRC), 1425 Plain City Georgesville Road, West Jefferson, OH 43162, USA
| | - Ricardo Carrion
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 8715 W. Military Dr., San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
- Correspondence:
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Abstract
Filoviruses, including Ebola virus, pose an increasing threat to the public health. Although two therapeutic monoclonal antibodies have been approved to treat the Ebola virus disease1,2, there are no approved broadly reactive drugs to control diverse filovirus infection. Filovirus has a large polymerase (L) protein and the cofactor viral protein 35 (VP35), which constitute the basic functional unit responsible for virus genome RNA synthesis3. Owing to its conservation, the L–VP35 polymerase complex is a promising target for broadly reactive antiviral drugs. Here we determined the structure of Ebola virus L protein in complex with tetrameric VP35 using cryo-electron microscopy (state 1). Structural analysis revealed that Ebola virus L possesses a filovirus-specific insertion element that is essential for RNA synthesis, and that VP35 interacts extensively with the N-terminal region of L by three protomers of the VP35 tetramer. Notably, we captured the complex structure in a second conformation with the unambiguous priming loop and supporting helix away from polymerase active site (state 2). Moreover, we demonstrated that the century-old drug suramin could inhibit the activity of the Ebola virus polymerase in an enzymatic assay. The structure of the L–VP35–suramin complex reveals that suramin can bind at the highly conserved NTP entry channel to prevent substrates from entering the active site. These findings reveal the mechanism of Ebola virus replication and may guide the development of more powerful anti-filovirus drugs. Structural studies of the Ebola virus polymerase complex provide insights into its function and demonstrate the structural basis of its inhibition by suramin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yuan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Peng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinlong Cheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Min Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Zhong
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianxun Qi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - George F Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. .,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. .,Center for Influenza Research and Early-Warning (CASCIRE), CAS-TWAS Center of Excellence for Emerging Infectious Disease (CEEID), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. .,Research Unit of Adaptive Evolution and Control of Emerging Viruses, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Yi Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. .,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. .,Center for Influenza Research and Early-Warning (CASCIRE), CAS-TWAS Center of Excellence for Emerging Infectious Disease (CEEID), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. .,Research Unit of Adaptive Evolution and Control of Emerging Viruses, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
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Finch CL, Dowling WE, King TH, Martinez C, Nguyen BV, Roozendaal R, Rustomjee R, Skiadopoulos MH, Vert-wong E, Yellowlees A, Sullivan NJ. Bridging Animal and Human Data in Pursuit of Vaccine Licensure. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:1384. [PMID: 36146462 PMCID: PMC9503666 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10091384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The FDA Animal Rule was devised to facilitate approval of candidate vaccines and therapeutics using animal survival data when human efficacy studies are not practical or ethical. This regulatory pathway is critical for candidates against pathogens with high case fatality rates that prohibit human challenge trials, as well as candidates with low and sporadic incidences of outbreaks that make human field trials difficult. Important components of a vaccine development plan for Animal Rule licensure are the identification of an immune correlate of protection and immunobridging to humans. The relationship of vaccine-induced immune responses to survival after vaccination and challenge must be established in validated animal models and then used to infer predictive vaccine efficacy in humans via immunobridging. The Sabin Vaccine Institute is pursuing licensure for candidate filovirus vaccines via the Animal Rule and has convened meetings of key opinion leaders and subject matter experts to define fundamental components for vaccine licensure in the absence of human efficacy data. Here, filoviruses are used as examples to review immune correlates of protection and immunobridging. The points presented herein reflect the presentations and discussions during the second meeting held in October 2021 and are intended to address important considerations for developing immunobridging strategies.
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11
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Rudge TL, Machesky NJ, Sankovich KA, Lemmon EE, Badorrek CS, Overman R, Niemuth NA, Anderson MS. Assays for the Evaluation of the Immune Response to Marburg and Ebola Sudan Vaccination-Filovirus Animal Nonclinical Group Anti-Marburg Virus Glycoprotein Immunoglobulin G Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay and a Pseudovirion Neutralization Assay. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10081211. [PMID: 36016099 PMCID: PMC9413256 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10081211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of the Marburg virus (MARV) in 1967 and Ebola virus (EBOV) in 1976, there have been over 40 reported outbreaks of filovirus disease with case fatality rates greater than 50%. This underscores the need for efficacious vaccines against these highly pathogenic filoviruses. Due to the sporadic and unpredictable nature of filovirus outbreaks, such a vaccine would likely need to be vetted through the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), following the Animal Rule or similar European Medicines Agency (EMA) regulatory pathway. Under the FDA Animal Rule, vaccine-induced immune responses correlating with survival of non-human primates (NHPs), or another well-characterized animal model, following lethal challenge, will need to be bridged for human immune response distributions in clinical trials. A correlate of protection has not yet been identified for the filovirus disease, but antibodies, specifically anti-glycoprotein (GP) antibodies, are believed to be critical in providing protection against the filovirus disease following vaccination and are thus a strong candidate for a correlate of protection. Thus, species-neutral methods capable of the detection and bridging of these antibody immune responses, such as methods to quantify anti-GP immunoglobulin G (IgG)-binding antibodies and neutralizing antibodies, are needed. Reported here is the development and qualification of two Filovirus Animal Nonclinical Group (FANG) anti-GP IgG Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays (ELISAs) to quantify anti-MARV and anti-Sudan virus (SUDV) IgG antibodies in human and NHP serum samples, as well as the development of pseudovirion neutralization assays (PsVNAs) to quantify MARV- and SUDV-neutralizing antibodies in human and NHP serum samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L. Rudge
- Battelle, West Jefferson, OH 43162, USA; (N.J.M.); (K.A.S.); (E.E.L.); (N.A.N.); (M.S.A.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Nicholas J. Machesky
- Battelle, West Jefferson, OH 43162, USA; (N.J.M.); (K.A.S.); (E.E.L.); (N.A.N.); (M.S.A.)
| | - Karen A. Sankovich
- Battelle, West Jefferson, OH 43162, USA; (N.J.M.); (K.A.S.); (E.E.L.); (N.A.N.); (M.S.A.)
| | - Erin E. Lemmon
- Battelle, West Jefferson, OH 43162, USA; (N.J.M.); (K.A.S.); (E.E.L.); (N.A.N.); (M.S.A.)
| | - Christopher S. Badorrek
- Contract Support for the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) Joint Program Executive Office for Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Defense (JPEO-CBRND) Joint Project Manager for Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Medical (JPM CBRN Medical), Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA;
| | - Rachel Overman
- U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) Joint Program Executive Office for Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Defense (JPEO-CBRND) Joint Project Manager for Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Medical (JPM CBRN Medical), Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA;
| | - Nancy A. Niemuth
- Battelle, West Jefferson, OH 43162, USA; (N.J.M.); (K.A.S.); (E.E.L.); (N.A.N.); (M.S.A.)
| | - Michael S. Anderson
- Battelle, West Jefferson, OH 43162, USA; (N.J.M.); (K.A.S.); (E.E.L.); (N.A.N.); (M.S.A.)
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12
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Smither SJ, Eastaugh LS, Lever MS. Comparison of Aerosol Stability of Different Variants of Ebola Virus and Marburg Virus and Virulence of Aerosolised Ebola Virus in an Immune-Deficient Mouse. Viruses 2022; 14:780. [PMID: 35458510 PMCID: PMC9030064 DOI: 10.3390/v14040780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
During outbreaks of virus diseases, many variants may appear, some of which may be of concern. Stability in an aerosol of several Ebola virus and Marburg virus variants was investigated. Studies were performed measuring aerosol survival using the Goldberg drum but no significant difference in biological decay rates between variants was observed. In addition, historic data on virulence in a murine model of different Ebola virus variants were compared to newly presented data for Ebola virus Kikwit in the A129 Interferon alpha/beta receptor-deficient mouse model. Ebola virus Kikwit was less virulent than Ebola virus Ecran in our mouse model. The mouse model may be a useful tool for studying differences in virulence associated with different variants whereas aerosol stability studies may not need to be conducted beyond the species level.
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13
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Wirsiy FS, Ako-Arrey DE, Nkfusai CN, Yeika EV, Bain LE. Marburg virus disease outbreak in Guinea: a SPIN framework of its transmission and control measures for an exemplary response pattern in West Africa. Pan Afr Med J 2021; 40:143. [PMID: 34925678 PMCID: PMC8654879 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2021.40.143.31709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Responding to highly infectious diseases relies on a thorough understanding of transmission epidemiology. With the recent outbreak of Marburg Virus Disease (MVD) in Guinea, we saw the need to shed some technical light based on published literature and our field experiences. We reviewed 14 previous MVD outbreaks globally. Coupled with core one - health approaches, we propose a Socio-environmental context, Possible transmission routes, Informing and guiding public health action, Needs in terms of control measures (SPIN) framework as a guiding tool for response teams to appropriately approach future infectious disease outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frankline Sevidzem Wirsiy
- Pfizer Scholar_One Young World (OYW), London, United Kingdom.,Cameroon Society of Epidemiology (CaSE), Yaoundé, Cameroon.,IntraHealth Uganda, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Claude Ngwayu Nkfusai
- Department of Public Health, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of Kwa-Zulu Natal, Durban, South Africa.,Impact Santé Afrique, Yaoundé, Cameroon.,Global South Health Research and Services (GSHS), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Luchuo Engelbert Bain
- Global South Health Research and Services (GSHS), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Lincoln International Institute for Rural Health (LIIRH), College of Social Science, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, Lincolnshire, United Kingdom
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14
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Azevedo DS, Duarte JLC, Freitas CFG, Soares KL, Sousa MS, Sousa ESS, Lucena RB. One Health Perspectives on New Emerging Viral Diseases in African Wild Great Apes. Pathogens 2021; 10:1283. [PMID: 34684232 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10101283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The most recent emerging infectious diseases originated in animals, mainly in wildlife reservoirs. Mutations and recombination events mediate pathogen jumps between host species. The close phylogenetic relationship between humans and non-human primates allows the transmission of pathogens between these species. These pathogens cause severe impacts on public health and impair the conservation of habituated or non-habituated wild-living apes. Constant exposure of great apes to human actions such as hunting, deforestation, the opening of roads, and tourism, for example, contributes to increased interaction between humans and great apes. In spite of several studies emphasizing the risks of pathogen transmission between animals and humans, outbreaks of the reverse transmission of infectious agents threatening wildlife still occur on the African continent. In this context, measures to prevent the emergence of new diseases and conservation of primate species must be based on the One Health concept; that is, they must also ensure the monitoring of the environment and involve political and social aspects. In this article, we review and discuss the anthropological aspects of the transmission of diseases between people and wild primates and discuss new anthropozoonotic diseases in great apes in Africa from studies published between 2016 and 2020. We conclude that the health of great apes also depends on monitoring the health of human populations that interact with these individuals.
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15
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Huang Y, Xiao S, Yuan Z. Comparison and Evaluation of Real-Time Taqman PCR for Detection and Quantification of Ebolavirus. Viruses 2021; 13:1575. [PMID: 34452440 PMCID: PMC8402893 DOI: 10.3390/v13081575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Given that ebolavirus causes severe and frequently lethal disease, its rapid and accurate detection using available and validated methods is essential for controlling infection. Real-time reverse-transcription PCR (RT-PCR) has proven to be an invaluable tool for ebolaviruses diagnostics. Many assays with different targets have been developed, but they have not been externally compared or validated, and limits of detection are not uniformly reported. Here we compared and evaluated the sensitivity, reproducibility and specificity of 23 in-house assays under the same conditions. Our results showed that these assays were highly gene- and species- specific when evaluated using in vitro RNA transcripts and viral RNA, and the potential limits of detection were uniformly reported ranging from 102 to 106 in vitro synthesized RNA transcripts copies perμL and 1-100 TCID50/mL. The comparison of these assays indicated that those targeting the more conservative NP gene could be the better option for EVD case definition and quantitative measurement because of its higher sensitivity for the same species. Our analysis could contribute to the standardization of ebolavirus detection and quantification assays, which can offer a better understanding of the meaning of results across laboratories and time points, as well as make them easy to implement, especially under outbreak conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Huang
- National Biosafety Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430020, China
| | - Shuqi Xiao
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430020, China;
| | - Zhiming Yuan
- National Biosafety Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430020, China
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16
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Yang B, Yang KD. Immunopathogenesis of Different Emerging Viral Infections: Evasion, Fatal Mechanism, and Prevention. Front Immunol 2021; 12:690976. [PMID: 34335596 PMCID: PMC8320726 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.690976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Different emerging viral infections may emerge in different regions of the world and pose a global pandemic threat with high fatality. Clarification of the immunopathogenesis of different emerging viral infections can provide a plan for the crisis management and prevention of emerging infections. This perspective article describes how an emerging viral infection evolves from microbial mutation, zoonotic and/or vector-borne transmission that progresses to a fatal infection due to overt viremia, tissue-specific cytotropic damage or/and immunopathology. We classified immunopathogenesis of common emerging viral infections into 4 categories: 1) deficient immunity with disseminated viremia (e.g., Ebola); 2) pneumocytotropism with/without later hyperinflammation (e.g., COVID-19); 3) augmented immunopathology (e.g., Hanta); and 4) antibody-dependent enhancement of infection with altered immunity (e.g., Dengue). A practical guide to early blocking of viral evasion, limiting viral load and identifying the fatal mechanism of an emerging viral infection is provided to prevent and reduce the transmission, and to do rapid diagnoses followed by the early treatment of virus neutralization for reduction of morbidity and mortality of an emerging viral infection such as COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betsy Yang
- Department of Medicine, Kaiser Permanente Oakland Medical Center, Oakland, CA, United States
| | - Kuender D Yang
- DIvision of Medical Research, Mackay Children's Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
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17
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Izumi T, Morioka Y, Urayama SI, Motooka D, Tamura T, Kawagishi T, Kanai Y, Kobayashi T, Ono C, Morinaga A, Tomiyama T, Iseda N, Kosai Y, Inokuchi S, Nakamura S, Tanaka T, Moriishi K, Kariwa H, Yoshizumi T, Mori M, Matsuura Y, Fukuhara T. DsRNA Sequencing for RNA Virus Surveillance Using Human Clinical Samples. Viruses 2021; 13:v13071310. [PMID: 34372516 PMCID: PMC8309968 DOI: 10.3390/v13071310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Although viruses infect various organs and are associated with diseases, there may be many unidentified pathogenic viruses. The recent development of next-generation sequencing technologies has facilitated the establishment of an environmental viral metagenomic approach targeting the intracellular viral genome. However, an efficient method for the detection of a viral genome derived from an RNA virus in animal or human samples has not been established. Here, we established a method for the efficient detection of RNA viruses in human clinical samples. We then tested the efficiency of the method compared to other conventional methods by using tissue samples collected from 57 recipients of living donor liver transplantations performed between June 2017 and February 2019 at Kyushu University Hospital. The viral read ratio in human clinical samples was higher by the new method than by the other conventional methods. In addition, the new method correctly identified viral RNA from liver tissues infected with hepatitis C virus. This new technique will be an effective tool for intracellular RNA virus surveillance in human clinical samples and may be useful for the detection of new RNA viruses associated with diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Izumi
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (T.I.); (Y.M.); (T.T.); (C.O.)
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan; (A.M.); (T.T.); (N.I.); (Y.K.); (S.I.); (T.Y.); (M.M.)
| | - Yuhei Morioka
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (T.I.); (Y.M.); (T.T.); (C.O.)
| | - Syun-ichi Urayama
- Laboratory of Fungal Interaction and Molecular Biology (Donated by IFO), Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan;
| | - Daisuke Motooka
- Department of Infection Metagenomics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (D.M.); (S.N.)
| | - Tomokazu Tamura
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (T.I.); (Y.M.); (T.T.); (C.O.)
| | - Takahiro Kawagishi
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (T.K.); (Y.K.); (T.K.)
| | - Yuta Kanai
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (T.K.); (Y.K.); (T.K.)
| | - Takeshi Kobayashi
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (T.K.); (Y.K.); (T.K.)
| | - Chikako Ono
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (T.I.); (Y.M.); (T.T.); (C.O.)
| | - Akinari Morinaga
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan; (A.M.); (T.T.); (N.I.); (Y.K.); (S.I.); (T.Y.); (M.M.)
| | - Takahiro Tomiyama
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan; (A.M.); (T.T.); (N.I.); (Y.K.); (S.I.); (T.Y.); (M.M.)
| | - Norifumi Iseda
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan; (A.M.); (T.T.); (N.I.); (Y.K.); (S.I.); (T.Y.); (M.M.)
| | - Yukiko Kosai
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan; (A.M.); (T.T.); (N.I.); (Y.K.); (S.I.); (T.Y.); (M.M.)
| | - Shoichi Inokuchi
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan; (A.M.); (T.T.); (N.I.); (Y.K.); (S.I.); (T.Y.); (M.M.)
| | - Shota Nakamura
- Department of Infection Metagenomics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (D.M.); (S.N.)
| | - Tomohisa Tanaka
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamanashi University, Yamanashi 400-8510, Japan; (T.T.); (K.M.)
| | - Kohji Moriishi
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamanashi University, Yamanashi 400-8510, Japan; (T.T.); (K.M.)
| | - Hiroaki Kariwa
- Laboratory of Public Health, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Division of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido 060-0808, Japan;
| | - Tomoharu Yoshizumi
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan; (A.M.); (T.T.); (N.I.); (Y.K.); (S.I.); (T.Y.); (M.M.)
| | - Masaki Mori
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan; (A.M.); (T.T.); (N.I.); (Y.K.); (S.I.); (T.Y.); (M.M.)
| | - Yoshiharu Matsuura
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (T.I.); (Y.M.); (T.T.); (C.O.)
- Correspondence: (Y.M.); (T.F.); Tel.: +81-6-6879-8340 (Y.M.); +81-11-706-6905 (T.F.); Fax: +81-6-6879-8269 (Y.M.); +81-11-706-6906 (T.F.)
| | - Takasuke Fukuhara
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido 060-0808, Japan
- Correspondence: (Y.M.); (T.F.); Tel.: +81-6-6879-8340 (Y.M.); +81-11-706-6905 (T.F.); Fax: +81-6-6879-8269 (Y.M.); +81-11-706-6906 (T.F.)
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18
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Lacroix A, Mbala Kingebeni P, Ndimbo Kumugo SP, Lempu G, Butel C, Serrano L, Vidal N, Thaurignac G, Esteban A, Mukadi Bamuleka D, Likofata J, Delaporte E, Muyembe Tamfum JJ, Ayouba A, Peeters M, Ahuka Mundeke S. Investigating the Circulation of Ebola Viruses in Bats during the Ebola Virus Disease Outbreaks in the Equateur and North Kivu Provinces of the Democratic Republic of Congo from 2018. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10050557. [PMID: 34064424 PMCID: PMC8147758 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10050557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
With 12 of the 31 outbreaks, the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) is highly affected by Ebolavirus disease (EVD). To better understand the role of bats in the ecology of Ebola viruses, we conducted surveys in bats during two recent EVD outbreaks and in two areas with previous outbreaks. Dried blood spots were tested for antibodies to ebolaviruses and oral and rectal swabs were screened for the presence of filovirus using a broadly reactive semi-nested RT-PCR. Between 2018 and 2020, 892 (88.6%) frugivorous and 115 (11.4%) insectivorous bats were collected. Overall, 11/925 (1.2%) to 100/925 (10.8%) bats showed antibodies to at least one Ebolavirus antigen depending on the positivity criteria. Antibodies were detected in fruit bats from the four sites and from species previously documented to harbor Ebola antibodies or RNA. We tested for the first time a large number of bats during ongoing EVD outbreaks in DRC, but no viral RNA was detected in the 676 sampled bats. Our study illustrates the difficulty to document the role of bats as a source of Ebolaviruses as they might clear quickly the virus. Given the increasing frequency of EVD outbreaks, more studies on the animal reservoir are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Lacroix
- TransVIHMI (Recherches Translationnelles sur VIH et Maladies Infectieuses), Université de Montpellier, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, INSERM, 34394 Montpellier, France; (A.L.); (C.B.); (L.S.); (N.V.); (G.T.); (A.E.); (E.D.); (A.A.)
| | - Placide Mbala Kingebeni
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (INRB), 1197 Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo; (P.M.K.); (S.P.N.K.); (G.L.); (J.-J.M.T.)
- Service de Microbiologie, Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa, 1197 Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo;
| | - Simon Pierre Ndimbo Kumugo
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (INRB), 1197 Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo; (P.M.K.); (S.P.N.K.); (G.L.); (J.-J.M.T.)
| | - Guy Lempu
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (INRB), 1197 Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo; (P.M.K.); (S.P.N.K.); (G.L.); (J.-J.M.T.)
| | - Christelle Butel
- TransVIHMI (Recherches Translationnelles sur VIH et Maladies Infectieuses), Université de Montpellier, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, INSERM, 34394 Montpellier, France; (A.L.); (C.B.); (L.S.); (N.V.); (G.T.); (A.E.); (E.D.); (A.A.)
| | - Laetitia Serrano
- TransVIHMI (Recherches Translationnelles sur VIH et Maladies Infectieuses), Université de Montpellier, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, INSERM, 34394 Montpellier, France; (A.L.); (C.B.); (L.S.); (N.V.); (G.T.); (A.E.); (E.D.); (A.A.)
| | - Nicole Vidal
- TransVIHMI (Recherches Translationnelles sur VIH et Maladies Infectieuses), Université de Montpellier, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, INSERM, 34394 Montpellier, France; (A.L.); (C.B.); (L.S.); (N.V.); (G.T.); (A.E.); (E.D.); (A.A.)
| | - Guillaume Thaurignac
- TransVIHMI (Recherches Translationnelles sur VIH et Maladies Infectieuses), Université de Montpellier, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, INSERM, 34394 Montpellier, France; (A.L.); (C.B.); (L.S.); (N.V.); (G.T.); (A.E.); (E.D.); (A.A.)
| | - Amandine Esteban
- TransVIHMI (Recherches Translationnelles sur VIH et Maladies Infectieuses), Université de Montpellier, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, INSERM, 34394 Montpellier, France; (A.L.); (C.B.); (L.S.); (N.V.); (G.T.); (A.E.); (E.D.); (A.A.)
| | - Daniel Mukadi Bamuleka
- Service de Microbiologie, Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa, 1197 Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo;
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (INRB), Goma, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Jacques Likofata
- Laboratoire Provincial de Mbandaka, Equateur, Democratic Republic of the Congo;
| | - Eric Delaporte
- TransVIHMI (Recherches Translationnelles sur VIH et Maladies Infectieuses), Université de Montpellier, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, INSERM, 34394 Montpellier, France; (A.L.); (C.B.); (L.S.); (N.V.); (G.T.); (A.E.); (E.D.); (A.A.)
| | - Jean-Jacques Muyembe Tamfum
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (INRB), 1197 Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo; (P.M.K.); (S.P.N.K.); (G.L.); (J.-J.M.T.)
- Service de Microbiologie, Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa, 1197 Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo;
| | - Ahidjo Ayouba
- TransVIHMI (Recherches Translationnelles sur VIH et Maladies Infectieuses), Université de Montpellier, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, INSERM, 34394 Montpellier, France; (A.L.); (C.B.); (L.S.); (N.V.); (G.T.); (A.E.); (E.D.); (A.A.)
| | - Martine Peeters
- TransVIHMI (Recherches Translationnelles sur VIH et Maladies Infectieuses), Université de Montpellier, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, INSERM, 34394 Montpellier, France; (A.L.); (C.B.); (L.S.); (N.V.); (G.T.); (A.E.); (E.D.); (A.A.)
- Correspondence: (M.P.); (S.A.M.)
| | - Steve Ahuka Mundeke
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (INRB), 1197 Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo; (P.M.K.); (S.P.N.K.); (G.L.); (J.-J.M.T.)
- Service de Microbiologie, Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa, 1197 Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo;
- Correspondence: (M.P.); (S.A.M.)
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19
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Machalaba C, Uhart M, Ryser-Degiorgis MP, Karesh WB. Gaps in health security related to wildlife and environment affecting pandemic prevention and preparedness, 2007-2020. Bull World Health Organ 2021; 99:342-350B. [PMID: 33958822 PMCID: PMC8061663 DOI: 10.2471/blt.20.272690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe and quantify the extent of wildlife and environment sector inclusion in country evaluation and prioritization tools for health security, and to provide practical recommendations for global and national action to improve pandemic prevention and preparedness. METHODS To assess coverage of wildlife and other environmental aspects, we reviewed major health security reports (including World Organisation for Animal Health Performance of Veterinary Services reports, and World Health Organization Joint External Evaluations and follow-on National Action Plans for Health Security) published by 107 countries and territories. We extracted information on stated coverage gaps, wildlife surveillance systems and priority diseases. We also searched National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans published by 125 countries to assess whether disease surveillance or prevention activities were included. FINDINGS We noted that the occurrence frequency of keywords indicative of wildlife, environment, biodiversity and climate factors varied with type of report and between countries. We found that more than half (57.9%, 62/107) of the reporting countries did not provide any evidence of a functional wildlife health surveillance programme. Most countries (83.2%, 89/107) indicated specific gaps in operations, coordination, scope or capacity. Only eight of the 125 countries (6.4%) publishing a National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan reported tangible activities related to wildlife health or zoonotic disease. CONCLUSION Overall, despite their importance for pandemic prevention, wildlife and environmental considerations are neglected in health security priorities and plans. Strengthening wildlife health capacity and operations should be emphasized in One Health efforts to monitor and mitigate known and novel disease risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Machalaba
- EcoHealth Alliance, 520 Eighth Avenue, Suite 1200, New York, NY 10018, United States of America (USA)
| | - Marcela Uhart
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Marie-Pierre Ryser-Degiorgis
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - William B Karesh
- EcoHealth Alliance, 520 Eighth Avenue, Suite 1200, New York, NY 10018, United States of America (USA)
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20
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Cross RW, Bornholdt ZA, Prasad AN, Borisevich V, Agans KN, Deer DJ, Abelson DM, Kim DH, Shestowsky WS, Campbell LA, Bunyan E, Geisbert JB, Fenton KA, Zeitlin L, Porter DP, Geisbert TW. Combination therapy protects macaques against advanced Marburg virus disease. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1891. [PMID: 33767178 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22132-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and remdesivir, a small-molecule antiviral, are promising monotherapies for many viruses, including members of the genera Marburgvirus and Ebolavirus (family Filoviridae), and more recently, SARS-CoV-2. One of the major challenges of acute viral infections is the treatment of advanced disease. Thus, extending the window of therapeutic intervention is critical. Here, we explore the benefit of combination therapy with a mAb and remdesivir in a non-human primate model of Marburg virus (MARV) disease. While rhesus monkeys are protected against lethal infection when treatment with either a human mAb (MR186-YTE; 100%), or remdesivir (80%), is initiated 5 days post-inoculation (dpi) with MARV, no animals survive when either treatment is initiated alone beginning 6 dpi. However, by combining MR186-YTE with remdesivir beginning 6 dpi, significant protection (80%) is achieved, thereby extending the therapeutic window. These results suggest value in exploring combination therapy in patients presenting with advanced filovirus disease.
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21
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Rghei AD, van Lieshout LP, Santry LA, Guilleman MM, Thomas SP, Susta L, Karimi K, Bridle BW, Wootton SK. AAV Vectored Immunoprophylaxis for Filovirus Infections. Trop Med Infect Dis 2020; 5:tropicalmed5040169. [PMID: 33182447 PMCID: PMC7709665 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed5040169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Filoviruses are among the deadliest infectious agents known to man, causing severe hemorrhagic fever, with up to 90% fatality rates. The 2014 Ebola outbreak in West Africa resulted in over 28,000 infections, demonstrating the large-scale human health and economic impact generated by filoviruses. Zaire ebolavirus is responsible for the greatest number of deaths to date and consequently there is now an approved vaccine, Ervebo, while other filovirus species have similar epidemic potential and remain without effective vaccines. Recent clinical success of REGN-EB3 and mAb-114 monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based therapies supports further investigation of this treatment approach for other filoviruses. While efficacious, protection from passive mAb therapies is short-lived, requiring repeat dosing to maintain therapeutic concentrations. An alternative strategy is vectored immunoprophylaxis (VIP), which utilizes an adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector to generate sustained expression of selected mAbs directly in vivo. This approach takes advantage of validated mAb development and enables vectorization of the top candidates to provide long-term immunity. In this review, we summarize the history of filovirus outbreaks, mAb-based therapeutics, and highlight promising AAV vectorized approaches to providing immunity against filoviruses where vaccines are not yet available.
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22
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Abstract
To interfere with cell function, many scientists rely on methods that target DNA or RNA due to the ease with which they can be applied. Proteins are usually the final executors of function but are targeted only indirectly by these methods. Recent advances in targeted degradation of proteins based on proteolysis-targeting chimaeras (PROTACs), ubiquibodies, deGradFP (degrade Green Fluorescent Protein) and other approaches have demonstrated the potential of interfering directly at the protein level for research and therapy. Proteins can be targeted directly and very specifically by antibodies, but using antibodies inside cells has so far been considered to be challenging. However, it is possible to deliver antibodies or other proteins into the cytosol using standard laboratory equipment. Physical methods such as electroporation have been demonstrated to be efficient and validated thoroughly over time. The expression of intracellular antibodies (intrabodies) inside cells is another way to interfere with intracellular targets at the protein level. Methodological strategies to target the inside of cells with antibodies, including delivered antibodies and expressed antibodies, as well as applications in the research areas of neurobiology, viral infections and oncology, are reviewed here. Antibodies have already been used to interfere with a wide range of intracellular targets. Disease-related targets included proteins associated with neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease (α-synuclein), Alzheimer's disease (amyloid-β) or Huntington's disease (mutant huntingtin [mHtt]). The applications of intrabodies in the context of viral infections include targeting proteins associated with HIV (e.g. HIV1-TAT, Rev, Vif, gp41, gp120, gp160) and different oncoviruses such as human papillomavirus (HPV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and Epstein-Barr virus, and they have been used to interfere with various targets related to different processes in cancer, including oncogenic pathways, proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis, metastasis, angiogenesis or neo-antigens (e.g. p53, human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 [HER2], signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 [STAT3], RAS-related RHO-GTPase B (RHOB), cortactin, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 [VEGFR2], Ras, Bcr-Abl). Interfering at the protein level allows questions to be addressed that may remain unanswered using alternative methods. This review addresses why direct targeting of proteins allows unique insights, what is currently feasible in vitro, and how this relates to potential therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congcong Zhang
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rina M Ötjengerdes
- Hannover Medical School (MHH), Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Julian Roewe
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Clinical Cooperation Unit (CCU) Neuroimmunology and Brain TumorImmunology (D170), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rebeca Mejias
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Andrea L J Marschall
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institute of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Brunswick, Germany.
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23
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Lucas A, Kumakamba C, Lange CE, Obel E, Miningue G, Likofata J, Gillis A, LeBreton M, McIver DJ, Euren J, Kreuder Johnson C, Goldstein T, Muyembe-Tamfum JJ, Saylors K. Serology and Behavioral Perspectives on Ebola Virus Disease Among Bushmeat Vendors in Equateur, Democratic Republic of the Congo, After the 2018 Outbreak. Open Forum Infect Dis 2020; 7:ofaa295. [PMID: 32855984 PMCID: PMC7443109 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofaa295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
After the 2018 Ebola outbreak in Equateur Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo, we conducted behavioral interviews and collected samples from bushmeat vendors and primates in Mbandaka to test for evidence of Ebola virus exposure. Although participants indicated being aware of Ebola, they did not consider themselves at occupational risk for infection. We found antibodies against Zaire ebolavirus in one participant despite no reported history of disease or contact with infected individuals. Our data underline concerns of possible subclinical or undiagnosed Ebola virus infections and the importance and challenges of risk communication to populations who are occupationally exposed to bushmeat. Following the 2018 Ebola outbreak in Equateur Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo, bushmeat vendors interviewed in Mbandaka indicated being aware of Ebola, but did not consider themselves at occupational risk. Antibodies against Zaire ebolavirus were detected in one participant.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Erby Obel
- Metabiota Inc, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Guy Miningue
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Jacques Likofata
- Mbandaka Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Mbandaka, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | | | | | | | - Jason Euren
- Metabiota Inc, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Christine Kreuder Johnson
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Tracey Goldstein
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Jean J Muyembe-Tamfum
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
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24
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Jin C, Che B, Guo Z, Li C, Liu Y, Wu W, Wang S, Li D, Cui Z, Liang M. Single virus tracking of Ebola virus entry through lipid rafts in living host cells. Biosaf Health 2020; 2:25-31. [PMID: 32835208 PMCID: PMC7347359 DOI: 10.1016/j.bsheal.2019.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) is one of the most pathogenic viruses in humans which can cause a lethal hemorrhagic fever. Understanding the cellular entry mechanisms of EBOV can promote the development of new therapeutic strategies to control virus replication and spread. It has been known that EBOV virions bind to factors expressed at the host cell surface. Subsequently, the virions are internalized by a macropinocytosis-like process, followed by being trafficked through early and late endosomes. Recent researches indicate that the entry of EBOV into cells requires integrated and functional lipid rafts. Whilst lipid rafts have been hypothesized to play a role in virus entry, there is a current lack of supporting data. One major technical hurdle is the lack of effective approaches for observing viral entry. To provide evidence on the involvement of lipid rafts in the entry process of EBOV, we generated the fluorescently labeled Ebola virus like particles (VLPs), and utilized single-particle tracking (SPT) to visualize the entry of fluorescent Ebola VLPs in live cells and the interaction of Ebola VLPs with lipid rafts. In this study, we demonstrate the compartmentalization of Ebola VLPs in lipid rafts during entry process, and inform the essential function of lipid rafts for the entry of Ebola virus. As such, our study provides evidence to show that the raft integrity is critical for Ebola virus pathogenesis and that lipid rafts can serve as potential targets for the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Jin
- Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Ministry of Health of People's Republic of China, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention (IVDC), Chinese Center for Disease control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China
- National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Bin Che
- Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Ministry of Health of People's Republic of China, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention (IVDC), Chinese Center for Disease control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China
| | - Zhengyuan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Ministry of Health of People's Republic of China, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention (IVDC), Chinese Center for Disease control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Ministry of Health of People's Republic of China, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention (IVDC), Chinese Center for Disease control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Ministry of Health of People's Republic of China, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention (IVDC), Chinese Center for Disease control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China
| | - Shiwen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Ministry of Health of People's Republic of China, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention (IVDC), Chinese Center for Disease control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China
| | - Dexin Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Ministry of Health of People's Republic of China, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention (IVDC), Chinese Center for Disease control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China
| | - Zongqiang Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mifang Liang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Ministry of Health of People's Republic of China, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention (IVDC), Chinese Center for Disease control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China
- Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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25
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Goldstein T, Belaganahalli MN, Syaluha EK, Lukusa JPK, Greig DJ, Anthony SJ, Tremeau-Bravard A, Thakkar R, Caciula A, Mishra N, Lipkin WI, Dhanota JK, Smith BR, Ontiveros VM, Randhawa N, Cranfield M, Johnson CK, Gilardi KV, Mazet JAK. Spillover of ebolaviruses into people in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo prior to the 2018 Ebola virus disease outbreak. One Health Outlook 2020; 2:21. [PMID: 33169111 PMCID: PMC7609368 DOI: 10.1186/s42522-020-00028-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The second largest Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreak began in the Democratic Republic of Congo in July 2018 in North Kivu Province. Data suggest the outbreak is not epidemiologically linked to the 2018 outbreak in Equateur Province, and that independent introduction of Ebola virus (EBOV) into humans occurred. We tested for antibodies to ebolaviruses in febrile patients seeking care in North Kivu Province prior to the EVD outbreak. METHODS Patients were enrolled between May 2017 and April 2018, before the declared start of the outbreak in eastern DRC. Questionnaires were administered to collect demographic and behavioural information to identify risk factors for exposure. Biological samples were evaluated for ebolavirus nucleic acid, and for antibodies to ebolaviruses. Prevalence of exposure was calculated, and demographic factors evaluated for associations with ebolavirus serostatus. RESULTS Samples were collected and tested from 272 people seeking care in the Rutshuru Health Zone in North Kivu Province. All patients were negative for filoviruses by PCR. Intial screening by indirect ELISA found that 30 people were reactive to EBOV-rGP. Results were supported by detection of ebolavirus reactive linear peptides using the Serochip platform. Differential screening of all reactive serum samples against the rGP of all six ebolaviruses and Marburg virus (MARV) showed that 29 people exhibited the strongest reactivity to EBOV and one to Bombali virus (BOMV), and western blotting confirmed results. Titers ranged from 1:100 to 1:12,800. Although both sexes and all ages tested positive for antibodies, women were significantly more likely to be positive and the majority of positives were in February 2018. CONCLUSIONS We provide the first documented evidence of exposure to Ebola virus in people in eastern DRC. We detected antibodies to EBOV in 10% of febrile patients seeking healthcare prior to the declaration of the 2018-2020 outbreak, suggesting early cases may have been missed or exposure ocurred without associated illness. We also report the first known detection of antibodies to BOMV, previously detected in bats in West and East Africa, and show that human exposure to BOMV has occurred. Our data suggest human exposure to ebolaviruses may be more frequent and geographically widespread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey Goldstein
- One Health Institute & Karen C Drayer Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, California, USA
| | - Manjunatha N. Belaganahalli
- One Health Institute & Karen C Drayer Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, California, USA
| | - Eddy K. Syaluha
- Mountain Gorilla Veterinary Project Inc, Goma, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Jean-Paul K. Lukusa
- Mountain Gorilla Veterinary Project Inc, Goma, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Denise J. Greig
- One Health Institute & Karen C Drayer Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, California, USA
| | - Simon J. Anthony
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032 USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168th Street, New York, NY USA
| | - Alexandre Tremeau-Bravard
- One Health Institute & Karen C Drayer Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, California, USA
| | - Riddhi Thakkar
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Adrian Caciula
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Nischay Mishra
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - W. Ian Lipkin
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Jasjeet K. Dhanota
- One Health Institute & Karen C Drayer Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, California, USA
| | - Brett R. Smith
- One Health Institute & Karen C Drayer Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, California, USA
| | - Victoria M. Ontiveros
- One Health Institute & Karen C Drayer Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, California, USA
| | - Nistara Randhawa
- One Health Institute & Karen C Drayer Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, California, USA
| | - Michael Cranfield
- One Health Institute & Karen C Drayer Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, California, USA
- Mountain Gorilla Veterinary Project Inc, Goma, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Christine K. Johnson
- One Health Institute & Karen C Drayer Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, California, USA
| | - Kirsten V. Gilardi
- One Health Institute & Karen C Drayer Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, California, USA
- Mountain Gorilla Veterinary Project Inc, Goma, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Jonna A. K. Mazet
- One Health Institute & Karen C Drayer Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, California, USA
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26
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Abstract
Marburg virus (MARV) is a highly pathogenic virus associated with severe disease and mortality rates as high as 90%. Outbreaks of MARV are sporadic, deadly, and often characterized by a lack of resources and facilities to diagnose and treat patients. There are currently no approved vaccines or treatments, and the chaotic and infrequent nature of outbreaks, among other factors, makes testing new countermeasures during outbreaks ethically and logistically challenging. Without field efficacy studies, researchers must rely on animal models of MARV infection to assess the efficacy of vaccines and treatments, with the limitations being the accuracy of the animal model in recapitulating human pathogenesis. This review will compare various animal models to the available descriptions of human pathogenesis and aims to evaluate their effectiveness in modeling important aspects of Marburg virus disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Shifflett
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, 903 South 4th Street, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Andrea Marzi
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, 903 South 4th Street, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA.
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27
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Sherwood LJ, Taylor AB, Hart PJ, Hayhurst A. Paratope Duality and Gullying are Among the Atypical Recognition Mechanisms Used by a Trio of Nanobodies to Differentiate Ebolavirus Nucleoproteins. J Mol Biol 2019; 431:4848-4867. [PMID: 31626803 PMCID: PMC6990103 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
We had previously shown that three anti–Marburg virus nanobodies (VHH or single-domain antibody [sdAb]) targeted a cryptotope within an alpha-helical assembly at the nucleoprotein (NP) C-terminus that was conserved through half a century of viral evolution. Here, we wished to determine whether an anti–Ebola virus sdAb, that was cross-reactive within the Ebolavirus genus, recognized a similar structural feature upstream of the ebolavirus NP C-terminus. In addition, we sought to determine whether the specificities of a less cross-reactive anti–Zaire ebolavirus sdAb and a totally specific anti–Sudan ebolavirus sdAb were the result of exclusion from this region. Binding and X-ray crystallographic studies revealed that the primary determinant of cross-reactivity did indeed appear to be a preference for the helical feature. Specificity, in the case of the Zaire ebolavirus–specific sdAb, arose from the footprint shifting away from the helices to engage more variable residues. While both sdAbs used CDRs, they also had atypical side-on approaches, with framework 2 helping to accommodate parts of the epitope in sizeable paratope gullies. The Sudan ebolavirus–specific sdAb was more remarkable and appeared to bind two C-terminal domains simultaneously via nonoverlapping epitopes—“paratope duality.” One mode involved paratope gullying, whereas the other involved only CDRs, with CDR3 restructuring to wedge in between opposing walls of an interdomain crevice. The varied routes used by sdAbs to engage antigens discovered here deepen our appreciation of the small scaffold’s architectural versatility and also reveal lucrative opportunities within the ebolavirus NP C-termini that might be leveraged for diagnostics and novel therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Jo Sherwood
- Disease Intervention and Prevention, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, 78227, USA
| | - Alexander Bryan Taylor
- X-ray Crystallography Core Laboratory, Institutional Research Cores and Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Peter John Hart
- X-ray Crystallography Core Laboratory, Institutional Research Cores and Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Andrew Hayhurst
- Disease Intervention and Prevention, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, 78227, USA. http://
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