Oxidative damage to poultry: from farm to fork

Probing ultraviolet-induced dissociation of hydrogen bond networks in tyrosine by terahertz spectroscopy

Tyrosine (Tyr) has gained significant attention as one of the most sensitive amino acids. Its oxidation is accompanied by changes in hydrogen bonds, so the oxidation process of Tyr is monitored and the dissociation sequence of different hydrogen bond network is elucidated based on the sensitivity of terahertz (THz) waves to intermolecular interactions. We find that the peak height of Tyr at 0.97 THz and 2.08 THz decreases with time, but the change behavior of the two is different. Combined with density functional theory (DFT), this phenomenon is attributed to the difference of factors that dominate THz vibration. The weakening of the peak height of Tyr at 0.97 THz is due to the ordered dissociation of hydrogen bonds with different intensities, while the peak at 2.08 THz mainly involves the lattice itself. This means that the peak at 0.97 THz is a more accurate parameter for characterizing the oxidation process. Our study reveals the hydrogen bond changes of Tyr when its structure is destroyed, and provides a spectral technique for monitoring and preventing harmful oxidation reactions using hydrogen bond network evolution.

Effects of dietary protein-oxidized soybean meal and quercetin on gel properties, microstructure, molecular structure and proteomics of egg white in laying hens

This study investigated the effects of dietary protein-oxidized soybean meal (SBM) and quercetin on gel properties, microstructure, molecular structure and proteomics of egg white in laying hens. A total of 288 Hy-Line Gray laying hens (500 days) were assigned to three groups, basal diets, protein-oxidized SBM diet, and protein-oxidized SBM diet supplemented with 300 mg/kg quercetin. The results showed that dietary protein-oxidized SBM decreased egg albumen height, gel hardness, gumminess and chewiness, and free sulfhydryl levels, although differences were not significant (P > 0.05). Quercetin supplementation reversed above mentioned indicators (P < 0.05). Dietary protein-oxidized SBM significantly increased the protein secondary structure α-helix content, reduced β-turn content, and reduced foam capacity of egg white (P < 0.05), while dietary quercetin alleviated the corresponding index (P < 0.05). Quercetin improved the egg Haugh unit, potentially due to its ability to increase the levels of microfilament proteins.

Impact of extended lairage periods on physio-metabolic status and meat quality in commercial broilers

1. This study investigated the impact of different lairage duration on physiology, metabolism and meat quality in commercial broilers.2. A total of sixty, one-d-old Vencobb broilers were reared until 42 d of age and subjected to five lairage treatments (T0-T5), with the control with no lairage and then each timepoint increasing by 2 h.3. Head, eye and feet temperature increased progressively (P˂0.05), from 21 to 42 d. During lairage, temperature for the head, eye and feet were significantly higher in birds held until T3-T4 (P˂0.05), than at T0-T2 and T5 treatments.4. Serum total protein, creatinine, lipase and TBARS showed no variation due to lairage (p > 0.05). Glucose levels were highest at T4 (p < 0.05) than at T1-T3 or T5 and serum albumin increased only at T4 as compared to T5 (p < 0.05). Higher levels for blood triglycerides were recorded for T0, T1 and T5 (p < 0.05), than at T2-T4 and total blood antioxidants were significantly higher at T1 (p < 0.05), than at T0 and T2-T5 treatments, respectively.5. There was no significant difference for meat pH, ERV and WHC (p > 0.05), while, higher tyrosine levels (p < 0.05) were noted for birds in T5 than for the rest of the lairage treatments (T0-T4). On the same trend, TBA concentration was highest for birds in T5, as compared to T4 (p < 0.05).6. In conclusion, lairage over eight hours for commercial broilers is not recommended, as there are drastic changes in physiology, metabolism and deterioration of meat, reducing meat quality.

Innovative coating of turkey breast with nanoemulsion solution containing chia mucilage and sage essential oil by using vacuum impregnation

1. In recent years, the coating of meat and related products has shown potential in extending shelf life. However, there are no studies on coating with nanoemulsion solutions using vacuum impregnation (VI) technique in meat matrices. This study evaluated the impact of nanoemulsion coating solutions, comprising chia mucilage and different concentrations of sage essential oil (SEO) on antioxidant properties and quality characteristics of turkey breast during storage using VI.2. Five coating solutions were developed, including coating with water (CV), chia mucilage (CMV), chia mucilage + 0.5% SEO (CMS1V), chia mucilage + 1% SEO (CMS2V) and chia mucilage + 1.5% SEO (CMS3V).3. The results indicated that increasing the SEO in nanoemulsion solutions significantly boosted antioxidant activity. Incorporating sage essential oil at a concentration of 1.5%, led to a notable reduction in peroxide value (PV) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), which suggested reduced lipid oxidation. Additionally, the carbonyl and sulphhydryl content of turkey strips were significantly influenced by nanoemulsion coating solutions. Microbiological analysis revealed that nanoemulsions containing chia mucilage + SEO effectively reduced microbial load during storage, highlighting the antimicrobial properties of SEO. Furthermore, nanoemulsion coatings containing SEO inhibited the increase in total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) values during storage, which extended the freshness of the meat.4. Overall, incorporating SEO into nanoemulsion coatings, alongside chia mucilage, maintained the quality attributes of turkey breast during storage, confirming the potential of nanoemulsion coatings in extending shelf life and preserving meat product quality.

Effects of dietary Inonotus obliquus fermentation products supplementation on meat quality and antioxidant capacity of finishing pigs

This study aimed to investigate the supplementation of finishing pigs with Inonotus obliquus fermentation products (IOFP) on the meat quality, amino acid and fatty acid composition, muscle fiber characteristics, and antioxidant capacity. Eighteen healthy castrated piglets were randomly divided into three groups and fed a basal diet or supplemented with IOFP (obliquus (Chaga fungus) products fermented for 3 or 7 days (IOFP-3 and IOFP-7) at 8 g per kg feed). The results demonstrated that, compared to the control group, IOFP significantly increased the pH24h from 5.44 to 5.52, a* value from 3.8 to 4.5, crude protein content from 21.9 % to 24.0 %, and intramuscular fat content from 3.03 % to 3.56 %. Additionally, IOFP led to significant increases in the content of total amino acids (TAA), essential amino acids (EAA), flavor amino acids, total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), and the percentage of unsaturated fatty acids (P < 0.05). Furthermore, it resulted in a significant decrease 45.3 N to 40.3 N in shear force (P < 0.05) in the Longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LTL) muscle of pigs. IOFP-7 supplementation also increased (P < 0.05) the MyHC I mRNA expression and decreased (P < 0.05) MyHC IIb mRNA levels. IOFP not only increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) (P < 0.05) in the serum and muscle tissue, but also decreased the content of MDA (P < 0.05) in serum. IOFP-7 supplementation significantly increased enzyme activity and enhanced the expression of Nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and downstream genes (P < 0.05), and reduced MDA and carbonyl contents of pork during storage in high‑oxygen modified atmosphere packaging. In summary, this study demonstrated that dietary IOFP supplementation can effectively improve pork's color and nutritional value, increase slow-twitch fiber percentage, enhance the antioxidant capacity of pigs, prevent lipid and protein oxidation, and improve pork quality.

Effect of Using Vitamin C Supplementation on Performance, Blood Parameters, Carcass Characteristics and Meat Quality of Broiler Chickens Under Heat Stress Condition: A Meta-Analysis

This meta-analysis was performed to evaluate the effects of vitamin C (Vit C) supplementation on broiler performance, blood parameters, carcass characteristics and meat quality under heat stress. Based on searches conducted on PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar and Web of Science, 35 studies published in authoritative journals from 1985 to 2023 were meta-analysed. Heterogeneity was explored by meta-regression analysis. The results of this meta-analysis showed that the body weight (BW, SMD = +0.339, p = 0.003) and average daily gain (ADG, SMD = +0.381, p = 0.001) were significantly higher in the group receiving Vit C supplementation under heat stress compared to the control group. However, Vit C supplementation did not have a significant effect on feed intake (FI, SMD = +0.084, p = 0.245), but the results were significant for the feed conversion ratio (FCR, SMD = -0.529, p = 0.001). Breast, thigh, abdominal fat, carcass drop loss, liver, gizzard, heart and spleen were not affected by Vit C supplementation, but it has a significant effect on wing weight (SMD = -3.77, p = 0.001). The use of Vit C supplementation decreased triglyceride (SMD = -0.527, p = 0.001), cholesterol (SMD = -0.976, p = 0.001) and blood glucose (SMD = -0.734, p = 0.02) concentrations in the broiler under heat stress. Breast meat quality (L*, a* and b*) was not affected by Vit C supplementation. In the current study, most of the responses had high heterogeneity (I2 > 50%). The findings of this meta-analysis demonstrated that, in broiler chickens under heat stress, adding Vit C supplementation to the feed can enhance performance. However, Vit C did not have a significant effect on carcass characteristics and the quality of the breast meat of broiler chickens. According to our meta-analysis results, utilisation of 250 mg/kg of Vit C is recommended as an effective growth promoter in broiler under heat stress, and as an antioxidant compound, it had a positive effect on reducing blood TG and TC.

Influencing factors and quality traits of pigeon meat: A systematic review

Pigeon meat is highly nutritious, offering medicinal benefits, and is often valued as a tonic due to its high protein and low-fat content. With advancements in breeding technology and evolving market demands, the quality and flavor characteristics of pigeon meat have become key areas of interest for researchers and consumers. In recent years, extensive research on pigeon meat quality traits, has been conducted both domestically and internationally, to enhance the production efficiency and product quality to meet market needs while also providing theoretical support and technical guidance for industry development. This review explores the recent advancements in under-standing the genetic and non-genetic factors that influence pigeon meat quality, focusing on candidate gene markers that guide breeding strategies to enhance meat quality. For instance, studies on genetic factors have identified several genes associated with pigeon meat quality. These include ATP binding cassette subfamily a member 8 (Abca8b), von willebrand factor (VWF), oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (OGDH), TGF beta induced factor homeobox 1 (TGIF1), dickkopf WNT signaling pathway inhibitor 3 (DKK3), glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1 (Gfpt1) and replication factor C subunit 5 (RFC5) which influence skeletal muscle development, and fatty acid binding protein 1 (FABP1), heart-type FABP (H-FABP), and diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2 (DGAT2) which impact intramuscular fat content. Furthermore, the comprehensive exploration of both genetic and non-genetic factors aims to provide a solid foundation and practical strategies for advancing the production and utilization of pigeon meat.

Effects of Olive Pomace and Spice Extracts on Performance and Antioxidant Function in Broiler Chickens

This research aimed to evaluate the effects of an olive pomace extract (OE) and a fat-encapsulated extract composed of a blend of oleoresins from Capsicum sp., black pepper, and ginger (SPICY) on broiler chicken performance and antioxidant function. In total, 640 1-day-old male chicks were randomly assigned to five experimental diets (eight replicates/treatment, 16 birds/replicate). Diets included a basal diet with no added vitamin E (NC), NC plus 100 ppm of vitamin E (PC), NC plus 1250 ppm of OE, NC plus 250 ppm of (SPICY), and NC plus 1250 ppm OE plus 250 ppm of SPICY (SPIOE). Phytogenic additives were supplied by Lucta S.A., Spain. Compared to the NC, the PC significantly (p < 0.05) increased ADG from 8 to 14 days of age, with both OE and SPICY showing intermediate values between both controls. At the end of this trial, at 35 days of age, a significant (p < 0.05) increase in plasma GPx activity was observed in PC-fed birds compared to the NC, with no effects of malonyl dialdehyde (MDA) and total antioxidant capacity. Birds fed the OE and SPICY displayed intermediate values of GPx activity compared to both controls. The expression of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) and glutathione S-Transferase Alpha 4 (GSTA4) was significantly lower (p < 0.05) in the jejunal mucosa of birds fed the OE compared to the NC. Moreover, the expression of HSP70 was significantly lower (p < 0.05) in birds fed the OE compared to SPICY but was not significantly different compared to the blend of both extracts (SPIOE). In conclusion, OE and SPICY were useful in maintaining growth performance in no vit E-supplemented diets, particularly in the case of OE mediated by its antioxidant action through HSP70.

Effect of Dietary Cannabis sativa L. Residue Supplementation on Meat Quality and Flavor-Enhancing Free Amino Acids in Broiler Chickens

This study investigated the effects of dietary Cannabis sativa residues (CR) on broiler growth and meat characteristics. A total of 256 one-day-old male Ross-308 broilers were randomly assigned to four treatments: a basal diet (control) and diets containing 0.5%, 1%, and 2% CR. CR supplementation had no effect on growth performance, survival rate, or European production index but reduced average daily feed intake (p < 0.01). No significant differences were found in meat pH, color, drip loss, thawing loss, cooking loss, or shear force (p > 0.05). However, the ΔE values (0.5% CR: 3.97, 1.0% CR: 3.71, 2.0% CR: 4.95) indicated perceptible color differences compared to the control. CR significantly reduced C12:0, C20:1n9, and C22:1n9 fatty acids (p < 0.05) while increasing free amino acids, including aspartic acid, serine, proline, methionine, and phenylalanine (p < 0.05). It also increased moisture content and decreased fat content, especially at 2% CR (p < 0.05). In conclusion, CR supplementation improves the flavor and nutritional value of broiler meat and is a potential alternative to conventional feed additives.

Oxidative stress-induced changes in wooden breast and mitigation strategies: A review

Wooden breast (WB) is a multifactorial muscular abnormality resulting from the interplay between genetic predispositions for rapid growth, physiological stress, and anatomical impairments. This myopathy has been a persistent challenge in the poultry industry since its initial identification a decade ago. WB negatively impacts meat quality, leading to increased toughness and reduced nutritional value. Building on foundational research utilizing multiomics technologies, hypoxia-induced oxidative stress has been identified as a key early event driving the pathological processes of WB. This review provides a comprehensive overview and the state-of-the-art evidence on the pivotal role of oxidative stress in WB myopathy. It begins by examining the generation of reactive intermediates that induce oxidative damage and the host's defense mechanisms aimed at mitigating these threats. The discussion then focuses on the consequences of oxidative damage for mitochondria, protein and lipid oxidation, connective tissue remodeling, and inflammation-pathological hallmarks of WB-affected muscles. Additionally, the review highlights how oxidative stress influences satellite cell behavior, impairing the repair and regeneration of muscle tissues, a process implicated in WB. Finally, efforts to prevent or mitigate WB myopathy are summarized, with particular attention to potential intervention strategies targeting oxidative stress. These include innovative feed formulations and gut microbiota modulation, which show promise in alleviating the severity of the condition.

Antioxidant potential of peptides derived from chia seeds (Salvia hispanica L.) as natural preservatives

The challenge of preserving food quality without relying on harmful antioxidants requires the exploration of natural alternatives, such as chia-derived peptides (YACLKVK, KLKKNL, KLLKKYL, and KKLLKI). The antioxidant properties and stability to processing were evaluated using DPPH and ABTS, iron-reducing, ORAC, and copper chelating assays. The effects of autoclaving, heat treatment with glucose, and ultrasound on the antioxidant activity of the top-performing peptide were examined. YACLKVK displayed the highest antioxidant response with 87.25 ± 2.47 %, 93.65 ± 0.79 %, 0.418 ± 0.018 abs, 44.06 ± 0.78 μM TE/mL, and 86.49 ± 0.12 % in the DPPH, ABTS, iron-reducing capacity, ORAC, and copper chelating assays at 800 μg/mL (DPPH) and 1000 μg/mL, respectively. Autoclaving, heat, and ultrasound treatments reduced YACLKVK's DPPH scavenging to 63.09 ± 0.44 % and 74.15 ± 0.27 % and its Cu chelating capacity to 58.98 ± 1.28 %. YACLKVK retained over 50 % of its antioxidant capacity post-processing. These findings suggest its application as a potent natural antioxidant in food systems, particularly in processed foods where oxidation affects shelf life and quality. Incorporating YACLKVK could enhance food preservation, aligning with consumer preferences for natural-origin ingredients. Studies on commercial scalability, safety, and regulatory compliance will be essential for its widespread adoption in the food industry.

Influence of dietary resveratrol supplementation on integrity and colloidal characteristics of Myofibrillar proteins in broiler chicken breast meat

Abstracts This study was designed to elucidate the impact of dietary resveratrol (RES) supplementation on the free radical activity within the breast muscle of broiler chickens and to assess its effects on the structural and colloidal attributes of myofibrillar proteins (MPs). A total of 180 1-day-old male AA broiler chickens was divided to 2 groups (a CON group fed a control diet and a RES group fed the control diet supplemented with 400 mg/kg RES), each with 6 replicates and 15 chickens per replicate. The feeding test lasted for 6 weeks. The findings indicate that RES, recognized for its potent antioxidant properties, markedly diminished free radical activity, thereby curtailing the oxidative degradation of MPs and augmenting the integrity of their conformational structure. The intricate MP conformation is pivotal in dictating the functional attributes of the protein colloid. RES supplementation was observed to diminish the mobility of water molecules, thereby enhancing the stability of the colloidal system and improving the water-holding capacity and the visual appeal in terms of whiteness of colloid. Concurrently, the stabilization of the protein structure facilitated an increase in the intermolecular cohesive forces within the colloid, resulting in a denser and more stable microstructure, which significantly bolstered the mechanical strength of the colloid. In summary, the incorporation of RES as a dietary supplement in poultry feed presents a promising strategy to fortify the stabilization of proteins in chicken breast meat, offering a valuable alternative for the production of high-quality poultry meat products.

Effects of cold-pressed wheat germ oil and Bacillus subtilis on growth performance, digestibility, immune status, intestinal microbial enumeration, and gene expression of broilers under heat stress

This study evaluated the effect of wheat germ oil (WGO), Bacillus subtilis, and their combination on growth performance, immune response, nutrient digestibility, intestinal microbial, oxidative status, and gene expression in heat-stressed broilers. Four hundred one-day-old male Ross 308 broilers were distributed into five pens (20 birds/pen) in four experimental groups: a control (CON) without additives, WGO group fed diet with WGO at 200 mg.kg-1, BS group fed diet with B. subtilis at 500 mg.kg-1 containing 5 × 108 CFU.g-1, and CWB group received both WGO and B. subtilis. Heat stress exposure adversely affected broiler growth performance, carcass traits, immune response, and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and mucin2 (MUC2) mRNA expression. However, the CWB group showed a lower FCR, reduced mortality rate, and increased BWG compared to the other groups. Nutrient digestion was also improved, with a higher digestibility of ether extract, dry matter, and crude protein. By day 35, stress biomarkers like corticosterone and glucose levels were reduced, while triiodothyronine levels increased in the BS and CWB groups. The CWB group also showed lower malondialdehyde and interleukin-6 levels, with higher superoxide dismutase activity, and increased levels of IgA, IgG, and interleukin-10. Additionally, the CWB group had higher HDL levels and lower cholesterol and LDL levels (P < 0.05). Notably, CWB supplements modified the structure of the cecal microbial community by increasing Lactobacillus counts and decreasing E. coli and C. perfringens counts. Furthermore, the expressions of intestinal MUC2 and hepatic IGF-1 were up-regulated (P < 0.05) in the CWB group. This study provides evidence that supplementing heat-stressed broiler diets with a mixture of WGO and B. subtilis enhances antioxidant capacity, immune response, growth performance, and gut integrity via modulating the microbial community and regulating gene expression.

The effect of the "Hydro Rex Vital" drug on zootechnical and economic indicators of broiler chickens

The effectiveness of the anti-stress drug "Hydro Rex Vital" in the rearing of broiler chickens during the transitional period of the year was studied. The study was conducted on broiler chickens of the "Arbor Acres" crossbreed at the farm of "Altynbek" LLP (Almaty region, Isayev village). Four groups (one control and three experimental) were formed using the analogy method at the age of one day. The chickens of all groups were kept in the same room (identical sections) on deep litter until the age of 42 days. The drug was not used in the control group 1, while in the experimental groups 2, 3, and 4, the dosage of the drug administered with drinking water was 200, 300, and 400 ml per 1 ton of water, respectively. The results of the study showed that the survival rate in groups 1 (control), 2, 3, and 4 was 90.0%; 93.3%; 96.7%; 96.7% respectively; live weight of chickens at the age of 42 days was 2.49; 2.60; 2.65; and 2.57 kg respectively; average daily weight gain was 58.3; 60.8; 62.0; and 60.0 g respectively; feed consumption per 1 kg of live weight gain was 1.85; 1.74; 1.69; and 1.57 kg respectively; the slaughter yield of eviscerated carcasses was 72.2; 74.9; 76.3; and 74.0% respectively; production profitability was 170; 263; 313; and 308% respectively. It is recommended to give the anti-stress drug "Hydro Rex Vital" to broiler chickens with water at a dosage of 300 ml per 1 ton of water from the age of one day until the end of the rearing period to improve viability and productivity, reduce feed costs per unit of product, and meat production cost, and increase production profitability. In research, it is advisable to use the Russian production efficiency index instead of the European productivity index to quickly determine the winning group.

Dietary Fiber-Rich Spartina anglica Improves Intestinal Health and Antioxidant Capacity of Zhedong White Geese

Spartina anglica (SA), a plant rich in dietary fiber, has demonstrated considerable potential for enhancing gut health and antioxidant capacity in animals. This study investigates the integration of SA as a novel dietary ingredient for Zhedong white geese, with a specific focus on evaluating its effects on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, antioxidant capacity, intestinal health, and cecal microbiota composition. A total of 360 1-day-old Zhedong white geese with an average weight of 114.94 ± 0.81 g were randomly allocated to 4 dietary treatments, with 6 replicates per treatment and 15 geese per pen. The 4 dietary treatments included different SA supplement levels: a control group receiving a basal diet (CON), and three experimental groups supplemented with 3% SA (SA3), 6% SA (SA6), and 12% SA (SA12). Supplementation with 6% SA significantly enhanced the final body weight, average daily gain, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) compared to the CON group (p < 0.05). In contrast, the SA12 group exhibited reduced digestibility of crude protein and ether extract, relative to the SA3 and SA6 groups (p < 0.05). The highest antioxidant capacity was observed in the SA6 and SA12 groups, while the lowest was recorded in the CON group. SA supplementation did not significantly influence serum biochemical parameters or organ indices but increased cecum length (p < 0.05). Notably, SA supplementation markedly improved intestinal morphology, although excessive levels appeared to compromise these benefits. Additionally, SA supplementation significantly enhanced the richness and diversity of cecal microbiota and increased short-chain fatty acid concentrations. In conclusion, SA at an optimal supplementation level of 6% may be effectively utilized in Zhedong white geese diets to improve growth performance, gut health, and antioxidant capacity.

Effects of Different Levels of Lycium barbarum Flavonoids on Growth Performance, Immunity, Intestinal Barrier and Antioxidant Capacity of Meat Ducks

Background: In vitro findings on the biological functions of Lycium barbarum flavonoids (LBFs) as feed additives are limited. This study aimed to explore the effects of different concentrations of LBFs on the growth performance, immune function, intestinal barrier, and antioxidant capacity of meat ducks. A total of 240 one-day-old male meat ducks were randomly allocated to four groups, each receiving a basal diet supplemented with 0 (control), 250, 500, or 1000 mg/kg of LBFs for 42 d. Results: The results showed that dietary supplementation with 500 mg/kg of LBFs resulted in a significant increase in average daily feed intake, body weight, average daily gain, and feed conversion ratio. Dietary supplementation with 500 or 1000 mg/kg of LBFs resulted in significant decreases in serum levels of D-lactic acid and lipopolysaccharide. Dietary supplementation with 500 mg/kg LBFs significantly decreased diamine oxidase activity and enhanced the activities of catalase, total antioxidant capacity, and glutathione peroxidase in the jejunal mucosa, as well as the activity of total superoxide dismutase and the content of glutathione in the ileal mucosa, while significantly lowering the content of malondialdehyde in the ileal mucosa. Dietary supplementation with 500 mg/kg LBFs significantly up-regulated the mRNA expression of genes associated with intestinal barrier function and antioxidant capacity in the jejunal and ileal mucosa, as well as the protein expression of these antioxidant genes, and led to a significant reduction in the mRNA expression of pro-apoptotic and inflammatory-related genes. Conclusions: The addition of LBFs to the diet improved the growth performance, intestinal barrier function, immune response, and antioxidant capacity of the ducks, which may be closely associated with the activation of the Nrf2 signaling pathway and the inhibition of the NF-κB signaling pathway. The optimal dietary inclusion level of LBFs in ducks was 500 mg/kg.

Development of anti-bacterial bio-transfer double sheet layer of polyvinyl alcohol/carboxymethyl cellulose films infused with Astragalus tribuloides leaf extract for beef burgers preservation

This study was conducted to develop biodegradable films using a combination of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and purified leaves extract of Astragalus tribuloides (ATE). Various traits of the films, including their morphology description, thermal behavior, tensile/elongation properties and physical characteristics were examined. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) photographs showed smooth surface with small amounts of ATE, but rougher with higher concentrations of 1.4 %. The Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) showed a direct relationship between the ATE extract and the PVA/CMC matrix. The films also showed thermal stability behaviors. The study found that the addition of ATE up to 0.8 % caused the films to become opaquer in color and raised their opacity up to 3.909. As a result, the films exhibited reduced moisture absorption (8.21 %) and solubility (27.11 %), making them retard penetrating water vapor up to (1.785 × 10-10 g.m-1 s-1 Pa-1) and could preserve the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and overall color discrepancies of burger in refrigerated storage.

Phytogenic feed additives as alternatives to antibiotics in poultry production: A review

The overuse of antimicrobials in food-producing animals, particularly poultry, has led to growing concerns about multidrug microbial resistance, posing significant risks to both animal and human health. Subtherapeutic doses of antibiotics have traditionally been used to enhance growth and improve economic efficiency in poultry farming. However, these practices have facilitated the emergence of resistant microbial strains, threatening global health security and prompting a search for sustainable alternatives. This review highlights the significance of phytogenic as feed additives (PFAs) as promising substitutes for antibiotic as feed additives (AFAs) in poultry production. PFAs, derived from plant-based compounds, exhibit multiple beneficial properties, including antimicrobial, antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and immune-modulatory effects. Moreover, they offer the potential to produce high-quality organic poultry products while reducing the likelihood of microbial resistance. Despite these advantages, inconsistent results among studies underscore the importance of standardized approaches to maximize their efficacy. This review aims to evaluate the current status of antibiotic use in poultry farming globally, explore the properties and mechanisms of PFAs, and assess their potential as viable alternatives to antibiotics. By consolidating available knowledge, this review provides insights into the benefits and challenges associated with PFAs, offering guidance for future research and practical applications in sustainable poultry production.

Comparative Analysis of Runs of Homozygosity Islands in Indigenous and Commercial Chickens Revealed Candidate Loci for Disease Resistance and Production Traits

Runs of homozygosity (ROH) are contiguous stretches of identical genomic regions inherited from both parents. Assessment of ROH in livestock species contributes significantly to our understanding of genetic health, population genetic structure, selective pressure and conservation efforts. In this study, whole genome re-sequencing data from 140 birds of 10 Iranian indigenous chicken ecotypes, 3 commercial chicken breeds and 1 red junglefowl (RJF) population were used to investigate their population genetic structure, ROH characteristics (length and frequency) and genomic inbreeding coefficients (FROH). Additionally, we examined ROH islands for selection footprints in the indigenous chicken populations. Our results revealed distinct genetic backgrounds, among which the White Leghorn breed exhibited the greatest genetic distance from other populations, while the gamecock populations formed a separate cluster. We observed significant differences in ROH characteristics, in which the commercial breeds showed a higher number of ROH compared to indigenous chickens and red junglefowls. Short ROH ranging from 0.1 to 1 Mb were dominant among the populations. The Arian line had the highest mean length of ROH, while the White Leghorn breed showed the highest number of ROH. Among indigenous chickens, the Lari-Afghani ecotype exhibited the highest FROH, but the Sari inherited the richest genetic diversity. Interestingly, GGA16 carried no ROH in the red junglefowls, whereas GGA22 had the highest FROH across all populations, except in the Isfahan ecotype. We also identified ROH islands associated with genetic adaptations in indigenous ecotypes. These islands harboured immune-related genes contributing to disease resistance (TLR2, TICAM1, IL22RA1, NOS2, CCL20 and IFNLR1), heat tolerance and oxidative stress response (NFKB1, HSF4, OSGIN1 and BDNF), and muscle development, lipid metabolism and reproduction (MEOX2, CEBPB, CDS2 and GnRH-I). Overall, this study highlights the genetic potential of indigenous chickens to survive and adapt to their respective environments.

Dietary ferulic acid improves growth performance of broilers via enhanced intestinal antioxidant capacity and barrier function

OBJECTIVE

In this study, the effects of dietary ferulic acid (FA) on the growth traits, antioxidant capacity, and intestinal barrier function of broilers were investigated.

METHODS

In total, 192 male Arbor Acres broilers were randomly allocated to one of three dietary groups (8 replicates of 8 birds each): control (CON) group (basal diet), FA100 group (basal diet + 100 mg/kg FA), or FA200 group (basal diet + 200 mg/kg FA). The duration of the feeding trial was 42 days.

RESULTS

Higher average daily gain (ADG) and lower feed to gain (F/G) ratio during day 0 to day 21 were found in the FA100 and FA200 groups, while higher ADG and lower F/G during day 21 to day 42 were only found in FA200 group, compared to the CON group (p<0.05). Serum levels of malondialdehyde and diamine oxidase on day 21 were lower in the FA100 and FA200 groups and those on day 42 were lower in the FA200 group, while glutathione peroxidase level in the FA100 and FA200 groups on day 21 and that in the FA200 group on day 42 were increased (p<0.05). On day 21, jejunal glutathione synthetase (GSS) expression was upregulated in the FA200 group (p<0.05), while jejunal and ileal expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) and Occludin as well as ileal expression of glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1) and zonula occludens 1 (ZO1) were increased in the FA100 and FA200 groups compared to the CON group (p<0.05). On day 42, mRNA expression of GSS, NRF2, SOD1, and GPX1 in the jejunum and ileum as well as Claudin2 in the jejunum and Occludin in the ileum were increased in the FA200 group (p<0.05).

CONCLUSION

Dietary FA addition could improve the growth performance, antioxidant capacity, and gut integrity of broilers. The current findings provided evidence that the adoption of FA can be a nutrition intervention measure to achieve high-efficient broiler production for poultry farmers.

Flavonoids, Isoquinoline Alkaloids, and Their Combinations Affect Growth Performance, Inflammatory Status, and Gut Microbiome of Broilers Under High Stocking Density and Heat Stress

High stocking density (HSD) and heat stress (HS) challenge broiler production. While antibiotics can mitigate the adverse effects of HS and HSD, their restricted use underscores the need to explore phytochemicals, particularly their combined effects under such conditions. This study investigated the influence of flavonoids, isoquinoline alkaloids, and their combinations as alternatives to bacitracin on growth performance, inflammatory status, gut morphology, and ceca microbiome in broilers raised under HSD and HS. A total of 2100 one-day-old male Ross 308 broiler chicks were distributed into 70 replicates, randomly assigned to one of seven dietary treatments and raised during the summer for 37 days. The treatments included normal stocking density (NSD, 10 birds/m2); HSD (15 birds/m2); HSD + 50 ppm of bacitracin (BCT); HSD + 300 ppm of flavonoids (FVNs); HSD + 80 ppm of isoquinoline alkaloids (IQAs); HSD + FVNs (1-10 days) and IQAs (11-37 days) (FVN-IQA); and HSD + IQAs (1-10 days) and FVNs (11-37 days) (IQA-FVN). The HS index reached or exceeded 160 during most of the experimental period. From 11 to 24 days of age, the HSD and BCT birds had lower body weight gain. The FVNs, IQAs, and their combinations decreased the corticosterone, IL-6, malondialdehyde, and heterophil-lymphocytes ratio compared to the HSD. Jejunal, ileal, and duodenal villi height/crypt depth ratio was lower in HSD than in other treatments except BCT. The α- and β-diversity, microbiota composition, and metabolic pathways were affected by treatment groups. Overall, FVNs, IQAs, and their combinations improved the growth performance, anti-inflammatory response, and gut health in broilers under HSD and HS, with the combinations exerting synergistic effects.

Efficacy of myrrh extract against Eimeria labbeana-like experimental infection in Columba livia domestica: in vivo study

BACKGROUND

The Protozoan pathogen Eimeria is a significant issue in poultry production. Scientists are concerned with finding alternative strategies due to the spread of resistance against the commonly employed coccidiostats. This study examined how well myrrh extract (MyE) protected domesticated pigeons from an experimental Eimeria labbeana-like infection.

METHODS

Female pigeons were divided into six groups (5 pigeons/group): Group1: control pigeon group, Group2: Non-infected and treated pigeon group with MyE (500 mg/kg). Group3: Infected and non-treated pigeon group, Group4: Infected and treated pigeon group with MyE (250 mg/kg), Group5: Infected and treated pigeon group with MyE (500 mg/kg), Group6: Infected and treated pigeon group with amprolium (1 g/L of H2O). Oral infection with 3 × 104 sporulated E. labbeana-like oocysts was used to inoculate groups (3-6). Three days after infection, groups (4-6) received daily treatment with MyE and amprolium for five days. Oocyst output was assessed on day 8 post-infection. After sacrificing the pigeons, the small intestine and blood were collected from each pigeon and processed for histological, biochemical, and oxidative damage examinations.

RESULTS

This study looked into the overall phenolic and flavonoid contents and MyE's antioxidant activity. According to the data, the best dose of MyE was 500 mg/kg, which significantly decreased the output of oocysts produced (2.090 × 105 ± 1.04 × 104 oocysts/g.feces). This result has been linked to a -2.51% decrease in the pigeon's body weight gain. The morphometric characteristics of freshly unsporulated and sporulated oocysts were obtained, and pigeons treated with MyE significantly decreased size. Furthermore, there was a significant decrease in both the number and size of the developmental stages of E. labbeana-like (i.e. meronts, gamonts, and developing oocysts) in the intestinal tissue among the MyE-treated group. MyE facilitates the disruption of intestinal homeostasis caused by E. labbeana-like infection, specifically concerning carbohydrates and proteins. Concurrent with the state of total antioxidant capacity (TAC), the antioxidant activity of MyE reduced the blood plasma levels of trace elements (Fe, Cu, Cr, Zn, and Ni).

CONCLUSION

Our findings suggest that MyE could be a useful antioxidant source and a replacement for coccidiostats in preventing and treating avian coccidiosis.

Methionine and vitamin E supplementation improve production performance, antioxidant potential, and liver health in aged laying hens

Sulfur metabolites of methionine (Met) and vitamin E (VE) have antioxidant potential and can maintain liver health in chickens. This study explored the underlying mechanisms of Met sources, the ratio of total sulfur amino acids to lysine (TSAA: Lys), and VE levels on production performances, antioxidant potential, and hepatic oxidation in aged laying hens. Eight hundred and sixty-four, Hy-Line Brown laying hens (70-week age) were divided into 12 treatment groups, each having 6 repeats and 12 birds/each repeat. The dietary treatments consisted of DL-Met (DL-Met), DL-2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio)-butanoic acid (OH-Met), 3 ratios of TSAA: Lys (0.90, 0.95, and 1.00), and 2 levels of VE (20 and 40 g/ton). Albumen height and Haugh unit significantly increased at a lower level of VE (P < 0.05). Triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) in serum and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activities (CAT) in the liver significantly reduced at 0.95 TSAA: Lys ratio (P < 0.05). Fatty acid synthase (FAS), lipoprotein lipase (LPL), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 alpha (CPT-1α) also upregulated at this TSAA: Lys ratio (P < 0.05). Compared with the DL-Met group, the OH-Met group had lower Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 (DPP4) and higher TC, LDL, and VLDL concentrations (P < 0.05).The expression of FAS,CPT-1α), glutathione (GSH), glutathione disulfide (GSSG), glutathione synthetase (GSS), and Nrf2 were significantly higher in OH-Met compared with the DL-Met group (P < 0.05). OH-Met at 0.95 and DL-Met at 0.90 TSAA: Lys ratio showed higher CAT and lower aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities. Moreover, OH-Met at 0.90 and DL-Met at 0.95 of the TSAA: Lys ratio had a significant reduction of malondialdehyde (MDA) (P < 0.05). Overall, these results suggest that OH-Met source with a lower level of VE positively influenced production performance and improved liver health in aged laying hens through improved lipid metabolism and hepatic antioxidant function.

Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) Used as Functional Feed Supplement or Alternative Protein Source: A Review of the Effects of Different Dietary Inclusion Levels on Production Performance, Health Status, and Meat Quality of Broiler Chickens

The broiler industry is pivotal in meeting the growing global demand for highly nutritious animal protein foods. Hence, there is a continuous interest in identifying novel, alternative, and even unconventional feed resources that could help sustainably support chicken meat production and quality. In this view, the microalga Spirulina (Arthrospira, formerly Spirulina, platensis), due to its unique chemical composition and some ecological advantages offered by its cultivation over traditional agriculture, has attracted great attention in the poultry sector for potential application in broiler diets, either as a functional supplement or a replacer of conventional protein sources such as soybean meal. The studies conducted so far seem to have confirmed many of the initial expectations regarding the advantages that may derive from dietary Spirulina supplementation, documenting its capacity to positively influence the intestinal and general health status of broiler chickens, leading to improved or preserved productive performance (under normal or challenging conditions, respectively), as well as to increased disease resistance and survivability. Furthermore, dietary Spirulina supplementation has been shown to induce positive changes in some important traits of broiler meat quality. However, at present, the inclusion of Spirulina in broiler diet, especially but not solely in relation to the use as an alternative protein source, presents several technical and economic limitations. To increase the overall awareness around the actual usefulness and practical usability of Spirulina as a novel natural component of the broiler diet, this review paper seeks to provide a comprehensive and integrated presentation of what is currently known about this topic, highlighting critical issues that are still pending and would require further research efforts.

Effects of 1-Deoxynojirimycin Extracts of Mulberry Leaves on Oxidative Stress and the Function of the Intestinal Tract in Broilers Induced by H2O2

The poultry industry struggles with oxidative stress affecting gut health and productivity. This study examined using 1-Deoxynojirimycin (DNJ) extracts from mulberry leaves as an antioxidant in broilers feed to combat this issue. We divided 240 broilers, aged 16 days, into six groups, including a control and groups exposed to oxidative stress through H2O2 injections, with different supplement levels of DNJ-E (40, 80, 120, and 160 mg/kg of the basal diet) lasting until the broilers reached 42 days old. We evaluated intestinal morphology, ultrastructure, oxidative stress markers, the tight junction, and inflammatory cytokines. Adding 40 mg/kg DNJ-E improved villus height, the villus-to-crypt ratio, and cellular ultrastructure, and increased SOD levels in the jejunum and ileum, as well as CAT levels in the duodenum and jejunum (p < 0.05), compared to the H2O2 group. The addition of DNJ had differential effects on oxidative stress, the intestinal barrier, and immune-related genes. Importantly, the dosages of 40 mg/kg and 80 mg/kg resulted in an upregulation of MUC2 mRNA expression (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that DNJ-E holds potential as a beneficial feed additive for enhancing broiler health, particularly at supplementation levels below 80 mg/kg, as higher concentrations may negatively influence intestinal health. Future investigations should aim to elucidate the underlying mechanisms through which DNJ-E operates within the avian gastrointestinal system.

Comparison of High n-3 PUFA Levels and Cyclic Heat Stress Effects on Carcass Characteristics, Meat Quality, and Oxidative Stability of Breast Meat of Broilers Fed Low- and High-Antioxidant Diets

This study investigated the individual and combined effects of a high dietary n-3 PUFA intake and cyclic heat stress (HS) on the carcass characteristics, meat quality, and oxidative stability of broiler breast meat and the potential of antioxidant supplementation (vitamins E, C, and selenium) to mitigate these effects. A total of 192 one-day-old male Ross 308 broilers were randomly assigned to 24 pens within two controlled environment chambers and fed with the following diets: a basal diet low in antioxidants according to NRC recommendations (NRC group), a basal diet according to Aviagen recommendations additionally supplemented with 200 IU/kg vitamin E, 250 mg/kg vitamin C, and 0.15 mg/kg selenium (HAOX group), and these two diets further supplemented with 5% linseed oil (NRC N-3 and HAOX N-3 groups). On day 22, the broilers were exposed to the following two environmental conditions: thermoneutral (TN, 21 °C) or cyclic HS (HS, 34 ± 1 °C, 7 h/d) in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design. A high intake of n-3 PUFAs significantly decreased growth performance, dressing percentage, and breast yield, while the incidence of pale, soft, and exudative (PSE) meat characteristics and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels increased. Cyclic HS reduced body weight (BW) and average daily feed intake (ADFI), but had limited effects on meat quality. No interactions between n-3 PUFAs and HS were observed for any measurements. High antioxidant supplementation increased breast yield, improved meat quality, and reduced oxidative stress, as evidenced by an enhanced antioxidant activity and lower MDA levels. In conclusion, n-3 PUFAs had a negative effect on both the carcass characteristics and meat quality of broilers, while HS primarily affected only carcass characteristics, with neither stressor having severe adverse effects. High levels of antioxidants could mitigate the negative effects of dietary- and heat-induced oxidative stress by enhancing the oxidative stability of broiler meat.

Interrelationship of lipid aldehydes (MDA, 4-HNE, and 4-ONE) mediated protein oxidation in muscle foods

Proteins and essential fatty acids are crucial components of the human diet. However, lipids and proteins are susceptible to oxidative modification during food processing resulting in changes to their structural characteristics and functional properties. Food products rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids are highly susceptible to lipid peroxidation and generate bifunctional reactive aldehydes. Bifunctional aldehydes such as malondialdehyde (MDA), 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE), and 4-oxo-2-nonenal (4-ONE) readily bind to protein nucleophiles and lead to intra- or intermolecular protein cross-linking. In comparison with lipid oxidation, the degradation of proteins by prooxidants appears to be more intricate and results in a greater diversity of oxidation products. Although individual oxidation processes involving lipids and proteins received increasing attention in the past decades, the interactions between those aldehydes and protein oxidation in food have not been extensively explored. Studies indicate that the reactions of lipid and protein oxidation may take place simultaneously or independently, but oxidation products that arose from one reaction may further interact with lipids or proteins. The present review presents a perspective on reactive aldehydes and the role of aldehydes in inducing protein oxidation in muscle foods. Emphasis is focused on the interaction mechanism of the lipid, protein, and myoglobin protein oxidations. In addition, the occurrence of aldehydes derived from lipid oxidation in food systems as well as the endogenous antioxidant peptides or amino acids in meat and plant proteins are also briefly described.

Evaluating the therapeutic effect of different forms of silymarin on liver status and expression of some genes involved in fat metabolism, antioxidants and anti-inflammatory in older laying hens

BACKGROUND

Silymarin, the predominant compound of milk thistle, is an extract took out from milk thistle (Silybum marianum) seeds, containing a mixture of flavonolignans with strong antioxidant capability.

METHODS

The experiment was conducted using 70 Lohmann LSL-Lite hens at 80 weeks of age with 7 treatments each with 10 replicates. Treatments included: (1) control diet without silymarin, (2) daily intake of 100 mg silymarin powder/kg body weight (BW) (PSM100), (3) daily intake of 200 mg silymarin powder/kg BW (PSM200), (4) daily intake of 100 mg nano-silymarin/kg BW (NSM100), (5) daily intake of 200 mg nano-silymarin/kg BW (NSM200), (6) daily intake of 100 mg lecithinized silymarin/kg BW (LSM100) and (7) daily intake of 200 mg lecithinized silymarin/kg BW (LSM200). The birds were housed individually, and diets were fed for 12 weeks.

RESULTS

Scanning electron microscopy showed that NSM was produced with the average particle size of 20.30 nm. Silymarin treatment improved serum antioxidant enzyme activity. All groups receiving silymarin showed a decrease in liver malondialdehyde content, expression of fatty acid synthase, tumour necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 6 (IL-6) genes in the liver, and hepatic steatosis than the control, except those fed the PSM100 diet. There were decreases in liver dry matter and fat contents, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and hepatocyte ballooning, and an increase in glutathione peroxidase gene expression and a decrease in iNOS gene expression in birds fed the NSM100, NSM200, LSM100 and LSM200 diets compared to the control group. Moreover, all groups receiving silymarin showed a significant decrease in liver weight compare to the control group.

CONCLUSIONS

Overall, the effects of silymarin when converted to NSM or LSM and offered at the level of 200 mg/kg BW were more pronounced on the hepatic variables and may be useful in the prevention of the liver disease in older laying hens.

The impact of dietary supplementation of Quercetagetin on growth, antioxidant capacity, and gut microbiota of diquat-challenged broilers

This experiment aimed to investigate the effects of Quercetagetin (QG) on the growth performance, antioxidant capacity, and cecal microbiota of broilers. Two hundred and forty 21-day-old WOD168 broilers with similar body weights were randomly divided into five groups of six replicates each with eight chickens. The control group was fed a basal diet composed of corn and soybean meal, while the experimental groups received basal diets supplemented with 0, 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg QG, along with intraperitoneal injection of 20 mg/kg body weight Diquat (DQ). The experiment lasted for 21 days. The results showed that: (1) QG significantly alleviated the decrease in average daily feed intake and average daily gain induced by Diquat, reduced the elevation of serum ACTH content, and significantly increased GH content (P < 0.05); (2) QG supplementation significantly mitigated the decrease in serum CAT activity and duodenal GSH-Px activity induced by Diquat (P < 0.05), as well as the increase in MDA content (P < 0.05); additionally, QG significantly increased the gene expression levels of GSH-Px, Nrf2, and Keap1 (P < 0.05); (3) Alpha and Beta diversity analysis revealed that QG supplementation significantly increased the cecal microbial OTUs and Chao1 index of broilers (P < 0.05). At the phylum level, compared with the Diquat group, the LQG group significantly decreased the relative abundance of Firmicutes (P < 0.05) and significantly increased the relative abundance of Bacteroidota (P < 0.05). At the genus level, compared with the CON group, the Diquat group significantly decreased the abundance of Lactobacillus and Alistipes (P < 0.05), while QG supplementation significantly alleviated the decrease in the abundance of Lactobacillus and Alistipes (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the addition of an appropriate amount (20 mg/kg) of QG to the diet can promote the growth of broilers, enhance antioxidant capacity, and improve intestinal health.

Supplementation of Chlorogenic Acid Alleviates the Effects of H2O2-Induced Oxidative Stress on Laying Performance, Egg Quality, Antioxidant Capacity, Hepatic Inflammation, Mitochondrial Dysfunction, and Lipid Accumulation in Laying Hens

This research examined the impact of chlorogenic acid (CGA) on laying performance, antioxidant capacity, egg quality, hepatic inflammation, mitochondrial function, and lipid metabolism in hens subjected to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced oxidative stress (OS). Three hundred sixty healthy 43-wk-old Hy-Line brown hens were randomly assigned to six treatments: a basal diet + 0 (control and H2O2), 600 (600 mg/kg CGA and 600 mg/kg CGA + H2O2), and 800 (800 mg/kg CGA and 800 mg/kg CGA + H2O2) mg/kg CGA for 84 d. On the 64th and 78th days of the trial, hens in groups H2O2, 600 mg/kg CGA + H2O2, and 800 mg/kg CGA + H2O2 were injected intraperitoneally with 10% H2O2. The results demonstrated that 600 and 800 mg/kg CGA significantly improved the egg production rate (EPR) and egg quality and reduced lipid peroxidation compared to the control group. The 800 mg/kg CGA showed greater improvements in the EPR and average egg weight (AEW) compared to the 600 mg/kg dose. Conversely, H2O2 exposure significantly decreased the EPR, AEW, and egg quality and increased feed conversion rate and average daily feed intake. H2O2 exposure significantly decreased serum T-AOC and increased serum MDA levels while reducing hepatic T-SOD, GSH-Px, and CAT activities. Meanwhile, H2O2 exposure significantly elevated liver reactive oxygen species levels, pathological damage, and NF-κB, TNFα, and IL-1β gene expression. Additionally, H2O2 treatment disrupted hepatocyte mitochondrial structure and significantly increased the expression of VDAC1 protein, and IP3R, GRP75, MCU, Fis1, and MFF genes, while downregulating the expression of MFN2 protein and PGC1α gene. Oil Red O staining demonstrated that H2O2 induced significant lipid accumulation in hepatocytes. Concurrently, H2O2 significantly increased serum triglycerides, total cholesterol, and liver triglycerides levels while decreasing serum hepatic lipase activity. This was primarily attributed to the significant upregulation of liver SREBP1, FASN, and ACC genes and the downregulation of the liver CPT1 gene induced by H2O2. Furthermore, CGA pretreatment effectively prevented the degeneration in laying performance and egg quality, as well as OS, liver inflammation, pathological damage, and mitochondrial dysfunction induced by H2O2. CGA inhibited H2O2-induced hepatic lipid accumulation by upregulating fatty acid oxidation-related gene expression and downregulating fatty acid synthesis-related gene expression. These findings indicate that the dietary addition of 800 mg/kg of CGA is the optimum supplementation dose. CGA can enhance laying performance and egg quality while alleviating OS, hepatic inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and lipid accumulation in H2O2-challenged laying hens.

Fatty acid composition, lipid profile and oxidative stability of meat of broiler chickens fed diet containing bird eye pepper of varying inclusion level and sieve size

Nutritional modifications to improve meat quality is targeted by farmers. Bird eye pepper (BEP) contains bio-compounds of physiological significance. The potency of BEP of varying inclusion level and sieve size on meat quality [fatty acid (FA), lipid profile and oxidative stability] of broiler chickens was investigated. A total of 246 birds fed diet-containing BEP [inclusion level (0, 0.15 and 0.3%), sieve size (0.05 and 0.1 mm)] were randomized to six treatments replicated 4 times in a 2 by 3 factorial layout. After feeding (31 days), forty-eight birds (two per replicate) were slaughtered and breast muscles harvested. Meat lipid profile and 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARs) were determined on day (d) 0, while TBARs was further assessed on d 3 and 5, but FA on d 10 of refrigeration storage. BEP diet (0.15%) increased (p < 0.05) total monounsaturated FA (MUFA), unsaturated FA (UFA) and n-3 FA, while 0.05 mm BEP lowered (p < 0.05) meat index of thrombogenicity (TI) but increased meat hypocholesteromic: hypercholesteromic (HH) value. Dietary 0.15% (0.05 mm) BEP yielded low (p < 0.05) SFA but high MUFA: SFA, UFA: SFA and NVI, while 0.15% (0.1 mm) BEP diet resulted in high total MUFA and higher (p < 0.05) UFA, n-3 and n-3: n-6 FA. Control, 0.15% and 0.05 mm BEP diets reduced (p < 0.05) meat cholesterol value. This study has shown that 0.15% (0.05 mm) BEP diet had no deleterious effect on the growth of broiler chickens but improved the NVI, IA, TI, HH, TBARs and cholesterol of the meat - a significance to health-conscious consumers.

Dietary supplementation of Cannabis sativa residues in broiler chickens affects performance, carcass characteristics, intestinal morphology, blood biochemistry profile and oxidative stability

Public interest in the cannabis plant has increased after its legalization in many countries. Cannabis sativa residues (CR) are a part of the plant waste in the cannabis industry. The CR contain medicinal properties that could be used as a feed additive in poultry production. The trial was conducted to investigate the effects of CR on growth performance, carcass characteristics, intestinal morphology, and blood biochemistry profile of broiler chickens. In a completely randomized design, 256 one-day-old male Ross 308 broilers were randomly allocated to 4 treatments with 8 replicates and 8 birds per replicate. These 4 dietary treatments included a basal diet with 0, 0.5, 1 and 2% CR for 40 d. The results showed that 2% CR supplementation reduced feed intake (FI) in the starter phase (d 3-23, P < 0.05). The birds in the CR groups had lower FI in the finishing phase (d 24-40, P < 0.01) and the whole raising period (d 3-40, P < 0.01) than the control. However, the body weight and carcass yield were not different (P > 0.05). In addition, the CR diet had no adverse effects on the blood biochemistry profile, including total cholesterol, triglycerides, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, total protein, globulin, albumin, and direct bilirubin (P > 0.05). In addition, total bilirubin and malondialdehyde were better in the plasma of CR-supplemented birds than in the control groups (P < 0.05). The observations on intestinal morphology showed that CR supplementation improved the ratio between villus height and crypt depth in the ileum (P < 0.05). In conclusion, CR supplementation can improve intestinal morphology and oxidative stability of broiler chickens. This suggests that CR could potentially be used as an alternative feed additive in broiler production.

Economic and Productive Comparison of Rutin and Rutin-Loaded Chitosan Alginate Nanoparticles Against Lead-Induced Oxidative Stress in Cobb and Arbor Broiler Breeds

Rutin, a natural bioflavonoid compound, is one of the best-known antioxidants. This study aimed to investigate the protective effect of rutin-loaded chitosan alginate nanoparticles (RCA NPs) against lead (Pb)-induced oxidative stress in two different broiler breeds. A total number of 240 chicks from Cobb (CB) and Arbor Acres (AR) breeds were randomly allocated into 4 groups/breed. The 1st group received standard basal diet (SD) and drinking water (DW) while the 2nd group received SD and Pb-incorporated DW (350 mg/L). The 3rd group treated with both rutin-supplemented SD (50 mg/kg feed), and DW contain Pb (350 mg/L). Finally, the 4th group administered RCA NPs-supplemented SD (50 mg/kg feed) and Pb-incorporated DW (350 mg/L). On the 40th day of experiment, broilers weighed, and blood samples collected for biochemical and hematological analysis then slaughtered. Economic efficiency, growth performance, and oxidative stress biomarkers were evaluated. Gene expression level of growth-associated genes as insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-1) and histopathological changes were assessed in liver and intestinal tissue of both breeds. Our results revealed that Pb-treated birds exhibited the lowest average body weight gain (BWG) and economic efficiency measures in both breeds while RCA NPs-treated groups revealed enhanced growth and economic performance. Furthermore, diet supplementation with RCA NPs considerably enhanced the antioxidant enzymes activity and expression of growth-associated genes than groups treated with rutin alone specifically in AR breed. In conclusion, RCA NPs supplementation could be a promising nanoformulation in poultry production through enhancing the antioxidant capacity and bioavailability of rutin.

Effects of phytogenic feed additives in growing and finishing pigs under different stocking density

This study was to investigate effects of different phytogenic feed additives (PFA) in grower finishing pigs with stressed by high stocking density. A total of 84 growing pigs ([Landrace × Yorkshire] × Duroc) with initial body weight (BW) of 28.23 ± 0.21 kg were used for 10 weeks (4 replicate pens with 3 pigs per pen). The dietary treatment consisted of basal diets in animal welfare density (positive control [PC]), basal diet in high stocking density (negative control [NC]), NC + 0.04% bitter citrus extract (PT1), NC + 0.01% microencapsulated blend of thymol & carvacrol (PT2), NC + 0.10% mixture of 40% bitter citrus extract and 10% microencapsulated blend of thymol and carvacrol (PT3), NC + 0.04% premixture of grape seed and grape marc extract, green tea and hops (PT4), and NC + 0.10% fenugreek seed powder (PT5). The reduction of space allowance significantly decreased (p < 0.05) growth performance (average daily gain, average daily feed intake, feed efficiency) and nutrient digestibility (dry matter, crude protein). Also, the fecal score of NC group increased (p < 0.05) compared with other groups. In blood profiles, lymphocyte decreased (p < 0.05), and neutrophil, cortisol, TNF-α increased (p < 0.05) when pigs were in high stocking density. Basic behaviors (feed intake, standing, lying) were inactive (p < 0.05) and singularity behavior (biting) were increased (p < 0.05) under high stocking density. However, PFA groups alleviated the negative effects such as reducing growth performance, nutrient digestibility, increasing stress indicators in blood and animal behavior. In conclusion, PFA groups improved the health of pigs with stressed by high stocking density and PT3 is the most effective.

Oxidative stress in poultry production

Oxidative stress (OS) is a major concern that impacts the overall health of chickens in modern production systems. It is characterized by an imbalance between antioxidant defence mechanisms and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This literature review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of oxidative stress in poultry production, with an emphasis on its effects on growth performance, immune responses, and reproductive outcomes. This review highlights the intricate mechanisms underlying OS and discusses how various factors, including dietary components, genetic predispositions, and environmental stressors can exacerbate the production of ROS. Additionally, the impact of oxidative stress on the production performance and physiological systems of poultry is examined. The study also emphasizes the relationship between oxidative stress and poultry diseases, highlighting how impaired antioxidant defenses increase bird's susceptibility to infections. The review assesses the existing approaches to reducing oxidative stress in chickens in response to these challenges. This includes managing techniques to lower stress in the production environment, antioxidant supplements, and nutritional interventions. The effectiveness of naturally occurring antioxidants, including plant extracts, minerals, and vitamins to improve poultry resistance to oxidative damage is also examined. To improve the antioxidant defenses of poultry under stress conditions, the activation of cellular homeostatic networks termed vitagenes, such as Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2 (Nrf2) is necessary for the synthesis of protective factors that can counteract the increased production of ROS and RNS. Future studies into novel strategies for managing oxidative stress in chicken production would build on these research advances and the knowledge gaps identified in this review.

Black soldier fly larvae oil (Hermetia illucens L.) calcium salt enhances intestinal morphology and barrier function in laying hens

This study aimed to determine the influence of black soldier fly larvae oil calcium salt (BSFLO-SCa) supplementation on performance, jejunal histomorphology and gene expression of tight junctions and inflammatory cytokines in laying hens. A total of 60 ISA Brown laying hens (40 wk of age) were divided into 3 treatment groups, including a control group fed a basal diet (T0) and basal diets supplemented with 1% (T1) and 2% (T2) of BSFLO-SCa. Each treatment group consisted of 5 replicates with 4 laying hens each. Results showed that 1% and 2% BSFLO-SCa supplementation significantly reduced (P < 0.05) feed conversion ratio (FCR), while egg weight (EW) increased (P < 0.05). The inclusion with 2% increased (P < 0.05) both egg production (HDA) and mass (EM). The addition of 1% and 2% BSFLO-SCa significantly increased (P < 0.05) villus height (VH) and villus width (VW), while crypt depth (CD) significantly increased (P < 0.05) with 2% BSFLO-SCa. The tight junction and gene expression of claudin-1 (CLDN-1), junctional adhesion molecules-2 (JAM-2), and occludin (OCLN) were significantly upregulated (P < 0.05) with 2% BSFLO-SCa. The pro-inflammatory cytokines and gene expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6) was significantly downregulated (P < 0.05) with the addition of BSFLO-SCa, while gene expression of interleukin-18 (IL-18), toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were downregulated with 2% BSFLO-SCa. On the other hand, the anti-inflammatory cytokines and gene expression of interleukin-13 (IL-13) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) were significantly upregulated (P < 0.05) at 2% BSFLO-SCa. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with 2% BSFLO-SCa improved productivity, intestinal morphology and integrity by upregulating tight junction-related protein of gene expression of laying hens. In addition, supplementation with BSFLO-SCa enhanced intestinal immune responses by upregulating anti-inflammatory and downregulating pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expression.

Relationships of quality indices with wooden breast myopathy severity in chicken breast meat under refrigerated storage

1. This study investigated the relationships of quality indices with the severity of wooden breast (WB) myopathy in chicken breast meat under refrigerated storage. The physicochemical properties, water-holding capacity (WHC), microbial quality and fatty acid profiles of normal chicken breast meat samples (NOR samples, n = 63), moderate WB (MWB, n = 63) myopathy and severe WB (SWB, n = 63) myopathy (MWB and SWB samples, respectively) were evaluated immediately after sampling and after 4 and 8 d of refrigerated storage at 4°C.2. Total collagen, fat, saturated and monounsaturated fatty acid contents, redness and pH of the SWB and MWB samples were higher than the NOR samples. The SWB samples that were stored for 8 d had poor WHC, total viable counts (TVC) of higher than 7.0log colony-forming units, total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) content of greater than 15 mg/100 g and a thiobarbituric acid - reactive substance level of higher than 1 mg/kg malondialdehyde.3. No significant difference was observed in the TVB-N content and TVC of the MWB and NOR samples during storage. Polyunsaturated fatty acid content was lower in the SWB and MWB samples than in the NOR samples. The SWB samples were tougher than the MWB and NOR samples after 8 d of refrigeration.4. In conclusion, the quality of chicken breast meat with SWB myopathy degraded considerably over time; thus, such meat should not be subjected to extended refrigeration for storage.

Mechanisms of intestinal epithelial cell damage by Clostridiumperfringens

Clostridium perfringens, a Gram-positive bacterium, causes intestinal diseases in humans and livestock through its toxins, related to alpha toxin (CPA), beta toxin (CPB), C. perfringens enterotoxin (CPE), epsilon toxin (ETX), Iota toxin (ITX), and necrotic enteritis B-like toxin (NetB). These toxins disrupt intestinal barrier, leading to various cell death mechanisms such as necrosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis. Additionally, non-toxin factors like adhesins and degradative enzymes contribute to virulence by enhancing colonization and survival of C. perfringens. A vicious cycle of intestinal barrier breach, misregulated cell death, and subsequent inflammation is at the heart of chronic inflammatory and infectious gastrointestinal diseases. Understanding these mechanisms is essential for developing targeted therapies against C. perfringens-associated intestinal diseases.

Data-independent acquisition-based SWATH-MS proteomics profiling to decipher the impact of farming system and chicken strain and discovery of biomarkers of authenticity in organic versus antibiotic-free chicken meat

In the literature, there is a paucity of methods and tools that allow the identification of biomarkers of authenticity to discriminate organic and non-organic chicken meat products. Shotgun proteomics is a powerful tool that allows the investigation of the entire proteome of a muscle and/or meat sample. In this study, a shotgun proteomics approach using Sequential Window Acquisition of All Theoretical Mass Spectra (SWATH-MS) has been applied for the first time to characterize and identify candidate protein biomarkers of authenticity in post-mortem chicken Pectoralis major muscles produced under organic and non-organic farming systems (antibiotic-free). The proteomics characterization was further performed within two chicken strains, these being Ross 308 and Ranger Classic, which differ in their growth rate. From the candidate protein biomarkers, the bioinformatics enrichment analyses revealed significant differences in the muscle proteome between the two chicken strains, which may be related to their genetic background and rearing conditions. The results further provided novel insights on the potential interconnected pathways at interplay that are associated with the differences as a consequence of farming system of chicken strain, such as muscle contraction and energy metabolism. This study could pave the way to more in-depth investigations in proteomics applications to assess chicken meat authenticity and better understand the impact of farming systems on the chicken muscle and meat quality.

Effect of wet-aging on meat quality and exudate metabolome changes in different beef muscles

The aim of this study was to evaluate meat quality and changes in the meat exudate metabolome of different beef muscles (5 d postmortem, longissimus lumborum and psoas major muscles) during wet-aging (additional 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 d of aging). Shear force of meat declined significantly (P < 0.001) with aging, meanwhile, increased myofibril fragmentation index, lipid and protein oxidation with aging were observed (P < 0.01). Psoas major (PM) showed significantly higher (P < 0.05) purge loss, centrifugal loss, and cooking loss, as well as higher tenderness and more severe lipid and protein oxidation (P < 0.01) than longissimus lumborum (LL) during aging. Principal component analysis of the metabolomic profiles revealed distinct clusters according to the period of aging and the type of muscle simultaneously. Overabundant amino acids, peptides, oxidized fatty acids, and hydroxy fatty acids were found in long-term aged meat exudates, and forty metabolites were significantly correlated with meat quality characteristics. Fifty-nine metabolites were significantly affected by muscle type. These results demonstrated the potential possibility of evaluating meat quality using meat exudate metabolomics.

Effect of Ginger Root Extract on Intestinal Oxidative Status and Mucosal Morphometrics in Broiler Chickens

This study was designed to assess the effect of ginger root extract (GRE) supplementation on the oxidative status and intestinal mucosal development in broiler chickens for 6 weeks. Day-old chicks (Ross 708 strain, n = 432) were distributed into six treatments with six replicate of twelve birds each: Negative CON (basal), MX (basal diet + bacitracin methylene disalicylate (BMD) 0.055 g/kg diet), GRE-1 (basal diet + 0.375% GRE), GRE-2 (basal diet + 0.75% GRE), GRE-3 (basal diet + 1.5% GRE), GRE-4 (basal diet + 3% GRE). Growth indices, goblets cell count, mucin (MUC2) in ileum tissue, antioxidant (SOD, CAT, and GPX) in ileum and liver, biological antioxidant potential (BAP), and reactive oxygen metabolite level in blood and intestinal villi measurement were determined. Body weight (BW) was highest (p < 0.05) in all groups except GRE-4, body weight gain (BWG) was best in GRE-1, while FCR was least in all groups except GRE-4. Optimum MUC2 gene expression, SOD, CAT, blood antioxidants, and intestinal morphometric values were observed in GRE-3. The inclusion of ginger root extract up to 1.5% improved growth and reduced oxidative stress while enhancing mucosal development in broiler chicks.

Heat shock proteins as a key defense mechanism in poultry production under heat stress conditions

Over the past years, the poultry industry has been assigned to greater production performance but has become highly sensitive to environmental changes. The average world temperature has recently risen and is predicted to continue rising. In open-sided houses, poultry species confront high outside temperatures, which cause heat stress (HS) problems. Cellular responses are vital in poultry, as they may lead to identifying confirmed HS biomarkers. Heat shock proteins (HSP) are highly preserved protein families that play a significant role in cell function and cytoprotection against various stressors, including HS. The optimal response in which the cell survives the HS elevates HSP levels that prevent cellular proteins from damage caused by HS. The HSP have chaperonic action to ensure that stress-denatured proteins are folded, unfolded, and refolded. The HSP70 and HSP90 are the primary HSP in poultry with a defensive function during HS. HSP70 was the optimal biological marker for assessing HS among the HSP studied. The current review attempts to ascertain the value of HSP as a heat stress defense mechanism in poultry.

Integrated metabolome and microbiome analysis reveals the effect of rumen-protected sulfur-containing amino acids on the meat quality of Tibetan sheep meat

Introduction

This study investigated the effects of rumen-protected sulfur-containing amino acids (RPSAA) on the rumen and jejunal microbiota as well as on the metabolites and meat quality of the longissimus lumborum (LL) in Tibetan sheep.

Methods

By combining 16S rDNA sequencing with UHPLC-Q-TOF MS and Pearson correlation analysis, the relationship between gastrointestinal microbiota, muscle metabolites and meat quality was identified.

Results

The results showed that feeding RPSAA can increase the carcass weight, abdominal fat thickness (AP-2 group), and back fat thickness (AP-2 and AP-3 group) of Tibetan sheep. The water holding capacity (WHC), texture, and shear force (SF) of LL in the two groups also increased although the fatty acids content and brightness (L*) value significantly decreased in the AP-2 group. Metabolomics and correlation analysis further showed that RPSAA could significantly influence the metabolites in purine metabolism, thereby affecting L* and SF. In addition, RPSAA was beneficial for the fermentation of the rumen and jejunum. In both groups, the abundance of Prevotella 1, Lachnospiraceae NK3A20 group, Prevotella UCG-003, Lachnospiraceae ND3007 group in the rumen as well as the abundance of Eubacterium nodatum group and Mogibacterium group in the jejunum increased. In contrast, that of Turicibacter pathogens in the jejunum was reduced. The above microorganisms could regulate meat quality by regulating the metabolites (inosine, hypoxanthine, linoleic acid, palmitic acid, etc.) in purine and fatty acids metabolism.

Discussion

Overall, reducing the levels of crude proteins in the diet and feeding RPSAA is likely to improve the carcass quality of Tibetan sheep, with the addition of RPMET (AP-2) yielding the best edible quality, possibly due to its ability to influence the gastrointestinal microbiota to subsequently regulate muscle metabolites.

Effects of Dietary Supplementation with Caesalpinia sappan Linn. Extract for Promoting Flock Health and Performance in Late-Phase Laying Hens

The present study investigated the effects of dietary supplementation of Caesalpinia sappan Linn Extract (CSE) on the health and productive performance of late-phase laying hens on farms. Proximate composition and antioxidant markers of CSE powder revealed favorable characteristics with high total dry matter; phenolic content, and antioxidant potency. Three hundred and sixty (64-week-old) Hy-line Brown hens were divided into five groups with 0 (control diet), 250, 500, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg CSE, respectively. The laying performance and egg quality of the CSE supplementation groups demonstrated significant improvements in egg weight and albumin weight (p < 0.05), and a tendency for enhanced egg mass and feed conversion ratio. Additionally, the intestinal morphostructural indices in the 2000 mg CSE/kg diet group showed the greatest statistical significance (p < 0.05), with a detectable trend suggesting an increase in the villus height to crypt depth ratio. In addition, significant downregulation of proinflammatory genes occurred in their liver tissues, coupled with a greater expression of genes linked to antioxidants and anti-inflammatory processes. Furthermore, the blood biochemical parameters and the organ weights may suggest a favorable safety profile of CSE supplementation. These findings highlight the potential of CSE as a dietary supplement to enhance the productive performance and flock health of late-phase laying hens. Further research is warranted to explore the long-term effects and optimal dosage of CSE supplementation for laying hens in farming practices.

The physiological function of squalene and its application prospects in animal husbandry

Squalene, which is a natural triterpenoid unsaturated hydrocarbon, is abundant in shark liver and plant seeds. Squalene has various physiological functions such as being anti-inflammatory and antioxidant. This paper reviews the physiological functions of squalene and its application prospects in livestock and poultry production, with a view to providing a theoretical basis for its in-depth application in animal husbandry.

The antioxidative influence of dietary creatine monohydrate and L-carnitine on laying performance, egg quality, ileal microbiota, blood biochemistry, and redox status of stressed laying quails

The experiment was implemented to assess the influence of dietary supplementation of laying quails with creatine monohydrate (CrM), L-carnitine (CAR) and their mixture (CrMCAR) as antioxidants against oxidative stress (OS) induced by 2.5 ppm lead acetate (LA) in drinking water on productive, physiological and microbial aspects. In total, 400 laying quail females at 10 wk of age were divided into a randomized design with 5 groups and 4 replicates of 20 birds each. Birds were fed ad libitum with a balanced diet for 8 wk. The control group was kept under no-stress conditions and was given fresh water without any additives (G1). While birds in other groups were exposed to OS induced experimentally by 2.5 ppm LA in drinking water with no feed additive (G2) or supplemented with 500 mg/kg CrM (G3) or 500 mg/kg CAR (G4) or combination of 250 mg/kg each of CrM and CAR (CrMCAR, G5) to feed mixture. Compared to G2, G5 demonstrated the reduction (P ≤ 0.05) of feed conversion ratio, feed intake, mortality and ileal total coliform, as well as serum and egg malondialdehyde and serum lipid hydroperoxide, uric acid, glucose, cholesterol, enzymatic activities (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, creatine phosphokinase, γ-glutamyl transferase), and heterophils/lymphocytes ratio. In the meanwhile, there was an increase (P ≤ 0.05) in egg production, egg mass, and weight with the improvement of egg quality, serum sex hormones level and ileal lactic acid bacteria for G5 followed by G4 and G3. Moreover, G5 enhanced (P ≤ 0.05), the total antioxidant capacity of egg and serum glutathione, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, protein and calcium levels. Therefore, dietary CrMCAR, CAR and CrM have analogous influence to control by improving the antioxidant and physiological parameters which resulted in better productive performance and egg characteristics of stressed quails. These antioxidants, especially in their equal combination, are beneficial to alleviate oxidative stress incidence and can be recommended for poultry feeding under various aspects of environmental stresses.

The role of phytogenic feed additives in stress mitigation in broiler chickens

The increase in global temperature and consumers' welfare has increased the use of phytogenic feed additives (PFA) to mitigate the negative effects of heat stress on chickens in recent years. Various bioactive compounds capable of improving the thermotolerance of broiler chickens during exposure to thermal challenges have been identified in different plant species and parts. This review is an overview of the roles of bioactive compounds of different PFA, such as polyphenols and flavonoids, antioxidants, growth-promoting and immune-modulating agents, in heat stress management in broiler chickens. Common PFA in use, particularly in tropical environments, are also discussed. An understanding of the roles of the PFA in chickens' thermotolerance could further stimulate interest in their use, thereby improving the birds' productivity and addressing consumers' concerns. This review collates the existing data on the roles of herbs in mitigating heat stress on chickens and highlights future research perspectives.

Review: The role of heat shock proteins in chicken: Insights into stress adaptation and health

This review article aimed to provide readers with a comprehensive understanding of the function of heat shock proteins (HSPs) in chicken physiology, stress response, and overall poultry health. With the increasing challenges faced by the livestock industry, particularly the poultry sector, due to climate change-induced high ambient temperatures, heat stress (HS) has become a critical concern. HS disrupts the thermal balance in poultry, leading to detrimental effects on growth, immune function, and overall health. HSPs play a pivotal role in mitigating the impacts of HS in chickens. These molecular chaperones are involved in protein folding, unfolding, and assembly, and they are classified into several families based on their size, including small molecule HSPs, HSP40, HSP60, HSP70, HSP90, and HSP110. By maintaining cellular homeostasis and promoting stress tolerance, HSPs act as vital guardians in helping chickens cope with HS and its associated consequences. The review synthesized relevant literature to shed light on the importance of HSPs in stress adaptation, cellular homeostasis, and the maintenance of normal cell metabolism in chickens. The adverse effects of HS on chickens include oxidative stress and compromised immune systems, making them more susceptible to infections. So also, HS negatively affects production performance and meat quality in poultry. Understanding the functions of HSPs in chickens offers valuable insights into stress adaptation and health, and could potentially lead to the identification of HSP biomarkers, genetic selection for heat tolerance, investigations into the interplay between HSPs and immune function, and the development of nutritional interventions to enhance HSP activity. By exploring these potential research directions, the review aimed to contribute to the development of novel approaches to mitigate the negative effects of HS on poultry, ultimately improving productivity and animal welfare in a changing climate.

Replacement of Vitamin E by an Extract from an Olive Oil By-Product, Rich in Hydroxytyrosol, in Broiler Diets: Effects on Growth Performance and Breast Meat Quality

The hypothesis of this experiment was that a liquid rich in hydroxytyrosol (HT) obtained from "alperujo", an olive oil by-product, could replace part of the added vitamin E (VE) as an antioxidant in poultry diets. There were five diets that differed exclusively in the substitution of supplemental VE (0 to 40 mg/kg, with differences of 10 mg/kg) by HT (30 to 0 mg/kg, with differences of 7.5 mg/kg). The basal diet was based on corn and soybean meal and provided 10 mg VE/kg. From 0 to 39 d of age, the growth performance of the birds was not affected by diet. The birds were slaughtered at 39 d of age to evaluate the quality of the breast, and malonaldehyde concentration, pH, color, and drip loss were measured. In terms of meat lipid oxidation, the combination of 22.5 mg HT/kg and 10 mg of added VE/kg equalized to a diet supplemented with 40 mg VE/kg. Meat color improved in broilers fed 7.5 mg HT/kg and 30 mg VE/kg. It is concluded that once the nutritional requirements of the birds in VE are satisfied, the dietary supplementation with the olive oil by-product rich in HT can be used as a strategy to spare VE in broiler diets.