Effect of antioxidant inclusion and oil quality on broiler performance, meat quality, and lipid oxidation

Effects of peroxidized soybean oil on growth and energy digestibility in broilers

Peroxidized lipids have been shown to reduce broiler performance whereupon it was theorized that dietary peroxide value (PV) plus anisidine value (AnV) may be predictive of broiler performance. In experiment (EXP) 1, 64 pens (8 broilers/pen) were fed diets containing 8 levels of peroxidized soybean oil (SO). Broilers were fed diets from 7 to 35 d of age with 8 replications per dietary treatment. Broilers fed diets containing SO processed at 135°C resulted in a reduction in average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI, P ≤ 0.05) compared to birds fed diets containing the unheated SO while birds fed diets containing SO processed at 90°C resulted in a reduction in gain to feed (GF, P ≤ 0.05) compared to birds fed diets containing the unheated SO. Summarization of this data with published data resulted in significant (P ≤ 0.01) regression models for relative ADG [ADG, % = 101.9 - (0.05 × PV) - (0.30 × AnV), SE = 4.1, R2 = 0.43], ADFI [ADFI, % = 101.7 - (0.09 × PV) - (0.19 × AnV), SE = 3.3, R2 = 0.32], and GF [GF, % = 100.4 + (0.05 × PV) - (0.14 × AnV), SE = 2.6, R2 = 0.27], albeit PV was not a significant regression parameter (P ≥ 0.36) for any equation. In EXP 2, the TMEn of four different SO was determined using the precision-fed rooster assay. Diets consisted of ground corn with SO added at 0, 7.5 or 15 % of the diet at the expense of ground corn with 4 roosters per treatment. Relative bioavailability (RBV) was determined using slope-ratio methodology where it was determined that the reduction in the RBV of peroxidized SO ranged from 12 to 29 percent compared to the unheated SO sample. These data suggests that bird performance relative to birds consuming unperoxidized lipids can be predicted based on dietary levels of PV and AnV, although the slopes for performance decline are relatively flat with the combination of PV and AnV accounting for 27 to 43 % of the response variable variance.

Oxidative Stress in Poultry and the Therapeutic Role of Herbal Medicine in Intestinal Health

The intensive broiler farming model has accelerated the development of the poultry farming industry. However, it has also inevitably brought about many stressors that lead to oxidative stress in the organism. The intestine is the leading site of nutrient digestion, absorption, and metabolism, as well as a secretory and immune organ. Oxidative stress in animal production can harm the intestine, potentially leading to significant losses for the farming industry. Under conditions of oxidative stress, many free radicals are produced in the animal's body, attacking the intestinal mucosal tissues and destroying the barrier integrity of the intestinal tract, leading to disease. Recently, herbs have been shown to have a favorable safety profile and promising application in improving intestinal oxidative stress in poultry. Therefore, future in-depth studies on the specific mechanisms of herbs and their extracts for treating intestinal oxidative stress can provide a theoretical basis for the clinical application of herbs and new therapeutic options for intestinal oxidative stress injury during poultry farming. This review focuses on the causes and hazards of oxidative stress in the intestinal tract of poultry, and on herbs and their extracts with therapeutic potential, to provide a reference for developing and applying new antioxidants.

Insight into the Gut-Brain Axis and the Productive Performance and Egg Quality Response to Kudzu Leaf Flavonoid Supplementation in Late-Laying Hens

(1) Background: Improving feed efficiency and the vitality of the reproductive system in the late stage of the egg-laying period is of great significance for prolonging the egg-laying cycle and improving egg quality. In the present study, a new flavonoid, which was extracted from kudzu leaf, was chosen to investigate its effects on the productive performance and egg quality of late-laying hens. (2) Methods: A total of 360 500-day-old Hy-Line Brown layer hens were randomly divided into a control treatment group (no KLF supplementation), and groups that received 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, 0.8%, and 1.0% KLF supplement treatments. Each treatment contained 6 replicates, with 10 hens in each replicate. Productive performance metrics, including the daily egg production, egg weight, the number of deformed eggs, egg quality, egg density, egg shape index, eggshell strength, yolk color, and the Haugh unit, were meticulously recorded for each replicate. Furthermore, microbial communities and hypothalamus gene expressions were investigated based on the results of the productive performance and egg quality. (3) Results: KLF supplementation significantly decreased the deformity rate while significantly increasing the eggshell strength in the finishing phase afterward (p < 0.05). Specifically, hens supplemented with 0.6% KLF possessed the lowest deformed egg rate. KLF supplementation significantly increased the relative abundances of Bifidobacterium sp., Blautia sp., Lactococcus sp., and Lactobacillus sp., while significantly decreasing Parasutterella sp. and Escherichia-Shigella sp. (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the interactive analysis showed the hypothalamus gene expression mainly interacted with probiotics, such as Bifidobacterium sp. and Lactobacillus sp., through ribosome biogenesis, nucleocytoplasmic transport, and cAMP signaling pathways. (4) Conclusions: The findings of the present study indicate that KLF supplementation significantly proliferated probiotics, such as Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus, which may have further interacted with hypothalamus genes, thus decreasing the deformity rate while increasing eggshell strength in the finishing phase.

Effects of dietary supplementation of cobiotic based on Agave fructans on growth performance, blood parameters, oxidative damage and immune status of broiler

This study evaluated the effect of cobiotic (CO) composed of organic fructans powder of Agave tequilana and turmeric powder of Curcuma longa L. as an alternative of antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) on growth performance, blood parameters, intestinal pH, oxidative stress, and cytokines serum levels of broiler chickens. A total of 135 one-day-old Ross 308 broilers distributed to five experimental groups, which included starter or finisher standard diets without AGPs (CON), CON + 0.25 COLI-ZIN g/kg feed (AGP), CON + 0.1 g Agave fructans/kg feed (AF), CON + 0.5 g turmeric powder/kg feed (TP) and CON + 0.1 g AF + 0.5 g TP /kg feed (CO), for 49 days. AF followed by TP, decreased feed intake, obtaining the best FCR. AGP increased the heterophil-lymphocyte ratio compared to other groups. CO significantly decreased the pH of the cecal content. AF increased IL-10 levels, while TP decreased it. AF decreased the IL-1β levels. The present study showed that including a cobiotic based on AF and TP or components separately in a broilers diet improved growth performance, modified intestinal and cecum pH, and stimulated the immune system, which suggests CO as a safe alternative to AGP.

Effects of Complex Antioxidants Added to Chicken Diet on Growth Performance, Serum Biochemical Indices, Meat Quality, and Antioxidant Capacity

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of diets supplemented with various levels of complex antioxidants (CA) containing tertiary butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) and tea polyphenols (TP) on growth performance, meat quality of breast and leg muscles, serum biochemistry, and antioxidant capacity of serum, liver, breast meat, jejunum, and ileum in broilers. A total of 600 one-day-old Arbor Acres male broilers with similar body weights were randomly divided into three groups (10 replicates/group, 20 broilers/replicate). Birds in the three experimental groups were fed a basal diet with CA at 0, 300, and 500 mg/kg. The results showed that supplementing with 300 mg/kg CA significantly increased (p < 0.05) 42 d BW and 22-42 d ADG, and markedly decreased (p < 0.05) 22-42 d F: G ratio in comparison to the control group. Birds fed a diet with 300 mg/kg CA had a higher (p < 0.05) pH of chicken meat at 24 h and 48 h post mortem and lower (p < 0.05) yellowness values (b*) of chicken meat at 45 min and 24 h post mortem, along with a lower (p < 0.05) cooking loss. Supplementing with 300 mg/kg CA significantly increased (p < 0.05) serum and liver T-SOD activity, serum T-AOC level, as well as jejunual GST activity, and significantly decreased (p < 0.05) liver MDA content when compared with the control group. These results indicate that diet supplementation with 300 mg/kg CA containing TBHQ and TP could improve growth performance and meat quality by increasing the antioxidant capacity of broilers.

Puerarin Alleviates Oxidized Oil-Induced Oxidative Injury and Inflammation via Inhibition of the Nrf2/Keap1 and HMGB1/TLR4/MAPK Signaling Pathways: An Investigation in a Chicken Model

SCOPE

Puerarin has possessed a wide range of pharmacological activities. However, little is known about the protective effects of puerarin on the oxidized oil-induced injury. Here, the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of puerarin are described using a chicken model.

METHODS AND RESULTS

A total of 360 broilers are arranged in four treatments. Diets include two types of soybean oil (fresh or oxidized) and two levels of puerarin (0 or 750 mg kg-1 ). Results show that puerarin alleviates oxidized soybean oil-induced hepatic and thymic oxidative injury. This effect is observed by increasing the SOD activity and the expressions of Nrf2 signaling pathway-related genes and reducing the MDA content in the liver and thymus. Moreover, puerarin supplementation decreases the concentrations and mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory factors in the liver and thymus. The potential mechanism responsible for this is the decrease in the mRNA or protein levels of HMGB1, TLR4, MyD88, and p65 in the liver or thymus. Western blotting results indicate that puerarin also decreases the phosphorylation of JNK1/2, ERK1/2, and p38 in the liver and thymus.

CONCLUSION

This study demonstrates puerarin may be a potential nutrient supplement in the treatment of oxidized oil-induced damage, and the Nrf2/Keap1 and HMGB1/TLR4/MAPK signaling pathways might be its important target.

Assessing different oil sources efficacy in reducing environmental heat-stress effects via improving performance, digestive enzymes, antioxidant status, and meat quality

Adding oil to the feed of genetically improved broilers is necessary to provide energy requirements, in addition to enhancing metabolism, growth performance, immune response. This study aims to reveal the effect of adding different oil sources in the diets of broilers exposed to environmental heat stress on performance, digestibility, oxidative status, plasma lipids, fatty acids content, and meat quality. Six hundred twenty-five one-day-old broiler chicks were randomly distributed to five groups as follows: the first group fed a diet without oil (CON) as a control, while the second to the fifth group fed a diet containing soy oil (SO), corn oil (CO), olive oil (OO), and fish oil (FO), respectively. Results indicated a significant deterioration in growth performance, carcass traits, and oxidative state with a significant decrease in carcass quality in heat-stressed chickens fed the CON diet. Results showed increased growth, enhanced feed conversion ratio, and carcass dressing in broilers fed the oil-supplemented diet compared to the control diet, however, the digestive enzymes activity was not affected by receiving an oil-supplemented diet. The best performance was in chickens fed OO and SO, compared with FO and CO. Plasma aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) increased in broilers fed an oil-supplemented diet. Plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) remarkably increased in broilers fed OO, whereas the malondialdehyde (MDA) decreased compared to the other groups. Adding different dietary oil sources enhanced the breast muscle's fatty acid composition. Broiler diets supplemented with oils positively affected meat quality by enhancing color measurements, and TBA values, while the best were in chicken fed OO. It was concluded that adding dietary oil at 3% in the diets of broiler chicken exposed to environmental heat stress positively affected growth performance, enhanced oxidative status, and meat quality, best results were in broilers fed a diet that included olive oil.

Blood lipid profiles, fatty acid deposition and expression of hepatic lipid and lipoprotein metabolism genes in laying hens fed palm oils, palm kernel oil, and soybean oil

The palm oil, palm kernel oil and soybean oil have unique and distinctive fatty acid chain length and saturation profiles, and how they affect lipid peroxidation, fatty acid intake and metabolism is worth exploring in poultry. This study elucidated the influence the dietary oils on lipid peroxidation, blood lipid profiles, fatty acid deposition of liver, serum and yolk and the expression of liver genes related to lipid and lipoprotein metabolism in laying hens. About 150 Hisex brown laying hens were fed diets containing crude palm oil (CPO), red palm oil (RPO), refined palm oil (RBD), palm kernel oil (PKO) or soybean oil (SBO) for 16 weeks. Serum, liver and yolk lipid peroxidation were not different between dietary oils. The PKO increased liver, serum and yolk medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA). There was no difference in liver saturated fatty acids (SFA). The CPO and RPO reduced serum SFA, but the PKO increased yolk SFA. The SBO increased polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in liver serum and yolk. No difference in liver elaidic acid (C18:1-trans), but SBO lowered elaidic acid (C18:1-trans) in serum. Higher very-low density lipoprotein (VLDL) in CPO than RPO and SBO and greater serum lipase in CPO, RBD and PKO than SBO. There was no difference in sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 (SREBP-II) between oils. Apolipoprotein VLDL-II (APOVLDL2) was upregulated in palm oils and apolipoprotein B-100 (APOB) in RBD. Downregulation in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPAR-α), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) and low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) was observed in palm oils and PKO. In conclusion, different dietary oils greatly influence several aspects of fatty acid metabolism, deposition and lipoprotein profiles but have no influence on reducing lipid peroxidation.

Mechanism determination on the interactive effects between host immunity and gut microbiome to resist consecutive hydrogen sulfide inhalation of laying hens

The study aims to investigate the underlying mechanism of the interactions between intestinal microbiota and host immunity-related parameters in response to H₂S inhalation of layer hens. A total of 180 healthy 300-day-old Lohmann pink hens with similar body weight were randomly allotted into the control (CON) and the hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) treatments for an 8-wk-long feeding procedure. Productive performances, antioxidant capacities, immunity-related parameters, blood metabolites, and cecal microbiota were measured to determine the physiological and gastrointestinal responses to H₂S treatment. Results showed that feed intake, egg production, eggshell strength, Haugh unit, and relative yolk weight significantly declined under H₂S treatment compared with CON (P < 0.05). Antioxidant and immunity-related parameters showed that glutathione peroxidase, IL-4, and TNF-α contents significantly decreased, whereas contents of IL-1β, IL-2, and IL-6 significantly increased after H₂S treatment (P < 0.05). Further metabolic results showed H₂S treatment upregulated 2-mercaptobenzothiazole, D-glucopyranuronic acid, deoxyuridine, cholic acid, and mimosine, etc., which mainly enriched into the pyrimidine metabolism, beta-alanine metabolism, valine, leucine, and isoleucine biosynthesis, and pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis pathways. Meanwhile, aceturic acid, 9-oxodecenoic acid, palmitoleic acid, lauric acid, linoleic acid, oleic acid, and valeric acid mainly contributed to the downregulated metabolites, and enriched into the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism, tryptophan metabolism and linoleic metabolism. Moreover, H₂S treatment significantly proliferated the relative abundances of Faecalibacterium, Ruminococcaceae, and Streptococcus, while decreased Prevotella, Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Clostridium, and Campylobacter (P < 0.05). The altered bacteria were functionally enriched in the carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and metabolism of cofactors and vitamins pathways. H₂S treatment also significantly downregulated the expression of ZO-1, Claudin 4, and Claudin 7 (P < 0.05). In summary, intestinal microbial communities altered significantly to make proper adaptations in interacting with the host immune systems through the immunity-related metabolites secretion, and epithelial tight-junction-related genes expressions, purposely to regulate the productive performance under hydrogen sulfide inhalation.

Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidative Phytogenic Substances against Secret Killers in Poultry: Current Status and Prospects

Chronic stress is recognized as a secret killer in poultry. It is associated with systemic inflammation due to cytokine release, dysbiosis, and the so-called leaky gut syndrome, which mainly results from oxidative stress reactions that damage the barrier function of the cells lining the gut wall. Poultry, especially the genetically selected broiler breeds, frequently suffer from these chronic stress symptoms when exposed to multiple stressors in their growing environments. Since oxidative stress reactions and inflammatory damages are multi-stage and long-term processes, overshooting immune reactions and their down-stream effects also negatively affect the animal's microbiota, and finally impair its performance and commercial value. Means to counteract oxidative stress in poultry and other animals are, therefore, highly welcome. Many phytogenic substances, including flavonoids and phenolic compounds, are known to exert anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. In this review, firstly, the main stressors in poultry, such as heat stress, mycotoxins, dysbiosis and diets that contain oxidized lipids that trigger oxidative stress and inflammation, are discussed, along with the key transcription factors involved in the related signal transduction pathways. Secondly, the most promising phytogenic substances and their current applications to ameliorate oxidative stress and inflammation in poultry are highlighted.

Identification of Protective Amino Acid Metabolism Events in Nursery Pigs Fed Thermally Oxidized Corn Oil

Feeding thermally oxidized lipids to pigs has been shown to compromise growth and health, reduce energy digestibility, and disrupt lipid metabolism. However, the effects of feeding oxidized lipids on amino acid metabolism in pigs have not been well defined even though amino acids are indispensable for the subsistence of energy metabolism, protein synthesis, the antioxidant system, and many other functions essential for pig growth and health. In this study, oxidized corn oil (OCO)-elicited changes in amino acid homeostasis of nursery pigs were examined by metabolomics-based biochemical analysis. The results showed that serum and hepatic free amino acids and metabolites, including tryptophan, threonine, alanine, glutamate, and glutathione, as well as associated metabolic pathways, were selectively altered by feeding OCO, and more importantly, many of these metabolic events possess protective functions. Specifically, OCO activated tryptophan-nicotinamide adenosine dinucleotide (NAD⁺) synthesis by the transcriptional upregulation of the kynurenine pathway in tryptophan catabolism and promoted adenine nucleotide biosynthesis. Feeding OCO induced oxidative stress, causing decreases in glutathione (GSH)/oxidized glutathione (GSSG) ratio, carnosine, and ascorbic acid in the liver but simultaneously promoted antioxidant responses as shown by the increases in hepatic GSH and GSSG as well as the transcriptional upregulation of GSH metabolism-related enzymes. Moreover, OCO reduced the catabolism of threonine to α-ketobutyrate in the liver by inhibiting the threonine dehydratase (TDH) route. Overall, these protective metabolic events indicate that below a certain threshold of OCO consumption, nursery pigs are capable of overcoming the oxidative stress and metabolic challenges posed by the consumption of oxidized lipids by adjusting antioxidant, nutrient, and energy metabolism, partially through the transcriptional regulation of amino acid metabolism.

Protective effects of Fagopyrum dibotrys on oxidized oil-induced oxidative stress, intestinal barrier impairment, and altered cecal microbiota in broiler chickens

The objective of this study was to evaluate protective effects of Fagopyrum dibotrys on antioxidant ability, intestinal barrier functions, and cecal microbiota in broiler chickens fed oxidized soybean oil. A total of 640 male Tiejiaoma broilers were randomly assigned to 8 treatments with 8 cages (10 birds per cage), as follows: birds fed basal diets containing fresh soybean oil and 0, 0.5, 1, or 2% F. dibotrys (FSCON, FSFAL, FSFAM, and FSFAH, respectively), and birds fed basal diets containing oxidized oil and 0, 0.5, 1, or 2% F. dibotrys (OSCON, OSFAL, OSFAM, and OSFAH). Oxidized oil significantly decreased transcription of Nrf2 and its downstream genes, including CAT and SOD1 in the jejunal mucosa, increased jejunal mucosa IL-6 mRNA expression, and decreased jejunal mucosa IL-22 mRNA expression and downregulated Claudin-1 and ZO-1; however, all these effects were reversed by F. dibotrys. Either 1 or 2% F. dibotrys alleviated the decreased liver SOD induced by oxidized oil on d 42. The decreased SOD and GPX, and increased MDA induced by oxidized oil were reversed by adding 1 or 2% F. dibotrys in jejunal mucosa. In addition, based on 16S rDNA, 2% F. dibotrys promoted the Firmicutes phylum and Candidatus_Arthromitus genera, but suppressed the Proteobacteria phylum and Streptococcus, Enterococcus, and Escherichia genera. In summary, oxidative stress induced by oxidized oil was ameliorated by F. dibotrys upregulating transcription of Nrf2 and its downstream genes to restore redox balance, reinforcing the intestinal barrier via higher expression of Claudin-1/ZO-1, ameliorating the inflammatory response by regulating expression of IL-6 and IL-22, and facilitating growth of Candidatus_arthromitus in the cecum. Therefore, F. dibotrys has potential as a feed additive for poultry by ameliorating oxidative stress caused by oxidized oil, enhancing barrier function, and improving gut microbiome composition.

Dietary puerarin supplementation improves immune function in the small intestines of oxidized oil-challenged broilers

Puerarin has possessed a wide range of pharmacological activities. However, little is known about the protective effects of puerarin on the oxidized oil-induced injury. Here, we describe the anti-inflammatory effects of puerarin in chickens. A total of 360 broilers were arranged in four treatments. Diets included two types of soybean oil (fresh or oxidized) and two levels of puerarin (0 or 750 mg/kg). Results showed that puerarin alleviated oxidized soybean oil-induced intestinal immune injury by decreasing the expressions of HSP and pro-inflammatory factor (P < 0.05) and enhancing the mRNA levels of anti-inflammatory factor and CATH-1 (P < 0.05) in broilers. Moreover, puerarin supplementation decreased the mRNA abundances of TLR4 and MyD88 (P < 0.05) and upregulated the expressions of A20 and SOCS-1 (P < 0.05) in the small intestine of oxidized soybean oil-challenged broilers. Collectively, this study demonstrates puerarin may be a potential nutrient supplement in the treatment of oxidized oil-induced damage in poultry.

Effects of supplementation of pomegranate processing by-products and waste cooking oils as alternative feed resources in broiler nutrition

Agricultural residues can be used as alternative feed sources in industrial chicken production. The impacts of different levels of pomegranate peel and waste cooking oil as an agricultural residue on broilers' nutrition were investigated. Results showed that the replacement of 8% pomegranate peel in diets decreased the growth performance of broilers. Supplementing 8% pomegranate peel in diets reduced apparent nutrient digestibility. The highest level of waste oil inclusion in broiler diets indicated negative impacts on apparent zmetabolizable energy and crude fat apparent nutrients digestibility. Broilers fed the diet containing 4% pomegranate peel had a higher Lactobacillus population. The results showed that the Lactobacillus population was lower in broilers fed 8% pomegranate peel powder and 4% waste oil in diets. The inclusion of 8% pomegranate peel powder in diets showed lower villus height and crypt depth in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The inclusion of 4% pomegranate peel decreased the peroxide value (PV) of meat. Dietary inclusion of 4% waste oil raised the PV of meat. Alpha-tocopherol supplementation decreased the PV of meat. Finally, the results provide information that 4% of pomegranate peel and 4% waste oil could be used as an alternative feed ingredient in broiler diets without adverse effects.

Impact of dietary inclusion of Chenopodium quinoa on growth performance and survival of Hubbard chicken

The poultry sector is the most vibrant segment of the agriculture system plays a vital role in the supply of healthy meat products. Broiler production effectiveness is greatly associated with feed formulation. Although, broiler exhibits a relatively fast growth rate, the nutritional profile of its meat has been criticized under conventional human dietary regimes. In the current study, the dietary inclusion of quinoa was assessed to improve broiler growth performance, carcass quality, and health by analyzing different growth, hematological and biochemical, immunological parameters. In the present study, the chicken was fed with 50 g/kg, 100 g/kg, and 200 g/kg quinoa enriched diets in two different experimental groups during the growth phase or finisher phase while chicken fed with diet without quinoa were as control. The 50 g/kg quinoa supplemented chicken group revealed a substantial difference in growth performance in comparison with the control group. In addition, the examination of quinoa dietary supplementation on carcass quality exhibited variable behavior. Further, all the study groups fed with quinoa during the growth phase revealed no remarkable difference in the hematological profile in contrast to the control group except for the chicken group fed (50 g/Kg) during the finisher phase for hemoglobin levels. Likewise, all the quinoa enriched diet given chicken groups showed no significant difference in serum biochemical profile in contrast to the control group except for the 50 g/Kg quinoa fed chicken group during the finisher phase for total globulin levels. In addition, the examination of quinoa dietary supplementation on the broiler serum lipid profile was also assessed and birds exhibited variable behavior as the result of quinoa dietary supplementation. Evaluation of short-term immune response after quinoa supplementation assessed and birds exhibited no marked significance on expression outcomes of interleukin/cytokines (IL 1 beta, IL-6, IL-10) assessed by qRT-PCR analysis. In conclusion, the dietary supplementation of broiler fed with quinoa seeds can enhance the growth performance and the carcass quality of broiler.

Fruit pomaces-their nutrient and bioactive components, effects on growth and health of poultry species, and possible optimization techniques

The ever-growing human population, coupled with the exigent need to meet the increasing demand for poultry meat and egg, has put the onus on poultry nutritionists and farmers to identify alternative feed ingredients that could assure the least-cost feed formulation. In addition, the public desire for non-antibiotic-treated poultry products has also necessitated the ultimate search for potent antibiotic alternatives for use in poultry production. While some identified alternatives are promising, their cost implications and technical know-how requirements may discourage their ease of adoption in poultry. The use of plants and/or their by-products, like fruit pomaces, present a pocket-friendly advantage and as a result, are gaining much interest. This is traceable to their rich phytochemical profile, nutritional composition, ready availability, and relatively cheap cost. The fruit juice and wine pressing industries generate a plethora of fruit wastes annually. Interestingly, fruit pomaces contain appreciable dietary fibre, protein, and phenolic compounds, and thus, their adoption could serve the poultry industry in dual capacities including as substitutes to antibiotics and some conventional feedstuff. Thus, there is a possibility to reduce fruit wastes produced and feed-cost in poultry farming from environmental and economical standpoints, respectively. This review seeks to provide reinforcing evidence on the applicability and impact of fruit pomaces in poultry nutrition.

DIETARY EMULSIFIER AND LIPID SOURCE ON BROILER MEAT QUALITY, LIPIDS AND SERUM ANTIOXIDANT STATUS

This study aimed to evaluate diets containing acid soybean oil in substitution to the degummed soybean oil, with or without emulsifier, on serum lipid composition, antioxidant protection, carcass yield and meat quality of broilers. 704 1-day-old male chicks were distributed in a 2 x 2 factorial arrengment (with or without emulsifier x two lipid sources – acid soybean oil (ASO) and degummed soybean oil (DSO)), with eight replicates. The dietary inclusion of ASO increased in 65.87% the serum activity of the superoxide dismutase at 21 days of age. The inclusion of the emulsifier reduced the tenderloins yield by 5.22% and the abdominal fat percentage by 10.20% of the birds at 49 days of age, interfering with serum LDL and triglyceride. There was an increase in the water holding capacity, greater yellow intensity (b*) 15 min post mortem and lower pH 24 h post mortem for meat from broilers fed diets containing DSO. Meat from broiler fed ASO with emulsifier showed lower shear force. The emulsifier did not provide additional metabolizable energy, as reflected by the reduced chicken tenderloin yield. The use of ASO provided better serum antioxidant status with no deleterious effects on the carcass and meat quality of broilers.

Effect of chelated source of additional zinc and selenium on performance, yolk fatty acid composition, and oxidative stability in laying hens fed with oxidised oil

1. The following study determined whether the effects of the combined addition of zinc amino acid complex (ZA) and selenomethionine (SM) was superior to their single addition in controlling the oxidative stress induced by dietary oxidised fat in laying hens.2. Two hundred and forty 32-week-old laying hens were divided into the following dietary treatments (each consisting of six replicates of eight birds): 1) a fresh soy oil (FSO) diet; 2) an oxidised soy oil (OSO) diet; 3) an OSO diet plus 20 mg zinc as ZA/kg (OSO+ZA); 4) an OSO diet plus 0.2 mg selenium as SM/kg (OSO+SM); and 5) an OSO diet plus ZA and SM (OSO+ZA+SM).3. After 10 weeks of feeding hens, feed intake, egg production, and egg mass in the OSO+ZA+SM group were similar to the FSO group but better (P<0.05) than those in the OSO group. Shell thickness and shell breaking strength were significantly improved by the OSO+ZA and OSO+ZA+SM treatments.4. Increases in the yolk concentrations of palmitic acid and total saturated fatty acids (SFA), and decreases in yolk linoleic acid, n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), total PUFA, and PUFA/SFA ratio were induced by dietary oxidised fat which were normalised (P<0.05) by OSO+SM and OSO+ZA+SM.5. An increase (P<0.05) in malondialdehyde and a decrease in 2,2-diphenyl-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity in the yolk, induced by dietary oxidised fat, was significantly improved by all dietary supplementations, but only birds fed the OSO+ZA+SM diet exhibited similar values to those fed FSO.6. In conclusion, the simultaneous inclusion of organic zinc plus selenium in the oxidised fat diets was beneficial for improving egg-laying performance, yolk fatty acid profile, and oxidative stability, but not for internal egg quality, compared with either zinc or selenium alone in laying hens.

Influence of dietary lycopene on growth performance, antioxidant status, blood parameters and mortality in broiler chicken with cold-induced ascites

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of dietary lycopene supplementation on growth performance and antioxidant status of broiler chickens exposed to cold environment to induce ascites. Three hundred male chickens were exposed full-day to cold stress (CT, 10°C) starting from day 15 of age until the end of experiment at day 42, while a positive control group (NT, 100 birds) was kept under normal temperature (23-25°C). The CT groups (three treatments and five replicates of 20 birds) were as follows: negative control (basal diet, CT) and CT + 200 or 400 mg lycopene per kg diet from 15 to 42 d of age. Results showed that CT without lycopene supplementation caused a reduction of feed intake and weight gain and increased the feed conversion ratio. Supplementation of lycopene during CT restored the performance to levels of the positive control, lowered the index of right ventricles/total ventricles and ascites mortality. Birds reared under CT had lower serum activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and higher malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration than birds reared under the NT environment. With lycopene supplementation, serum MDA level significantly decreased and the activity of SOD and GPx increased. Blood concentration of haematocrit, haemoglobin and red blood cells were decreased by the highest lycopene supplementation to a level comparable to NT. Moreover, increasing dietary lycopene level suppressed serum concentrations of cholesterol and enhanced high-density lipoproteins levels in blood. In conclusion, lycopene supplementation alleviates adverse effects of cold stress on performance through modulating activity of antioxidant enzymes in broiler chickens.

Managing the hazardous waste cooking oil by conversion into bioenergy through the application of waste-derived green catalysts: A review

Waste cooking oil (WCO) is a hazardous waste generated at staggering values globally. WCO disposal into various ecosystems, including soil and water, could result in severe environmental consequences. On the other hand, mismanagement of this hazardous waste could also be translated into the loss of resources given its energy content. Hence, finding cost-effective and eco-friendly alternative pathways for simultaneous management and valorization of WCO, such as conversion into biodiesel, has been widely sought. Due to its low toxicity, high biodegradability, renewability, and the possibility of direct use in diesel engines, biodiesel is a promising alternative to mineral diesel. However, the conventional homogeneous or heterogeneous catalysts used in the biodiesel production process, i.e., transesterification, are generally toxic and derived from non-renewable resources. Therefore, to boost the sustainability features of the process, the development of catalysts derived from renewable waste-oriented resources is of significant importance. In light of the above, the present work aims to review and critically discuss the hazardous WCO application for bioenergy production. Moreover, various waste-oriented catalysts used to valorize this waste are presented and discussed.

Effects of Thermally Oxidized Vegetable Oil on Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics, Gut Morphology, Nutrients Utilization, Serum Cholesterol and Meat Fatty Acid Profile in Broilers

The impacts of dietary levels of oxidized vegetable (sunflower) oil on growth performance, gut morphology, nutrients utilization, serum cholesterol and meat fatty acid profile were evaluated in Ross 308 straight-run (n = 192) day-old broilers. The broilers were arbitrarily distributed among four dietary treatments including; FVO: fresh vegetable oil (1 mEq kg−1), LOO: low oxidized (20 mEq kg−1), MOO: moderately oxidized (40 mEq kg−1), and HOO: highly oxidized vegetable oil (60 mEq kg−1) with 5% inclusion containing six replicates. Results revealed that the broilers consuming MOO and HOO based diets showed reduced (p = 0.05) feed intake, body weight gain and carcass weight accompanied by a poorer feed conversion ratio than those consuming FVO. Villus height, villus height to crypt depth ratio, ileal digestibility of crude protein (p = 0.041), crude fat (p = 0.032) and poly unsaturated fatty acids (p = 0.001) in thigh muscles were decreased, whereas crypt depth (p = 0.001), serum cholesterol levels (p = 0.023) and short chain fatty acids (p = 0.001) were increased (p < 0.001) by increasing dietary oxidation level. In conclusion, MOO and HOO exerted deleterious effects on growth, carcass weight, gut development and nutrients utilization. Low oxidized vegetable oil (20 mEq kg−1), however, with minimum negative effects can be used as a cost effective energy source in poultry diets.

Immune response and antioxidant status of broilers as influenced by oxidized vegetable oil and pomegranate peel

The experiment was designed as a 3 × 3 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments, including (i) pomegranate peel (zero, 4%, and 8 percent), (ii) oxidized soybean oil (zero, 2%, and 4 percent), and (iii) alpha-tocopherol (zero and 200 mg/kg). Supplementation of 8% pomegranate peel in diets significantly decreased the growth performance of broiler chickens. The supplementation of 4% oxidized oil in diets significantly reduced body weight gain and Feed intake whole experimental period (p < 0.05). The results showed that supplementation of 4% pomegranate peel in the diet was associated with low aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase, and malondialdehyde (MDA). However, 4% pomegranate peel increased the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities. The supplemental 4% oxidized oil increased the serum AST, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and MDA concentrations. TAC, SOD, and Catalase (CAT) activities were affected by 4% oxidized oil and alpha-tocopherol. The use of oxidized oil and vitamin E decreased MDA concentration. The serum glucose and globulin concentrations were significantly lower in the 8% pomegranate peel. The results showed that supplementation with 4% pomegranate peel in diets reduced serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL). The inclusion of 4% oxidized oil in diets reduced serum glucose and increased the blood lipid concentration such as triglyceride, cholesterol and LDL. Vitamin E supplementation reduced the serum cholesterol and LDL concentrations. The use of 8% pomegranate peel reduced red blood cell (RBC), hemoglobin, and packed cell value (PCV). The results indicated that supplementation with 8% pomegranate peel and 4% oxidized oil in diets decreased the immunoglobulin concentration in broilers. In addition, it was found that the inclusion of 4% pomegranate peel in diets resulted in higher IgG, IgM and total immunoglobulin. Pomegranate peel supplementation significantly decreased meat MDA concentration. Supplementation of 4% oxidized oil increased MDA of meat (p < 0.05). Vitamin E supplementation (200 mg/kg) significantly decreased MDA of meat (p < 0.05). Consequently, the results of this experiment showed that supplementation with 4% pomegranate peel had beneficial effects on broiler chickens. It was also found that feeding 2% oxidized oil in diets had no adverse effect on broilers.

Effect of dietary red grape pomace on growth performance, hematology, serum biochemistry, and meat quality parameters in Hy-line Silver Brown cockerels

Red grape (Vitis vinifera L.) pomace’s (RGP) beneficial bioactive compounds could improve growth and meat quality traits in chickens and thus valorize RGP waste that is usually disposed in landfills to the detriment of the environment. This study investigated the effect of RGP inclusion in diets of Hy-line Silver Brown cockerels on physiological and meat quality responses. Five isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets were formulated by mixing a standard grower diet with RGP at 0 (G0), 15 (G15), 30 (G30), 45 (G45) and 60 g/kg (G60). A total of 250, 5-week-old cockerels (304.6 ± 6.57 g live-weight) were evenly allocated to 25 pens replicated 5 times per experimental diet. No linear and quadratic trends (P > 0.05) were observed for overall feed intake, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, and meat quality traits as dietary RGP levels increased. Erythrocytes linearly decreased (P < 0.05), whereas mean corpuscular hemoglobin and urea linearly increased (P < 0.05) with RGP levels. There were significant quadratic effects for glucose, phosphorus, total protein, albumin, globulin, and cholesterol, from which a maximum RGP inclusion level was calculated to be 43 g/kg. In conclusion, dietary red grape pomace had no adverse effect on physiological parameters and meat quality traits of Hy-line Silver Brown cockerels. However, including red grape pomace beyond 43 g/kg could compromise serum biochemical parameters of the birds.

Effects of dietary supplementation with breadfruit leaf powder on growth performance, meat quality, and antioxidative activity in Japanese quail

Background and Aim:

In an era of increasing concerns about food availability globally, poultry meat is being increasingly consumed rather than red meat given its quality in terms of pH, color, and tenderness, conferring consumer satisfaction. The choice of feed is a crucial factor in poultry production. This study investigated the effect of dietary supplementation with breadfruit leaf powder on growth performance, meat quality, and antioxidative activity in Japanese quail.

Materials and Methods:

A total of 120 day-old quail were used in this study and assigned equally into four treatment groups: Group C fed a basal diet and three treatment groups fed a basal diet supplemented with 2.5% (T1), 5% (T2), or 10% (T3) breadfruit leaf powder. The concentrations of breadfruit leaf powder were 2.5, 5, and 10 g/kg in the basal diet. Quail body weight and feed intake (FI) were evaluated at 1, 21, and 35 days of age at 7 a.m. Pectoral muscle was collected to determine pH, meat color, drip loss, cooking loss, water-holding capacity (WHC), tenderness, and antioxidant levels. All variables were analyzed statistically using ANOVA followed by Duncan’s post hoc test (significance set at p<0.05).

Results:

T3 showed increased body weight gain of quails at1-21 and 21-35 days (p<0.05). Feeding in the T3 group improved the feed conversion ratio compared with those in the C and T1 groups at the starter phase (p<0.05). Dietary treatment did not affect FI (p>0.05). In the present study, meat redness and WHC were improved in the T3 group (p<0.05). Meanwhile, drip loss, cooking loss, and meat tenderness were improved in the T2 group (p<0.05). The pH_{45 min}, pH_{24 h}, lightness, and yellowness were not influenced by the treatments (p>0.05). The antioxidative activities of superoxide dismutase and malondialdehyde decreased in the T3 group (p<0.05), while no significant difference in glutathione peroxidase level (p>0.05) was identified.

Conclusion:

Ten grams/kilogram of breadfruit leaf powder, as administered in the T3 group, can be applied as a dietary supplement for Japanese quail to improve growth performance, meat quality, and antioxidative activity during the starter and grower periods.

Growth performances, gastrointestinal epithelium and bacteria responses of Yellow-feathered chickens to kudzu-leaf flavonoids supplement

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of replacing antibiotics with Kudzu-leaf flavonoids (KLF) on the growth performances, gut epithelial development, and gastrointestinal bacteria diversities of Yellow-feathered broilers. For this purpose, total of 216 1-day-old male Yellow-feathered chickens with the similar birth weight (31.0  ±  1.0 g) were randomly divided into 3 treatments: the control treatment (CON), the kudzu-leaf flavonoids supplement treatment (KLF), and the antibiotics supplement treatment (AGP). All birds were provided with a 56 d-feeding procedure, followed by the measurement of production performances, immune organs, blood anti-oxidant parameters, intestine epithelium development, and cecal microbiota. Results showed the feed conversion ratio significantly decreased after KLF supplement compared with CON (P  <  0.05). KLF supplement partly promoted the anti-oxidant capacity on account of the increased activity of Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the decrease content of malondialdehyde (MDA). Further, as referred to the gastrointestinal development and bacteria, ratio of villus/crypt significantly increased of ileum in KLF treatment (P  <  0.05) while a significant promition of bacterial diversity and partial representative probiotic bacteria (P  <  0.05) after KLF supplementation. Moreover, correlation analysis indicated that probitics including Bifidobacterium, Butyricimonas, Lactobacillus and Streptococcus positively correlated with production performances. In conclusion, KLF supplement may promote feed efficiency and benefit the gastrointestinal health through improving gut bacterial diversity and probiotic bacteria. The KLF might be applied as a proper antibiotic alternative.

Ginseng Prong Added to Broiler Diets Reduces Lipid Peroxidation in Refrigerated and Frozen Stored Poultry Meats

Fatty acid content and lipid oxidation products were compared in chicken breast and leg meats derived from birds fed on animal-fat- and vegetable-oil-based diets, supplemented with ginseng prong powder. The first experiment examined polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content and the formation of primary and secondary lipid oxidation products in meats stored at refrigeration temperatures (4 °C) for up to 10 days, while the second experiment examined similar changes in the poultry meats when frozen stored at −18 °C, for up to six months. Results showed that initial lipid hydroperoxide concentrations increased in both breast and leg meat within the first week of refrigerated storage and also was ongoing during the first three to four months of frozen storage. A higher (p < 0.05) PUFA content in leg meat, especially in broilers fed a vegetable-oil-blended diet, corresponded to greater tendency for generation of primary lipid oxidation products after refrigerated and frozen storage (p < 0.05). The inclusion of powdered ginseng prong in broiler diets significantly inhibited (p < 0.05) secondary lipid oxidation products (e.g., malonaldehyde [MDA]) formation in both stored leg and breast meat, compared to controls. Significant interactions (p < 0.05) were obtained for storage time and inclusion of ginseng against production of primary and secondary lipid oxidation in broiler breast and leg meats from broilers fed PUFA-containing diets. We conclude that including ginseng prong in broiler growing diets represents a viable strategy to control lipid oxidation in refrigerated/cold-stored meat products.

Effects of guanidinoacetic acid and complex antioxidant supplementation on growth performance, meat quality, and antioxidant function of broiler chickens

BACKGROUND

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of adding guanidinoacetic acid (GAA), or complex antioxidant (CA), or their combination, in diets on the growth performance, carcass traits, meat quality, and antioxidant capacity of broilers. A total of 192 25-day-old broilers were assigned to a 2 × 2 factorial design including two dietary supplements at two different levels, in which the main effects were the addition of GAA (0 or 600 mg kg^-1 ) and CA (0 or 150 mg kg^-1 ). This trial lasted for 18 days.

RESULTS

Compared with the control group, the GAA group, CA group, and GAA + CA group, decreased feed conversion ratio by 7.02%, 6.58%, and 11.40%, respectively. Guanidinoacetic supplementation increased eviscerated yield, pH_24h (P < 0.05). Complex antioxidant supplementation increased the a* values (P < 0.05). The combination of GAA and CA did not affect the carcass traits and meat quality. Guanidinoacetic acid alone and CA alone and combined with GAA and CA decreased the reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and malonaldehyde (MDA) content (P < 0.05), and the GAA + CA group had the lowest ROS level and MDA content of broilers.

CONCLUSION

Dietary supplementation of GAA, CA or their combination had beneficial effects on growth performance and breast antioxidant capacity, and the combination of GAA and CA could exert a synergistic effect in improving antioxidant capacity. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.

Broiler responses to ferrous sulfate at different time periods: a comprehensive research on qualitative parameters of breast meat

The objective of present study was to study the effects of dietary ferrous sulfate (FeSO4) and time periods on Fe deposition, nutrients composition, color indices, water-holding capacity and oxidative stability of breast meat in broilers. This experiment was performed by 450 broilers in a 3 × 3 factorial design with 3 levels of supplemental Fe (0, 40 and 80 mg/kg) and 3 time periods (total, T: from 1 to 42 days; grower and finisher, GF: from 11 to 42 days and finisher, F: from 25 to 42 days). The results showed that increasing the iron supplementation to 80 mg/kg increased the breast meat crude Protein. Adding 80 mg/kg of FeSO4 during the T period increased the iron content of breast meat compared to other dietary periods. Supplementation of 40 mg/kg FeSO4 during T and GF periods increased quadratically (P < 0.001) the L* value of meat compared to F period. Meat redness significantly increased by adding of 80 mg/kg iron into broiler diet. At 1 and 7 day postmortem, malondialdehyde (MDA) and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) of meat were measured for determination of lipid oxidation stability of tissue. Feeding 40 mg/kg Fe caused a higher MDA value at both time points compared to 0 mg/kg Fe (linear response). However, increasing the Fe level to 80 mg/kg decreased MDA of meat (quadratic response). Adding 40 mg/kg Fe increased T-AOC of meat at both time points. It was concluded that dietary supplementation of 80 mg/kg Fe during T period resulted in the higher Fe deposition and better oxidative stability of breast meat in broilers.

Dietary Oxidative Distress: A Review of Nutritional Challenges as Models for Poultry, Swine and Fish

The redox system is essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis. When redox homeostasis is disrupted through an increase of reactive oxygen species or a decrease of antioxidants, oxidative distress occurs resulting in multiple tissue and systemic responses and damage. Poultry, swine and fish, raised in commercial conditions, are exposed to different stressors that can affect their productivity. Some dietary stressors can generate oxidative distress and alter the health status and subsequent productive performance of commercial farm animals. For several years, researchers used different dietary stressors to describe the multiple and detrimental effects of oxidative distress in animals. Some of these dietary challenge models, including oxidized fats and oils, exposure to excess heavy metals, soybean meal, protein or amino acids, and feeding diets contaminated with mycotoxins are discussed in this review. A better understanding of the oxidative distress mechanisms associated with dietary stressors allows for improved understanding and evaluation of feed additives as mitigators of oxidative distress.

Feeding oxidized chicken byproduct meal impacts digestibility more than performance and oxidative status in nursery pigs

Rendered products from the meat industry provide quality proteins in diets for companion animals. These proteins are exposed to extreme temperatures during processing leading to the potential for decreased diet digestibility and subsequent growth performance. While this would impact production efficiency in livestock species, oxidized ingredients in companion animal diets may impact health and longevity. The objective of this study was to determine the extent to which a feedstuff containing oxidized protein and lipid affect diet digestibility, growth performance, and oxidative stress in nursery pigs. A total of 56 male pigs (21 d of age, initial body weight 5.51 ± 0.65 kg) were randomly assigned to one of the four dietary treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with two levels of heat and two levels of antioxidant (AOX). Diets were fed for 35 d and growth performance was measured, while total tract digestibility and nitrogen (N) balance was determined during the trial on day 18–20. Blood plasma was collected on day 34 and jejunum, colon, and liver tissues were collected on day 35 to analyze for markers of oxidative stress. Average daily feed intake (ADFI) was reduced in pigs fed diets without AOXs (P = 0.02). Additionally, pigs consuming diets containing heated chicken byproduct (CBP) meal had decreased gain:feed (GF; P = 0.02). There was an interaction between heat and AOX (P = 0.02) where heating CBP reduced N digestibility in the presence of an AOX but did not have an impact when AOX was not present. The removal of AOX resulted in reduced GE digestibility (P < 0.01). Dry matter (P < 0.01), ash (P < 0.01), and protein (P < 0.01) digestibility were reduced (P < 0.01) as a result of heating. Furthermore, heating (P =0.01) as well as absence of AOX (P =0.01) resulted in reduced digestible energy. No difference was detected in N retention suggesting that oxidation reduces digestibility but has no impact on N utilization. This is supported by the fact that systemic oxidative stress was not consistently affected by heating or AOX inclusion. These results suggest that feeding pigs CBP containing oxidized proteins and lipids did not induce oxidative stress. However, feeding young pigs CBP containing oxidized proteins and lipids did result in reduced energy and nutrient digestibility as well as negatively affected feed efficiency. Because CBP is commonly used in companion animal diets, it is reasonable to revisit their impacts on those species.

Effects of dietary oxidized oil on growth performance, meat quality and biochemical indices in poultry – a review

Lipids (fats and oils) are a concentrated source of energy in poultry diets that improves palatability, feed consistency, provides essential fatty acids and increases the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins. Fresh oil is an expensive energy source and its exposure to air, heat, metallic catalyst during storage and processing may lead to its oxidative deterioration. This review highlights the response of modern poultry to dietary oxidized oil on growth performance, nutrients digestibility, gut health, carcass characteristics, meat quality, blood chemistry and tissue oxidative status. Literature shows that in moderately (peroxide value (PV): 20 to 50 meq kg−1) and highly (PV: 50 to 100 meq kg−1 or above) oxidized oils, lipid peroxidation causes rancid odours and flavours that negatively affect feed palatability, reduces intestinal villus height that decreases the surface area available for nutrients absorption. The oxidation products also damage fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E and K) in blood resulting in an oxidative stress. The use of oxidized oil in poultry diets has no significant effect on dressing percentage, pH and meat colour, whereas carcass weight decreases and drip loss of meat increases. Overall, there is a contradictory data regarding the influence of oxidized oil in poultry feed depending on the PV and inclusion levels. The reviewed literature shows that the use of mildly oxidized (PV < 20 meq kg−1) oil in poultry feed with 4 to 5% inclusion level decreases the feed cost and ultimately cost of poultry production without compromising their growth performance. It can, therefore, partially replace fresh oil as an efficient, cost effective and sustainable energy source in poultry diets.

Effects of dietary alpha-lipoic acid supplementation on the seminal parameters and fertility potential in aging broiler breeder roosters

High levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids in avian sperm cause more susceptibility to lipid peroxidation. Aging in roosters reduces the antioxidant capacity of sperm and thus fertility. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of different levels of alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) as a feed supplement to improve the semen quality and fertility parameters of aged broiler breeder roosters and identification of its most effective level. A total of forty-two roosters at 45 wk of age were randomly assigned to 7 treatments (0, 15, 40, 70, 95, 120, and 145 mg ALA/bird per day) for 8 wk. Semen parameters and body weight were assessed biweekly, and testosterone plasma levels were determined in the 8th wk of the experimental period. Artificial insemination was performed at the end of the experiment to evaluate the fertility potential. The dietary administration of ALA had no significant effects on body weight, semen volume, average path velocity, linearity, straightness, wobble, the amplitude of lateral head displacement, beat-cross frequency, sperm concentration, morphology, plasma testosterone level, fertility, or hatchability (P > 0.05). Alpha-lipoic acid supplementations resulted in a significant decrease in seminal malondialdehyde concentration and immotile (type D) sperms (P < 0.05). The total motility, progressive motility (types A + type B sperms), curvilinear velocity, straight-line velocity, viability, and membrane integrity of sperm improved with ALA dietary supplementations (P < 0.05). With increasing ALA levels, improvement in semen parameters had an incremental trend until the level of 95 mg ALA. Thus, 95 mg dietary ALA as an antioxidant supplement can improve semen quality of aging breeder roosters while higher doses resulted in no further improvement.

Impact of storage conditions on protein oxidation of rendered by-product meals

Rendered products used in animal feed and pet food undergo extreme temperatures during manufacturing and may be stored up to 2 yr. No information is available on protein oxidation in these products. The objective of this study was to determine the extent to which typical antioxidant inclusion at different storage conditions may limit protein oxidation in typical rendered protein meals. Two experiments were conducted on 14 rendered products stored at either 45 °C for 7 or 14 d, or at 20 °C for 3 or 6 mo to determine the extent to which time, temperature, and antioxidants affect protein oxidation. Results from this study show that fish meal and chicken blood meal are susceptible to protein oxidation during storage at 45 °C (P = 0.05; 0.03) as well as during storage at 20 °C (P = 0.01; 0.04). Natural antioxidants were effective at limiting carbonyl formation in fish meal during short-term storage at 45 °C, whereas ethoxyquin was effective at limiting the extent of protein oxidation in fish meal stored long term at 20 °C.

Impact of dietary oxidized protein on oxidative status and performance in growing pigs

Rendered products from the meat industry can provide economical quality sources of proteins to the animal and feed industry. Similar to lipids, rendered proteins are susceptible to oxidation, yet the stability of these proteins is unclear. In addition, interest in understanding how oxidative stress can impact efficiency in production animals is increasing. Recent studies show that consumption of oxidized lipids can lead to a change in the oxidative status of the animal as well as decreases in production efficiency. To date, little is known about how consumption of oxidized proteins impacts oxidative status and growth performance. The objectives of this study were to determine if feeding diets high in oxidized protein to growing pigs would: 1) impact growth performance and 2) induce oxidative stress. Thirty pigs (42 d old; initial body weight [BW] 12.49 ± 1.45 kg) were randomly assigned to one of three dietary treatments with increasing levels of oxidized protein. Spray-dried bovine plasma was used as the protein source and was either unheated upon arrival, heated at 45 °C for 4 d, or heated at 100 °C for 3 d. Diets were fed for 19 d and growth performance was measured. Blood plasma (days 0 and 18), jejunum, colon, and liver tissues (day 19) were collected to analyze for markers of oxidative stress (e.g., protein oxidation, lipid oxidation, DNA damage, and glutathione peroxidase activity). Average daily gain (ADG;P < 0.01) and average daily feed intake (ADFI;P < 0.01) had a positive linear relationship to increased protein oxidation, but there was no effect on gain to feed ratio. Furthermore, protein (P = 0.03) and fat (P < 0.01) digestibility were reduced with increased protein oxidation in the diet. Crypt depth showed a positive linear relationship with dietary protein oxidation levels (P = 0.02). A trend was observed in liver samples where pigs fed the plasma heated to 45 °C had increased lipid oxidation compared with pigs fed the plasma either unheated or heated to 100 °C (P = 0.09). DNA damage in the jejunum tended to have a linear relationship with the dietary protein oxidation level (P = 0.07). Even though results suggest dietary oxidized protein did not induce oxidative stress during short-term feeding, differences in performance, gut morphology, and digestibility are likely a result of reduced protein availability.

Changes in markers of lipid oxidation and thermal treatment in feed-grade fats and oils

BACKGROUND

Oxidized feed lipids have been shown to have detrimental effects on food animal growth and metabolism. The present study aimed to measure classes of lipid oxidation products (LOP) in feed-grade oils at temperatures representing production and storage conditions.

RESULTS

There were significant oil type × time interactions in the accumulation of primary and secondary LOP. At 22.5 °C, peroxide value (PV), a marker for the primary phase of lipid oxidation, increased most in fish oil (FO), followed by tallow (TL), soybean oil (SO), linseed oil (LO) and modified algae oil (MAO), whereas palm oil (PO) showed no appreciable increase in PV. Secondary LOP, such as p-anisidine value, hexanal, 2,4,-decadienal, polymerized triacylglycerols and total polar compounds, increased only in FO. At 45 °C, FO and SO produced both primary and secondary LOP, whereas MAO, PO and TL had slower rates of PV increase and no secondary LOP. At 90 °C and 180 °C, all oils except for FO accumulated both primary and secondary LOP.

CONCLUSIONS

Higher polyunsaturated fatty acid:saturated fatty acid oils and higher temperatures produced greater quantities of primary and secondary LOP. However, unrefined TL was more prone to oxidation at 22.5 °C than predicted, whereas LO was more stable than predicted, indicating that pro-oxidant and antioxidant compounds can markedly influence the rate of oxidation. Measuring both primary and secondary LOP will provide better information about the oxidative status of feed oils and provide better information about which classes of LOP are responsible for detrimental health effects in animals. Published 2020. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.

The Effect of Fermented Soybean Meal on Performance, Biochemical and Immunological Blood Parameters in Turkeys

The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of different levels of fermented soybean meal on growth performance, intestinal morphology, metabolic indicators, and immunity in turkeys. The material for the study consisted of day-old BIG 6 turkeys raised to the age of 112 days. The experiment was carried out on 800 turkey hens (10 replications of 20 individuals each), assigned to 4 experimental groups of 200 birds each. The feed for the control group (FSBM0) was a standard mix without fermented soybean meal. For turkeys from groups FSBM7, FSBM9 and FSBM10 the diet contained 70, 90 or 100 g fermented soybean meal (FSBM) per kg of feed, respectively. The study showed that including fermented soybean meal in feed for turkeys at 7% improved intestinal histology and stimulated the immune and antioxidant systems. The use of higher level of FSBM (9% and 10%) in the diet of the turkeys improved growth performance and had a beneficial effect on the histology of the small intestine. The dietary inclusion of 10% FSBM had beneficial effect on red-blood-cell parameters, but caused negative impact on liver and kidney function (an increase of aminotransferases activity, content of glucose and creatinine in turkeys’ blood). Ten percent share of FSBM in feed contributed to an adverse intensification of oxidation and inflammatory reactions which were reflected by an increase of malonyldialdehyde, lipid peroxides level and proinflammatory inteleukine-6 contents.

Caracterización organoléptica, nutricional, microbiológica y digestibilidad in vitro de ensilados con diferentes niveles de inclusión de desperdicios de alimentos

Objetivo.Caracterizar organoléptica, nutricional, microbiológica y digestibilidad in vitro de ensilados de desperdicios de alimentos recolectados en un restaurante de un centro estudios técnicos y tecnológicos con subproductos de cosecha. Metodología. Se realizó un análisis organoléptico, microbiológico, proximal de la composición, y digestibilidad in vitro de ensilajes con diferentes niveles de inclusión de desperdicios de alimentos Resultados. Se evidencia características de olor, color y textura óptimas para su palatabilidad, valores nutricionales favorables para el 30, 35 y 40% de inclusión de desperdicios, bajos promedios de proteína, pero con niveles de energía superiores a los del maíz, sorgo y soya.  La Digestibilidad in vitro de la Materia Seca (DIVMS) fue mejor para el 35% de inclusión. Así mismo las Unidades Formadoras de Colonias UFC/g para el día 21 fue 1 x101 (Escherichia coli), que se ajusta a las normas para alimentos de animales. Conclusiones. La utilización de ensilados con un 35% de inclusión de desperdicios de alimento puede ser una importante herramienta de suplementación para la alimentación porcina.

Lipid peroxidation impairs growth and viability of nursery pigs reared under commercial conditions1

The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of lipid peroxidation in a dose-dependent manner on growth, health, and oxidative stress status of nursery pigs. A total of 2,200 weaned pigs (5.95 ± 0.20 kg BW) were housed in 100 pens (22 pigs per pen) in a randomized complete block design based on initial BW and sex. Pigs were randomly assigned within blocks to 5 dietary treatments, consisting of a corn-soybean meal-based diet supplemented with 5% of either control corn oil (iodine value = 118, FFA = 0.06%, anisidine value = 3, peroxide value = 3 mEq/kg oil) or peroxidized corn oil (iodine value = 120, FFA = 0.35%, anisidine value = 30, peroxide value = 163 mEq/kg oil). These 2 diets were blended to obtain 5 levels of peroxidation with final treatments designated as 0 (diet with 5% control oil), 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% (diet with peroxidized corn oil) peroxidation. Diets were fed ad libitum for 43 d. Blood samples were collected on d 33 from 20 pigs per treatment to determine serum oxidative stress markers and vitamin E concentrations and again on d 43 (14 d after vaccination) to determine immune response to porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mhyo). Gain:feed ratio decreased linearly (P = 0.023) with increasing peroxidation, but pen ADG and ADFI were not affected. Number of pigs removed for medical treatment, total number medically treated, pigs culled for low end weight, and mortality increased, and full-value pigs linearly decreased (P < 0.04) with increasing peroxidation. Consequently, total pen gain (weight of viable pigs that remained in test pens at the end of the study minus weight of pigs placed) decreased linearly (P < 0.01) with increasing peroxidation. Antibody titers to Mhyo and PCV2 increased postvaccination (P < 0.001), but did not differ due to dietary treatment. Serum concentrations of malondialdehyde, 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine, and protein carbonyl were not affected by peroxidation. Total antioxidant capacity and serum vitamin E concentrations decreased (P = 0.01) linearly with increasing peroxidation. Data show a dose-dependent negative impact of lipid peroxidation on pig productivity when determined under field population conditions, being primarily manifested by increased mortality, number of pigs medically treated, and number of culled pigs (≤13.6 kg BW). Results underscore the importance of proper assessment of lipid peroxidation as part of quality control to prevent oxidative stress and performance losses in weaned pigs.