Dissecting the Crosstalk Between Nrf2 and NF-κB Response Pathways in Drug-Induced Toxicity

Study on the interventional effect and molecular mechanism of HSP72 in regulating oxidative stress by watermelon seed peptide RDPEER

Molecular docking and dynamics simulation techniques were used to analyze the binding capacity and stability of watermelon seed oligopeptides with heat shock protein 72 (HSP72), as well as the signaling pathway and mechanisms through cellular experiments. Computational simulation results indicated these peptides could form stable complexes with HSP72 through hydrogen bonds and other interactions, with the lowest free energy binding to RDPEER (-60.83 kcal/mol). In addition, by reducing HSP72 expression, RDPEER enhanced the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Moreover, RDPEER decreased the levels of Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) and nuclear factor kappa B subunit p65 (NF-κBp65), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), lipid peroxides (MDA), and reactive oxygen species (ROS), increasing cell survival rate by 20 % compared to control. Therefore, this study demonstrates that watermelon seed peptides regulate the Nrf2/NF-κB signaling axis by targeting HSP72, thereby maintaining cellular homeostasis.

Investigating the Interplay Between the Nrf2/Keap1/HO-1/SIRT-1 Pathway and the p75NTR/PI3K/Akt/MAPK Cascade in Neurological Disorders: Mechanistic Insights and Therapeutic Innovations

Neurological illnesses are debilitating diseases that affect brain function and balance. Due to their complicated aetiologies and progressive nature, neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric illnesses are difficult to treat. These incurable conditions damage brain functions like mobility, cognition, and emotional regulation, but medication, gene therapy, and physical therapy can manage symptoms. Disruptions in cellular signalling pathways, especially those involving oxidative stress response, memory processing, and neurotransmitter modulation, contribute to these illnesses. This review stresses the interplay between key signalling pathways involved in neurological diseases, such as the Nrf2/Keap1/HO-1/SIRT-1 axis and the p75NTR/PI3K/Akt/MAPK cascade. To protect neurons from oxidative damage and death, the Nrf2 transcription factor promotes antioxidant enzyme production. The Keap1 protein releases Nrf2 during oxidative stress for nuclear translocation and gene activation. The review also discusses how neurotrophin signalling through the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) determines cell destiny, whether pro-survival or apoptotic. The article highlights emerging treatment approaches targeting these signalling pathways by mapping these connections. Continued research into these molecular pathways may lead to new neurological disease treatments that restore cellular function and neuronal survival. In addition to enhanced delivery technologies, specific modulators and combination therapies should be developed to fine-tune signalling responses. Understanding these crosstalk dynamics is crucial to strengthening neurological illness treatment options and quality of life.

Myrtenol-loaded niosomes can prevent lung ischemia-reperfusion injury model in rats by balancing the Nrf2/Keap1 and NF-κB signaling pathways

Lung Ischemia-reperfusion injury (LIRI) is a risk during lung transplantation that can cause acute lung injury and organ failure. In LIRI, the NF-E2-related factor 2(Nrf2)/ Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) signaling pathway and the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) signaling pathway are two major pathways involved in regulating oxidative stress and inflammation, respectively. Myrtenol, a natural compound with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, has potential protective effects against IRI. This study aimed to explore the impact of myrtenol encapsulated within niosomes on the prevention of LIRI and examine the role of the two pathways mentioned in this process. Wistar rats were segregated into four groups. Animals received the myrtenol (MN) (32 mg/kg) or vehicle through daily inhalation for a week before LIRI. Expression of IκB, p-IκB, Nrf2, Keap1, Heme Oxygenase-1(HO-1), NF-κB signaling proteins, reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, caspase-3 expression, arterial blood gases, lung edema, and histopathological indices were assessed. Niosomal myrtenol significantly reduced lung edema, ROS, Keap1, p-IκB, NF-kB, Caspase-3, PaCO2 (the carbon dioxide pressure in arterial blood), and histopathological indices. Additionally, the expression of IκB, Nrf2, HO-1, and PaO2 (the oxygen pressure in arterial blood) increased significantly in the pretreated group compared to the IR group. Overall, inhalation of the niosomal myrtenol protects against lung ischemia-reperfusion injury, presumably through the balance between Nrf2/Keap1 and NF-κB pathways. The findings suggest that the niosomal form of myrtenol may be a potential candidate for developing new drugs to prevent and treat LIR damage.

Polysaccharides of Melientha longistaminea regulates immune function and gut microbiota in cyclophosphamide (CTX)-induced immunosuppressed mice

MLS is a bioactive extract of Melientha longistaminea shoots. In this study, we characterized the preliminary structure of MLS. And establish in vivo immune model experiments. To investigate the potential mechanism of immunomodulatory effects on CTX-induced immunosuppressed mice. From the experimental results, we found that MLS restored immune organ damage in immunosuppressed mice, increased cytokine and immunoglobulin secretion in the spleen, and attenuated oxidative damage to the liver by CTX. Meanwhile, MLS was also effective in ameliorating immune injury in immunosuppressed mice by activating the NF-κB and Nrf2 signaling pathways. MLS effectively improved the composition of the gut flora and increased the production of SCFAs in the gut. The results indicate that MLS has immunomodulatory effects and provides a research basis for developing Melientha longistaminea polysaccharides as immunomodulatory adjuvants.

Anti-inflammatory mechanism of Achyranthes longifolia extract and its component chikusetsusaponin IVa by modulating Nrf2/NF-κB pathways in vitro and in vivo

This study aims to explore the anti-pharyngitis mechanisms of Achyranthes longifolia (Makino) Makino. extract (ALE) and the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of its major bioactive component, chikusetsusaponin IVa (CIVa). To this end, the present study established an ammonia-induced acute pharyngitis rat model to assess the therapeutic efficacy of ALE and a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 cells model to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of CIVa. Pharyngeal severity was evaluated using appearance index and HE staining, while ELISA was employed to quantify inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, PGE2, and IL-6. Additionally, the levels of SOD, CAT, and MDA were measured to assess antioxidant status. Western blot was conducted to analyze the expression of proteins associated with the Nrf2/NF-κB pathways. The findings indicate that ALE provides protection in the ammonia-induced acute pharyngitis rat model, as evidenced by reduced pharyngeal redness, swelling, and improved histopathological changes. CIVa, the primary constituent of ALE, demonstrates anti-inflammatory effects in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells by inhibiting NO production and reducing the levels of inflammatory cytokines in a dose-dependent manner. The underlying mechanism appears to involve the inhibition of the NF-κB pathway, activation of the Nrf2 pathway, modulation of oxidative stress, and reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokine release. These results position ALE and CIVa as promising alternative therapeutic agents for the management of acute pharyngitis and potentially other inflammatory disorders.

Combining vinpocetine or cocoa with levodopa, Coenzyme Q10 and vitamin B complex mitigates rotenone-induced Parkinson's disease in rats: Impact on Nrf2/HO-1, NF-kB, AMPK/SIRT-1/Beclin-1, AKT/GSK-3β/CREB/BDNF and Apoptotic Pathways

There are no curative treatments for Parkinson's disease (PD), and current treatments focus on symptomatic management. This study aimed to investigate the beneficial effects of combining L-DOPA/Carbidopa with essential cofactors (vitamin (VIT) B complex and coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10)), alone or in conjunction with vinpocetine (VIN) or cocoa, as a potential strategy to enhance neuroprotection in rotenone (RT)-induced PD rat model, highlighting mechanistic insights into their underlying neuroprotective mechanisms and focusing on addressing oxidative stress, inflammation, autophagy, and apoptosis. These combinations were tested on adult male Wistar rats allocated into six groups. Group I received saline (normal control), while groups II-VI were injected with RT for 19 days to induce PD. Group II received RT alone, group III received daily oral L-DOPA/Carbidopa, and groups IV-VI received L-DOPA/Carbidopa with VIT B complex and CoQ10, either alone (Group IV) or combined with cocoa (Group V) or VIN (Group VI). These treatments markedly improved RT-induced perturbations in locomotor and cognitive outcomes; neurotransmitters' levels; oxidative stress (Nrf2/HO-1, MDA, INOS, SOD and TAC); inflammatory (NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-1β, GFAP and COX-2); neurotrophic (AKT/CREB/BDNF); apoptotic (BAX, caspase-3, AIF, and Bcl-2); and autophagic (AMPK/SIRT-1/Beclin-1) biomarkers; histopathological findings and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoexpression. Furthermore, the best outcomes were observed in cocoa and VIN combinations. These results indicated that combining L-DOPA with CoQ10 and VIT B complex in conjunction with either VIN or cocoa could provide a potential strategy for managing motor impairments and preventing neurodegeneration in PD. The interaction between key signaling pathways, including Nrf2/HO-1, NF-kB, AMPK/SIRT-1, and AKT/GSK-3β/CREB/BDNF, likely mediates this effect. However, further clinical validation is required to assess this approach's real-world applicability and therapeutic potential.

The Role of Klotho in Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases: Mechanisms and Research Progress

Klotho, an anti-aging protein, has been extensively studied in systemic conditions such as chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disorders. In recent years, its pivotal protective role and clinical significance in various oral and maxillofacial diseases have been increasingly demonstrated. It has been demonstrated that Klotho regulates oxidative stress, apoptosis, inflammation, and fibrosis via multiple molecular signaling pathways, including Nrf2, NF-κB, PI3K/Akt/FoxO1, insulin/IGF-1, FGF/FGFR, and Wnt/β-catenin. Consequently, these regulatory effects have been observed in conditions such as periodontitis, oral squamous cell carcinoma, malignant salivary gland tumors, oral submucous fibrosis, etc. Moreover, the decreased expression or dysfunctional activity of Klotho is frequently associated with the onset and progression of these diseases. This study provides a comprehensive review of the underlying mechanisms and recent advances in Klotho research within the realm of oral and maxillofacial diseases, offering novel perspectives for future basic and clinical investigations.

In vitro cytotoxicity evaluation of a CMC-SA edible packaging film for migration and safety assessment

Edible raw materials have gained attention as sustainable food packaging films, which are often considered a priori safe for human consumption. However, cytotoxicity issues may arise due to the incorporation of additives or modifications of film functionality during the manufacturing process. This study introduces an integrated methodology for the evaluation of potential migration of cytotoxic substances from materials used for the development of conventional and biodegradable food packaging. Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and sodium alginate (SA) were tested as raw materials of an edible (CMC-SA) film, while a low-density-polyethylene (LDPE) film was tested as a conventional material. The CMC-SA film exhibited higher water vapor transmission rate and water vapor permeability, and lower hydrophobicity compared to LDPE (WVTRCMC-SA=1457.87 vs. WVTRLDPE=3.43 g×m-2×day-1, WVPCMC-SA=43.24 vs. WVPLDPE=0.0048 g×m-2×mm×day-1×kPa-1 and CACMC-SA=52.05 vs. CALDPE=94.28°, respectively). An analytical protocol based on EU Regulation 10/2011 was introduced, to evaluate the potential migration of cytotoxic packaging substances into food simulants, using different human cells. Caco2 cells were used to simulate human intestine, whereas Huh7 and Immortalized Human Hepatocytes (IHH) cells simulated human liver. Cell viability assays and gene expression results indicated that substances migrating from the tested packaging materials neither produced cell cytotoxicity, nor induced oxidative stress to Caco2 cells.

Redox homeostasis and inflammation in fibroblasts of patients with Friedreich Ataxia: a possible cross talk

Redox homeostasis is impaired in Friedreich's Ataxia (FRDA), a neurodegenerative disease caused by the decreased expression of the mitochondrial protein frataxin. Nrf2, the master regulator of tissue redox balance, is defective in the disease, driving cells to ferroptosis. Neuro-inflammation is recently emerging as an additional pathological mechanism in FRDA and has to be understood in order to go deeper into the pathogenesis of the disease. As a functional cross talk between Nrf2 and NF-kB pathways has been previously reported, we wonder if inflammation may be activated in FRDA as a consequence of Nrf2 deficiency. Thus, we analyzed the expression of proteins involved in the antioxidant and inflammatory responses in fibroblasts of patients with FRDA. We found a significant activation of the TLR4/NF-kB/IL-1β axis in patients, associated to a consistent increase of the redox enzymes thioredoxin 1 (TRX1) and glutaredoxin 1 (GLRX1), which are essential to activate NF-kB under oxidative stress conditions. Furthermore, we investigated the role of 4-HNE, a by-product of lipid peroxidation, as a potential mediator between ferroptosis and inflammation in FRDA.

Understanding chronic inflammation: couplings between cytokines, ROS, NO, Cai 2+, HIF-1α, Nrf2 and autophagy

Chronic inflammation is an important component of many diseases, including autoimmune diseases, intracellular infections, dysbiosis and degenerative diseases. An important element of this state is the mainly positive feedback between inflammatory cytokines, reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO), increased intracellular calcium, hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α) stabilisation and mitochondrial oxidative stress, which, under normal conditions, enhance the response against pathogens. Autophagy and the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-mediated antioxidant response are mainly negatively coupled with the above-mentioned elements to maintain the defence response at a level appropriate to the severity of the infection. The current review is the first attempt to build a multidimensional model of cellular self-regulation of chronic inflammation. It describes the feedbacks involved in the inflammatory response and explains the possible pathways by which inflammation becomes chronic. The multiplicity of positive feedbacks suggests that symptomatic treatment of chronic inflammation should focus on inhibiting multiple positive feedbacks to effectively suppress all dysregulated elements including inflammation, oxidative stress, calcium stress, mito-stress and other metabolic disturbances.

Elevated Methylglyoxal: An Elusive Risk Factor Responsible for Early-Onset Cardiovascular Diseases in People Living with HIV-1 Infection

People living with HIV (PLWH) develop cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) about a decade earlier and at rates 2-3 times higher than the general population. At present, pharmacological strategies to delay the onset of CVDs in PLWH are unavailable, in part because of an incomplete understanding of its molecular causes. We and others recently uncovered elevated levels of the toxic glycolysis and inflammation-induced byproduct methylglyoxal (MG) in plasma from PLWH and from HIV-infected humanized mice (Hu-mice). We also found a reduction in expression of the primary MG-degrading enzyme glyoxalase I (Glo-I) in autopsied cardiac tissues from HIV-1-infected individuals and HIV-1-infected Hu-mice. Increasing the expression of Glo-I in HIV-1-infected Hu-mice not only attenuated heart failure but also reduced endothelial cell damage, increased the density of perfused microvessels, prevented microvascular leakage and micro-ischemia, and blunted the expression of the inflammation-induced protein vascular protein-1 (VAP-1), key mediators of CVDs. In this narrative review, we posit that elevated MG is a contributing cause for the early onset of CVDs in PLWH. Pharmacological strategies to prevent MG accumulation and delay the development of early-onset CVDs in PLWH are also discussed.

Lepidium Sativum Extract Alleviates Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Induced by Letrozole and High-Fat Diet in Rats

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder characterized by irregular menstrual cycles, hyperandrogenism, and polycystic ovarian morphology, leading to infertility and an increased risk of metabolic dysfunction. This study investigated the protective effects of Lepidium sativum seed extract (LSSE) on fertility and pregnancy outcomes in a rat model of PCOS induced by letrozole and a high-fat diet (HFD) (68% regular rat food pellets, 6% maize oil, 20% milk powder, and 6% ghee). PCOS was induced by oral administration of letrozole, an aromatase inhibitor, (1 mg/kg in 2% DMSO) along with an HFD for four weeks and the results were compared to the metformin antidiabetic agent. Sixty rats were divided into five groups (n = 12): control, PCOS, PCOS + LSSE (250 mg/kg), PCOS + LSSE (500 mg/kg), and metformin (200 mg/kg). Half of the rats were euthanized after four weeks, while the remaining rats were housed with males (1 male: 2 females) for testing pregnancy outcomes. LSSE led to remarkable improvements in body weight, glucose, sex hormonal balance, liver and kidney functions, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory systems, mating and fertility indices, pregnancy outcomes, and fetal morphology. Histologically, LSSE treatment reduced ovarian cyst number and size, and enhanced the blood vessel, Graafian follicle, and endometrial morphologies. LSSE showed dose-dependent effects, with the high-dose demonstrating superior results in the biochemical parameters, while the low-dose showed the most promising pregnancy outcomes. LSSE exhibits potent protective effects against PCOS, surpassing metformin in several aspects. LSSE acts through multi-mechanistic action, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, metabolic, and hormone-balancing properties, along with its positive impact on fertility, suggesting that LSSE could be a promising natural alternative for PCOS management.

Elucidating the Role of Nrf2 Signaling Pathway in Mycoplasma Infections

Mycoplasmas are the smallest cell-wall-less self-replicating prokaryotes. Mycoplasma species can be found within and outside cells as "silent parasites" that live intracellularly and as membrane surface parasites. The pathogen's impact on respiratory health seems primarily caused by its capacity to alter immune responses, cause airway inflammation, and damage epithelial barriers. Much progress has been made in understanding Mycoplasma-induced inflammation and oxidative stress. However, there are still issues in therapeutic management, such as the development of strains that are resistant to antibiotics, the shortcomings of the available diagnostic techniques, and possible long-term respiratory consequences. On the other hand, to combat oxidative stress, inflammation, and metabolic abnormalities, activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is becoming a more appealing therapeutic strategy. Nrf2 activation coordinates a thorough defense through its transcriptional targets, enabling adaptability and survival under a variety of cellular stressors. Nrf2 is regarded as a therapeutic target, and pharmacological Nrf2 activators have demonstrated protective effects in multiple pathological consequences and advantages in clinical trials. In this review, we discussed the rationale for targeting Nrf2 in a series of inflammatory responses caused by Mycoplasma species.

Synaptic plasticity and neuroprotection: The molecular impact of flavonoids on neurodegenerative disease progression

Flavonoids are a broad family of polyphenolic chemicals that are present in a wide variety of fruits, vegetables, and medicinal plants. Because of their neuroprotective qualities, flavonoids have attracted a lot of interest. The potential of flavonoids to control synaptic plasticity-a crucial process underlying memory, learning, and cognitive function-is becoming more and more clear. Dysregulation of synaptic plasticity is a feature of neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (0.4 %), Parkinson's (1-2 %), Alzheimer's (5-7 %), and Huntington's ((0.2 %)). This review discusses the molecular mechanisms via which flavonoids influence synaptic plasticity as well as their therapeutic potential in neurodegenerative diseases. Flavonoids modulate key signaling pathways such as MAPK/ERK and PI3K/Akt/mTOR to support neuroprotection, synaptic plasticity, and neuronal health, while also influencing neurotrophic factors (BDNF, NGF) and their receptors (TrkB, TrkA). They regulate neurotransmitter receptors like GABA, AMPA, and NMDA to balance excitatory and inhibitory transmission, and exert antioxidant effects via the Nrf2-ARE pathway and anti-inflammatory actions by inhibiting NF-κB signaling, highlighting their potential for treating neurodegenerative diseases. These varied reactions support the preservation of synapse function and neuronal integrity in the face of neurodegenerative insults. Flavonoids can reduce the symptoms of neurodegeneration, prevent synaptic loss, and enhance cognitive function, according to experimental studies. However, there are still obstacles to using these findings in clinical settings, such as limited bioavailability and the need for consistent dose. The focus of future research should be on improving flavonoid delivery systems and combining them with conventional medications.

Oxidative Stress and Generalised Pustular Psoriasis: Report of d-ROM Measurements in Nine Cases Including Three of Pustular Psoriasis of Pregnancy

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved in the pathogenesis of generalised pustular psoriasis (GPP), but this involvement has not been fully elucidated. We performed the diacron-reactive oxygen metabolite (d-ROM) test and the biological antioxidant potential (BAP) test on sera from nine patients with active GPP who were hospitalised and treated at our hospital, including three patients with pustular psoriasis of pregnancy (PPP). The serum d-ROM and BAP levels were evaluated before treatment and at 1 month of treatment. We also performed immunostaining of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE) in skin tissues. In the GPP patients, the average d-ROM levels were significantly reduced at 1 month of treatment (reduced to 343.0 ± 82.1 U.Carr from 423.2 ± 95.0 U.Carr, p = 0.005). The Generalised Pustular Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (GPPASI) score correlated with d-ROM levels (r = 0.57, p = 0.10), suggesting that those levels reflect the disease severity. In normal pregnancy, d-ROM values are known to increase from mid-term to late-term. The d-ROM values increased when GPP worsened in the case of PPP. Immunohistochemical staining of 4-HNE was positive for subcorneal pustules, neutrophils, and for the cytoplasm of epidermal keratinocytes, especially in upper epidermal layers. Our findings indicate that 4-HNE may play an important role in GPP and PPP.

Euglena gracilis-derived β-glucan ameliorates particulate matter (PM2.5)-induced airway inflammation by modulating nuclear factor kappa B, mitogen-activated protein kinase, and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 signaling pathways in A549 cells and BALB/c mice

This study aimed to investigate the effects of β-glucan derived from Euglena gracilis (EGB), an edible microalga, on particulate matter (PM2.5)-induced airway inflammation in A549 cells and BALB/c mice. EGB effectively suppressed the mRNA and protein levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-8) and mediators (iNOS, COX-2), while inhibiting the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways triggered by PM2.5 exposure and reducing nuclear NF-κB levels. Additionally, EGB decreased PM2.5-induced ROS production and increased the protein levels of NRF2 and HO-1, along with genes encoding antioxidant enzymes (catalase, GPx, SOD1), associated with elevated nuclear NRF2 levels. EGB reduced immune cell infiltration and inflammatory cytokine levels in BALF and serum, both of which increased by PM2.5 exposure. EGB also significantly increased alveolar numbers while decreasing the gene expression of MMP1/9/13. Furthermore, EGB suppressed PM2.5-induced bronchial thickening and collagen-1 deposition by downregulating TGF-β1 expression, and alleviated goblet cell hyperplasia and mucin production in lung tissues. These results suggest that EGB effectively reduces PM2.5-induced airway inflammation by suppressing NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways, lowering pro-inflammatory cytokines, and activating the NRF2-HO-1 signaling pathway to enhance antioxidant enzyme expression. This study highlights the potential of EGB as an edible functional agent for controlling PM-related airway inflammation.

Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Methanol Extract of Senna septemtrionalis (Viv.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby Through Nrf2/HO-1-Mediated Inhibition of NF-κB Signaling in LPS-Stimulated Mouse Microglial Cells

Botanical extracts are recognized in traditional medicine for their therapeutic potential and safety standards. Botanical extracts are viable and sustainable alternatives to synthetic drugs, being essential in drug discovery for various diseases. Senna septemtrionalis (Viv.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby is a medical plant traditionally used to treat inflammation. However, its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and the molecular pathways activated in microglial cells require further investigation. Therefore, this study examines the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of Senna septemtrionalis (Viv.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby methanol extracts (SMEs) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated mouse microglial cells. SMEs significantly inhibit LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) and proinflammatory cytokine production, which are mediated through the dephosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases and inhibition of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) translocation into the nucleus. Additionally, SME treatment upregulated the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase (HO)-1, reducing oxidative stress, indicated by a decrease in reactive oxygen species and restoration of the total glutathione content in LPS-stimulated BV2 cells. The inhibitory effects of SMEs on inflammatory mediator production and NF-κB nuclear translocation were significantly reversed by Sn-protoporphyrin, a specific HO-1 inhibitor. These findings demonstrate that SME protects microglial cells by activating the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway and inhibiting NF-κB translocation.

Engineered Exosomes Carrying Super-Repressor IκB Reduced Biliary Atresia-Induced Liver Fibrosis in Minipig and Mouse Models

Background and Aim: Biliary atresia is a rare, progressive disease that affects the bile ducts in newborns. Persistent bile duct obstruction induces various pathological conditions, including jaundice, inflammation, and liver fibrosis; however, the exact pathogenesis of biliary atresia is not yet fully understood. Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) is widely acknowledged as a key regulator in the pathogenesis of hepatitis and liver fibrosis, and extensive research has been conducted to develop strategies to effectively inhibit its activity to mitigate liver damage. Exosome-based therapeutic platforms offer targeted NF-κB inhibition with low immunogenicity and enhanced liver-specific delivery. This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of Exo-SrIκB in treating cholestatic liver fibrosis using experimental animal models. Methods: Exo-SrIκB (an exosome-based therapy containing the super-repressor IκB protein) using EXPLOR technology (Exosome engineering for Protein Loading via Optically Reversible protein-protein interactions) to encapsulate the super repressor IκB (SrIκB) within exosomes. The therapeutic efficacy of Exo-SrIκB was assessed in minipig and mouse models with experimentally induced cholestatic liver disease. Results: Administration of Exo-SrIκB significantly attenuated liver fibrosis progression in both animal models by inhibiting NF-κB nuclear translocation and reducing the expression of fibrotic markers. Treated animals exhibited reduced collagen deposition, lower α-SMA levels, and improved hepatic function compared to untreated controls. Conclusion: Exo-SrIκB effectively suppressed NF-κB signaling and alleviated liver fibrosis in experimental cholestatic liver disease models, suggesting that exosome-based therapeutics may offer a targeted and biocompatible application to managing liver fibrosis and other chronic liver diseases.

Sodium orthovanadate protects against ulcerative colitis and associated liver damage in mice: insights into modulations of Nrf2/Keap1 and NF-κB pathways

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a prominent category of disease that is associated with bowel inflammation, it can occur at any period of life and is prevalently rising on a global scale. Dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) has been extensively used to develop colitis due to its ability to mimic human UC, providing consistent and reproducible inflammation, ulceration, and disruption of the epithelial barrier in the colon. Chronic inflammation in the gut can lead to alterations in the gut-liver axis, potentially impacting liver function over time, while direct evidence linking diversion colitis to liver damage is limited. Thus, the present study aims to assess the gut and liver damage against DSS and the possible molecular mechanisms. Forty-seven animals were randomly assigned to six groups. Ulcerative colitis was induced using 2.5% w/v DSS in three alternate cycles, each lasting 7 days, with 1-week remission periods in between. SOV (5 and 10 mg/kg, orally) and the standard drug 5-aminosalicylic acid (100 mg/kg, orally) were administered from the start of the 2nd DSS cycle until the end of the experiment. Biochemical parameters, ELISA, histopathological, and immunohistochemical analyses have been conducted to assess damage in the colon and liver. SOV significantly reduced colitis severity by lowering the DAI score, oxidative stress markers (LPS, IL-1β, MPO, nitrite), and restoring liver biomarkers (SGPT, SGOT). Histopathological findings supported these protective benefits in the liver and gut. Moreover, immunohistochemical analysis showed SOV enhanced the expression of the cytoprotective mediator Nrf2/Keap-1 and reduced the expression of inflammatory mediators NF-κB and IL-6. Present findings concluded that SOV demonstrated a dose-dependent effect against UC through anti-inflammatory and antioxidant pathways, with the highest dose of SOV 10 mg/kg having more significant (p < 0.001) results than the low dose of 5 mg/kg.

Insight into the cardioprotective effects of melatonin: shining a spotlight on intercellular Sirt signaling communication

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading causes of death and illness worldwide. While there have been advancements in the treatment of CVDs using medication and medical procedures, these conventional methods have limited effectiveness in halting the progression of heart diseases to complete heart failure. However, in recent years, the hormone melatonin has shown promise as a protective agent for the heart. Melatonin, which is secreted by the pineal gland and regulates our sleep-wake cycle, plays a role in various biological processes including oxidative stress, mitochondrial function, and cell death. The Sirtuin (Sirt) family of proteins has gained attention for their involvement in many cellular functions related to heart health. It has been well established that melatonin activates the Sirt signaling pathways, leading to several beneficial effects on the heart. These include preserving mitochondrial function, reducing oxidative stress, decreasing inflammation, preventing cell death, and regulating autophagy in cardiac cells. Therefore, melatonin could play crucial roles in ameliorating various cardiovascular pathologies, such as sepsis, drug toxicity-induced myocardial injury, myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, hypertension, heart failure, and diabetic cardiomyopathy. These effects may be partly attributed to the modulation of different Sirt family members by melatonin. This review summarizes the existing body of literature highlighting the cardioprotective effects of melatonin, specifically the ones including modulation of Sirt signaling pathways. Also, we discuss the potential use of melatonin-Sirt interactions as a forthcoming therapeutic target for managing and preventing CVDs.

Bioactivity of Talisia esculenta extracts: Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory action on RAW 264.7 macrophages and protective potential on the zebrafish exposed to oxidative stress inducers

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Talisia esculenta is a fruit tree commonly found in various regions of Brazil. Its fruit is consumed by the local population, and the leaves are used in infusions within traditional Brazilian medicine. These infusions are employed to alleviate pathological conditions such as rheumatic diseases and hypertension, both of which are strongly linked to oxidative stress and chronic inflammation. The investigation of plant extracts represents a promising field of research, as bioactive compounds abundant in plants exhibit pharmacological effects against a variety of pathological conditions.

AIM OF THE STUDY

To investigate the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory activities, and toxicity of the infusion and hydroethanolic extracts of T. esculenta leaves (IF and HF) and fruit peels (IC and HC).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Initially, the cytotoxicity and the effects of the extracts on oxidative stress in RAW264.7 macrophages were assessed through exposure to H₂O₂, as well as their impact on NO production in RAW264.7 macrophages exposed to LPS. Additionally, the toxicity and ROS production in zebrafish larvae were evaluated using two oxidative stress inducers: H₂O₂ and CuSO₄ combined with ascorbate.

RESULTS

The MTT assay indicated that the extracts exhibited low cytotoxicity, with HF and IF demonstrating protective effects against H₂O₂ exposure. HC reduced NO production in macrophages by 30%. The zebrafish analysis showed that all four T. esculenta extracts (100 μg/mL) were non-toxic, as they did not affect the survival, heart rate, or body size of the animals. Furthermore, all extracts were capable of reducing ROS levels in zebrafish larvae exposed to the H₂O₂ stressor. Notably, ROS reduction by HF, IF, and HC extracts exceeded 50% compared to the positive control (H₂O₂ alone). T. esculenta extracts also demonstrated a significant ability to reduce ROS levels in zebrafish larvae exposed to CuSO₄, with a 70% reduction observed for leaf extracts and over 30% for fruit peel extracts.

CONCLUSION

This study demonstrated that T. esculenta extracts exhibit significant activity against oxidative damage and contain components with anti-inflammatory properties. Among the extracts, those obtained from leaves were the most effective in providing oxidative protection, supporting the traditional use of leaf infusions.

Reinforcing Nrf2 Signaling: Help in the Alzheimer's Disease Context

Oxidative stress plays a role in various pathophysiological diseases, including neurogenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is the most prevalent neuro-pathology in the aging population. Oxidative stress has been reported to be one of the earliest pathological alterations in AD. Additionally, it was demonstrated that in older adults, there is a loss of free radical scavenging ability. The Nrf2 transcription factor is a key regulator in antioxidant defense systems, but, with aging, both the amount and the transcriptional activity of Nrf2 decrease. With the available treatments for AD being poorly effective, reinforcing the antioxidant defense systems via the Nrf2 pathway may be a way to prevent and treat AD. To highlight the predominant role of Nrf2 signaling in defending against oxidative stress and, therefore, against neurotoxicity, we present an overview of the natural compounds that exert their own neuroprotective roles through the activation of the Nrf2 pathway. This review is an opportunity to promote a holistic approach in the treatment of AD and to highlight the need to further refine the development of new potential Nrf2-targeting drugs.

Investigating the Effect and Potential Mechanism of Rhamnetin 3-O-α-Rhamnoside on Acute Liver Injury In Vivo and In Vitro

Background/Objectives: Rhamnetin 3-O-α-rhamnoside (ARR) is a major flavonoid of the herb Loranthus tanakae Franch. & Sav., which has been used for treating liver diseases in China. However, the protective effect of ARR on the liver has not been reported. Methods: Zebrafish larvae were used as a visual animal model, and liver injury was induced by thioacetamide (TAA) for an acute liver injury (ALI) model. The hepatoprotective activity of ARR was evaluated by assessing liver morphology, liver function indices, oxidative stress, and the mRNA expression levels of inflammation-related genes in the zebrafish model. Additionally, the ROS level, inflammatory factors, and protein expression related to the IKKβ/NF-κB signaling pathway were measured to investigate a potential mechanism of ARR in HepG2 cells. Results: ARR ameliorated TAA-induced growth retardation, reduced liver injury phenotypes, and decreased oxidative stress in the zebrafish. ARR was also able to lower ROS levels in HepG2 cells, effectively inhibit the overactivation of the IKKβ/NF-κB signaling pathway in pathological conditions, inhibit NF-κB p65 translocation from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, and reduce the release of intracellular inflammatory factors. Conclusions: ARR showed significant protective activity against TAA-induced liver injury in in vivo and in vitro models, and its potential mechanism was closely related to the IKKβ/NF-κB signaling pathway.

In vitro characterisation of a novel rubber contact allergen in protective gloves

BACKGROUND

Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) from protective gloves is often caused by rubber additives, such as accelerators. However, while accelerator-free rubber gloves are available, they still cause ACD in some individuals.

OBJECTIVES

A new allergen, 2-cyаnоethyl dimethyldithiocarbamate, (CEDMC), has recently been identified in accelerator-free gloves, and we here provide a first in vitro characterisation of CEDMC in a dendritic cell (DC)-like cell model along with three reference sensitizer rubber chemicals, consisting of tetraethylthiuram disulfide (TETD) and two xanthogenates.

METHODS

Cellular responses after the exposure to the rubber chemicals were assessed using a transcriptomic approach, multiplex cytokine secretion profiling, and flow cytometry to determine DC model activation marker expression and apoptosis induction.

RESULTS

CEDMC and all other sensitizers were classified as strong skin sensitizers with the transcriptomic approach. They all significantly increased IL-8 secretion and exposure to all except one increased CD86 DC activation marker expression. When tested, CEDMC induced apoptosis, however, delayed compared to TETD.

CONCLUSIONS

The in vitro data corroborate CEDMC, TETD, and investigated xanthogenates as skin sensitizers. Transcriptomic analyses further reveal unique cellular responses induced by CEDMC, which together with future study can contribute to better understanding of cellular mechanisms underlying the sensitising capacity of rubber chemicals.

Attenuation of p38 MAPK/NF-κB/TRPV1/CGRP is involved in the antinociceptive effect of hesperidin methyl chalcone and taxifolin in paclitaxel-induced peripheral neuropathy

Paclitaxel (PTX)-induced peripheral neuropathy (PIPN) is a disabling side effect of PTX, which adversely affects the life quality of cancer patients. Flavonoids such as hesperidin methyl chalcone (HMC) and taxifolin (TAX) can alleviate neuropathic pain via their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, neuroprotective, and antinociceptive properties. The current study aimed to assess the efficacy of HMC and TAX in preventing PIPN individually or in combination. Pretreatment with HMC and TAX mitigated PTX-induced mechanical allodynia and hyperalgesia, cold allodynia, and thermal hyperalgesia as well as restore the normal histological architecture. Remarkably, neuropathic pain was relieved by suppression of nerve growth factor (NGF), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK), and transient receptor potential vanilloid type-1 (TRPV1), which ultimately lead to reduced calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). Furthermore, both HMC or TAX enhanced nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), leading to elevated glutathione (GSH) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) along with lowered malondialdehyde (MDA), which in turn, downregulated nuclear factor kappa B P65 (NF-κB P65) and its phosphorylated form and eventually reduced tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) then lowered the apoptotic indices. Promisingly, the combination of both agents was superior to each drug alone through targeting more diverse signaling pathways and achieving synergistic and comprehensive therapeutic effects. In conclusion, pretreatment with HMC and TAX separately or in combination alleviated PIPN via modulating NGF/p38 MAPK/NF-κB P65/TRPV1/CGRP pathway.

Potential Signal Pathways and Therapeutic Effects of Mesenchymal Stem Cell on Oxidative Stress in Diseases

Oxidative stress is a biological stress response produced by the destruction of redox equilibrium in aerobic metabolism in organisms, which is closely related to the occurrence of many diseases. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been found to improve oxidative stress injury in a variety of diseases, including lung injury, liver diseases, atherosclerotic diseases, diabetes and its complications, ischemia-reperfusion injury, inflammatory bowel disease. The antioxidant stress capacity of MSCs may be a breakthrough in the treatment of these diseases. This review found that MSCs have the ability to resist oxidative stress, which may be achieved through MSCs involvement in mediating the Nrf2, MAPK, NF-κB, AMPK, PI3K/AKT and Wnt4/β-catenin signaling pathways.

Ehretia laevis mitigates paracetamol- induced hepatotoxicity by attenuating oxidative stress and inflammation in rats

Hepatotoxicity is caused due to intake of drug or any chemical above the therapeutic range or as overdose. Current therapies for the management of hepatotoxicity are associated with several side effects. The present study was envisaged to explore the hepatoprotective potential of Ehretia laevis (E. laevis) in paracetamol (PCM) induced hepatotoxicity. All the plant extracts and fractions were evaluated for antioxidant and antiproliferative potential using various in vitro assays. Hepatotoxicity was induced in rats using a standardized single oral dose of PCM (3 g/kg). The aqueous fraction of E. laevis (AFEL) exhibited significant antioxidant and antiproliferative activity as compared to methanol extract of E. laevis (MEEL) in vitro. Moreover, treatment with AFEL (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg) decreased serum hepatic markers, attenuate the oxidative stress, inflammation and histopathological changes. LC-MS analysis of AFEL showed the presence of rutin, quercetin and kaempferol. Rutin was found to be in higher concentration, therefore it was docked on TNF-α. Its overall binding mode supports its capability to make complex with TNF-α. The finding of the study suggested significant antioxidant, antiproliferative, and hepatoprotective potential of E. laevis in paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity which could be attributed to the presence of various polyphenols.

Protein hydrolysates from Hermetia illucens trigger cellular responses to cope with LPS-induced inflammation and oxidative stress in L-929 cells

Insect protein hydrolysates (PH) are emerging as valuable compounds with biological activity. The aim of the present study was to assess the potential cytoprotective effects of PH from the Black Soldier Fly (BPH, in the range 0.1-0.5 mg/mL) against inflammatory conditions and oxidative stress in LPS-challenged L-929 cells. BPH was effective in inhibiting LPS-induced ROS and nitrite production and in reducing the protein and transcript levels of remarkable inflammatory markers, such as TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1α, and IL-1β, as determined by ELISA and/or qPCR. Moreover, the BPH antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities rely on the induction of selected genes and proteins involved in the antioxidant response (i.e. Cu/ZnSod, MnSod, Gpx, HO-1) through Nrf2, as well as on the inhibition of the activation of NF-κB, a key player in inflammation. These findings suggest that BPH represents effective bioactive compounds with therapeutic potential for mitigating oxidative stress and inflammation in vitro, thus deserving further investigation into the underlying mechanisms before BPH application as novel drugs in the near future.

Multitarget Effects of Nrf2 Signalling in the Brain: Common and Specific Functions in Different Cell Types

Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a crucial regulator of cellular defence mechanisms, essential for maintaining the brain's health. Nrf2 supports mitochondrial function and protects against oxidative damage, which is vital for meeting the brain's substantial energy and antioxidant demands. Furthermore, Nrf2 modulates glial inflammatory responses, playing a pivotal role in preventing neuroinflammation. This review explores these multifaceted functions of Nrf2 within the central nervous system, focusing on its activity across various brain cell types, including neurons, astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes. Due to the brain's vulnerability to oxidative stress and metabolic challenges, Nrf2 is emerging as a key therapeutic target to enhance resilience against oxidative stress, inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and demyelination, which are central to many neurodegenerative diseases.

Exploring the Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidative Potential of Selenium Nanoparticles Biosynthesized by Lactobacillus casei 393 on an Inflamed Caco-2 Cell Line

Selenium (Se) plays a crucial role in modulating inflammation and oxidative stress within the human system. Biogenic selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) synthesized by Lactobacillus casei (L. casei) exhibit anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties, positioning them as a promising alternative to traditional supplements characterized by limited bioavailability. With this context in mind, this study investigates the impact of selenium and L. casei in ameliorating inflammation and oxidative stress using a cell line model. The study is centered on the biosynthesis of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) by L. casei 393 under anaerobic conditions using a solution of sodium selenite (Na2SeO3) in the bacterial culture medium. The generation of SeNPs ensued from the interaction of L. casei bacteria with selenium ions, a process characterized via transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to confirm the synthesis of SeNPs. To induce inflammation, the human colonic adenocarcinoma cell line, Caco-2 was subjected to interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) at concentrations of 0.5 and 25 ng/ml. Subsequent analyses encompass the evaluation of SeNPs derived from L. casei, its supernatant, commercial selenium, and L. casei probiotic on Caco2 cell line. Finally, we assessed the inflammatory and oxidative stress markers. The assessment of inflammation involved the quantification of NF-κB and TGF-β gene expression levels, while oxidative stress was evaluated through the measurement of Nrf2, Keap1, NOX1, and SOD2 gene levels. L. casei successfully produced SeNPs, as confirmed by the color change in the culture medium and TEM analysis showing their uniform distribution within the bacteria. In the inflamed Caco-2 cell line, the NF-κB gene was upregulated, but treatment with L. casei-SeNPs and selenium increased TGF-β expression. Moreover, L. casei-SeNPs upregulated SOD2 and Nrf2 genes, while downregulating NOX1, Keap1, and NF-κB genes. These results demonstrated the potential of L. casei-SeNPs for reducing inflammation and managing oxidative stress in the Caco-2 cell line. The study underscores the ability of L. casei-SeNPs to reduce oxidative stress and inflammation in inflamed Caco-2 cell lines, emphasizing the effectiveness of L. casei as a source of selenium. These insights hold significant promise for the development of SeNPs derived from L. casei as potent anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer agents, paving the way for novel therapeutic applications in the field.

Chitosan-encapsulated selenium nanoparticles alleviate CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity through synergistically modulating NF-κB and Nrf2 signaling pathways and regulating Bcl-2 and Caspase-3 expression: A comprehensive study with multiple regression analysis

BACKGROUND

The delivery of selenium in a nano-form (Se-NPs) is a promising modality of treatment for various oxidative stress-induced diseases.

OBJECTIVE

This study aims to investigate the conceivable effects of selenium nanoparticles either alone (Se-NPs) or encapsulated with chitosan (Se-CS-NPs) on toxicity induced by CCl4 in rats.

METHODS

Eighty albino rats were divided equally into eight groups. The first group was the placebo. The second group was a positive control, while the third and the fourth groups got orally (Se-NPs 5 mg/Kg) and (Se-CS-NPs 225 mg/Kg) respectively. The fifth and sixth groups were protective groups in which Se-NPs or Se-CS-NPs were given simultaneously. The seventh and eighth groups were therapeutic as they received either Se-NPs or Se-CS-NPs after stopping the CCl4 injection for 4 weeks more.

RESULTS

Our results showed that the protective and therapeutic groups showed an increase in caspase-3 gene expression with a decline in the expression of Bcl-2, Nrf2, and AFP genes. Histopathological and immunohistochemical investigations showed the role of selenium nanoparticles either alone or coated with chitosan in decreasing fibrotic marker collagen I positive reaction CONCLUSION: Selenium nanoparticles showed an excellent effect in counteracting the toxic effect of carbon tetrachloride on liver functions, inflammation reactions, and apoptosis process. Moreover, using selenium nanoparticles has a strong role in preserving the liver architecture with its normal constituents. No additional benefit was observed when the selenium nanoparticles were encapsulated with chitosan.

Hydroethanolic Extract of Polygonum aviculare L. Mediates the Anti-Inflammatory Activity in RAW 264.7 Murine Macrophages Through Induction of Heme Oxygenase-1 and Inhibition of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase

Polygonum aviculare L. (PAL), commonly known as knotgrass, has been utilized as a traditional folk medicine across Asian, African, Latin American and Middle Eastern countries to treat various inflammatory diseases, including arthritis and airway inflammation. Numerous medicinal herbs exert anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects that are mediated through the activation of nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and the inhibition of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). However, the underlying molecular mechanisms linking the antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects remain poorly understood. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is an antioxidant enzyme that catalyzes heme degradation, ultimately leading to the production of carbon monoxide (CO). Elevated levels of CO have been correlated with the decreased level of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). In this study, we examined whether HO-1 plays a key role in the relationship between the antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties of PAL. The anti-inflammatory and antioxidative activities of PAL in an in vitro system were evaluated by determining NF-κB activity, antioxidant response element (ARE) activity, pro-inflammatory cytokine and protein levels, as well as antioxidant protein levels. To examine whether HO-1 inhibition interfered with the anti-inflammatory effect of PAL, we measured nitrite, reactive oxygen species, iNOS, and HO-1 levels in RAW 264.7 murine macrophages pre-treated with Tin protoporphyrin (SnPP, an HO-1 inhibitor). Our results demonstrated that PAL increased ARE activity and the Nrf2-regulated HO-1 level, exerting antioxidative activities in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Additionally, PAL reduced cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and iNOS protein levels by inactivating NF-κB in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Further investigation using the HO-1 inhibitor revealed that HO-1 inhibition promoted iNOS expression, subsequently elevating nitric oxide (NO) generation in LPS-activated RAW 264.7 macrophages treated with PAL compared to those in the macrophages without the HO-1 inhibitor. Overall, our findings suggest that HO-1 induction by PAL may exert anti-inflammatory effects through the reduction of the iNOS protein level. Hence, this study paves the way for further investigation to understand molecular mechanisms underlying the antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activities of medicinal herbs.

Nutraceuticals as Modulators of Molecular Placental Pathways: Their Potential to Prevent and Support the Treatment of Preeclampsia

Preeclampsia (PE) is a serious condition characterized by new-onset hypertension and proteinuria or organ dysfunction after the 20th week of gestation, making it a leading cause of maternal and fetal mortality worldwide. Despite extensive research, significant gaps remain in understanding the mechanisms underlying PE, contributing to the ineffectiveness of current prevention and treatment strategies. Consequently, premature cesarean sections often become the primary intervention to safeguard maternal and fetal health. Emerging evidence indicates that placental insufficiency, driven by molecular disturbances, plays a central role in the development of PE. Additionally, the maternal microbiome may be implicated in the pathomechanism of preeclampsia by secreting metabolites that influence maternal inflammation and oxidative stress, thereby affecting placental health. Given the limitations of pharmaceuticals during pregnancy due to potential risks to fetal development and concerns about teratogenic effects, nutraceuticals may provide safer alternatives. Nutraceuticals are food products or dietary supplements that offer health benefits beyond basic nutrition, including plant extracts or probiotics. Their historical use in traditional medicine has provided valuable insights into their safety and efficacy, including for pregnant women. This review will examine how the adoption of nutraceuticals can enhance dysregulated placental pathways, potentially offering benefits in the prevention and treatment of preeclampsia.

AMPK activation; a potential strategy to mitigate TKI-induced cardiovascular toxicity

The introduction of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors (TKIs) has revolutionised cancer treatment, yet concerns regarding cardiovascular toxicity have surfaced. This piece delves into the interplay between AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signalling and TKI-induced cardiovascular toxicity. The study unravels the intricate relationship between AMPK activation and TKI-induced cardiovascular toxicity, aiming to ascertain whether AMPK can play a strategic role in mitigating adverse effects. Beyond unravelling mechanistic insights, the research sets the stage for future therapeutic approaches, envisioning AMPK activation as a pivotal connection for balancing effective cancer treatment with cardiovascular well-being. As research advances, the potential of AMPK activation not only addresses challenges in TKI-induced cardiovascular toxicity but also shapes the future landscape of personalised anticancer therapies. The article explores the mechanisms of TKI-induced toxicity, AMPK's impact on cardiovascular health, and the potential therapeutic implications of AMPK activation in alleviating TKI-associated toxicities.

Mangiferin Represses Inflammation in Macrophages Under a Hyperglycemic Environment Through Nrf2 Signaling

Inflammation in macrophages is exacerbated under hyperglycemic conditions, contributing to chronic inflammation and impaired wound healing in diabetes. This study investigates the potential of mangiferin, a natural polyphenol, to alleviate this inflammatory response by targeting a redox-sensitive transcription factor, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). Mangiferin, a known Nrf2 activator, was evaluated for its ability to counteract the hyperglycemia-induced inhibition of Nrf2 and enhance antioxidant defenses. The protective effects of mangiferin on macrophages in a hyperglycemic environment were assessed by examining the expression of Nrf2, NF-κB, NLRP3, HO-1, CAT, COX-2, IL-6, and IL-10 through gene and protein expression analyses using qPCR and immunoblotting, respectively. The mangiferin-mediated nuclear translocation of Nrf2 was evidenced, leading to a robust antioxidant response in macrophages exposed to a hyperglycemic microenvironment. This activation suppressed NF-κB signaling, reducing the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators such as COX-2 and IL-6. Additionally, mangiferin decreased NLRP3 inflammasome activation and reactive oxygen species accumulation in hyperglycemia exposed macrophages. Our findings revealed that mangiferin alleviated hyperglycemia-induced reductions in AKT phosphorylation, highlighting its potential role in modulating key signaling pathways. Furthermore, mangiferin significantly enhanced the invasiveness and migration of macrophages in a hyperglycemic environment, indicating its potential to improve wound healing. In conclusion, this study suggests that mangiferin may offer a promising therapeutic approach for managing inflammation and promoting wound healing in diabetic patients by regulating Nrf2 activity in hyperglycemia-induced macrophages.

Intestinal Region-Dependent Impact of NFκB-Nrf Crosstalk in Myenteric Neurons and Adjacent Muscle Cells in Type 1 Diabetic Rats

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

Type 1 diabetes affects cytokines as potential inducers of NFκB signalling involved in inflammation and neuronal survival. Our goal was to assess the expression of NFκB p65 and its negative regulator, Nrf2, in myenteric neurons and adjacent smooth muscle of different gut segments after chronic hyperglycaemia and immediate insulin treatment.

METHODS

After ten weeks of hyperglycaemia, intestinal samples of control, streptozotocin-induced diabetic and insulin-treated diabetic rats were prepared for fluorescent immunohistochemistry, immunogold electron microscopy, ELISA and qPCR.

RESULTS

In the diabetic rats, the proportion of NFκB p65-immunoreactive myenteric neurons decreased significantly in the duodenum and increased in the ileum. The density of NFκB p65-labelling gold particles increased in the ileal but remained unchanged in the duodenal ganglia. Meanwhile, both total and nuclear Nrf2 density increased in the myenteric neurons of the diabetic duodenum. In smooth muscle, NFκB p65 and Nrf2 density increased in the small intestine of diabetic rats. While on the mRNA level, NFκB p65 and Nrf2 were induced, on the protein level, NFκB p65 increased and Nrf2 decreased in muscle/myenteric plexus homogenates. Insulin treatment had protective effects.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings reveal a segment-specific NFκB and Nrf expression in myenteric neurons and ganglionic muscular environments, which may contribute to regional neuronal survival and motility disturbances in diabetes.

The Role of Antioxidant Transcription Factor Nrf2 and Its Activating Compounds in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex autoimmune disease in which kidney involvement, so-called lupus nephritis (LN), is common and one of the most severe manifestations. Oxidative stress (OS) may play a role in the pathogenesis of LN through the exacerbation of inflammation and immune cell dysfunction/dysregulation. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), also known as nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like 2, is a transcription factor that in humans is encoded by the NFE2L2 gene and is regarded as a central regulator of the antioxidative response. Nrf2-activating compounds have been shown to alleviate oxidative stress in cells and tissues of lupus-prone mice. Although the precise mechanisms of Nrf2 activation on the immune system in SLE remain to be elucidated, Nrf2-activating compounds are considered novel therapeutical options to suppress OS and thereby might alleviate disease activity in SLE, especially in LN. This review therefore summarizes the role of the Nrf2 signaling pathway in the pathogenesis of SLE with LN and describes compounds modulating this pathway as potential additional clinical interventions.

Efficient Delivery of siRNA via Tetrahedral Framework Nucleic Acids: Inflammation Attenuation and Matrix Regeneration in Temporomandibular Joint Osteoarthritis

Temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJOA) is the most common and severe subtype of temporomandibular disease characterized by inflammation and cartilage matrix degradation. Compared with traditional conservative treatment, small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) have emerged as a more efficient gene-targeted therapeutic tool for TMJOA treatment. Nuclear factor kappaB (NF-κB) is a transcription factor orchestrating the inflammatory processes in the pathogenesis of TMJOA. Employing siRNA-NF-κB could theoretically control the development of TMJOA. However, the clinical applications of siRNA-NF-κB are limited by its structural instability, poor cellular uptake, and short TMJ retention. To overcome these shortcomings, we developed a tetrahedral framework nucleic acid (tFNA) system carrying siRNA-NF-κB, named Tsi. The results indicated that Tsi exhibited excellent structural stability and excellent cellular uptake efficiency. It also demonstrated a superior NF-κB silencing effect over siRNA alone, attenuating the activation of NF-κB and upregulating the NRF2/HO-1 pathway. This system effectively reduced the release of inflammatory factors and reactive oxygen species (ROS), inhibiting cellular oxidative stress and apoptosis. In vivo, Tsi displayed enhanced TMJ retention capacity in comparison to siRNA alone and offered significant protective effects on both the cartilage matrix and subchondral bone, presenting a promising approach for TMJOA treatment.

Vulnerability of Antioxidant Drug Therapies on Targeting the Nrf2-Trp53-Jdp2 Axis in Controlling Tumorigenesis

Control of oxidation/antioxidation homeostasis is important for cellular protective functions, and disruption of the antioxidation balance by exogenous and endogenous ligands can lead to profound pathological consequences of cancerous commitment within cells. Although cancers are sensitive to antioxidation drugs, these drugs are sometimes associated with problems including tumor resistance or dose-limiting toxicity in host animals and patients. These problems are often caused by the imbalance between the levels of oxidative stress-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the redox efficacy of antioxidants. Increased ROS levels, because of abnormal function, including metabolic abnormality and signaling aberrations, can promote tumorigenesis and the progression of malignancy, which are generated by genome mutations and activation of proto-oncogene signaling. This hypothesis is supported by various experiments showing that the balance of oxidative stress and redox control is important for cancer therapy. Although many antioxidant drugs exhibit therapeutic potential, there is a heterogeneity of antioxidation functions, including cell growth, cell survival, invasion abilities, and tumor formation, as well as the expression of marker genes including tumor suppressor proteins, cell cycle regulators, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, and Jun dimerization protein 2; their effectiveness in cancer remains unproven. Here, we summarize the rationale for the use of antioxidative drugs in preclinical and clinical antioxidant therapy of cancer, and recent advances in this area using cancer cells and their organoids, including the targeting of ROS homeostasis.

Integrative insights into PNI: Low-grade chronic inflammation, skeletal muscle wasting, and brain impairments

Skeletal muscle has been recognized as an endocrine organ which communicates with different systems, including the brain. In conditions involving systemic low-grade chronic inflammation , the skeletal muscle can be negatively impacted, culminating in its quantity (mass) and quality (function) losses, referred to here as muscle wasting. The inflammatory milieu, as well known, also impairs the brain function, however there are some particularities involving skeletal muscle-brain crosstalk, including cognitive function and mental health impairments . Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) is an important field of neuroendocrine-immune-behavior science and an approach between PNI, and the movement science, or kinesiology, field can enrich future research about the relationship between skeletal muscle wasting and brain health. Thus, in this short review, we present an overview about the interplay between skeletal muscle, inflammatory mediator markers, and brain function with the purpose to strengthen the ties between kinesiology and PNI research to enhance futures discoveries and advances in health sciences.

Pretreatment with aqueous Moringa oleifera Lam. leaf extract prevents cadmium-induced hepatotoxicity by improving cellular antioxidant machinery and reducing cadmium accumulation

Cadmium (Cd) is a highly harmful pollutant that poses a serious threat to human health. The liver is the primary organ for Cd accumulation, and Cd-induced hepatotoxicity has been shown to be strongly correlated with an oxidative imbalance in hepatocytes. Our previous studies in the eukaryotic model organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae revealed that not only co-treatment but also pretreatment with aqueous Moringa oleifera Lam. leaf extract (AMOLE) effectively mitigated Cd toxicity by reducing intracellular Cd accumulation and Cd-mediated oxidative stress. In this study, we therefore investigated the preventive effect of AMOLE against Cd toxicity in human HepG2 hepatocytes. The results showed that, similar to the case of the yeast model, pretreatment with AMOLE prior to Cd exposure also significantly inhibited Cd-induced oxidative stress in HepG2 cells. Untargeted LC-MS/MS-based metabolomic analysis of AMOLE revealed that its major phytochemical constituents were organic acids, particularly phenolic acids and carboxylic acids. Additionally, DPPH-HPTLC fingerprints suggested that quercetin and other flavonoids possibly contribute to the antioxidant activities of AMOLE. Based on our findings, it appears that pretreatment with AMOLE prevented Cd-induced hepatotoxicity via three possible mechanisms: i) direct elimination of free radicals by AMOLE antioxidant compounds; ii) upregulation of antioxidant defensive machinery (GPx1, and HO-1) via Nrf2 signaling cascade to improve cellular antioxidant capacity; and iii) reduction of intracellular Cd accumulation, probably by suppressing Cd uptake. These data strongly suggest the high potential of AMOLE for clinical utility in the prevention of Cd toxicity.

Combination Therapy with Vitamin D and Metformin: A Potential Approach to Mitigate Testicular Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a multifactorial disease that cannot be linked to a single pathway, causing the observed heterogeneity among T2DM patients. Despite this level of heterogeneity, T2DM is majorly managed by metformin (MET) monotherapy. However, recent findings have associated long-term metformin intake with progressive oxidative pancreatic β cell damage as the disease progresses. Hence, a significant number of patients treated with MET need an alternate therapy. Hence, identifying drug combinations that can effectively alleviate different diabetes complications would serve as a more promising therapy that can translate into active use. Hence, this study was designed to explore the possible synergistic effect of vitamin D and metformin on T2DM-induced testicular dysfunction. Thirty healthy male Wistar rats (weight: 120-150 g and age: 10 ± 2 weeks) were randomly divided into control, diabetes untreated (HFD+STZ), diabetes + vitamin D (1000 IU/kg), diabetes + metformin (180 mg/kg), and diabetes + vitamin D + metformin. All treatments lasted for 28 days and animals were sacrificed using IP injection of ketamine and xylaxine (40 and 4 mg/kg respectively). Vitamin D improved the ameliorative effect of metformin on T2DM-induced hyperglycemia and lipid dysmetabolism, accompanied by a significant decrease in testicular lactate dehydrogenase and lactate. Also, vitamin D + metformin significantly increased serum luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, testosterone, and testicular 5α reductase activities. Furthermore, vitamin D improved the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of metformin by significantly decreasing T2DM-induced increase in testicular interleukin 1beta, interleukin 6, TNF-α, nitric oxide, and NF-κB and increasing T2DM-induced decrease in interleukin 10, glutathione, superoxide dismutase, catalase, GPx, and Nrf2. Vitamin D enhanced the ameliorative effect of metformin on T2DM-induced testicular dysfunction.

Tamarixetin Protects Chondrocytes against IL-1β-Induced Osteoarthritis Phenotype by Inhibiting NF-κB and Activating Nrf2 Signaling

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease characterized by cartilage breakdown and chronic inflammation in joints. As the most prevalent form of arthritis, OA affects around 600 million people globally. Despite the increasing number of individuals with OA risk factors, such as aging and obesity, there is currently no effective cure for the disease. In this context, this study investigated the therapeutic effects of tamarixetin, a flavonoid with antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties, against OA pathology and elucidated the underlying molecular mechanism. In interleukin-1β (IL-1β)-treated chondrocytes, tamarixetin inhibited the OA phenotypes, restoring cell viability and chondrogenic properties while reducing hypertrophic differentiation and dedifferentiation. Tamarixetin alleviated oxidative stress via the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway activation and inhibited mitogen-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). Furthermore, tamarixetin attenuated pyroptosis, a programmed cell death caused by excessive inflammation, by suppressing inflammasome activation. We confirmed that the chondroprotective effects of tamarixetin are mediated by the concurrent upregulation of Nrf2 signaling and downregulation of NF-κB signaling, which are key players in balancing antioxidative and inflammatory responses. Overall, our study demonstrated that tamarixetin possesses chondroprotective properties by alleviating IL-1β-induced cellular stress in chondrocytes, suggesting its therapeutic potential to relieve OA phenotype.

Physcion Mitigates LPS-Induced Neuroinflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Memory Impairments via TLR-4/NF-кB Signaling in Adult Mice

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most predominant cause of dementia, considered a progressive decline in cognitive function that ultimately leads to death. AD has posed a substantial challenge in the records of medical science over the past century, representing a predominant etiology of dementia with a high prevalence rate. Neuroinflammation is a common characteristic of various central nervous system (CNS) pathologies like AD, primarily mediated by specialized brain immune and inflammatory cells, such as astrocytes and microglia. The present study aims to elucidate the potential mechanism of physcion that mitigates LPS-induced gliosis and assesses oxidative stress in mice. Physcion reduced the reactivity of Iba-1- and GFAP-positive cells and decreased the level of inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α and IL-1β. Physcion also reversed the effect of LPS-induced oxidative stress by upregulating the expression of Nrf2 and HO-1. Moreover, physcion treatment reversed LPS-induced synaptic disorder by increasing the level of presynaptic protein SNAP-23 and postsynaptic protein PSD-95. Our findings may provide a contemporary theoretical framework for clinical investigations aimed at examining the pathogenic mechanisms and therapeutic approaches for neuroinflammation and AD.

Caffeine: The Story beyond Oxygen-Induced Lung and Brain Injury in Neonatal Animal Models-A Narrative Review

Caffeine is one of the most commonly used drugs in intensive care to stimulate the respiratory control mechanisms of very preterm infants. Respiratory instability, due to the degree of immaturity at birth, results in apnea of prematurity (AOP), hyperoxic, hypoxic, and intermittent hypoxic episodes. Oxidative stress cannot be avoided as a direct reaction and leads to neurological developmental deficits and even a higher prevalence of respiratory diseases in the further development of premature infants. Due to the proven antioxidant effect of caffeine in early use, largely protective effects on clinical outcomes can be observed. This is also impressively observed in experimental studies of caffeine application in oxidative stress-adapted rodent models of damage to the developing brain and lungs. However, caffeine shows undesirable effects outside these oxygen toxicity injury models. This review shows the effects of caffeine in hyperoxic, hypoxic/hypoxic-ischemic, and intermittent hypoxic rodent injury models, but also the negative effects on the rodent organism when caffeine is administered without exogenous oxidative stress. The narrative analysis of caffeine benefits in cerebral and pulmonary preterm infant models supports protective caffeine use but should be given critical consideration when considering caffeine treatment beyond the recommended corrected gestational age.

Inflammasome activity regulation by PUFA metabolites

Oxidative stress and the accompanying chronic inflammation constitute an important metabolic problem that may lead to pathology, especially when the body is exposed to physicochemical and biological factors, including UV radiation, pathogens, drugs, as well as endogenous metabolic disorders. The cellular response is associated, among others, with changes in lipid metabolism, mainly due to the oxidation and the action of lipolytic enzymes. Products of oxidative fragmentation/cyclization of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) [4-HNE, MDA, 8-isoprostanes, neuroprostanes] and eicosanoids generated as a result of the enzymatic metabolism of PUFAs significantly modify cellular metabolism, including inflammation and the functioning of the immune system by interfering with intracellular molecular signaling. The key regulators of inflammation, the effectiveness of which can be regulated by interacting with the products of lipid metabolism under oxidative stress, are inflammasome complexes. An example is both negative or positive regulation of NLRP3 inflammasome activity by 4-HNE depending on the severity of oxidative stress. 4-HNE modifies NLRP3 activity by both direct interaction with NLRP3 and alteration of NF-κB signaling. Furthermore, prostaglandin E2 is known to be positively correlated with both NLRP3 and NLRC4 activity, while its potential interference with AIM2 or NLRP1 activity is unproven. Therefore, the influence of PUFA metabolites on the activity of well-characterized inflammasome complexes is reviewed.

Reno-protective effect of nicorandil and pentoxifylline against potassium dichromate-induced acute renal injury via modulation p38MAPK/Nrf2/HO-1 and Notch1/TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathways

BACKGROUND

Occupational and environmental exposure to chromium compounds such as potassium dichromate (PDC) (K2Cr2O7) has emerged as a potential aetiologic cause for renal disease through apoptotic, and inflammatory reactions. The known potent antioxidants such as nicorandil (NIC) and/or pentoxifylline (PTX) were studied for their possible nephroprotective effect in PDC-treated rats.

METHODS

Forty male Wistar rats were divided into five groups; control, PDC group, NIC+PDC, PTX+PDC group, and combination+PDC group. Nephrotoxicity was evaluated histopathologically and biochemically. Invasive blood pressure, renal function parameters urea, creatinine, uric acid and albumin, glomerular filtration rate markers Cys-C, Kim-1 and NGAL, inflammatory markers IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, TGF-β, COX-II, p38MAPK, NF-κB and TLR4, oxidative stress SOD, GSH, MDA, MPO, HO-1 and Nrf2 and apoptotic mediators Notch1 and PCNA were evaluated. Besides, renal cortical histopathology was assayed as well.

RESULTS

PDC led to a considerable increase in indicators for kidney injury, renal function parameters, invasive blood pressure, oxidative stress, and inflammatory markers. They were markedly reduced by coadministration of PDC with either/or NIC and PTX. The NIC and PTX combination regimen showed a more significant improvement than either medication used alone. Our results demonstrated the nephroprotective effect of NIC, PTX, and their combined regimen on PDC-induced kidney injury through suppression of oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammatory response.

CONCLUSION

Renal recovery from PDC injury was achieved through enhanced MAPK/Nrf2/HO-1 and suppressed Notch1/TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathways. This study highlights the role of NIC and PTX as effective interventions to ameliorate nephrotoxicity in patients undergoing PDC toxicity.

Effects of Life-Long Exercise on Age-Related Inflammation, Apoptosis, Oxidative Stress, Ferroptosis Markers, and NRF2/KAEP 1/Klotho Pathway in Rat Kidneys

Xi-Kun Yuan Pin-Shi Ni Zhen-Hao Yan Zhi Yu Zhuang-Zhi Wang Chen-Kai Zhang Fang-Hui Li Xiao-Ming Yu 1Sports Department, Nanjing University of Science and Technology ZiJin College, Nanjing, China, 2School of Sport Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China, 3Shanghai Seventh People's Hospital, Shanghai, China To investigate the effects of life-long exercise (LLE) on age-related inflammatory cytokines, apoptosis, oxidative stress, ferroptosis markers, and the NRF2/KAEP 1/Klotho pathway in rats. Eight-month-old female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups: 1) LLE: 18-month LLE training starting at 8 months of age, 2) Old moderate-intensity continuous training (OMICT): 8 months of moderate-intensity continuous training starting at 18 months of age, 3) Adult sedentary (ASED): 8 month-old adult sedentary control group, and 4) Old sedentary (OSED): a 26-month-old sedentary control group. Hematoxylin eosin staining was performed to observe the pathological changes of kidney tissue injury in rats; Masson's staining to observe the deposition of collagen fibers in rat kidney tissues; and western blotting to detect the expression levels of IL-6, IL 1beta, p53, p21, TNF-alpha, GPX4, KAEP 1, NRF2, SLC7A11, and other proteins in kidney tissues. Results: Compared with the ASED group, the OSED group showed significant morphological changes in renal tubules and glomeruli, which were swollen and deformed, with a small number of inflammatory cells infiltrated in the tubules. Compared with the OSED group, the expression levels of inflammation-related proteins such as IL-1beta, IL-6, TNF alpha, and MMP3 were significantly lower in the LLE group. Quantitative immunofluorescence analysis and western blotting revealed that compared with the ASED group, KAEP 1 protein fluorescence intensity and protein expression levels were significantly enhanced, while Klotho and NRF2 protein fluorescence intensity and protein expression levels were reduced in the OSED group. Compared with the OSED group, KAEP 1 protein fluorescence intensity and protein expression levels were reduced in the LLE and OMICT groups. Klotho and KAEP 1 protein expression levels and immunofluorescence intensity were higher in the LLE group than in the OSED group. The expression levels of GPX4 and SLC7A11, two negative marker proteins associated with ferroptosis, were significantly higher in the LLE group than in the OSED group, while the expression of p53 a cellular senescence-associated protein that negatively regulates SLC7A11, and the downstream protein p21 were significantly decreased. LLE may ameliorated aging-induced oxidative stress, inflammatory response, apoptosis, and ferroptosis by regulating Klotho and synergistically activating the NRF2/KAEP 1 pathway. Keywords: Life-long exercise, Moderate intensity continuous training, Aging, Kidney tissue, Ferroptosis.

Possible Role of NRF2 in Cell Response to OZOILE (Stable Ozonides) in Children Affected by Lichen Sclerosus of Foreskin

Lichen sclerosus (LS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the skin, and the gold standard for treatment is the use of the very potent topical steroids, but they can have side effects. Previously, we demonstrated that OZOILE (stable ozonides) were effective in children affected by LS, reducing the inflammatory process and stimulating tissue regeneration of the foreskin, showing a similar efficacy to steroid treatment. In this study, the modulation of inflammatory and oxidative stress pathways was evaluated by qRT-PCR and Western blotting in foreskins affected by LS removed from patients untreated or treated with OZOILE or corticosteroid cream formulations for 7 days before circumcision. OZOILE induced a significant increase in NRF2 and SOD2 levels, while it did not produce change in MIF, NF-kB subunits, and MMPs in comparison to untreated foreskins. Conversely, steroid topical treatment produced a significant reduction in the expression of p65, MIF, and MMP9, but it did not cause variation in NRF2 and SOD2 levels. These results demonstrate that the use of OZOILE as cream formulation exhibits effects on NRF2 signaling, and it does not induce NF-κB activation, unlike corticosteroids. On the basis of our biochemical data, further studies evaluating the role of NRF2 signaling cascade are necessary.